我国某城市大气中二噁英类持久性有机污染物的污染水平研究
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摘要
二嗯英(polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, PCDD/Fs)、多氯联苯(poly-chlorinated biphenyls,PCBs)和多溴联苯醚(polybrominated diphenyl ethers,PBDEs)等持久性有机污染物,由于具有突出的致癌、致突变、致畸性的“三致”作用,备受世界各国的关注。大气中的这三种持久性有机污染物,可以通过大气这种环境介质迁移并经过食物链或者呼吸道进入人体,从而造成人体暴露。本研究参考国际权威的标准方法,利用高分辨气相色谱／高分辨双聚焦磁式质谱联用仪(HRGC/HRMS)的痕量有机污染物分析技术平台,对我国某城市丰水期和枯水期大气中17个多氯代-二苯并-二(？)英／呋喃、18个多氯联苯和9个多溴联苯醚共计44个单体的污染水平进行了分析研究,进一步对人体上述三大类化合物的暴露水平进行了风险评估。
研究显示,该市包括丰水期和枯水期在内的大气中二嗯英浓度范围为103.32-11882.95fg/m~3,平均值为3426.84fg/m~3,中位数值为2950.35fg/m~3；而毒性当量浓度范围11.45～370.12 fg I-TEQ/m~3,平均值为157.49 fg I-TEQ/m~3,中位数值为151.24 fg I-TEQ/m~3.多氯联苯的总浓度范围为9.16～126.60 pg/m~3,平均值为52.72 pg/m~3,中位数值为55.61 pg/m~3。其中,6个指示性PCBs浓度介于8.34～122.67 pg/m~3,平均值为50.17 pg/m~3,中位数值为52.81pg/m~3;12个二嗯英类PCBs浓度范围介于0.83～4.28 pg/m3,平均值为2.55 pg/m3,中位数值为2.69pg/m~3。12个类二(?)英多氯联苯的总毒性当量(∑TEQ-PCBs)范围为1.81-19.55 fg WHO-TEQ /m3,平均值为10.94 fg WHO-TEQ/m~3,中位数值为12.82 fg WHO-TEQ/m~3。多溴联苯醚的浓度范围为9.21～168.86 pg/m~3,平均浓度为34.23 p/m~3,中位数值为19.30 pg/m~3,其中丰水期的样品检测了单体BDE-209,其浓度范围为13.05-172.51 pg/m~3,平均值为49.67 pg/m~3,中位数值为27.28 pg/m~3。
大气样品中的二(?)英在枯水期的平均浓度为3837.59fg/m3,丰水期的平均浓度为3016.10fg/m~3毒性当量浓度分别为135.41 fg I-TEQ/m~3和179.57 fg I-TEQ/m~3。多氯联苯在枯水期的平均浓度为44.97 pg/m3,丰水期的平均浓度为60.48 pg/m3；毒性当量浓度分别为：10.79fgWHO-TEQ/m~3和11.10 fg WHO-TEQ/m~3。多溴联苯醚枯水期的平均浓度为14.81 pg/m~3,丰水期的平均浓度为53.65 pg/m~3。对比分析两个时期样品浓度发现,不同的污染物具有明显的季节差异,即枯水期二(？)英的浓度高于丰水期,而丰水期多氯联苯和多溴联苯醚的浓度高于枯水期。
研究显示不同单体之间的丰度存在着较大的差异。在两个时期的所有样品中,OCDD是占二(？)英总浓度比率最高的单体(大于20%),而2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF则是对总毒性当量贡献最大的单体。PCB-28是指示性PCBs中浓度最高单体,PCB-118则是类二（？）英多氯联苯中浓度最高单体。与其他研究显示的结果一样,所有样品中PCB-126是对多氯联苯化合物的总毒性当量贡献最大的单体,其贡献率达到94%,其次是单体PCB-169。BDE-47和BDE-99在两个时期研究的单体中(除BDE-209外)是丰度较高的构型,但在枯水期所占比例有所下降,其他单体(如BDE-28,BDE-153,BDE-183)含量所占比例增加,单体分布趋于平均化。
与已有报道相比该市大气中二嗯英TEQ水平与巴西圣保罗的平均水平相近,高于台湾、香港及日本和欧美国家的城市水平,而低于韩国中等城市和内地北京、广州及上海的平均水平。多氯联苯TEQ水平与横滨、曼彻斯特的TEQ水平接近,低于韩国京畿道以及台州大气污染的水平。PBDEs的浓度水平与美国芝加哥研究的浓度水平范围相接近,高于加拿大多伦多、韩国、日本的大阪和京都以及新加坡的城市水平,低于国内的广州、北京、台州等城市研究的水平
经呼吸道摄入的暴露风险评估表明,该市成人经呼吸摄入的PCDD/Fs日暴露量为0.0025-0.041 pg I-TEQ/kg/day:儿童经呼吸摄入的PCDD/Fs日暴露量为0.0058～0.094 pg I-TEQ/kg/day。多氯联苯日呼吸摄入量成人平均为0.0018 pg WHO-TEQ/kg/day,儿童平均为0.0040 pg WHO-TEQ/kg/day。该市居民每日摄入PCDD/Fs+DL-PCBs总量(包括呼吸、饮食摄入)成人为1.39 pg WHO-TEQ/kg/day,儿童为5.52 pg WHO-TEQ/kg/day.居民通过日呼吸摄入PCDD/Fs+DL-PCBs的量占总摄入量的比例成人和儿童分别为2.09%和1.21%。多溴联苯醚的日呼吸暴露量为5.56 pg/kg/day.儿童日呼吸暴露量为12.66 pg/kg/day。
