冬小麦对高量供锌的反应及铁、磷供应与锌中毒的关系
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摘要
锌为动植物正常生长所必需,但土壤受到锌污染时,农作物及畜产品的产量和品质都会受到影响,最终危害人体健康。生长在锌污染土壤上的作物容易发生锌中毒,而铁、磷等营养元素对作物锌吸收的影响很大。小麦是我国大部分地区的主要粮食作物,有人认为合理使用磷、铁肥能缓解土壤锌污染对作物造成的毒害作用。因而,通过研究过量锌与小麦的生长状况及养分吸收的关系,尤其是过量锌在铁、磷的不同用量条件下对不同小麦基因型的生长状况及养分吸收的影响,具有十分重要理论和实践意义。本研究通过3个独立的水培试验,以期评价供试小麦基因型对高锌污染、尤其是缺铁与高锌、高磷与高锌两种双重胁迫条件下的耐性表现,为理论研究和生产实践提供依据。所得主要结论如下:
(1)采用水培试验法,研究了不同供Zn量(0、0.5、10、40 mg/L,分别用Zn0、Zn0.5、Zn10、Zn40表示)对3种亲缘关系很远的半冬性小麦基因型郑麦9023、陕512、西农979幼苗生长发育、Zn吸收以及Fe,Mn吸收的影响,以期为筛选耐高锌的小麦基因型提供理论依据。结果表明,不供Zn时小麦幼苗未出现缺Zn症状;Zn0.5对小麦的正常生长影响较小。3种基因型小麦的幼苗在过量供Zn(Zn10、Zn40)时均受到严重伤害:显著抑制了小麦分蘖、根系及地上部生长,叶片叶绿素SPAD值显著降低,小麦植株尤其是根部的耐性指数显著降低,施入的Zn的转运率显著降低,却极大提高了小麦植株尤其是根部的Zn含量和吸收量(但Zn10时幼苗体内Zn含量和吸收量大于Zn40,且Zn10比Zn40更能在根部积累Zn),Zn与Fe的吸收在根部似乎表现为互助作用,而地上部表现为拮抗作用;Zn与Mn之间表现出强烈的拮抗作用。过量供Zn时以西农979耐性指数最大,Zn转运率最高,植株体内的Fe、Mn含量均为最高。总之,供Zn量为通常配方的5～10倍时对小麦幼苗的生长尚无明显影响;100～200和400～800倍时则能对小麦幼苗造成严重伤害,三种供试小麦基因型中以西农979对过量Zn毒害的耐性为较强。
(2)为了揭示缺Fe与过量供Zn的双重胁迫对小麦幼苗生长的影响,本试验采用2个Fe用量(0, 5 mg/L)与3种Zn供应水平(0, 0.1, 10 mg/L)相配合的完全方案,在温室中采用人工春化后的小麦幼苗进行了水培试验,以期找到在缺Fe和正常供Fe条件下较耐过量Zn毒害的小麦基因型。结果表明,缺Fe对小麦植株生长的影响远大于缺Zn和过量Zn的影响;缺Fe条件下,不论缺Zn或Zn过量,小麦幼苗的生长量均大幅度下降,分蘖受到抑制、叶片严重失绿,根系生长也受到明显抑制,根冠比升高,表明缺Fe对地上部生长的阻碍作用大于根部。无论是否供Fe,缺Zn对3种小麦基因型生长均未表现出明显的不利影响;但过量供Zn使幼苗各部分生长均受到明显抑制,尤其在缺Fe时,过量Zn对小麦植株的抑制效应尤为明显,并且对地上部的影响显著大于根系;而正常供Fe则明显缓解了过量Zn的抑制效应。在两种胁迫(缺Fe和过量Zn)并存时,3种小麦基因型中,陕512的生长受到的影响最大,表现出强烈的敏感性,而西农979对这种双重胁迫的耐性最好。
(3)缺Fe与过量供Zn对小麦幼苗生长双重胁迫试验的结果还表明:缺Fe条件下,3种基因型植株体内的Zn、Mn、Cu吸收量明显减少(由于缺Fe显著降低了小麦幼苗生长量),但含量显著增加;同时提高了Zn的转运率,促进了Mn向地上部的运输。正常供Fe条件下,Zn、Mn、Cu的吸收量明显高于缺Fe条件。缺Zn条件下,植株Zn含量和吸收量均略微有所降低;Fe转运率有所升高,叶部Fe吸收量却大幅度增加;促进了植株对Mn的吸收;根部Cu吸收量增大,但向地上部的输送未受影响。过量供Zn条件下,虽然明显促进了植株对Zn的吸收,但Zn在根部大量积累,转运率大幅度下降,但也促进了Fe向叶片中的输送;在养分吸收方面,过量供Zn严重抑制Mn的吸收,促进Cu的吸收,但抑制Cu向地上部的运输。缺Fe且过量供Zn的条件下,幼苗各部位的耐性指数均显著降低,对植株造成的胁迫最为严重,缺Fe似乎加剧了过量Zn的毒害效应,而正常供Fe能显著改善植株对过量Zn毒害的耐受力。
(4)采用水培试验法,研究了不同P(0.12,0.4,3.0 mg/L)、Zn(0.1,10 mg/L)用量配比对3种小麦基因型幼苗生长和养分吸收的影响,以期找到在不同P用量下对过量Zn毒害效应具有较好耐性的小麦基因型。结果表明,过量供Zn条件下,幼苗各器官的Zn含量和吸收量均大幅度增加;使P在根系中大量累积,向地上部的转运受到抑制;Fe的情况与P类似;使幼苗各器官中的Cu含量和吸收量均大幅度增加,而抑制了Mn的吸收。与正常供P(0.4 mg/L)相比,低量供P(0.12 mg/L)时小麦生长并未受到明显影响,而高量供P(3.0 mg/L)则在一定程度上促进了小麦幼苗生长;同时高P能抑制过量供Zn对小麦幼苗地上部的毒害作用,这种效应在叶片上表现尤为明显。高P和低P均使根部的Zn含量和吸收量有所降低,地上部有所增加,但高P的降低作用更为明显;低P降低了幼苗体内的P、Cu、Mn、Fe含量和吸收量;高P并非使整株内的总P量相应提高,但大大促进了P、Fe向地上部的转运,但降低了植株体内的Cu、Mn含量和吸收量。3种小麦基因型中以陕512生长状况最好,在不同P、Zn用量配比下,其根部能吸收较多的P和Zn,向地上部转运较多的Cu、Mn、Zn;这表明陕512与另外两种小麦基因型相比,对高P、高Zn的共同胁迫具有更高的耐性。
Zinc is essential for normal growth of animal and plant, but soil zinc pollution can influence the yield and quality of crop and animal, finally it will harm the human’s health. The crops growing on the soils polluted by zinc easily suffer from zinc toxicity, while iron and phosphorus supply affects zinc nutrition of crops greatly. Wheat is one of the most important crops in our country, recently it is reported that the toxicity effects of excessive zinc to crops could be alleviated by applying iron and phosphorus fertilizes rationally. Therefore, through studying relationship between excessive zinc and growth conditions alone with nutrient uptake of wheat plants, especially excessive zinc toxicity effects to plants with different P and Fe dosage. And this research is of