基于多属性RAT的电子采购流程构建与研究
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摘要
随着全球一体化进程和信息技术的高速发展,企业之间的竞争更加的激烈,最大限度的降低企业成本挖掘新的利润源泉成为企业关注的重要方面,基于电子商务的反向拍卖技术应运而生。反拍卖技术是电子采购的重要工具之一,反向拍卖通常能节约5%-40%的费用,典型的采购成本下降范围是15%-20%。且反向拍卖基于网络平台,充分利用了网络的便捷性和时空效应,大大提高了采购的效率,是对传统采购的一次巨大挑战。但是,运用反向拍卖技术进行采购有两大弊端:首先,过分关注采购价格,而忽略了供货的及时性、产品供应的柔性等属性,而这些属性不同程度地影响着采购商的运营成本。同时,对供应商的选择单纯的从产品的属性等指标出发,有失偏颇,频繁更换供应商同样会增加企业的成本。其次,过分强调价格,会破坏供求双方的管理,从企业的长远利益来考虑,这无疑是短视行为。在这样的背景下,本文提出了基于多属性反向拍卖技术的电子采购。
基于多属性反向拍卖技术的电子采购是对基于单属性反向拍卖技术电子采购的补充和完善。它拥有单属性反向拍卖的优势,基于电子网络的优势,大大降低采购价格,提高采购效率;同时,由于多属性反向拍卖对供应商更加全面的评价,使得这种采购模式有效规避了单属性反向拍卖的弊端,对供应商的选择更加合理有效。
鉴于多属性反向拍卖的意义和作用,本文利用平衡记分卡以及层次分析法,构建了供应商综合评价模型,在综合模型的基础上,基于网络平台构建了多属性电子采购的流程。最后,通过问卷调查和实例企业在线模拟证明流程的可行性和有效性。同时,本文站在企业战略的角度,肯定了新的采购行为在企业价值形成中的重要作用,提出企业内部价值链重构模型;扩展内部价值链,与供应商共同构建外部供给链,从而在激烈的市场竞争中,为企业赢得更多的资源,针对多样化、个性化的市场做出快速的反应。
With the global integration process and the rapid development of information technology, competition among enterprises becomes more and more intense. How to reduce cost of enterprises and how to mine new profit source become an important aspect of business. Under such background, the reverse auction e-commerce technologies come into being. The reverse auction technology is one of the important e-procurement tools. Reverse auction is usually able to save 5% - 40% of the purchase cost, in which typical cost of the procurement declines 15% - 20%. Based on web platform, Reverse auction takes full advantage of the convenience of the network and space-time effects, greatly improving the efficiency of procurement, which is a great challenge to the traditional procurement. However, the reverse auction procurement has two major drawbacks: First of all, concern over the purchase price, while overlooking such as the timely supply of products, flexible supply of properties. However, these attributes also affecte the procurement operations cost to vary degree. Second, it isn’t a good choice of providers from simple product attribute, and the replacement of the suppliers will also increase business cost. At the same time, excess emphasis on prices would undermine the management of both supplier and buyer. Considering the long-term interests of enterprises, this is short-sighted behavior. Against such a background, this paper presents a multi-attribute reverse auction based on the e-procurement.
Based on the multi-attribute, reverse auction e-procurement improves the single attribute reverse auction e-procurement. It has the advantages of ordinary reverse auction, based on the advantages of electronic networks and greatly reduce the purchase price and improve the efficiency of procurement. At the same time, as multiple attributes evaluation is a more comprehensive evaluation, it is an effective mode of procurement to avoid a general reverse auction defects, and it is more efficient to choice the supplier.
According to significance and role of the multi-attribute reverse auction, this paper used the Balanced Scorecard, the key performance indicators and the AHP to build a comprehensive provider evaluation model. Based on the integrated model, this paper builded a Web-based multi-attribute e-procurement process. Finally, this paper proved the feasibility and effectiveness of multi-attribute e-procurement process through surveys, and examples of company. At the same time, from the perspective of corporate strategy, this paper make certain the new purchase plays an important role in forming the enterprise value chain, and put forward the enterprise value chain reconstruction model. At the same time, this paper pointed out expansion of the internal value chain, build common external supply chain with suppliers, in order to win in fierce market competition, for the sake of more enterprises resources, for quickly react in the diversified, changing market.