As persistent organic pollutants (POPs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs)、polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs) were widely concerned by various countries in the world, because of their carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and teratogenicity. These persistent organic pollutants in the atmosphere can be migrated with environmental media-air and enter the body through the food chain or by inhalation, resulting in human exposure.In this study, the concentration of the three catogaries of POPs in ambient air in a seaside city were analyzed by referencing to international standard methods and using isotope dilution high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution double-focusing magnetic mass spectrometer(HRGC/HRMS). The pollution levels of total 44 monomer, including 17 chlorinated dibenzodioxins/furans,18 polychlorinated biphenyls and 9 polybrominated diphenyls were studied in a city of China in rain and dry seasons, and the risk of human exposure to these three compounds was assessed preliminarily.
The results showed that the levels of PCDD/Fs were in the range of 103.32～11882.95 fg/m3,with an average of 3426.84 fg/m3 and the median of 2950.35 fg/m3.The toxic equivalents were in the range of 11.45～370.12 fg I-TEQ/m3, with an average of 157.49 fg I-TEQ/m3 and the median of 151.24 fg I-TEQ/m3.The concentration of∑PCBs ranged from 9.16～126.60pg/m3,with an average of 52.72 pg/m3 and the median of 55.61 pg/m3. Six indicator PCBs concentration ranged from 8.34-122.67 pg/m3,with an average of 50.17 pg/m3 and the median of 52.81pg/m3;The concentration of the 12 DL-PCBs were 0.83-4.28 pg/m3,with an average of 2.55 pg/m3 and the median of 2.69pg/m3.∑TEQ-PCBs in the rang of 1.81～19.55fg WHO-TEQ/m3，the mean level was10.94fg WHO-TEQ/m3 and the median level was 12.82pg/m3.The concentration of∑8 PBDEs were 9.21～168.86 pg/m3,with an average of 34.23 pg/m3 and the median of 13.90pg/m3.Rain period in which the samples test BDE-209,the concentration range from 13.05～172.51 pg/m3,with an average of 49.67 pg/m3 and the median of 27.28 pg/m3.
