21世纪中非关系的发展与中国的和平崛起
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摘要
中国与非洲的友好往来,源远流长,特别是近半个多世纪以来,中、非人民在长期反对帝国主义、殖民主义、霸权主义和种族主义,捍卫国家主权和尊严,维护发展中国家权益,促进世界和平与发展的共同斗争中,相互支持,相互合作,结下了深厚的友谊。50多年来,双方政治关系密切,高层互访不断,人员往来频繁,经贸关系发展迅速,各领域的合作富有成效,在国际事务中的磋商与协调日益加强。中国向非洲国家提供了力所能及的援助,非洲国家也给予中国诸多有力的支持。“真诚友好、平等互利、团结合作、共同发展”[1]是中非交往与合作的原则,也是中非关系长盛不衰的动力。
非洲拥有53个独立国家,占联合国会员国近1/3,与中国有外交关系的有48个国家和地区,是国际舞台上任何政治集团或政治势力不可忽视的一支重要力量。改革开放以来,中国社会主义现代化建设取得了举世瞩目的成就,成功走出了一条适合本国发展的中国特色社会主义道路,中国新一代领导集体将这条道路概括为和平发展道路。在中国和平崛起的过程中,中非关系起着举足轻重的作用,非洲大陆不仅能够给高速发展的中国提供资源和能源、为中国高速发展的制造业提供了广阔的市场,而且还是中国在世界政治格局中特别是应对美国等西方国家的对华遏制措施不可缺少的力量。21世纪中非关系的发展能否更进一步,将直接影响着中国和平崛起的进程,直接影响着非洲大陆的全面发展和振兴,直接影响着世界政治、经济格局的变化。
本文坚持辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义相结合,运用文献研究、案例分析和历史分析的方法,广泛收集查阅相关资料,通过对文献和实例的分析研究,总结出中非关系的发展历程和特点;通过对历史事件回顾和总结,全面深刻揭示21世纪初中非关系面临的机遇和挑战,把中非关系和中国的和平崛起放在历史和现实的条件下,充分尊重事实,客观分析论证如何发展中非关系,从而加快中国的和平崛起。文章共分五部分。
第一部分:21世纪初中非关系的发展及特点。这部分通过回顾中非50多年的友好往来,从政治上平等互信、经济上合作共赢、文化上交流互鉴三个方面对21世纪中非关系的现状进行论述,从首脑外交是基础、平等观念是灵魂、互利双赢是实质、规范机制是保证等四个方面对现阶段中非关系的特点进行总结和概括,力求从全局上对中非关系的发展有一个很好的把握。
第二部分:中非关系发展的机遇和挑战。中非传统友谊是中非关系发展的基础,中非经贸合作在双方关系中的地位日趋重要,同时非洲国家向往中国的发展模式,“向东看”成为非洲的一个重要选项,中非在科技、文卫等方面的相互交流日趋紧密,中非合作论坛的建立使中非关系的发展制度化,这些都成为新世纪中非关系深入发展的机遇。从进入21世纪非洲国家对外利益需求趋于多元化、西方因素对中非关系的影响、经贸发展中产生的负面影响以及中国和西方国家在非利益冲突日益增多来谈中非关系发展受到的挑战,从而使中非关系更加清晰。
第三部分:中非关系对中国和平崛起的影响。中非关系提升了中国的综合国力,中非合作论坛提升了中国的软实力,从而有利于中国综合国力的增强;中非经济上的互补和新兴的中非经贸关系有利于中国经济持续快速健康发展;中非关系对台湾的制约有利于祖国统一的早日实现;中非外交的典范作用以及中非推动国际关系民主化和国际新秩序的建立有利于中国对世界和平与发展作出重大贡献。
第四部分:构建良好的中非关系有利于中国的和平崛起。中非关系全面协调和可持续发展是中国和平崛起的基础和保障;独立自主、广泛共识、平等互利、务实建设的中非关系是中国和平崛起的关键;中非新型合作伙伴关系的建立及深化,不断探索中非关系发展的新形势,正视和解决中非关系面临的新问题是中国和平崛起的动力。
总之,进入21世纪,中国的和平崛起成为中华民族的必然选择,中非关系对于中国的和平崛起有着举足轻重的作用,要积极完善对非援助政策,在发展中展现大国外交风范并确实加强自律与磋商机制、坚持不排他主义、加强对非研究,把中非关系的发展放在重要的战略地位来衡量,最终实现中国的和平崛起、非洲大陆的腾飞。
Friendly intercourse between China and Africa has well-established, especially in the lately half centuries. During the time of long-term anti-imperialism, colonialism, hegemonism and racism, the guarding of the national sovereignty and the dignity, maintains the developing country rights and interests, the struggle of promoting the world peace and development, the two countries supports mutually, cooperates mutually, and creates the deep friendship. For more than 50 years, both sides political relation has been closed, the high-level exchange visits are unceasing, the personnel intercourse is frequent, the trade relation development is rapid, various domains' cooperation is effective, and the international affairs' consultation and the coordination has strengthens day by day. China provided aid to the African country, and the African country has also given China many powerful supports.“mutual benefit, sincere cordiality, mutual support and comprehensive cooperation”[1] is principle and prosperous power of Sino-African.