基于多属性反向拍卖技术的电子采购是对基于单属性反向拍卖技术电子采购的补充和完善。它拥有单属性反向拍卖的优势,基于电子网络的优势,大大降低采购价格,提高采购效率;同时,由于多属性反向拍卖对供应商更加全面的评价,使得这种采购模式有效规避了单属性反向拍卖的弊端,对供应商的选择更加合理有效。
鉴于多属性反向拍卖的意义和作用,本文利用平衡记分卡以及层次分析法,构建了供应商综合评价模型,在综合模型的基础上,基于网络平台构建了多属性电子采购的流程。最后,通过问卷调查和实例企业在线模拟证明流程的可行性和有效性。同时,本文站在企业战略的角度,肯定了新的采购行为在企业价值形成中的重要作用,提出企业内部价值链重构模型;扩展内部价值链,与供应商共同构建外部供给链,从而在激烈的市场竞争中,为企业赢得更多的资源,针对多样化、个性化的市场做出快速的反应。
With the global integration process and the rapid development of information technology, competition among enterprises becomes more and more intense. How to reduce cost of enterprises and how to mine new profit source become an important aspect of business. Under such background, the reverse auction e-commerce technologies come into being. The reverse auction technology is one of the important e-procurement tools. Reverse auction is usually able to save 5% - 40% of the purchase cost, in which typical cost of the procurement declines 15% - 20%. Based on web platform, Reverse auction takes full advantage of the convenience of the network and space-time effects, greatly improving the efficiency of procurement, which is a great challenge to the traditional procurement. However, the reverse auction procurement has two major drawbacks: First of all, concern over the purchase price, while overlooking such as the timely supply of products, flexible supply of properties. However, these attributes also affecte the procurement operations cost to vary degree. Second, it isn’t a good choice of providers from simple product attribute, and the replacement of the suppliers will also increase business cost. At the same time, excess emphasis on prices would undermine the management of both supplier and buyer. Considering the long-term interests of enterprises, this is short-sighted behavior. Against such a background, this paper presents a multi-attribute reverse auction based on the e-procurement.
Based on the multi-attribute, reverse auction e-procurement improves the single attribute reverse auction e-procurement. It has the advantages of ordinary reverse auction, based on the advantages of electronic networks and greatly reduce the purchase price and improve the efficiency of procurement. At the same time, as multiple attributes evaluation is a more comprehensive evaluation, it is an effective mode of procurement to avoid a general reverse auction defects, and it is more efficient to choice the supplier.
According to significance and role of the multi-attribute reverse auction, this paper used the Balanced Scorecard, the key performance indicators and the AHP to build a comprehensive provider evaluation model. Based on the integrated model, this paper builded a Web-based multi-attribute e-procurement process. Finally, this paper proved the feasibility and effectiveness of multi-attribute e-procurement process through surveys, and examples of company. At the same time, from the perspective of corporate strategy, this paper make certain the new purchase plays an important role in forming the enterprise value chain, and put forward the enterprise value chain reconstruction model. At the same time, this paper pointed out expansion of the internal value chain, build common external supply chain with suppliers, in order to win in fierce market competition, for the sake of more enterprises resources, for quickly react in the diversified, changing market.
引文
1 Cohn , L. B2B : The hottest net bet yet.[J]. Business Week. 2000,1(17): 36-37
2秦学京.信息化采购是现代企业采购的必然方向.中国市场.物流与采购研究. 2007,(9):28-30
3徐晓雨,朱道立.基于互联网的电子采购模式研究.物流技术. 2004,(5):24-27
4 Boer L Harink J Heijboer G.. A conceptual model for assessing the impact of electronic procurement[J]. European Journal Purchasing&Supply Management. 2002,(8):25-33
5 Aberdeen. Group Marketing E-sourcing Strategic:From Tactical Technology to Core Business Strategy[R]. Technical Report, berdeen Group Inc.2002:50-58
