混凝—纳滤处理硅胶废水实验研究
|
摘要
我国水资源短缺、人均占有量很低,而水污染却非常严重。随着人口的增长和国民经济的发展,水资源供需矛盾日益突出。硅胶生产属于高耗水行业,硅胶废水也是工业生产领域的一个重要污染源。本文以硅胶废水治理回用的需要为出发点,研究了膜分离技术处理硅胶废水的参数条件,为实际工程应用提供参考。
本文针对硅胶废水的特点,选择混凝作为纳滤的预处理。在混凝沉淀的预处理实验中,试验考察了混凝剂种类、混凝剂投药量、pH值等对除硅效果的影响。通过一系列试验筛选出最合适的絮凝剂为氯化铝,并对影响混凝效果的各种操作条件进行了优化。预混凝处理的最佳运行条件为:氯化铝投加量为120mg/L,pH值7.5-9.5,总搅拌时间在4min左右,搅拌后静置60min。在最佳条件下,硅的去除率大于93%,出水SiO2的含量低于20mg/L。
在混凝基础上,实验研究了纳滤系统的运行参数(操作压力、操作时间以及进水水温)对纳滤膜的运行状况和分离性能的影响。用溶解—扩散模型解释了操作压力对膜通量、分离性能的影响规律:随操作压力的增加,膜通量增大,系统对离子去除率先增大后减小。根据膜运行时间增加出现的膜通量下降、去除率降低的现象,揭示了运行时间对膜的影响规律。用溶解—扩散模型和Arrhenius方程就进水水温对膜的影响做了分析。在试验范围内,NFⅠ膜对硫酸钠的截留率在99%以上,产水电导率小于170μs·cm-1;NFⅡ膜对硫酸钠的截留率大于98%,产水电导率小于370μs·cm-1 ,可满足不同用水要求。
针对膜过程的操作特性和污染物特点设计了几种膜清洗方法,同时借助扫描电镜分析综合考察了膜清洗效果和膜污染机制。研究发现,引起膜污染的主要原因是浓差极化,采用0.1%NaOH+1%Na2-EDTA(pH=12)溶液和0.2%盐酸(pH=2)溶液进行复合清洗,几乎使膜通量得到完全恢复。
实验结果表明,混凝—纳滤系统在技术上可行,可以有效去除原水中硅、硫酸钠、硬度等。产水最好的水质能达到自来水的水质指标,可以满足一般企业的回用要求,是处理硅胶废水的一种有效方法。
China is a country with water shortage, insufficient per capita water resources and serious water pollution. With population growth and economic development, the conflict between water resources supply and demand is increasingly obvious. Silica gel production is high water consumption industry and silica gel wastewater has always been a key source of pollution in the field of industrial production. In order to treat the silica gel wastewater and recycle the water, in this paper the key parameters of the process of treating silica gel wastewater with membrane was studied, which have reference to actual project.
According to the characters of silica gel wastewater, coagulation was used as the pretreatment of nanofiltration. The effects of coagulant type, coagulant dosage and pH on silica removal were inspected in the coagulation experiments. With a series of tests, AlCl3 was screened out to be the best coagulant, and the operating conditions influencing coagulation effect were optimized. The optimal conditions of pre-coagulation were as follows: the dosage of AlCl3 was 120mg/L, pH value was 7.5-9.5, stirring time was 4min, standing time after being stirred was 60min. Under optimum conditions, the removal rate of silica was over 93%, Silica was lower than 20mg/L in the treated effluent.
Based on the coagulation experiments, the influence of NF operation parameters(operation pressure, operation period and feed water temperature)on running status and membrane separation performance was explored in the experiments. Solution-diffusion model was used to explain the influence of operation pressure on membrane flux and separation performance: with the operating pressure increasing, the permeation flux increased and the removal rate of ions increased first and then decreased. Along with the operation period extension, the membrane permeation flux decreased and the removal rate of ions decreased, which revealed the effect of operation period to membrane. Analysis was made for the effects of feed water temperatures on membrane performance using solution-diffusion model and Arrhenius equation. In the test range, Na2SO4 rejection of NFⅠwas higher than 99%, permeate conductivity was lower than 170μs·cm-1; Na2SO4 rejection of NFⅡwas higher than 98%, permeate conductivity was lower than 370μs·cm-1, so the permeate quality can meet different requirement.
According to the characteristics of the membrane process and fouling of the membrane, several kinds of cleaning strategies were applied during the experiments, and the SEM and the EDS analyses were carried out. The cleaning efficiency and the fouling mechanism were thus investigated. It was found that the reason of the nanofiltration membrane fouling was concentration polarization, and the flux was almost recovered after cleaning with 0.1%NaOH+1%Na2-EDTA and 0.2% HCl.
It was shown that the Coagulation-Nanofiltration system was technically feasible, and the system can effectively remove silica, Na2SO4 and hardness. The permeate quality was close to municipal tap water, which can meet the reuse requirement of common enterprises. The Coagulation-Nanofiltration system is efficient way to treat the silica gel wastewater.