Africa has 53 independent countries which occupied 1/3 of the United Nations member nation and 48 countries and areas have built the foreign relations with China. It is a noticeable important force in the international scene. Since the reform and open policy, China socialist modernization has achieved the achievement which attracts worldwide attention, and went out a socialist road with Chinese characteristics which suits our country to develop, the Chinese new generation has led the collective to summarize this path for peace development path. In China's peaceful rise process, Sino-African plays an important part, the African continent not only could provide the high speed development China resources, energy, and broad market for the Chinese manufacturing industry, but also plays an essential strength in China specially dealing with Western countries and so on US in the world politics pattern. The 21st century African relationship development whether further, directly influences China peaceful raise advancement and African continent full scale development and promotion, directly influence the change of the layout of world politics and economy.
This article insisted that the dialectical materialism and historical materialism unify, used literature search, case analysis and historical analysis's method, widely collects the consult correlation data, through literature and example analytical study, summarizes the African relationship development process and the characteristic; Through the historical event review and summary, explores the opportunity and challenge of Sino-African in the 21st century, and places Sino-African and China's peaceful rise under historical and reality condition, respects the fact fully, analysis the develops of Sino-African, thus speeds up China's peaceful rise. The article is divided into five parts.
The first part: African relationship development and characteristic in the beginning of the 21st century. This part through reviews the Central Africa more than 50 years friendly intercourse, politically in the equal mutual confidence, the economy cooperate and win-win, culture exchange and reflects to carry on the elaboration mutually to the 21st century African relationship present situation. From“head diplomacy is the foundation, equal idea is the soul, mutual benefit win-win is the essence, and the standard mechanism is guaranteed”to carry on the summary and the summary to the present stage African relationship's characteristic, makes every effort to have a good assurance from the overall situation to Sino-African development.
The second part: opportunity and challenge of Sino-African development. The Central Africa traditional friendship is the foundation of Sino-African development, the Central Africa trade operations in the bilateral relations status is important day by day, simultaneously the African country yearned for that China's development model,“eastward viewing”becomes an Africa's important option, Central Africa in the science and technology, culture and health is close day by day, the Africa cooperation forum's establishment causes the African relationship development institution, all these become opportunity of Sino-African thorough development in new century. From 21st century Africa country the demands of foreign benefit tends the multiplication, the influence of the negative Western factor as well as Chinese and the Western country to African relationship's influence, the economics and trade development produces increases day by day in the non-conflicts of interest discussed the African relationship development receives challenge, thus causes the Sino-African to be clearer.
The third part: the influence of Sino-African Relationship on China's Peaceful Rise. Sino-African Relationship has enhanced the overall national power of China, and the Sino-African cooperation Forum has promoted the soft power of China, thus providing benefit to the growth of China's overall national power; the Sino-Africa economic interaction and the newly arisen Sino-African economic and trade relationship is beneficial to the sustained rapid and sound development of the economy of China; its restriction on Taiwan promotes the unification of China; Sino-Africa Relationship as a model of international diplomacy, and the establishment of the democratization of international relations and the new world order makes China make great contribution to world peace and development.
The fourth part: the establishment of good Sino-African Relationship will be beneficial to China’s Peaceful Rise. The theory of Sino-Africa harmonious world and the sustainable development is the foundation and the guarantee for China’s Peaceful Rise; Sino-African Relationship, which could be described as independence, widespread common ground, equality and mutual benefit, pragmatic construction, is the key point of China’s Peaceful Rise; the establishment and the development of the new cooperative partnership, the exploration of the new form of Sino-African Relationship development, facing and searching the solution for the problems of Sino-Africa Relationship is the propulsion of China’s Peaceful Rise.