The average concentration of PCDD/Fs in air samples were 3837.59 pg/m3 in the dry season, 3016.10 pg/m3 in the rain season; the average TEQ of PCDD/Fs were 135.41 fg I-TEQ/m3 and 179.57 fg I-TEQ/m3, respectively.PCBs average concentration in the dry season was 44.97 pg/m3 and 60.48 pg/m3 in the rain season; the average TEQ of PCBs were 10.79 fg WHO-TEQ/m3 and 11.10 fg WHO-TEQ/m3,respectively.PBDEs average concentration in the dry season was 14.81 pg/m3 and 53.65 pg/m3 in the rain season. A clear trend was founded by the comparison of the concentration during two seasons, which the concentration of PCDD/Fs in the rain season is higher than that in the dry season, and on the contrary of PCBs and PBDEs.
The abundance of different monomers has significant difference. OCDD was the biggest contributor to the total concentration (more than 20%).2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF was the dominant contributor to toxicity equivalent (TEQ).PCB-28 was the greatest contributor to the total concentration of indicator PCBs, and PCB-118 was the highest concentration of DL-PCBs. Similar to other studies, PCB-126 was the dominant contributor to toxicity equivalent (TEQ), accounted for over 94%, followed by PCB-169. The predominant PBDEs congeners (except BDE-209) measured in the two periods were BDE-47 and BDE-99, which declined in the dry season and other monomers(such as BDE-28, BDE-153, BDE-183) increased. The proportion of the monomer distribution tended to be equally.
The PCDD/Fs concentration of this city was close to the average level of Sao Paulo of Brazil, higher than Taiwan, Hong Kong and the cities in Japan and European, lower than Korea's cities and Beijing, Guangzhou and Shanghai of China. The PCBs concentration was close to Yokohama and Manchester, lower than Gyeonggi-do of Korea and Taizhou of China. PBDEs concentration was similar to Chicago, higher than Osaka and Kyoto of Japan,the cities of Korea and Singapore, lower than Guangzhou, Beijing and Taizhou of China.
Respiratory risk assessment found that adult and children daily exposure to PCDD/Fs was 0.0025～0.041pg I-TEQ/kg/day and 0.0058～0.094 pg I-TEQ/kg/day respectively. PCBs respiratory intake for adult and children was 0.0018 pg WHO-TEQ/kg/day and 0.0040 pg WHO-TEQ/kg/day (average) respectively. The city's residents daily intake of PCDD/Fs+DL-PCBs (including inhalation, dietary intake) was 1.39 pg WHO-TEQ/kg/day for adults and 5.52 pg WHO-TEQ /kg/day for children. Inhalation exposure to PCDD/Fs+DL-PCBs accounted for 2.09% and 1.21% of the total intake PCDD/Fs+DL-PCBs for adults and children, respectively. PBDEs in the daily average exposure was 5.56 pg/kg/day for adult and 12.66 pg/kg/day for children.