本文针对硅胶废水的特点,选择混凝作为纳滤的预处理。在混凝沉淀的预处理实验中,试验考察了混凝剂种类、混凝剂投药量、pH值等对除硅效果的影响。通过一系列试验筛选出最合适的絮凝剂为氯化铝,并对影响混凝效果的各种操作条件进行了优化。预混凝处理的最佳运行条件为:氯化铝投加量为120mg/L,pH值7.5-9.5,总搅拌时间在4min左右,搅拌后静置60min。在最佳条件下,硅的去除率大于93%,出水SiO2的含量低于20mg/L。
在混凝基础上,实验研究了纳滤系统的运行参数(操作压力、操作时间以及进水水温)对纳滤膜的运行状况和分离性能的影响。用溶解—扩散模型解释了操作压力对膜通量、分离性能的影响规律:随操作压力的增加,膜通量增大,系统对离子去除率先增大后减小。根据膜运行时间增加出现的膜通量下降、去除率降低的现象,揭示了运行时间对膜的影响规律。用溶解—扩散模型和Arrhenius方程就进水水温对膜的影响做了分析。在试验范围内,NFⅠ膜对硫酸钠的截留率在99%以上,产水电导率小于170μs·cm-1;NFⅡ膜对硫酸钠的截留率大于98%,产水电导率小于370μs·cm-1 ,可满足不同用水要求。
针对膜过程的操作特性和污染物特点设计了几种膜清洗方法,同时借助扫描电镜分析综合考察了膜清洗效果和膜污染机制。研究发现,引起膜污染的主要原因是浓差极化,采用0.1%NaOH+1%Na2-EDTA(pH=12)溶液和0.2%盐酸(pH=2)溶液进行复合清洗,几乎使膜通量得到完全恢复。
实验结果表明,混凝—纳滤系统在技术上可行,可以有效去除原水中硅、硫酸钠、硬度等。产水最好的水质能达到自来水的水质指标,可以满足一般企业的回用要求,是处理硅胶废水的一种有效方法。
China is a country with water shortage, insufficient per capita water resources and serious water pollution. With population growth and economic development, the conflict between water resources supply and demand is increasingly obvious. Silica gel production is high water consumption industry and silica gel wastewater has always been a key source of pollution in the field of industrial production. In order to treat the silica gel wastewater and recycle the water, in this paper the key parameters of the process of treating silica gel wastewater with membrane was studied, which have reference to actual project.
According to the characters of silica gel wastewater, coagulation was used as the pretreatment of nanofiltration. The effects of coagulant type, coagulant dosage and pH on silica removal were inspected in the coagulation experiments. With a series of tests, AlCl3 was screened out to be the best coagulant, and the operating conditions influencing coagulation effect were optimized. The optimal conditions of pre-coagulation were as follows: the dosage of AlCl3 was 120mg/L, pH value was 7.5-9.5, stirring time was 4min, standing time after being stirred was 60min. Under optimum conditions, the removal rate of silica was over 93%, Silica was lower than 20mg/L in the treated effluent.
Based on the coagulation experiments, the influence of NF operation parameters(operation pressure, operation period and feed water temperature)on running status and membrane separation performance was explored in the experiments. Solution-diffusion model was used to explain the influence of operation pressure on membrane flux and separation performance: with the operating pressure increasing, the permeation flux increased and the removal rate of ions increased first and then decreased. Along with the operation period extension, the membrane permeation flux decreased and the removal rate of ions decreased, which revealed the effect of operation period to membrane. Analysis was made for the effects of feed water temperatures on membrane performance using solution-diffusion model and Arrhenius equation. In the test range, Na2SO4 rejection of NFⅠwas higher than 99%, permeate conductivity was lower than 170μs·cm-1; Na2SO4 rejection of NFⅡwas higher than 98%, permeate conductivity was lower than 370μs·cm-1, so the permeate quality can meet different requirement.
According to the characteristics of the membrane process and fouling of the membrane, several kinds of cleaning strategies were applied during the experiments, and the SEM and the EDS analyses were carried out. The cleaning efficiency and the fouling mechanism were thus investigated. It was found that the reason of the nanofiltration membrane fouling was concentration polarization, and the flux was almost recovered after cleaning with 0.1%NaOH+1%Na2-EDTA and 0.2% HCl.
It was shown that the Coagulation-Nanofiltration system was technically feasible, and the system can effectively remove silica, Na2SO4 and hardness. The permeate quality was close to municipal tap water, which can meet the reuse requirement of common enterprises. The Coagulation-Nanofiltration system is efficient way to treat the silica gel wastewater.