In a word, China’s Peaceful Rise becomes the inevitable choice of the Chinese Nation in 21st century, Sino-African Relationship deeply affects China’s Peaceful Rise, improving the aid policy to Africa actively, unfolding the diplomatic style of China, strengthening the self-discipline and the mechanism of negotiation, insisting on non-particularism, strengthening the research on Africa, placing the Sino-African relationship development on an important strategic position, thus finally achieving China’s Peaceful Rise and soar of African continent.
非洲拥有53个独立国家,占联合国会员国近1/3,与中国有外交关系的有48个国家和地区,是国际舞台上任何政治集团或政治势力不可忽视的一支重要力量。改革开放以来,中国社会主义现代化建设取得了举世瞩目的成就,成功走出了一条适合本国发展的中国特色社会主义道路,中国新一代领导集体将这条道路概括为和平发展道路。在中国和平崛起的过程中,中非关系起着举足轻重的作用,非洲大陆不仅能够给高速发展的中国提供资源和能源、为中国高速发展的制造业提供了广阔的市场,而且还是中国在世界政治格局中特别是应对美国等西方国家的对华遏制措施不可缺少的力量。21世纪中非关系的发展能否更进一步,将直接影响着中国和平崛起的进程,直接影响着非洲大陆的全面发展和振兴,直接影响着世界政治、经济格局的变化。
本文坚持辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义相结合,运用文献研究、案例分析和历史分析的方法,广泛收集查阅相关资料,通过对文献和实例的分析研究,总结出中非关系的发展历程和特点;通过对历史事件回顾和总结,全面深刻揭示21世纪初中非关系面临的机遇和挑战,把中非关系和中国的和平崛起放在历史和现实的条件下,充分尊重事实,客观分析论证如何发展中非关系,从而加快中国的和平崛起。文章共分五部分。
第一部分:21世纪初中非关系的发展及特点。这部分通过回顾中非50多年的友好往来,从政治上平等互信、经济上合作共赢、文化上交流互鉴三个方面对21世纪中非关系的现状进行论述,从首脑外交是基础、平等观念是灵魂、互利双赢是实质、规范机制是保证等四个方面对现阶段中非关系的特点进行总结和概括,力求从全局上对中非关系的发展有一个很好的把握。
第二部分:中非关系发展的机遇和挑战。中非传统友谊是中非关系发展的基础,中非经贸合作在双方关系中的地位日趋重要,同时非洲国家向往中国的发展模式,“向东看”成为非洲的一个重要选项,中非在科技、文卫等方面的相互交流日趋紧密,中非合作论坛的建立使中非关系的发展制度化,这些都成为新世纪中非关系深入发展的机遇。从进入21世纪非洲国家对外利益需求趋于多元化、西方因素对中非关系的影响、经贸发展中产生的负面影响以及中国和西方国家在非利益冲突日益增多来谈中非关系发展受到的挑战,从而使中非关系更加清晰。
第三部分:中非关系对中国和平崛起的影响。中非关系提升了中国的综合国力,中非合作论坛提升了中国的软实力,从而有利于中国综合国力的增强;中非经济上的互补和新兴的中非经贸关系有利于中国经济持续快速健康发展;中非关系对台湾的制约有利于祖国统一的早日实现;中非外交的典范作用以及中非推动国际关系民主化和国际新秩序的建立有利于中国对世界和平与发展作出重大贡献。
第四部分:构建良好的中非关系有利于中国的和平崛起。中非关系全面协调和可持续发展是中国和平崛起的基础和保障;独立自主、广泛共识、平等互利、务实建设的中非关系是中国和平崛起的关键;中非新型合作伙伴关系的建立及深化,不断探索中非关系发展的新形势,正视和解决中非关系面临的新问题是中国和平崛起的动力。
总之,进入21世纪,中国的和平崛起成为中华民族的必然选择,中非关系对于中国的和平崛起有着举足轻重的作用,要积极完善对非援助政策,在发展中展现大国外交风范并确实加强自律与磋商机制、坚持不排他主义、加强对非研究,把中非关系的发展放在重要的战略地位来衡量,最终实现中国的和平崛起、非洲大陆的腾飞。
Friendly intercourse between China and Africa has well-established, especially in the lately half centuries. During the time of long-term anti-imperialism, colonialism, hegemonism and racism, the guarding of the national sovereignty and the dignity, maintains the developing country rights and interests, the struggle of promoting the world peace and development, the two countries supports mutually, cooperates mutually, and creates the deep friendship. For more than 50 years, both sides political relation has been closed, the high-level exchange visits are unceasing, the personnel intercourse is frequent, the trade relation development is rapid, various domains' cooperation is effective, and the international affairs' consultation and the coordination has strengthens day by day. China provided aid to the African country, and the African country has also given China many powerful supports.“mutual benefit, sincere cordiality, mutual support and comprehensive cooperation”[1] is principle and prosperous power of Sino-African.
