海南省平台地外来树种簕仔树生物入侵风险性评估
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摘要
筋仔树,为含羞草科含羞草属,是一种原产于热带美洲、被作为各类经济作物园、果园营造绿篱的外来树种。该树种目前已在华南地区逸生为野生种并蔓延。本文运用生理生态学、生殖生态学、群落生态学等研究方法,从生态适应性、繁殖扩散特性以及对当地生态系统的危害3个方面,对海南省外来树种簕仔树的生态安全性进行了风险性评价,在理论上可揭示簕仔树的入侵机理,在实践上可为簕仔树的治理和栽培管理提供科学依据。通过研究室内种子萌发实验与野外种子萌发实验,寻找影响簕仔树种子萌发的关键因子,并分析簕仔树对环境各因子的适应能力；通过簕仔树林分与单株土壤种子库、幼苗扩散、单株结实量以及实际扩散调查分析这个树种的繁殖扩散特性；通过群落物种多样性调查与化感作用研究,以及参阅相关资料分析这个树种对当地生态系统造成的危害。
其主要研究结果如下：
1)簕仔树种子可以在较广的温度范围内发芽(15-40℃),25℃-30℃是簕仔树种子的最适宜萌发温度,高温(≥40℃)强烈抑制其发芽。簕仔树种子随着盐浓度、PEG浓度的增加发芽率逐渐降低,150mmol·L-1NaCL浓度是簕仔树种子萌发时盐胁迫临界值,但在较高盐分的土壤中,簕仔树种子仍有一部分种子可以萌发,表明簕仔树具有较强的耐盐性。簕仔树种子能耐轻度干旱胁迫。在土壤含水量低于5%和超过45%时,种子很难发芽,在土壤含水量25%时,发芽率最高为83.33%,其胚根生长最好。在持续黑暗条件下仍有一部分种子萌发,全光照(24h)条件下的发芽率略高于正常光照(10h)的发芽率。在有光照的条件下,种子萌发及幼苗生长状况均优于遮荫条件下。
2)簕仔树的繁殖是靠种子繁殖,繁殖体数量大,具有较高的入侵潜力。林分内土壤种子库数量都很大,达658-951粒·m-2。平均单株结实量为171529粒。树种建群能力强,但能够萌发并存活的幼苗数量相对较少。自然扩散主要是近距离的扩散,林分和单株幼苗最远扩散距离分别为22.23m和26.6m,分别是树高的3.4倍和5.1倍。3)簕仔树林下植被Shannon-Wiener指数范围在0.5334-1.3516之间,Simpson指数范围在0.5159-0.8347,均匀度指数范围在0.6468-0.7869。样方4的Shannon-Wiener指数和均匀度指数最高,说明样方4内植被数量较大,分布也比较均匀。簕仔树林分郁闭度较大,林分内获取光照资源的机会越少,只有耐荫草本适宜生长,从而使林下灌木层和草本层一般较稀疏,植物种类比较少,物种多样性低。
4)不同浓度的簕仔树鲜叶水浸提液对不同受体植物种子萌发有不同的影响。植物种子萌发并不随着簕仔树鲜叶浸泡液浓度的增加而减少,浓度处理与发芽率间的关系表现出复杂性,高浓度的簕仔树鲜叶浸提液处理对植物种子发芽和幼苗生长有明显的抑制作用,而低浓度的簕仔树鲜叶浸提液对植物种子的萌发有轻微的影响。但簕仔树林下土壤水浸提液对植物种子萌发及幼苗生长没有影响。
5)采用外来树种评价指标体系评价簕仔树的入侵性,得出簕仔树的入侵能力中等。因此需要对这个树种的栽培面积和地点必须加以适当控制。在引种栽培时要也因地适宜,加强管理,谨防危害当地生态环境。
Mimosa sepiaria Benth remain with Mimosaceae Mimosa, Its country of originl is tropical America, be regarded as exotic species in hedge creation for various kinds of economic crops groves and fruit orchards. Now it had already spread to wild in Southern china. The thesis aimed to evalut the exotic species of Mimosa sepiaria Benth in Hainan province, by using the methods of physio-ecology、reproductive ecology and community ecology from 3 aspects of ecological adaptability、breeding dispersal characteristics and the harm to local ecosystems. The study could open out the invasive mechanism of Mimosa sepiaria Benth in theory, and also could afford technology on Mimosa sepiaria Benth prevented and cured in practice. The thesis analyzed the adaptability to different environments by studying the seed germination indoor and outdoor to find the key factor which impact on the seed germination of Mimosa sepiaria Benth. The thesis also analyzed the species breeding dispersal properties through the Mimosa sepiaria Benth's sub-soil plant seed ban、seedling proliferation the amount of seed per plant and the actual proliferation of investigation. Additionally, it also analyzed the damage to native ecosystems through the investigation of species diversity and allelopathy research. The main results as follows:
1)The seeds of Mimosa Sepiaria Benth could germinate within a wider temperature range(15-40℃),25℃was the most suitable temperature to its germination, while high temperature(≥40℃)strongly inhibited to the germination. With the increase of salt concentration, the germination ratio reduced. The soil-salt concentration of 150mmol·L-1NaCL was the cirtical value to Mimosa sepiaria Benth's germination. But some seeds also could germinate under higher salinity soil stress. The species seeds could excit under lightly water stress. It couldn't germinate as the soil moisture lower than 5% or more than 45%, when the soil moisture is 25%, the germinating rate has increased to 83.33% and the radical growth of it has been best of all. It still has some seed germinated under continuous dark conditions, but the germinating ratio was higher than it was in normal lighting. Seed germination and seeding growth in light conditions were better than in shading conditions.