引文
[1]金兆丰,徐竟成.城市污水回用技术手册[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2004.17,37
[2]肖锦主编.城市污水处理及回用技术[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2002.8
[3]魏群.城市节水工程[M].北京:中国建材工业出版社.2006.8
[4] 2007年中国环境状况公报.www.zhb.gov.cn/news/xz/,2008-11-17
[5]朱玉荪,我国硅胶行业的现状和可持续发展,杭州:2008全国无机硅化物行业协会年会论文集[A],2008.10,127～129
[6]李春志,硅胶行业节能减排的任务和挑战,杭州:2008全国无机硅化物行业协会年会论文集[A],2008.10.111～113
[7]何凯,段滋华.硅胶的制备与成型加工[J].中国非金属矿工业导刊,2006,5:46～48
[8]鞠海燕,黄春文,罗文海等.金属矿山酸性废水危害及治理技术的现状与对策[J].中国钨业,2008,23(2):41～44
[9]王爱杰,王丽燕,任南琪等.硫酸盐废水生物处理工艺研究进展[J].哈尔滨工业大学报,2004,36(11):1446～1451
[10]赵庆良,任南琪.水污染控制工程[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2005.18
[11]丁恒如,吴春华,龚云峰等.工业用水处理工程[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2005.37～39
[12]安树林.膜科学技术实用教程[M].北京:化学工业出版社.2005.81～82
[13]周金盛,陈观.纳滤膜技术的研究进展[J].膜科学与技术,1999,19(4):1～10
[14]梁希,李建明,陈志等.新型纳滤膜材料研究进展[J].过滤与分离,2006,16(3):18～21
[15] Wong F S, Qin J J, Wai M N, et al. A pilot study on a membrane process for the treatment and recycling of spent final rinse water from electroless plating [J]. Sep.Purif. Technol, 2002, 29(1): 41～51
[16] Z. V. P. Murthy, Latesh B. Chaudhari. Application of Nanofiltration for the Rejection of Nickel Ions from Aqueous Solutions and Estimation of Membrane Transport Parameters [J]. Hazar. Mate, 2008,85 (2):1～35
[17] Qdais H A, Moussa H. Removal of heavy metals from wastewater by membrane processes: a comparative study [J]. Desalination, 2004,164(2):105～110
[18]张显球,张林生,吕锡武.纳滤处理含Cr(Ⅵ)废水的试验研究[J].环境污染治理技术与设备,2005,6(3):25～27
[19] Ming Wu, Darren Delai Sunb. Characterization and reduction of membrane fouling duringnanofiltration of semiconductor indium phosphide (InP) wastewater [J]. Membr. Sci., 2005,259(1-2):135～144
[20] A. Akbari, S. Desclaux. Application of nanofiltration hollow fibre membranes, developed byphotografting, to treatment of anionic dye solutions [J]. Journal of Membrane Science, 2007,297(1-2):243～252
[21]刘梅红,姜坪.膜法染料废水处理工艺研究[J].膜科学与技术,2002, 22(4):43～45
[22] I.Voigt, M. Stahn, St. Wohner, et al. Integrated cleaning coloured waste water by ceramic NF membranes [J]. Separation Purification. Technology, 2001,25(1-3): 509～512
[23] Bruggen B V, Daems B, Wilms D, et al. Mechanisms of retention and flux decline for the nanofiltration of dye baths from the textile industry [J]. Separation and Purification Technology, 2001,22-23: 519～528
[24]余跃,冯晖,吴沪宁等.纳滤膜处理印染废水的研究[J].化工时刊,2004,18(9):26～29
[25] Cristiane N. Lopes, Jose Carlos C. Petrus. Color and COD retention by nanofiltration membrane [J]. Desalination,2005,172(1):77～83
[26]谭绍早,陈震华,陈中豪.聚丙烯腈纳滤膜的制备及对造纸废水的截留性能[J].中国造纸学报,2002,17(2):63～66
[27] Manttari, Katja Viitikko, Marianne Nystom. Nanofiltration of biologically treated effluents from the pulp and paper industry [J].Journal of Membrane science,2006,272(1-2):152～160
[28] Tomani P, Seisto A. Separation methods for closed-loop manufacture of bleached Kraft pulp overview of a EU project [J]. Desalination,1999,124(1-3):217～223
[29] A. Versari, R. Ferrarini, G. P. Parpinello, et al. Concentration of Grape Must by Nanofiltration Membranes [J]. Food and Bioproducts Processing,2003,81(3):275～278
[30] Elina Sjoman, Mika Manttri, Marianne Nystrom, et al. Xylose recovery by nanofiltration from different hemicellulose hydrolyzate feeds [J]. Membr. Sci, 2008,310(1-2):268～277
[31] V. Mavrov, H. Chmiel, E. Belieres. Spent process water desalination and organic removal by membranes for water reuse in the food industry[J].Desalination, 2001,138(1-3):65～74
[32]纪晓声,楼永通,高从堦．膜分离技术在中药制备中的应用[J].水处理技术,2006,132(3):11～14