vital importance in theory and practice. And wheat genotype with high tolerance to excessive zinc will be selected. In this dissertation, three independent water culture experiments were conducted to investigate tolerance and response to excessive zinc of three wheat genotypes tested. Especially wheat plants were treated with no iron supply and excessive zinc application, as well as excessive zinc and excessive phosphorus. This research will provide grounds for theoretical study and production practice. The main results obtained were as follow:
(1) In order to find wheat genotype with high tolerance to high rates of Zn, a solution culture experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of different Zn supplying rates (0, 0.5, 10, 40 mg Zn/L, and Zn0, Zn0.5, Zn10, Zn40 were used to indicate varied Zn rates, respectively) on growth and Zn, Mn, Fe uptake of seedling plants of three winter wheat genotypes. Their relationship was very far from heredity characteristics, and for Zhengmai9023,｛(Xiaoyan6×Xinong65)×〔83(2)3-3×84(14)43〕｝F3×Shaan213, and for Shaan512, has bred after hybridizing by sterile line of Shaanmai150MS2(A2)and Shaan354, and as far as Xinong979, it also is hybridized by female parent of Xinong2166 and male parent of(918×95 choice 1). All of them are semi-winteriness. The obtained results showed that no obvious zinc deficiency symptoms of wheat plants occurred under the condition of no Zn addition; and at Zn0.5 level, wheat plants also grew normally. All of the wheat plants of three genotypes tested were damaged seriously under the supplying rates with Zn10 and Zn40, high Zn rates inhibited the tiller, growth of root and shoot of winter wheat plants, also decreased the leaf chlorophyll SPAD values, decreased tolerance index significantly, especially for root parts. However, high rates of Zn greatly increased Zn concentration and uptake of wheat plants in various parts especially root parts of wheat plants. (But Zn concentration and uptake of wheat plants under Zn10 was higher than that Zn40, as well as accumulated more Zn in root at Zn10 than that at Zn40). Zn and Fe in root stimulated each other seemly in absorption, but they inhibited each other in shoot. Zn and Mn inhibited each other as well. Under the conditions of excessive Zn addition, the tolerance index of Xinong979, translocation rate of Zn and Fe, Mn concentration was largest among three genotypes. In conclusion, when supplied 5-10 times of normal rate of zinc to wheat plants, there was not obvious negative effect on growth and development of winter wheat plants, however, when supplied Zn at 100-200 or 400-800 times of normal rates, the wheat plants would be inguried severely due to the toxicity of zinc. Xinong979 had the largest tolerance to Zn toxicity among the three genotypes.