2) Mimosa.sepiaria Benth reproduced sexually and has large number of propagules with high invasion potential. Forest soil seed bank density of Mimosa sepiaria Benth was 1,716 seeds. m-2, average volume of the per plant seed was 17,529, respectively, indicating great potential for regeneration. However, surviving seedlings were much fewer. The species diffused at the speed of middle lever, and its diffusion was mostly by close-proliferation. The lever of the soil seed bank located in more than 3.4 times of the tree's height and the seedling proliferation of the maximum distance was 5.1 times of the height.
3) Shannon-wiener index was range between 0.5334-1.3516, Simpson index was range between 0.5159-0.8347, and the Pielou index was range between 0.6468-0.7869. The Shannon-wiener and Pielou index of the sample 4 were higher than other samples, indicating that sample 4 has more vegetation and well-distributed than others. The forest stand of the specie has large crown density, so that some plants hardly to get enough sunshine, only shade-resistance of herbal adapt to grow. This result showed that undergrowth shrub layer and herb layer were sparse and the species diversity was low.
4) Different plants had different respondance under the different concentrations of Mimosa Sepiaria Benth leaf leaching liquor. The seedling germination was not increasing along with the leaf extracted concentrations, and the change in different concentration compared with CK showed complexity. Heigh concentration of Mimosa Sepiaria Benth leaf extract treatment on seedling germination and growth of plant has obviously inhibited, and slightly effected in lower concentration. But it has been not effected deal with the soil extract of Mimosa Sepiaria Benth.
5) Used the system of indications for accessing the invasion risk of alien woody plant to evaluate the invasion of Mimosa Sepiaria Benth. Assessment of invasion potential of this specie found their invasiveness was moderate, indicating that attention should be given to site selection and plantations. But caution should be taken in introduction and planting of this specie to avoid possible risk of biological invasion.
其主要研究结果如下：
1)簕仔树种子可以在较广的温度范围内发芽(15-40℃),25℃-30℃是簕仔树种子的最适宜萌发温度,高温(≥40℃)强烈抑制其发芽。簕仔树种子随着盐浓度、PEG浓度的增加发芽率逐渐降低,150mmol·L-1NaCL浓度是簕仔树种子萌发时盐胁迫临界值,但在较高盐分的土壤中,簕仔树种子仍有一部分种子可以萌发,表明簕仔树具有较强的耐盐性。簕仔树种子能耐轻度干旱胁迫。在土壤含水量低于5%和超过45%时,种子很难发芽,在土壤含水量25%时,发芽率最高为83.33%,其胚根生长最好。在持续黑暗条件下仍有一部分种子萌发,全光照(24h)条件下的发芽率略高于正常光照(10h)的发芽率。在有光照的条件下,种子萌发及幼苗生长状况均优于遮荫条件下。
2)簕仔树的繁殖是靠种子繁殖,繁殖体数量大,具有较高的入侵潜力。林分内土壤种子库数量都很大,达658-951粒·m-2。平均单株结实量为171529粒。树种建群能力强,但能够萌发并存活的幼苗数量相对较少。自然扩散主要是近距离的扩散,林分和单株幼苗最远扩散距离分别为22.23m和26.6m,分别是树高的3.4倍和5.1倍。3)簕仔树林下植被Shannon-Wiener指数范围在0.5334-1.3516之间,Simpson指数范围在0.5159-0.8347,均匀度指数范围在0.6468-0.7869。样方4的Shannon-Wiener指数和均匀度指数最高,说明样方4内植被数量较大,分布也比较均匀。簕仔树林分郁闭度较大,林分内获取光照资源的机会越少,只有耐荫草本适宜生长,从而使林下灌木层和草本层一般较稀疏,植物种类比较少,物种多样性低。
4)不同浓度的簕仔树鲜叶水浸提液对不同受体植物种子萌发有不同的影响。植物种子萌发并不随着簕仔树鲜叶浸泡液浓度的增加而减少,浓度处理与发芽率间的关系表现出复杂性,高浓度的簕仔树鲜叶浸提液处理对植物种子发芽和幼苗生长有明显的抑制作用,而低浓度的簕仔树鲜叶浸提液对植物种子的萌发有轻微的影响。但簕仔树林下土壤水浸提液对植物种子萌发及幼苗生长没有影响。
5)采用外来树种评价指标体系评价簕仔树的入侵性,得出簕仔树的入侵能力中等。因此需要对这个树种的栽培面积和地点必须加以适当控制。在引种栽培时要也因地适宜,加强管理,谨防危害当地生态环境。
Mimosa sepiaria Benth remain with Mimosaceae Mimosa, Its country of originl is tropical America, be regarded as exotic species in hedge creation for various kinds of economic crops groves and fruit orchards. Now it had already spread to wild in Southern china. The thesis aimed to evalut the exotic species of Mimosa sepiaria Benth in Hainan province, by using the methods of physio-ecology、reproductive ecology and community ecology from 3 aspects of ecological adaptability、breeding dispersal characteristics and the harm to local ecosystems. The study could open out the invasive mechanism of Mimosa sepiaria Benth in theory, and also could afford technology on Mimosa sepiaria Benth prevented and cured in practice. The thesis analyzed the adaptability to different environments by studying the seed germination indoor and outdoor to find the key factor which impact on the seed germination of Mimosa sepiaria Benth. The thesis also analyzed the species breeding dispersal properties through the Mimosa sepiaria Benth's sub-soil plant seed ban、seedling proliferation the amount of seed per plant and the actual proliferation of investigation. Additionally, it also analyzed the damage to native ecosystems through the investigation of species diversity and allelopathy research. The main results as follows:
1)The seeds of Mimosa Sepiaria Benth could germinate within a wider temperature range(15-40℃),25℃was the most suitable temperature to its germination, while high temperature(≥40℃)strongly inhibited to the germination. With the increase of salt concentration, the germination ratio reduced. The soil-salt concentration of 150mmol·L-1NaCL was the cirtical value to Mimosa sepiaria Benth's germination. But some seeds also could germinate under higher salinity soil stress. The species seeds could excit under lightly water stress. It couldn't germinate as the soil moisture lower than 5% or more than 45%, when the soil moisture is 25%, the germinating rate has increased to 83.33% and the radical growth of it has been best of all. It still has some seed germinated under continuous dark conditions, but the germinating ratio was higher than it was in normal lighting. Seed germination and seeding growth in light conditions were better than in shading conditions.
2) Mimosa.sepiaria Benth reproduced sexually and has large number of propagules with high invasion potential. Forest soil seed bank density of Mimosa sepiaria Benth was 1,716 seeds. m-2, average volume of the per plant seed was 17,529, respectively, indicating great potential for regeneration. However, surviving seedlings were much fewer. The species diffused at the speed of middle lever, and its diffusion was mostly by close-proliferation. The lever of the soil seed bank located in more than 3.4 times of the tree's height and the seedling proliferation of the maximum distance was 5.1 times of the height.
3) Shannon-wiener index was range between 0.5334-1.3516, Simpson index was range between 0.5159-0.8347, and the Pielou index was range between 0.6468-0.7869. The Shannon-wiener and Pielou index of the sample 4 were higher than other samples, indicating that sample 4 has more vegetation and well-distributed than others. The forest stand of the specie has large crown density, so that some plants hardly to get enough sunshine, only shade-resistance of herbal adapt to grow. This result showed that undergrowth shrub layer and herb layer were sparse and the species diversity was low.
4) Different plants had different respondance under the different concentrations of Mimosa Sepiaria Benth leaf leaching liquor. The seedling germination was not increasing along with the leaf extracted concentrations, and the change in different concentration compared with CK showed complexity. Heigh concentration of Mimosa Sepiaria Benth leaf extract treatment on seedling germination and growth of plant has obviously inhibited, and slightly effected in lower concentration. But it has been not effected deal with the soil extract of Mimosa Sepiaria Benth.
5) Used the system of indications for accessing the invasion risk of alien woody plant to evaluate the invasion of Mimosa Sepiaria Benth. Assessment of invasion potential of this specie found their invasiveness was moderate, indicating that attention should be given to site selection and plantations. But caution should be taken in introduction and planting of this specie to avoid possible risk of biological invasion.
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