[33]向连城,荆一凤,张雷.头孢唑啉酸废水的纳滤分离及技术经济分析[J].工业用水与废水,2004,35(3):28～30
[34]白庆中,陈红盛,叶裕才等.无机纳滤膜处理低水平放射性废水的试验研究[J].环境科学,2006,27(7):1334～1338
[35]侯立安,左莉.纳滤膜分离技术处理放射性污染废水的实验研究[J].给水排水,2004,30(10):47～49
[36]熊荣春,雷晓东,魏刚.纳米TiO2与纳滤膜在水处理中的应用给水排水[J].2002,28(6):37～40
[37]崔康平,李明,张焕祯等.炼油厂外排水再生回用作循环冷却水[J].中国给水排水,2003,19(9):96～97
[38] Robert Y. Ning. Discussion of silica speciation, fouling, control and maximum Reduction [J]. Desalination,2003,151 (1): 67～73;
[39] M. Euvrard, L. Hadi, A. Foissy. Influence of PPCA (phosphinopolycarboxylic acid) and DETPMP (diethylenetriaminepentamethylenephosphonic acid) on silica fouling [J]. Desalination,2007,205(1-3):114～123
[40] T. Koo, Y.J. Lee, R. Sheikholeslami. Silica fouling and cleaning of reverse osmosis membranes [J]. Desalination,2001,139(1-3):43～56
[41]金若菲,王栋,周集体等.混凝法处理含硅酸盐废水的实验研究[J].工业水处理,2003,23(1):42～44
[42] Walter Den, Chia-Jung Wang. Removal of silica from brackish water by electro coagulation pretreatment to prevent fouling of reverse osmosis membranes [J]. Separation and Purification Technology,2008,59(3):318～325
[43]李贵贤,武琳,赵旭涛.离子交换树脂脱除锅炉排污水中硅的试验研究[J].甘肃科技,2008,24(4):56～58
[44] M. Ben Sik Ali, B. Hamrounl. Silica removal using ion-exchange resins [J]. Desalination,167 (2004): 273～279
[45] F.J.Mangravite, E.A.Casselland E.Matijevic. The microflotation of silica [J]. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science,1972,39(2):357～366
[46]庄文军,郭春荣.超滤装置在水处理系统中的应用[J].华北电力技术,2008,2:31～33
[47] P.I.Ndiaye,P.Moulin,L.Dominguez, et al. Treatment of silica effluents: ultrafiltration or coagulation–decantation [J].Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2004,116 (1-2): 75～81
[48]雷乐成,杨岳平,汪大翠等.污水回用新技术及工程设计[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2002.198～199
[49] Yubin Zenga, Changzhu Yanga, et al. Removal of silica from heavy oil wastewater to be reused in a boiler by combining magnesium and zinc compounds with coagulation [J]. Desalination, 2007,216 (1-3):147～159
[50]裘湛,黄翔峰,闻岳等.稠油废水回用热采锅炉除硅试验研究[J].环境工程,23(4):83～85
[51]吴伟,韩哲茵等.ZC-2F絮凝剂处理含硅酸盐废水的研究[J].工业水处理,16(2):12～13
[52] Wei Ma, Yaqian Zhao, Lu Wang. The pretreatment with enhanced coagulation and a UF membrane for seawater desalination with reverse osmosis [J]. Desalination,2007,203(1-3):256～259
[53] Wenhui Kuan, Chingyao Hu. Chemical evidences for the optimal coagulant dosage and pH adjustment of silica removal from chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) wastewater [J]. Colloids and Surfaces In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 21 March 2009
[54] Ingrida Bremere, Maria Kennedy, Sahar Mhyio,et al. Prevention of silica scale in membrane systems: removal of monomer and polymer silica [J]. Desalination, 2000, 132(1-3): 89～100
[55] Mebrure Badruk, Isao Matsunaga.Experimental results of silica removal from simulated solutions of geothermal brine of Kizildere field, Turkey[J].Geothermics,2001,30(5):561～570
[56] M.V. Galiana-Aleixandre,A. Iborra-Clar. Nanofiltration for sulfate removal and water reuse of the pickling and tanning processes in a tannery[J].Desalination,2005,179 (1-3):307～313
[57] S. Bertrand a,I. Lemaitre, E. Wittmann. Performance of a nanofiltration plant on hard and highly sulphate water during two years of operation [J]. Desalination,1997,113 (2-3):277～281
[58] T.J.K. Visser, S.J. Modise, H.M. Krieg,K. Keizer. The removal of acid sulphate pollution by nanofiltration [J]. Desalination,2001,140(1):79～86
[59] H. Al-Zoubi, N. Hilala, N.A. Darwish, A.W. Mohammad. Rejection and modeling of sulphate and potassium salts by nanofiltration membranes: neural network and Spiegler–Kedem model [J]. Desalination,2007,206(1-3):42～60