Africa has 53 independent countries which occupied 1/3 of the United Nations member nation and 48 countries and areas have built the foreign relations with China. It is a noticeable important force in the international scene. Since the reform and open policy, China socialist modernization has achieved the achievement which attracts worldwide attention, and went out a socialist road with Chinese characteristics which suits our country to develop, the Chinese new generation has led the collective to summarize this path for peace development path. In China's peaceful rise process, Sino-African plays an important part, the African continent not only could provide the high speed development China resources, energy, and broad market for the Chinese manufacturing industry, but also plays an essential strength in China specially dealing with Western countries and so on US in the world politics pattern. The 21st century African relationship development whether further, directly influences China peaceful raise advancement and African continent full scale development and promotion, directly influence the change of the layout of world politics and economy.
This article insisted that the dialectical materialism and historical materialism unify, used literature search, case analysis and historical analysis's method, widely collects the consult correlation data, through literature and example analytical study, summarizes the African relationship development process and the characteristic; Through the historical event review and summary, explores the opportunity and challenge of Sino-African in the 21st century, and places Sino-African and China's peaceful rise under historical and reality condition, respects the fact fully, analysis the develops of Sino-African, thus speeds up China's peaceful rise. The article is divided into five parts.
The first part: African relationship development and characteristic in the beginning of the 21st century. This part through reviews the Central Africa more than 50 years friendly intercourse, politically in the equal mutual confidence, the economy cooperate and win-win, culture exchange and reflects to carry on the elaboration mutually to the 21st century African relationship present situation. From“head diplomacy is the foundation, equal idea is the soul, mutual benefit win-win is the essence, and the standard mechanism is guaranteed”to carry on the summary and the summary to the present stage African relationship's characteristic, makes every effort to have a good assurance from the overall situation to Sino-African development.
The second part: opportunity and challenge of Sino-African development. The Central Africa traditional friendship is the foundation of Sino-African development, the Central Africa trade operations in the bilateral relations status is important day by day, simultaneously the African country yearned for that China's development model,“eastward viewing”becomes an Africa's important option, Central Africa in the science and technology, culture and health is close day by day, the Africa cooperation forum's establishment causes the African relationship development institution, all these become opportunity of Sino-African thorough development in new century. From 21st century Africa country the demands of foreign benefit tends the multiplication, the influence of the negative Western factor as well as Chinese and the Western country to African relationship's influence, the economics and trade development produces increases day by day in the non-conflicts of interest discussed the African relationship development receives challenge, thus causes the Sino-African to be clearer.
The third part: the influence of Sino-African Relationship on China's Peaceful Rise. Sino-African Relationship has enhanced the overall national power of China, and the Sino-African cooperation Forum has promoted the soft power of China, thus providing benefit to the growth of China's overall national power; the Sino-Africa economic interaction and the newly arisen Sino-African economic and trade relationship is beneficial to the sustained rapid and sound development of the economy of China; its restriction on Taiwan promotes the unification of China; Sino-Africa Relationship as a model of international diplomacy, and the establishment of the democratization of international relations and the new world order makes China make great contribution to world peace and development.
The fourth part: the establishment of good Sino-African Relationship will be beneficial to China’s Peaceful Rise. The theory of Sino-Africa harmonious world and the sustainable development is the foundation and the guarantee for China’s Peaceful Rise; Sino-African Relationship, which could be described as independence, widespread common ground, equality and mutual benefit, pragmatic construction, is the key point of China’s Peaceful Rise; the establishment and the development of the new cooperative partnership, the exploration of the new form of Sino-African Relationship development, facing and searching the solution for the problems of Sino-Africa Relationship is the propulsion of China’s Peaceful Rise.
In a word, China’s Peaceful Rise becomes the inevitable choice of the Chinese Nation in 21st century, Sino-African Relationship deeply affects China’s Peaceful Rise, improving the aid policy to Africa actively, unfolding the diplomatic style of China, strengthening the self-discipline and the mechanism of negotiation, insisting on non-particularism, strengthening the research on Africa, placing the Sino-African relationship development on an important strategic position, thus finally achieving China’s Peaceful Rise and soar of African continent.
引文
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[57] Joshua Eisenman,“Zimbabwe: China’s African Ally”, pp.9-11; Yitzhak Shichor,“Sudan: China’s Outpost in Africa”, pp.9-11.