6 Snir.E.M, Hitt. L.M. Costly bidding in online markets for it services[R]. Working paper, Southern Methodist University, USA. 2002:36-42
7 Forrest. Forrest Oval Program: http://www.forrester.com/Oval/Index. 2004,3
8丁志刚,孙元欣.在线反向拍卖在企业采购中的应用[J].华东经济管理.2004,18(5):70-72
9 iResearch:2004年中国网上拍卖研究报告,www.iresearch.com.cn. 2005
10曾铮. Web服务及其在政府电子采购平台上的应用.浙江大学.2006
11 Che,T. K. Design competition through multidimensional auctions. Rand Journal Economics.1993,(24):668-680
12 Alan Smart, Alan Harrison. Online Reverse Auctions and Their Role in Buyer-supplier Relationships[J]. Journal of Purchasing&Supply Management.2003,(2):118-132
13 Stephan M. Wagner, Andereas P. Schwab. Setting The Stage for Successful Lectronic Reverse Auctions[J]. Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management.2004:19-37
14 M.L.Emiliani, Business-to-business online anctions: key issues for purchasing process improvement. Supply Chain Management. 2000, (5):176-186
15邓志雄.一种革命性的采购方法——反向拍卖采购(RAT)技术.中国政府采购[J].2003:18-20
16李静芳,崔南方,陈荣秋.反向拍卖.企业管理. 2004,(4):50-52
17吴炜、吴应良.基于RAT技术的采购业务流程重组与实施.科技进步与对策.2003,(10):12-14
18 Gartner Group RAS Services. E-procurement: A Blueprint for Revolution or Hype. 2000:14-22
19 Bichler M.An Experimental Analysis of Multi-attribute Auction[J].Decision Support System.2000,(29):249-268
20 Che YK.Design Competition through Multimensitional Auctions[J].Rand Journal Economics.1997,28(1):63-81
21 Branco F. The Design of Multimensional Auctions[J]. Rand Journal of Economics. 1997,28(1):63-81
22 Teich J,An internet-based procedure for reverse auctions combining aspects of negotiations and auctions[A].Proceedings of DEXA[C].2000,110-123
23 Miahra.D, Veeraman. D.A. Multi-attribute Reverse Auction for Outsourcing [A]. Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Database and Expert-Systems Applications[C].2002:77-86
24 Dekrajangpetch. Interior Point Linear Programming Algorithm for Auction Methods[J]. IEEE Transations on Power Systems. 2000,(7).318-333
25 Robert Handfield, Steven V. Walton. Applying Environmental Criteria to Supplier Assessment: A study in the Application of the Analytical Hierarchy Process[J].Journal of Operational Research. 2002,(141):70-87
26 J.K. Stoddard. Strategies for Reverse Auction Survival. Executive Summary of the E-Business Council Study. http://www.rainecon sulting.com/pdf/ebcr
27马金平,侯光明.在线逆向拍卖研究综述.电子商务,E-Business. 2006:85-86
28 Beall.S.C, Carter.P, Carter.T, Germer.T, Hendrick.S, Jap.L, Kaufman.D, Maciejewski.R, Monczka.K, Petersen. The Role of Reverse Auctions in Strategic Sourcing[R] .CAPS Research Report. 2004:97-123
29李刚.平衡记分卡与层次分析法.商业研究.2003,(24):95-97
30徐晓雨,朱道力.基于互联网的电子采购模式研究.物流与电子商务.2001,(5):24-26 -
31武钢.电子采购中反向拍卖的应用及其发展趋势.电子商务.2002,(7):70-71
32 C.A.Weber, J.Current.A Multiobjective Approach to Vendor Seleetion[J] European Journal of Operational Researeh.1993,(68):173-184
33 Dickson,G.W.“An Analysis of Vendor Selection Systems and Decisions”. Journal of Purchasing. 1966, 2(1):5-17
34马士华.确定供应商评价指标权重的一种方法研究.管理科学学报.2006,(1):15-18
35 Kaplan, Robert S, Norton, D.P. Putting the Balanced Scorecard to Work. Harvard Business Review.1993, 71(5):313-336
36刘笑萍,钱培奎.生产型企业应用电子采购的模式及对策.浙江林学院[A]. 2005,(10):148-150
37佩帕德,罗兰.业务流程再造[M] .北京:中信出版社. 1999:102-103
38丁泽峰.制造业采购流程再造的理论思考.江南大学学报(人文社会科学版). 2003,(3):63-65
39 Tobias Schoenherr, Vincent A. Mabert. Online Reverse Auctions: Common Myths versus Evolving Reality. Business Horizons.2007,50:373–384
40刘树林.汪寿阳.投标与拍卖的几个模型[J].管理学学报.1998,1(2):11-16
41习谏.价值链战略管理研究.河南社会科学. 2005,(11):75-76
42詹旻.协同效应激发企业竞争优势.中国石油企业.2004,4:24-26
2秦学京.信息化采购是现代企业采购的必然方向.中国市场.物流与采购研究. 2007,(9):28-30
3徐晓雨,朱道立.基于互联网的电子采购模式研究.物流技术. 2004,(5):24-27
4 Boer L Harink J Heijboer G.. A conceptual model for assessing the impact of electronic procurement[J]. European Journal Purchasing&Supply Management. 2002,(8):25-33
5 Aberdeen. Group Marketing E-sourcing Strategic:From Tactical Technology to Core Business Strategy[R]. Technical Report, berdeen Group Inc.2002:50-58
6 Snir.E.M, Hitt. L.M. Costly bidding in online markets for it services[R]. Working paper, Southern Methodist University, USA. 2002:36-42
7 Forrest. Forrest Oval Program: http://www.forrester.com/Oval/Index. 2004,3
8丁志刚,孙元欣.在线反向拍卖在企业采购中的应用[J].华东经济管理.2004,18(5):70-72
9 iResearch:2004年中国网上拍卖研究报告,www.iresearch.com.cn. 2005
10曾铮. Web服务及其在政府电子采购平台上的应用.浙江大学.2006
11 Che,T. K. Design competition through multidimensional auctions. Rand Journal Economics.1993,(24):668-680
12 Alan Smart, Alan Harrison. Online Reverse Auctions and Their Role in Buyer-supplier Relationships[J]. Journal of Purchasing&Supply Management.2003,(2):118-132
13 Stephan M. Wagner, Andereas P. Schwab. Setting The Stage for Successful Lectronic Reverse Auctions[J]. Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management.2004:19-37
14 M.L.Emiliani, Business-to-business online anctions: key issues for purchasing process improvement. Supply Chain Management. 2000, (5):176-186
15邓志雄.一种革命性的采购方法——反向拍卖采购(RAT)技术.中国政府采购[J].2003:18-20
16李静芳,崔南方,陈荣秋.反向拍卖.企业管理. 2004,(4):50-52
17吴炜、吴应良.基于RAT技术的采购业务流程重组与实施.科技进步与对策.2003,(10):12-14
18 Gartner Group RAS Services. E-procurement: A Blueprint for Revolution or Hype. 2000:14-22
19 Bichler M.An Experimental Analysis of Multi-attribute Auction[J].Decision Support System.2000,(29):249-268
20 Che YK.Design Competition through Multimensitional Auctions[J].Rand Journal Economics.1997,28(1):63-81
21 Branco F. The Design of Multimensional Auctions[J]. Rand Journal of Economics. 1997,28(1):63-81
22 Teich J,An internet-based procedure for reverse auctions combining aspects of negotiations and auctions[A].Proceedings of DEXA[C].2000,110-123
23 Miahra.D, Veeraman. D.A. Multi-attribute Reverse Auction for Outsourcing [A]. Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Database and Expert-Systems Applications[C].2002:77-86
24 Dekrajangpetch. Interior Point Linear Programming Algorithm for Auction Methods[J]. IEEE Transations on Power Systems. 2000,(7).318-333
25 Robert Handfield, Steven V. Walton. Applying Environmental Criteria to Supplier Assessment: A study in the Application of the Analytical Hierarchy Process[J].Journal of Operational Research. 2002,(141):70-87
26 J.K. Stoddard. Strategies for Reverse Auction Survival. Executive Summary of the E-Business Council Study. http://www.rainecon sulting.com/pdf/ebcr
27马金平,侯光明.在线逆向拍卖研究综述.电子商务,E-Business. 2006:85-86
28 Beall.S.C, Carter.P, Carter.T, Germer.T, Hendrick.S, Jap.L, Kaufman.D, Maciejewski.R, Monczka.K, Petersen. The Role of Reverse Auctions in Strategic Sourcing[R] .CAPS Research Report. 2004:97-123
29李刚.平衡记分卡与层次分析法.商业研究.2003,(24):95-97
30徐晓雨,朱道力.基于互联网的电子采购模式研究.物流与电子商务.2001,(5):24-26 -
31武钢.电子采购中反向拍卖的应用及其发展趋势.电子商务.2002,(7):70-71
32 C.A.Weber, J.Current.A Multiobjective Approach to Vendor Seleetion[J] European Journal of Operational Researeh.1993,(68):173-184
33 Dickson,G.W.“An Analysis of Vendor Selection Systems and Decisions”. Journal of Purchasing. 1966, 2(1):5-17
34马士华.确定供应商评价指标权重的一种方法研究.管理科学学报.2006,(1):15-18
35 Kaplan, Robert S, Norton, D.P. Putting the Balanced Scorecard to Work. Harvard Business Review.1993, 71(5):313-336
36刘笑萍,钱培奎.生产型企业应用电子采购的模式及对策.浙江林学院[A]. 2005,(10):148-150
37佩帕德,罗兰.业务流程再造[M] .北京:中信出版社. 1999:102-103
38丁泽峰.制造业采购流程再造的理论思考.江南大学学报(人文社会科学版). 2003,(3):63-65
39 Tobias Schoenherr, Vincent A. Mabert. Online Reverse Auctions: Common Myths versus Evolving Reality. Business Horizons.2007,50:373–384
40刘树林.汪寿阳.投标与拍卖的几个模型[J].管理学学报.1998,1(2):11-16
41习谏.价值链战略管理研究.河南社会科学. 2005,(11):75-76
42詹旻.协同效应激发企业竞争优势.中国石油企业.2004,4:24-26