[60] H.M. Krieg, S.J.Modise, K.Keizer, H.W.J.P. Neomagus. Salt rejection in nanofiltration for single and binary salt mixtures in view of sulphate removal [J]. Desalination, 2004,171(2): 205～215
[61]王玉红,苏保卫,徐佳等.纳滤膜脱盐性能及其在海水软化中应用的研究[J].工业水处理,2006,26(2):46～49
[62] Liu Meihong,Yu Sanchuan a,Zhou Yong, et al. Study on the thin-film composite nanofiltration membrane for the removal of sulfate from concentrated salt aqueous: Preparation and performance [J].Journal of Membrane Science,2008,310 (1-2):289～295
[63]唐受印,戴友芝等.废水处理工程(第二版)[M].化学工业出版社,2004.24,30
[64]高从堦，陈国华．篕际跤牍こ淌植醄M].北京:化学工业出版社,2004:452～453,460～461
[65]齐占虎.氢氟酸转化分光光度法测定水中全硅[J].河北化工,2004,5:65～66
[66]刘爱琴.高硬高盐高硫酸根水处理方案研究:[硕士学位论文].北京:华北电力大学,2004
[67]宋新山,邓伟,章光新等.钠吸附比及其在水体碱化特征评价中的应用[J].水利学报, 2000,(7):70～76
[68]沈照理,朱宛华.水文地球化学基础[M].北京:地质出版社,1986:8～11
[69]傅献彩,沈文霞,姚天扬.高等物理化学下册(第四版).北京:高等教育出版社,1990.552～553
[70]朱志良,张冰如,苏耀东等.聚丙烯酸及马丙共聚物对硫酸钙垢阻垢机理的结晶动力学研究[J].工业水处理,2000,20(12):17～21
[71]张玉玲,黄君礼,杨士林等.聚天冬氨酸与聚丙烯酸对硫酸钙、碳酸钙静态阻垢性能的对比研究[J].东华大学学报(自然科学版),2007,30(5):120～123
[72] Larry P Koskan, Kim C Low. Polyaspartic acid as a calcium sulfate and a barium sulfate inhibitor. US 5116513,1992
[73] Robert J Ross, Kim C Low, James E Shannon. Polyaspartate scale inhibitors-gradable alternatives to polyacrylates [J]. Chemical Treament,1997,(4):53-57
[74]国家环保局编.水和废水监测分析方法(第四版)[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002.180.156～161
[75] 2006陶氏Filmtec手册.美国陶氏公司,2006,5～6,101～102
[76] B.Van der Bruggen, L. Braeken, C.Vandecasteele. Evaluation of parameters describing flux decline in nanofiltration of aqueous solutions containing organic compounds [J]. Desalination,2002,147(1-3):281～288
[77] Schafer A I,Fane A G.,Waite T, Fouling effects on rejection in the membrane filtration of natural waters [J]. Desalination,2000,131(1-3):215～224
[78]朱安娜,祝万鹏,张玉春.纳滤过程的污染问题及纳滤膜性能的影响因素[J].膜科学与技术,2003,23(1):43～49
[79] Sangho Lee, Chung-HaK Lee. Effect of operation conditions on CaSO4 scale formation mechanism in nanofiltraion for water softening. Water Res, 2000,34(15):3854～3866
[80] Ming Wu, Darren Delai Sunb.Characterization and reduction of membrane fouling during nanofiltration of semiconductor indium phosphide (InP) wastewater [J] Membr. Sci., 2005,259:135~144
[81] Johannes Meier, Thomas Melin. Wastewater reclamation by the PAC-NF process. Desalination,2005,178(1-3):27～40
[82] Flemming H C,Schaule G.,Biofouling on membranes-a microbiological approach, Desalination,1998,70(1-3):95～119
[83] Vrouwenvelder H,Paassen J V,Folmer H, et al, Biofouling of membranes for drinking water production [J].Desalination,1998,118(1-3):157～166
[84]王恩哲.反渗透膜污染原因分析及其对策[J].水处理技术,2004,30(4):244～245
[85] P. Horsch,A. Gorenflo,C. Fuder, et al. Biofouling of ultra- and nano- filtration membranes for drinking water treatment characterized by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) [J]. Desalination,2005,172(1):41～52
[86] J. S. Vrouwenvelder, D. van der Kooij. Diagnosis of fouling problems of NF and ROmembrane installations by a quick scan [J]. Desalination,2002,153(1-3):121～124
[87]王晓琳,丁宁.反渗透和纳滤技术与应用[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2005.143～150
[88]张国俊,刘忠洲.超滤膜的超声波助清洗研究[J].环境科学,2003,24(6):130～134
[89]王大新,王晓琳.面向饮用水制备过程的纳滤膜分离技术[J].膜科学与技术,2003,23(4):61～66
[90] Wonho Songa, Varadarajan Ravindran, Bruce E. Koel, et al. Nanofiltration of natural organic matter with H2O2/UV pretreatment: fouling mitigation and membrane surface characterization [J]. Membr. Sci,2004,241(1):143～160