[58] Joshua Eisenman & Joshua Kurlantzick,“China’s Africa Strategy,”Current History, 105 (May 2006), p.223.
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[61]曾强.稳步、健康发展的中非关系[J].中国党政干部论坛,2008,1:45-47.
[62]中国工人非洲安全调查http://kw.luckup.net/dddy/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=14708&Page=2.
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13.尤文·E·艾特.21世纪非洲可持续发展的问题和挑战[J].西亚非洲,1999,1:14-18.
14.刘力.经济全球化与中国和平崛起[M].北京:中共中央党校出版社. 2004.
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[44]张宏明.面向21世纪的中非政治合作[J].西亚非洲,2000,5:27-30.
[45]刘东凯、李忠发.中非贸易额突破三百亿美元[N] .人民日报,2006,l,6.
[46]朱听昌.中国周边安全环境与安全战略[M].时事出版社,2003:6.
[47]宗合.中非友好合作与共同发展[J].西亚非洲,2005,2:56.
[48]李安山.论中国对非洲政策的调适与转变[J].西亚非洲,2006,8:11-20.
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[50]胡锦涛.在中非合作论坛北京峰会上的讲话[N],人民日报2006,11,5:2.
[51]中非贸易额达555亿美元[N].人民日报, 2007,1,30:2.
[52]文化交流促进中非友好[N].人民日报, 2006,8,8:7.
[53]杨福昌.国际关系格局变化中发展中国家的地位与作用及对中国政策的思考[J],国际问题研究,2004,1:13.
[54]周才卜.矫治失衡共谋发展[N].人民日报, 2003,5,29.
[55]俞正梁.全球化时代下的国际关系[M],上海:复旦大学出版社,2000:255.
[56]邓小平文选第三卷[M].北京:人民出版社, 1993:116.
[57] Joshua Eisenman,“Zimbabwe: China’s African Ally”, pp.9-11; Yitzhak Shichor,“Sudan: China’s Outpost in Africa”, pp.9-11.
[58] Joshua Eisenman & Joshua Kurlantzick,“China’s Africa Strategy,”Current History, 105 (May 2006), p.223.
[59]张湘东.西方对中国非洲政策与实践的误读[J].和平与发展,2007,1:52-54.
[60]李安山.论中国对非洲政策的调适与转变[J].西亚非洲,2006,8:11-20 .
[61]曾强.稳步、健康发展的中非关系[J].中国党政干部论坛,2008,1:45-47.
[62]中国工人非洲安全调查http://kw.luckup.net/dddy/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=14708&Page=2.
1.邓小平.邓小平文选[M],北京:人民出版社,1993.
2.江泽民.论“三个代表”[M].北京:中央文献出版社.2001.
3.李慎明。中国和平发展与国际战略[M].中国社会科学出版社,2007.
4.中非合作论坛北京峰会宣言.中非合作论坛北京峰会.2006,11,5.
5.夏立平、江西元。中国和平崛起[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2004.
6.北京大学非洲研究中心.中国与非洲[M].北京:北京大学出版社.2000.
7.丁松泉.中国崛起与中美关系[M].中国社会科学出版社,2005.
8.陆庭恩.非洲问题论集[M].北京:世界知识出版社,2005.
9.门洪华.中国:大国崛起[M].浙江人民出版社,2004.
10.杨光.中东非洲发展报告NO.9:经济全球化对中东非洲的影响[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2007.
11.[美]约翰?米尔斯海默著.王义桅、唐小松译:《大国政治的悲剧》[M],上海:上海人民出版社,2003.
12.[美]迈克尔·斯温、阿什利·特利斯:中国大战略[M]. (Interpreting China's Grand Strategy: Past, Present and Future),中文版,洪允息、蔡焰译,北京:新华出版社,2001.
13.尤文·E·艾特.21世纪非洲可持续发展的问题和挑战[J].西亚非洲,1999,1:14-18.
14.刘力.经济全球化与中国和平崛起[M].北京:中共中央党校出版社. 2004.
15.[美]罗斯·芒罗,理查德·伯恩斯坦.《即将到来的美中冲突》[M].北京:新华出版社,1997.
16.[美]威廉·奥弗霍尔特。中国的崛起[M].北京:中央编译出版社,1996.
17.[英]托多夫著.肖宏宇译.非洲政府与政治(第四版)[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2007.
18.[美]简-格曼·格罗斯.中国经济成功及对非洲的启示——可能性与局限性[J].西亚非洲,2006,1:25-31.
1、http:www.xinhuanet.
2、http:www.fmprc.gov.cn
3、http://irchina.org/
4、http:www.edu.cnki.net
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