研究显示,该市包括丰水期和枯水期在内的大气中二嗯英浓度范围为103.32-11882.95fg/m~3,平均值为3426.84fg/m~3,中位数值为2950.35fg/m~3；而毒性当量浓度范围11.45～370.12 fg I-TEQ/m~3,平均值为157.49 fg I-TEQ/m~3,中位数值为151.24 fg I-TEQ/m~3.多氯联苯的总浓度范围为9.16～126.60 pg/m~3,平均值为52.72 pg/m~3,中位数值为55.61 pg/m~3。其中,6个指示性PCBs浓度介于8.34～122.67 pg/m~3,平均值为50.17 pg/m~3,中位数值为52.81pg/m~3;12个二嗯英类PCBs浓度范围介于0.83～4.28 pg/m3,平均值为2.55 pg/m3,中位数值为2.69pg/m~3。12个类二(?)英多氯联苯的总毒性当量(∑TEQ-PCBs)范围为1.81-19.55 fg WHO-TEQ /m3,平均值为10.94 fg WHO-TEQ/m~3,中位数值为12.82 fg WHO-TEQ/m~3。多溴联苯醚的浓度范围为9.21～168.86 pg/m~3,平均浓度为34.23 p/m~3,中位数值为19.30 pg/m~3,其中丰水期的样品检测了单体BDE-209,其浓度范围为13.05-172.51 pg/m~3,平均值为49.67 pg/m~3,中位数值为27.28 pg/m~3。
大气样品中的二(?)英在枯水期的平均浓度为3837.59fg/m3,丰水期的平均浓度为3016.10fg/m~3毒性当量浓度分别为135.41 fg I-TEQ/m~3和179.57 fg I-TEQ/m~3。多氯联苯在枯水期的平均浓度为44.97 pg/m3,丰水期的平均浓度为60.48 pg/m3；毒性当量浓度分别为：10.79fgWHO-TEQ/m~3和11.10 fg WHO-TEQ/m~3。多溴联苯醚枯水期的平均浓度为14.81 pg/m~3,丰水期的平均浓度为53.65 pg/m~3。对比分析两个时期样品浓度发现,不同的污染物具有明显的季节差异,即枯水期二(？)英的浓度高于丰水期,而丰水期多氯联苯和多溴联苯醚的浓度高于枯水期。
研究显示不同单体之间的丰度存在着较大的差异。在两个时期的所有样品中,OCDD是占二(？)英总浓度比率最高的单体(大于20%),而2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF则是对总毒性当量贡献最大的单体。PCB-28是指示性PCBs中浓度最高单体,PCB-118则是类二（？）英多氯联苯中浓度最高单体。与其他研究显示的结果一样,所有样品中PCB-126是对多氯联苯化合物的总毒性当量贡献最大的单体,其贡献率达到94%,其次是单体PCB-169。BDE-47和BDE-99在两个时期研究的单体中(除BDE-209外)是丰度较高的构型,但在枯水期所占比例有所下降,其他单体(如BDE-28,BDE-153,BDE-183)含量所占比例增加,单体分布趋于平均化。
与已有报道相比该市大气中二嗯英TEQ水平与巴西圣保罗的平均水平相近,高于台湾、香港及日本和欧美国家的城市水平,而低于韩国中等城市和内地北京、广州及上海的平均水平。多氯联苯TEQ水平与横滨、曼彻斯特的TEQ水平接近,低于韩国京畿道以及台州大气污染的水平。PBDEs的浓度水平与美国芝加哥研究的浓度水平范围相接近,高于加拿大多伦多、韩国、日本的大阪和京都以及新加坡的城市水平,低于国内的广州、北京、台州等城市研究的水平
经呼吸道摄入的暴露风险评估表明,该市成人经呼吸摄入的PCDD/Fs日暴露量为0.0025-0.041 pg I-TEQ/kg/day:儿童经呼吸摄入的PCDD/Fs日暴露量为0.0058～0.094 pg I-TEQ/kg/day。多氯联苯日呼吸摄入量成人平均为0.0018 pg WHO-TEQ/kg/day,儿童平均为0.0040 pg WHO-TEQ/kg/day。该市居民每日摄入PCDD/Fs+DL-PCBs总量(包括呼吸、饮食摄入)成人为1.39 pg WHO-TEQ/kg/day,儿童为5.52 pg WHO-TEQ/kg/day.居民通过日呼吸摄入PCDD/Fs+DL-PCBs的量占总摄入量的比例成人和儿童分别为2.09%和1.21%。多溴联苯醚的日呼吸暴露量为5.56 pg/kg/day.儿童日呼吸暴露量为12.66 pg/kg/day。
As persistent organic pollutants (POPs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs)、polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs) were widely concerned by various countries in the world, because of their carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and teratogenicity. These persistent organic pollutants in the atmosphere can be migrated with environmental media-air and enter the body through the food chain or by inhalation, resulting in human exposure.In this study, the concentration of the three catogaries of POPs in ambient air in a seaside city were analyzed by referencing to international standard methods and using isotope dilution high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution double-focusing magnetic mass spectrometer(HRGC/HRMS). The pollution levels of total 44 monomer, including 17 chlorinated dibenzodioxins/furans,18 polychlorinated biphenyls and 9 polybrominated diphenyls were studied in a city of China in rain and dry seasons, and the risk of human exposure to these three compounds was assessed preliminarily.