[91]海德能产品技术手册,美国海德能公司,2003.113～114
[2]肖锦主编.城市污水处理及回用技术[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2002.8
[3]魏群.城市节水工程[M].北京:中国建材工业出版社.2006.8
[4] 2007年中国环境状况公报.www.zhb.gov.cn/news/xz/,2008-11-17
[5]朱玉荪,我国硅胶行业的现状和可持续发展,杭州:2008全国无机硅化物行业协会年会论文集[A],2008.10,127～129
[6]李春志,硅胶行业节能减排的任务和挑战,杭州:2008全国无机硅化物行业协会年会论文集[A],2008.10.111～113
[7]何凯,段滋华.硅胶的制备与成型加工[J].中国非金属矿工业导刊,2006,5:46～48
[8]鞠海燕,黄春文,罗文海等.金属矿山酸性废水危害及治理技术的现状与对策[J].中国钨业,2008,23(2):41～44
[9]王爱杰,王丽燕,任南琪等.硫酸盐废水生物处理工艺研究进展[J].哈尔滨工业大学报,2004,36(11):1446～1451
[10]赵庆良,任南琪.水污染控制工程[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2005.18
[11]丁恒如,吴春华,龚云峰等.工业用水处理工程[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2005.37～39
[12]安树林.膜科学技术实用教程[M].北京:化学工业出版社.2005.81～82
[13]周金盛,陈观.纳滤膜技术的研究进展[J].膜科学与技术,1999,19(4):1～10
[14]梁希,李建明,陈志等.新型纳滤膜材料研究进展[J].过滤与分离,2006,16(3):18～21
[15] Wong F S, Qin J J, Wai M N, et al. A pilot study on a membrane process for the treatment and recycling of spent final rinse water from electroless plating [J]. Sep.Purif. Technol, 2002, 29(1): 41～51
[16] Z. V. P. Murthy, Latesh B. Chaudhari. Application of Nanofiltration for the Rejection of Nickel Ions from Aqueous Solutions and Estimation of Membrane Transport Parameters [J]. Hazar. Mate, 2008,85 (2):1～35
[17] Qdais H A, Moussa H. Removal of heavy metals from wastewater by membrane processes: a comparative study [J]. Desalination, 2004,164(2):105～110
[18]张显球,张林生,吕锡武.纳滤处理含Cr(Ⅵ)废水的试验研究[J].环境污染治理技术与设备,2005,6(3):25～27
[19] Ming Wu, Darren Delai Sunb. Characterization and reduction of membrane fouling duringnanofiltration of semiconductor indium phosphide (InP) wastewater [J]. Membr. Sci., 2005,259(1-2):135～144
[20] A. Akbari, S. Desclaux. Application of nanofiltration hollow fibre membranes, developed byphotografting, to treatment of anionic dye solutions [J]. Journal of Membrane Science, 2007,297(1-2):243～252
[21]刘梅红,姜坪.膜法染料废水处理工艺研究[J].膜科学与技术,2002, 22(4):43～45
[22] I.Voigt, M. Stahn, St. Wohner, et al. Integrated cleaning coloured waste water by ceramic NF membranes [J]. Separation Purification. Technology, 2001,25(1-3): 509～512
[23] Bruggen B V, Daems B, Wilms D, et al. Mechanisms of retention and flux decline for the nanofiltration of dye baths from the textile industry [J]. Separation and Purification Technology, 2001,22-23: 519～528
[24]余跃,冯晖,吴沪宁等.纳滤膜处理印染废水的研究[J].化工时刊,2004,18(9):26～29
[25] Cristiane N. Lopes, Jose Carlos C. Petrus. Color and COD retention by nanofiltration membrane [J]. Desalination,2005,172(1):77～83
[26]谭绍早,陈震华,陈中豪.聚丙烯腈纳滤膜的制备及对造纸废水的截留性能[J].中国造纸学报,2002,17(2):63～66
[27] Manttari, Katja Viitikko, Marianne Nystom. Nanofiltration of biologically treated effluents from the pulp and paper industry [J].Journal of Membrane science,2006,272(1-2):152～160
[28] Tomani P, Seisto A. Separation methods for closed-loop manufacture of bleached Kraft pulp overview of a EU project [J]. Desalination,1999,124(1-3):217～223
[29] A. Versari, R. Ferrarini, G. P. Parpinello, et al. Concentration of Grape Must by Nanofiltration Membranes [J]. Food and Bioproducts Processing,2003,81(3):275～278
[30] Elina Sjoman, Mika Manttri, Marianne Nystrom, et al. Xylose recovery by nanofiltration from different hemicellulose hydrolyzate feeds [J]. Membr. Sci, 2008,310(1-2):268～277
[31] V. Mavrov, H. Chmiel, E. Belieres. Spent process water desalination and organic removal by membranes for water reuse in the food industry[J].Desalination, 2001,138(1-3):65～74
[32]纪晓声,楼永通,高从堦．膜分离技术在中药制备中的应用[J].水处理技术,2006,132(3):11～14
[33]向连城,荆一凤,张雷.头孢唑啉酸废水的纳滤分离及技术经济分析[J].工业用水与废水,2004,35(3):28～30