(2) In order to verify the effects of double stress of no iron and excessive zinc fertilization on the growth of wheat plants of three winter wheat genotypes, and to select the wheat genotype with high tolerance to excessive zinc (Zn10) which was used under the conditiong of no iron and normal iron supply. Two iron levels (0, 5mg/L) and three zinc levels (0, 0.1, 10mg /L) were conbinated used in this solution culture experiment. The obtained results showed that, the negative effects of no iron supply on the growth of wheat plants is more serious than that of no zinc supply or excessive zinc supply. In the condition of no iron supply, no matter no zinc or excessive zinc, all growth index of three genotypes wheat plants were decreased significantly. The tiller number was decreased, chlorosis occurred, and the growth of root was inhibited seriously, the shoot to root ratio was increased, it indicated that the harms of no iron supply condition on the shoot growth was larger than on the root growth. No matter supplying Fe or not, no obvious zinc deficiency symptoms of wheat plants occurred under the condition of no Zn added. But the growth indexes of three genotypes were deceased significantly under supplying Zn10, especially in the condition of no iron supplying. But after supplying Fe normally, the inhibition of Zn10 had alleviated significantly. In the dual stress conditions of no iron and excessive zinc, Shaan512 had the lowest tolerance to this circumstance. But Xinong979 had the highest tolerance to this iron and zinc supplying condition.
(3) The dual stress (no iron and excessive zinc supplying) experiment on the wheat plants also showed that, under the condition of no Fe supplying to the wheat plants, Zn, Mn, Cu concentration of the plants increased, but the uptake of them decreased (because no iron supplying condition decreased wheat dry weight significantly). Zn translocation of the wheat plants was enhanced; Mn translocation to shoot of the plants was also accelerated. Under the condition of normal iron rate supplied, the Zn, Mn, Cu concentration of the plants was higher than that of no iron supplying. Under the condition of no Zn supplying to the wheat plants, the Zn concentration and uptake of the wheat plants decreased slightly. The translocation ratio of iron of the wheat plants was promoted. And the uptake of iron in the leaves of plants also increased significantly, Mn uptake was enhanced as well; but the uptake of Cu was enhanced only in the roots of wheat plants. Under the condition of excessive zinc (Zn10) supplying on the wheat plants, the Zn concentration and uptake of the wheat plants increased significantly, but a great deal of zinc accumulated in the roots of the plants, the Zn translocation rate of the wheat plants also decreased greatly, and enhanced iron translocation to the leaf parts of the plants. As far as nutrient uptake, Mn uptake was inhibited greatly by the condition of excessive zinc, and Cu uptake was enhanced, but translocation of Cu to the shoots was inhibited. In the condition of no iron and excessive zinc supplying, the tolerance index of all parts of wheat plants decreased greatly, and under this condition the growth of wheat plants was damaged most seriously. This seemly indicated that no iron supply condition aggravated the toxicity effects of the excessive zinc (Zn10) on the wheat plants, but after supplying iron with normal rate, the tolerance of plants to the effects of the excessive zinc improved significantly.
(4) In order to find wheat genotype with high tolerance to the excessive zinc at varied levels of phosphorus supplying, a solution culture experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of treatments with using two Zn supplying rates (0.1, 10 mg/L) and three P supplying rates (0.12, 0.4, 3.0 mg/L) on the growth situation and nutrient uptake of three winter wheat genotypes. The obtained results showed that, under the condition of excessive zinc supplying, Zn concentration and uptake in various parts of wheat plants increased significantly; it made P accumulated in the roots greatly, but inhibited translation to shoot parts; the iron situation was similar to P; Cu concentration and uptake of all parts of wheat plants increased obviously. Mn uptake of wheat plants decreased greatly as well. Compared with the normal supplying level of P, there were no significant effects on the growth situation of wheat plants at low P supplied. But it was improved significantly under the condition of supplying high P; at the same time, high P could inhibit toxicity effect of excessive zinc on the wheat plants (especially on the leaf). Both high and low P supplying decreased Zn concentration and uptake in the roots, but increased Zn concentration and uptake in the shoots. Low P supplying also decreased P, Cu, Mn, Cu concentration and uptake of the wheat plants; however, high P addition did not increase P concentration of the whole wheat plants correspondingly. But it enhanced translocation of the P and Fe to the shoots, as well as decreased Cu, Mn concentration and uptake of the wheat plants slightly. Among the three genotypes of wheat plants, the biomass of Shaan512 was largest. Under the different P and Zn combination, the roots of Shaan512 took up P and Zn greatly, also translocated Cu, Mn, Zn greatly to shoots. It indicated that Shaan512 has the high tolerance to the dual stress condition of high P and high Zn supplying.
(1)采用水培试验法,研究了不同供Zn量(0、0.5、10、40 mg/L,分别用Zn0、Zn0.5、Zn10、Zn40表示)对3种亲缘关系很远的半冬性小麦基因型郑麦9023、陕512、西农979幼苗生长发育、Zn吸收以及Fe,Mn吸收的影响,以期为筛选耐高锌的小麦基因型提供理论依据。结果表明,不供Zn时小麦幼苗未出现缺Zn症状;Zn0.5对小麦的正常生长影响较小。3种基因型小麦的幼苗在过量供Zn(Zn10、Zn40)时均受到严重伤害:显著抑制了小麦分蘖、根系及地上部生长,叶片叶绿素SPAD值显著降低,小麦植株尤其是根部的耐性指数显著降低,施入的Zn的转运率显著降低,却极大提高了小麦植株尤其是根部的Zn含量和吸收量(但Zn10时幼苗体内Zn含量和吸收量大于Zn40,且Zn10比Zn40更能在根部积累Zn),Zn与Fe的吸收在根部似乎表现为互助作用,而地上部表现为拮抗作用;Zn与Mn之间表现出强烈的拮抗作用。过量供Zn时以西农979耐性指数最大,Zn转运率最高,植株体内的Fe、Mn含量均为最高。总之,供Zn量为通常配方的5～10倍时对小麦幼苗的生长尚无明显影响;100～200和400～800倍时则能对小麦幼苗造成严重伤害,三种供试小麦基因型中以西农979对过量Zn毒害的耐性为较强。
(2)为了揭示缺Fe与过量供Zn的双重胁迫对小麦幼苗生长的影响,本试验采用2个Fe用量(0, 5 mg/L)与3种Zn供应水平(0, 0.1, 10 mg/L)相配合的完全方案,在温室中采用人工春化后的小麦幼苗进行了水培试验,以期找到在缺Fe和正常供Fe条件下较耐过量Zn毒害的小麦基因型。结果表明,缺Fe对小麦植株生长的影响远大于缺Zn和过量Zn的影响;缺Fe条件下,不论缺Zn或Zn过量,小麦幼苗的生长量均大幅度下降,分蘖受到抑制、叶片严重失绿,根系生长也受到明显抑制,根冠比升高,表明缺Fe对地上部生长的阻碍作用大于根部。无论是否供Fe,缺Zn对3种小麦基因型生长均未表现出明显的不利影响;但过量供Zn使幼苗各部分生长均受到明显抑制,尤其在缺Fe时,过量Zn对小麦植株的抑制效应尤为明显,并且对地上部的影响显著大于根系;而正常供Fe则明显缓解了过量Zn的抑制效应。在两种胁迫(缺Fe和过量Zn)并存时,3种小麦基因型中,陕512的生长受到的影响最大,表现出强烈的敏感性,而西农979对这种双重胁迫的耐性最好。