The results showed that the levels of PCDD/Fs were in the range of 103.32～11882.95 fg/m3,with an average of 3426.84 fg/m3 and the median of 2950.35 fg/m3.The toxic equivalents were in the range of 11.45～370.12 fg I-TEQ/m3, with an average of 157.49 fg I-TEQ/m3 and the median of 151.24 fg I-TEQ/m3.The concentration of∑PCBs ranged from 9.16～126.60pg/m3,with an average of 52.72 pg/m3 and the median of 55.61 pg/m3. Six indicator PCBs concentration ranged from 8.34-122.67 pg/m3,with an average of 50.17 pg/m3 and the median of 52.81pg/m3;The concentration of the 12 DL-PCBs were 0.83-4.28 pg/m3,with an average of 2.55 pg/m3 and the median of 2.69pg/m3.∑TEQ-PCBs in the rang of 1.81～19.55fg WHO-TEQ/m3，the mean level was10.94fg WHO-TEQ/m3 and the median level was 12.82pg/m3.The concentration of∑8 PBDEs were 9.21～168.86 pg/m3,with an average of 34.23 pg/m3 and the median of 13.90pg/m3.Rain period in which the samples test BDE-209,the concentration range from 13.05～172.51 pg/m3,with an average of 49.67 pg/m3 and the median of 27.28 pg/m3.
The average concentration of PCDD/Fs in air samples were 3837.59 pg/m3 in the dry season, 3016.10 pg/m3 in the rain season; the average TEQ of PCDD/Fs were 135.41 fg I-TEQ/m3 and 179.57 fg I-TEQ/m3, respectively.PCBs average concentration in the dry season was 44.97 pg/m3 and 60.48 pg/m3 in the rain season; the average TEQ of PCBs were 10.79 fg WHO-TEQ/m3 and 11.10 fg WHO-TEQ/m3,respectively.PBDEs average concentration in the dry season was 14.81 pg/m3 and 53.65 pg/m3 in the rain season. A clear trend was founded by the comparison of the concentration during two seasons, which the concentration of PCDD/Fs in the rain season is higher than that in the dry season, and on the contrary of PCBs and PBDEs.
The abundance of different monomers has significant difference. OCDD was the biggest contributor to the total concentration (more than 20%).2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF was the dominant contributor to toxicity equivalent (TEQ).PCB-28 was the greatest contributor to the total concentration of indicator PCBs, and PCB-118 was the highest concentration of DL-PCBs. Similar to other studies, PCB-126 was the dominant contributor to toxicity equivalent (TEQ), accounted for over 94%, followed by PCB-169. The predominant PBDEs congeners (except BDE-209) measured in the two periods were BDE-47 and BDE-99, which declined in the dry season and other monomers(such as BDE-28, BDE-153, BDE-183) increased. The proportion of the monomer distribution tended to be equally.
The PCDD/Fs concentration of this city was close to the average level of Sao Paulo of Brazil, higher than Taiwan, Hong Kong and the cities in Japan and European, lower than Korea's cities and Beijing, Guangzhou and Shanghai of China. The PCBs concentration was close to Yokohama and Manchester, lower than Gyeonggi-do of Korea and Taizhou of China. PBDEs concentration was similar to Chicago, higher than Osaka and Kyoto of Japan,the cities of Korea and Singapore, lower than Guangzhou, Beijing and Taizhou of China.
Respiratory risk assessment found that adult and children daily exposure to PCDD/Fs was 0.0025～0.041pg I-TEQ/kg/day and 0.0058～0.094 pg I-TEQ/kg/day respectively. PCBs respiratory intake for adult and children was 0.0018 pg WHO-TEQ/kg/day and 0.0040 pg WHO-TEQ/kg/day (average) respectively. The city's residents daily intake of PCDD/Fs+DL-PCBs (including inhalation, dietary intake) was 1.39 pg WHO-TEQ/kg/day for adults and 5.52 pg WHO-TEQ /kg/day for children. Inhalation exposure to PCDD/Fs+DL-PCBs accounted for 2.09% and 1.21% of the total intake PCDD/Fs+DL-PCBs for adults and children, respectively. PBDEs in the daily average exposure was 5.56 pg/kg/day for adult and 12.66 pg/kg/day for children.
引文
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