[34]白庆中,陈红盛,叶裕才等.无机纳滤膜处理低水平放射性废水的试验研究[J].环境科学,2006,27(7):1334～1338
[35]侯立安,左莉.纳滤膜分离技术处理放射性污染废水的实验研究[J].给水排水,2004,30(10):47～49
[36]熊荣春,雷晓东,魏刚.纳米TiO2与纳滤膜在水处理中的应用给水排水[J].2002,28(6):37～40
[37]崔康平,李明,张焕祯等.炼油厂外排水再生回用作循环冷却水[J].中国给水排水,2003,19(9):96～97
[38] Robert Y. Ning. Discussion of silica speciation, fouling, control and maximum Reduction [J]. Desalination,2003,151 (1): 67～73;
[39] M. Euvrard, L. Hadi, A. Foissy. Influence of PPCA (phosphinopolycarboxylic acid) and DETPMP (diethylenetriaminepentamethylenephosphonic acid) on silica fouling [J]. Desalination,2007,205(1-3):114～123
[40] T. Koo, Y.J. Lee, R. Sheikholeslami. Silica fouling and cleaning of reverse osmosis membranes [J]. Desalination,2001,139(1-3):43～56
[41]金若菲,王栋,周集体等.混凝法处理含硅酸盐废水的实验研究[J].工业水处理,2003,23(1):42～44
[42] Walter Den, Chia-Jung Wang. Removal of silica from brackish water by electro coagulation pretreatment to prevent fouling of reverse osmosis membranes [J]. Separation and Purification Technology,2008,59(3):318～325
[43]李贵贤,武琳,赵旭涛.离子交换树脂脱除锅炉排污水中硅的试验研究[J].甘肃科技,2008,24(4):56～58
[44] M. Ben Sik Ali, B. Hamrounl. Silica removal using ion-exchange resins [J]. Desalination,167 (2004): 273～279
[45] F.J.Mangravite, E.A.Casselland E.Matijevic. The microflotation of silica [J]. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science,1972,39(2):357～366
[46]庄文军,郭春荣.超滤装置在水处理系统中的应用[J].华北电力技术,2008,2:31～33
[47] P.I.Ndiaye,P.Moulin,L.Dominguez, et al. Treatment of silica effluents: ultrafiltration or coagulation–decantation [J].Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2004,116 (1-2): 75～81
[48]雷乐成,杨岳平,汪大翠等.污水回用新技术及工程设计[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2002.198～199
[49] Yubin Zenga, Changzhu Yanga, et al. Removal of silica from heavy oil wastewater to be reused in a boiler by combining magnesium and zinc compounds with coagulation [J]. Desalination, 2007,216 (1-3):147～159
[50]裘湛,黄翔峰,闻岳等.稠油废水回用热采锅炉除硅试验研究[J].环境工程,23(4):83～85
[51]吴伟,韩哲茵等.ZC-2F絮凝剂处理含硅酸盐废水的研究[J].工业水处理,16(2):12～13
[52] Wei Ma, Yaqian Zhao, Lu Wang. The pretreatment with enhanced coagulation and a UF membrane for seawater desalination with reverse osmosis [J]. Desalination,2007,203(1-3):256～259
[53] Wenhui Kuan, Chingyao Hu. Chemical evidences for the optimal coagulant dosage and pH adjustment of silica removal from chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) wastewater [J]. Colloids and Surfaces In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 21 March 2009
[54] Ingrida Bremere, Maria Kennedy, Sahar Mhyio,et al. Prevention of silica scale in membrane systems: removal of monomer and polymer silica [J]. Desalination, 2000, 132(1-3): 89～100
[55] Mebrure Badruk, Isao Matsunaga.Experimental results of silica removal from simulated solutions of geothermal brine of Kizildere field, Turkey[J].Geothermics,2001,30(5):561～570
[56] M.V. Galiana-Aleixandre,A. Iborra-Clar. Nanofiltration for sulfate removal and water reuse of the pickling and tanning processes in a tannery[J].Desalination,2005,179 (1-3):307～313
[57] S. Bertrand a,I. Lemaitre, E. Wittmann. Performance of a nanofiltration plant on hard and highly sulphate water during two years of operation [J]. Desalination,1997,113 (2-3):277～281
[58] T.J.K. Visser, S.J. Modise, H.M. Krieg,K. Keizer. The removal of acid sulphate pollution by nanofiltration [J]. Desalination,2001,140(1):79～86
[59] H. Al-Zoubi, N. Hilala, N.A. Darwish, A.W. Mohammad. Rejection and modeling of sulphate and potassium salts by nanofiltration membranes: neural network and Spiegler–Kedem model [J]. Desalination,2007,206(1-3):42～60