(3)缺Fe与过量供Zn对小麦幼苗生长双重胁迫试验的结果还表明:缺Fe条件下,3种基因型植株体内的Zn、Mn、Cu吸收量明显减少(由于缺Fe显著降低了小麦幼苗生长量),但含量显著增加;同时提高了Zn的转运率,促进了Mn向地上部的运输。正常供Fe条件下,Zn、Mn、Cu的吸收量明显高于缺Fe条件。缺Zn条件下,植株Zn含量和吸收量均略微有所降低;Fe转运率有所升高,叶部Fe吸收量却大幅度增加;促进了植株对Mn的吸收;根部Cu吸收量增大,但向地上部的输送未受影响。过量供Zn条件下,虽然明显促进了植株对Zn的吸收,但Zn在根部大量积累,转运率大幅度下降,但也促进了Fe向叶片中的输送;在养分吸收方面,过量供Zn严重抑制Mn的吸收,促进Cu的吸收,但抑制Cu向地上部的运输。缺Fe且过量供Zn的条件下,幼苗各部位的耐性指数均显著降低,对植株造成的胁迫最为严重,缺Fe似乎加剧了过量Zn的毒害效应,而正常供Fe能显著改善植株对过量Zn毒害的耐受力。
(4)采用水培试验法,研究了不同P(0.12,0.4,3.0 mg/L)、Zn(0.1,10 mg/L)用量配比对3种小麦基因型幼苗生长和养分吸收的影响,以期找到在不同P用量下对过量Zn毒害效应具有较好耐性的小麦基因型。结果表明,过量供Zn条件下,幼苗各器官的Zn含量和吸收量均大幅度增加;使P在根系中大量累积,向地上部的转运受到抑制;Fe的情况与P类似;使幼苗各器官中的Cu含量和吸收量均大幅度增加,而抑制了Mn的吸收。与正常供P(0.4 mg/L)相比,低量供P(0.12 mg/L)时小麦生长并未受到明显影响,而高量供P(3.0 mg/L)则在一定程度上促进了小麦幼苗生长;同时高P能抑制过量供Zn对小麦幼苗地上部的毒害作用,这种效应在叶片上表现尤为明显。高P和低P均使根部的Zn含量和吸收量有所降低,地上部有所增加,但高P的降低作用更为明显;低P降低了幼苗体内的P、Cu、Mn、Fe含量和吸收量;高P并非使整株内的总P量相应提高,但大大促进了P、Fe向地上部的转运,但降低了植株体内的Cu、Mn含量和吸收量。3种小麦基因型中以陕512生长状况最好,在不同P、Zn用量配比下,其根部能吸收较多的P和Zn,向地上部转运较多的Cu、Mn、Zn;这表明陕512与另外两种小麦基因型相比,对高P、高Zn的共同胁迫具有更高的耐性。
Zinc is essential for normal growth of animal and plant, but soil zinc pollution can influence the yield and quality of crop and animal, finally it will harm the human’s health. The crops growing on the soils polluted by zinc easily suffer from zinc toxicity, while iron and phosphorus supply affects zinc nutrition of crops greatly. Wheat is one of the most important crops in our country, recently it is reported that the toxicity effects of excessive zinc to crops could be alleviated by applying iron and phosphorus fertilizes rationally. Therefore, through studying relationship between excessive zinc and growth conditions alone with nutrient uptake of wheat plants, especially excessive zinc toxicity effects to plants with different P and Fe dosage. And this research is of vital importance in theory and practice. And wheat genotype with high tolerance to excessive zinc will be selected. In this dissertation, three independent water culture experiments were conducted to investigate tolerance and response to excessive zinc of three wheat genotypes tested. Especially wheat plants were treated with no iron supply and excessive zinc application, as well as excessive zinc and excessive phosphorus. This research will provide grounds for theoretical study and production practice. The main results obtained were as follow:
(1) In order to find wheat genotype with high tolerance to high rates of Zn, a solution culture experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of different Zn supplying rates (0, 0.5, 10, 40 mg Zn/L, and Zn0, Zn0.5, Zn10, Zn40 were used to indicate varied Zn rates, respectively) on growth and Zn, Mn, Fe uptake of seedling plants of three winter wheat genotypes. Their relationship was very far from heredity characteristics, and for Zhengmai9023,｛(Xiaoyan6×Xinong65)×〔83(2)3-3×84(14)43〕｝F3×Shaan213, and for Shaan512, has bred after hybridizing by sterile line of Shaanmai150MS2(A2)and Shaan354, and as far as Xinong979, it also is hybridized by female parent of Xinong2166 and male parent of(918×95 choice 1). All of them are semi-winteriness. The obtained results showed that no obvious zinc deficiency symptoms of wheat plants occurred under the condition of no Zn addition; and at Zn0.5 level, wheat plants also grew normally. All of the wheat plants of three genotypes tested were damaged seriously under the supplying rates with Zn10 and Zn40, high Zn rates inhibited the tiller, growth of root and shoot of winter wheat plants, also decreased the leaf chlorophyll SPAD values, decreased tolerance index significantly, especially for root parts. However, high rates of Zn greatly increased Zn concentration and uptake of wheat plants in various parts especially root parts of wheat plants. (But Zn concentration and uptake of wheat plants under Zn10 was higher than that Zn40, as well as accumulated more Zn in root at Zn10 than that at Zn40). Zn and Fe in root stimulated each other seemly in absorption, but they inhibited each other in shoot. Zn and Mn inhibited each other as well. Under the conditions of excessive Zn addition, the tolerance index of Xinong979, translocation rate of Zn and Fe, Mn concentration was largest among three genotypes. In conclusion, when supplied 5-10 times of normal rate of zinc to wheat plants, there was not obvious negative effect on growth and development of winter wheat plants, however, when supplied Zn at 100-200 or 400-800 times of normal rates, the wheat plants would be inguried severely due to the toxicity of zinc. Xinong979 had the largest tolerance to Zn toxicity among the three genotypes.
(2) In order to verify the effects of double stress of no iron and excessive zinc fertilization on the growth of wheat plants of three winter wheat genotypes, and to select the wheat genotype with high tolerance to excessive zinc (Zn10) which was used under the conditiong of no iron and normal iron supply. Two iron levels (0, 5mg/L) and three zinc levels (0, 0.1, 10mg /L) were conbinated used in this solution culture experiment. The obtained results showed that, the negative effects of no iron supply on the growth of wheat plants is more serious than that of no zinc supply or excessive zinc supply. In the condition of no iron supply, no matter no zinc or excessive zinc, all growth index of three genotypes wheat plants were decreased significantly. The tiller number was decreased, chlorosis occurred, and the growth of root was inhibited seriously, the shoot to root ratio was increased, it indicated that the harms of no iron supply condition on the shoot growth was larger than on the root growth. No matter supplying Fe or not, no obvious zinc deficiency symptoms of wheat plants occurred under the condition of no Zn added. But the growth indexes of three genotypes were deceased significantly under supplying Zn10, especially in the condition of no iron supplying. But after supplying Fe normally, the inhibition of Zn10 had alleviated significantly. In the dual stress conditions of no iron and excessive zinc, Shaan512 had the lowest tolerance to this circumstance. But Xinong979 had the highest tolerance to this iron and zinc supplying condition.
(3) The dual stress (no iron and excessive zinc supplying) experiment on the wheat plants also showed that, under the condition of no Fe supplying to the wheat plants, Zn, Mn, Cu concentration of the plants increased, but the uptake of them decreased (because no iron supplying condition decreased wheat dry weight significantly). Zn translocation of the wheat plants was enhanced; Mn translocation to shoot of the plants was also accelerated. Under the condition of normal iron rate supplied, the Zn, Mn, Cu concentration of the plants was higher than that of no iron supplying. Under the condition of no Zn supplying to the wheat plants, the Zn concentration and uptake of the wheat plants decreased slightly. The translocation ratio of iron of the wheat plants was promoted. And the uptake of iron in the leaves of plants also increased significantly, Mn uptake was enhanced as well; but the uptake of Cu was enhanced only in the roots of wheat plants. Under the condition of excessive zinc (Zn10) supplying on the wheat plants, the Zn concentration and uptake of the wheat plants increased significantly, but a great deal of zinc accumulated in the roots of the plants, the Zn translocation rate of the wheat plants also decreased greatly, and enhanced iron translocation to the leaf parts of the plants. As far as nutrient uptake, Mn uptake was inhibited greatly by the condition of excessive zinc, and Cu uptake was enhanced, but translocation of Cu to the shoots was inhibited. In the condition of no iron and excessive zinc supplying, the tolerance index of all parts of wheat plants decreased greatly, and under this condition the growth of wheat plants was damaged most seriously. This seemly indicated that no iron supply condition aggravated the toxicity effects of the excessive zinc (Zn10) on the wheat plants, but after supplying iron with normal rate, the tolerance of plants to the effects of the excessive zinc improved significantly.
(4) In order to find wheat genotype with high tolerance to the excessive zinc at varied levels of phosphorus supplying, a solution culture experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of treatments with using two Zn supplying rates (0.1, 10 mg/L) and three P supplying rates (0.12, 0.4, 3.0 mg/L) on the growth situation and nutrient uptake of three winter wheat genotypes. The obtained results showed that, under the condition of excessive zinc supplying, Zn concentration and uptake in various parts of wheat plants increased significantly; it made P accumulated in the roots greatly, but inhibited translation to shoot parts; the iron situation was similar to P; Cu concentration and uptake of all parts of wheat plants increased obviously. Mn uptake of wheat plants decreased greatly as well. Compared with the normal supplying level of P, there were no significant effects on the growth situation of wheat plants at low P supplied. But it was improved significantly under the condition of supplying high P; at the same time, high P could inhibit toxicity effect of excessive zinc on the wheat plants (especially on the leaf). Both high and low P supplying decreased Zn concentration and uptake in the roots, but increased Zn concentration and uptake in the shoots. Low P supplying also decreased P, Cu, Mn, Cu concentration and uptake of the wheat plants; however, high P addition did not increase P concentration of the whole wheat plants correspondingly. But it enhanced translocation of the P and Fe to the shoots, as well as decreased Cu, Mn concentration and uptake of the wheat plants slightly. Among the three genotypes of wheat plants, the biomass of Shaan512 was largest. Under the different P and Zn combination, the roots of Shaan512 took up P and Zn greatly, also translocated Cu, Mn, Zn greatly to shoots. It indicated that Shaan512 has the high tolerance to the dual stress condition of high P and high Zn supplying.
引文
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