[60] H.M. Krieg, S.J.Modise, K.Keizer, H.W.J.P. Neomagus. Salt rejection in nanofiltration for single and binary salt mixtures in view of sulphate removal [J]. Desalination, 2004,171(2): 205～215
[61]王玉红,苏保卫,徐佳等.纳滤膜脱盐性能及其在海水软化中应用的研究[J].工业水处理,2006,26(2):46～49
[62] Liu Meihong,Yu Sanchuan a,Zhou Yong, et al. Study on the thin-film composite nanofiltration membrane for the removal of sulfate from concentrated salt aqueous: Preparation and performance [J].Journal of Membrane Science,2008,310 (1-2):289～295
[63]唐受印,戴友芝等.废水处理工程(第二版)[M].化学工业出版社,2004.24,30
[64]高从堦，陈国华．篕际跤牍こ淌植醄M].北京:化学工业出版社,2004:452～453,460～461
[65]齐占虎.氢氟酸转化分光光度法测定水中全硅[J].河北化工,2004,5:65～66
[66]刘爱琴.高硬高盐高硫酸根水处理方案研究:[硕士学位论文].北京:华北电力大学,2004
[67]宋新山,邓伟,章光新等.钠吸附比及其在水体碱化特征评价中的应用[J].水利学报, 2000,(7):70～76
[68]沈照理,朱宛华.水文地球化学基础[M].北京:地质出版社,1986:8～11
[69]傅献彩,沈文霞,姚天扬.高等物理化学下册(第四版).北京:高等教育出版社,1990.552～553
[70]朱志良,张冰如,苏耀东等.聚丙烯酸及马丙共聚物对硫酸钙垢阻垢机理的结晶动力学研究[J].工业水处理,2000,20(12):17～21
[71]张玉玲,黄君礼,杨士林等.聚天冬氨酸与聚丙烯酸对硫酸钙、碳酸钙静态阻垢性能的对比研究[J].东华大学学报(自然科学版),2007,30(5):120～123
[72] Larry P Koskan, Kim C Low. Polyaspartic acid as a calcium sulfate and a barium sulfate inhibitor. US 5116513,1992
[73] Robert J Ross, Kim C Low, James E Shannon. Polyaspartate scale inhibitors-gradable alternatives to polyacrylates [J]. Chemical Treament,1997,(4):53-57
[74]国家环保局编.水和废水监测分析方法(第四版)[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002.180.156～161
[75] 2006陶氏Filmtec手册.美国陶氏公司,2006,5～6,101～102
[76] B.Van der Bruggen, L. Braeken, C.Vandecasteele. Evaluation of parameters describing flux decline in nanofiltration of aqueous solutions containing organic compounds [J]. Desalination,2002,147(1-3):281～288
[77] Schafer A I,Fane A G.,Waite T, Fouling effects on rejection in the membrane filtration of natural waters [J]. Desalination,2000,131(1-3):215～224
[78]朱安娜,祝万鹏,张玉春.纳滤过程的污染问题及纳滤膜性能的影响因素[J].膜科学与技术,2003,23(1):43～49
[79] Sangho Lee, Chung-HaK Lee. Effect of operation conditions on CaSO4 scale formation mechanism in nanofiltraion for water softening. Water Res, 2000,34(15):3854～3866
[80] Ming Wu, Darren Delai Sunb.Characterization and reduction of membrane fouling during nanofiltration of semiconductor indium phosphide (InP) wastewater [J] Membr. Sci., 2005,259:135~144
[81] Johannes Meier, Thomas Melin. Wastewater reclamation by the PAC-NF process. Desalination,2005,178(1-3):27～40
[82] Flemming H C,Schaule G.,Biofouling on membranes-a microbiological approach, Desalination,1998,70(1-3):95～119
[83] Vrouwenvelder H,Paassen J V,Folmer H, et al, Biofouling of membranes for drinking water production [J].Desalination,1998,118(1-3):157～166
[84]王恩哲.反渗透膜污染原因分析及其对策[J].水处理技术,2004,30(4):244～245
[85] P. Horsch,A. Gorenflo,C. Fuder, et al. Biofouling of ultra- and nano- filtration membranes for drinking water treatment characterized by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) [J]. Desalination,2005,172(1):41～52
[86] J. S. Vrouwenvelder, D. van der Kooij. Diagnosis of fouling problems of NF and ROmembrane installations by a quick scan [J]. Desalination,2002,153(1-3):121～124
[87]王晓琳,丁宁.反渗透和纳滤技术与应用[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2005.143～150
[88]张国俊,刘忠洲.超滤膜的超声波助清洗研究[J].环境科学,2003,24(6):130～134
[89]王大新,王晓琳.面向饮用水制备过程的纳滤膜分离技术[J].膜科学与技术,2003,23(4):61～66
[90] Wonho Songa, Varadarajan Ravindran, Bruce E. Koel, et al. Nanofiltration of natural organic matter with H2O2/UV pretreatment: fouling mitigation and membrane surface characterization [J]. Membr. Sci,2004,241(1):143～160
[91]海德能产品技术手册,美国海德能公司,2003.113～114
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |