国家艺术支持
|
摘要
文化政策研究,作为一个新锐的学科领域,存在于错综交迭的学术语境和学术论述中,提出了不同类型的议题疑问,献纳了多样化的研究方法与技能。论文以美国“文化战争”为引子,推阐“国家艺术支持”命题,旨在审求文化艺术政策研究与讯息系统中已经取得的成果与进展,并系统化地建构该学科的理论框架和研究范式,以期引起中国艺术世界的关注。
论文顺应当代艺术质询范式不可逆转的变迁,试图超越美学,重新解读、重新评量艺术的属性品质,更新艺术理解的传统理论版本。采用了公共政策理论和文化经济学分析,征引各国艺术事务的案例,为“政府为何资助艺术”寻求学科基础的理论依据。
论文比较了西方国家多种艺术政策模式、运作机制,尤以美国艺术博物馆为例,探索美国非营利艺术机构支持系统的结构和效能。
Cultural policy research, as a raising discipline field, exists in many contexts, asks many different kinds of questions and adopts a wide repertoire of research methodologies from a raft of academic discourses. Starting with the American "Culture War", this paper investigates the questions and approaches being undertaken by those working in this the arts and cultural policy research and information system, and provides a discipline-based discussion of "State Support for the Arts", which is new topic in the Chinese art world. Drawing on several examples from the arts sector, I make any such effort to explain "Should the government subsidize the Arts?" with some public policy theoretical and cultural economics analyses. As a result of it, the attributes of arts will be reread and reevaluated beyond aesthetics. The paradigm for art inquiry has irrevocably shifted away from the conventions that grounded its founding theories, demanding refreshed understandings of art.
The paper also provides some comparative guidelines for arts funding systems in different western countries. To achieve this, I especially chose for the American art museums; examine the structure and effectiveness of the support system for U.S. nonprofit arts institutions.
论文顺应当代艺术质询范式不可逆转的变迁,试图超越美学,重新解读、重新评量艺术的属性品质,更新艺术理解的传统理论版本。采用了公共政策理论和文化经济学分析,征引各国艺术事务的案例,为“政府为何资助艺术”寻求学科基础的理论依据。
论文比较了西方国家多种艺术政策模式、运作机制,尤以美国艺术博物馆为例,探索美国非营利艺术机构支持系统的结构和效能。
Cultural policy research, as a raising discipline field, exists in many contexts, asks many different kinds of questions and adopts a wide repertoire of research methodologies from a raft of academic discourses. Starting with the American "Culture War", this paper investigates the questions and approaches being undertaken by those working in this the arts and cultural policy research and information system, and provides a discipline-based discussion of "State Support for the Arts", which is new topic in the Chinese art world. Drawing on several examples from the arts sector, I make any such effort to explain "Should the government subsidize the Arts?" with some public policy theoretical and cultural economics analyses. As a result of it, the attributes of arts will be reread and reevaluated beyond aesthetics. The paradigm for art inquiry has irrevocably shifted away from the conventions that grounded its founding theories, demanding refreshed understandings of art.
The paper also provides some comparative guidelines for arts funding systems in different western countries. To achieve this, I especially chose for the American art museums; examine the structure and effectiveness of the support system for U.S. nonprofit arts institutions.
引文
13 Banfield,Edward C.The Democratic Muse:Visual Arts and the Public Interest.:A Twentieth Century Fund Essay,1984.
14 Ernest van den Haag,"Should the Government Subsidize the Arts?,"Policy Review 10(Fall 1979):63-73
16 见[联合国教科文组织(UNESCO),世界文化与发展委员会(WCCD)2006,p154]
17 《牛津英语字典》:“the artistic and intellectual side of civilization”;《美国传统辞典》:“intellectual and artistic activity and the works produced by it”
18 “德语中的‘文化'概念,就其核心来说,是指思想、艺术、宗教”[(德)诺贝特·埃利亚斯 1998,p62]
75 Nicolas Guérin,Description de l'Academie royale des arts de peinture et de sculpture(Paris,I715),转引[Mc-Clellan 1996]
88 Mauss M.(1908):L 'art et le mythe d'après M.Wundt.In Oeuvres tome 2 Paris,Minuit 1974,p205
94 Smith,Adam.1981[1776].An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations.Indianapolis:Liberty Press.p456
96 Baumol and Bowen,Performing Arts,table Ⅳ.1[Baumol;Bowen 1966,p76]
(奥)恩斯特·克里斯;奥托·库尔茨.艺术家的传奇.Translated by 潘耀珠.,杭州:中国美术学院出版社,1990.
(德)哈贝马斯.公共领域的结构转型.Translated by 曹卫东等.,上海:学林出版社,1999.
(德)诺贝特·埃利亚斯.文明的进程:文明的社会起源和心理起源的研究.Translated by 王佩莉.,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1998.
(法)娜塔莉·海尼希.“从拒绝当代艺术到文化战争.”In 比较文化社会学的再思考:法国和美国的评价模式库,edited by(美)拉蒙,(法)泰弗诺.北京:中华书局,2005.
(美)戴安娜·克兰.“文化生产:媒体与都市文化.”:译林出版社,2001.
(美)拉蒙;(法)泰弗诺编,ed.比较文化社会学的再思考:法国和美国的评价模式库.北京:中华书局,2005.
(美)约翰·R霍尔;玛丽·乔·尼兹.文化:社会学的视野(Culture:Sociological Prerspectives).Translated by 周晓虹;徐彬.,北京:商务印书馆,2004.
(美)珍尼特·埃莉奥特.“中国皇家收藏传奇.”.北京:当代中国出版社,2007.
(英)阿雷恩·鲍尔德温(Baldwin,E)等.文化研究导论(修订版).Translated by 陶东风等.,高等教育出版社,2004.
(美)D·C·诺斯.经济中的结构与变迁.Translated by 陈郁等.,上海:上海人民出版社,1997.
(英)保罗·史密斯,etc.“文化研究:精萃读本.”.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2006.
(英)雷蒙·威廉斯.关键词:文化与社会的词汇(Keywords:A Vocabulary of Culture and Society).Translated by 刘建基.,北京:三联书店,2005.
保罗·A·萨巴蒂尔.政策过程理论.Translated by 彭宗超等.,北京:三联书店,2004.
布迪厄(1987).“纯美学的历史起源.”In 激进的美学锋芒,edited by 周宪.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005.
布迪厄(1989).“资本的形式.”In 全球化与文化资本,edited by 薛晓源,曹荣湘.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2005.
汉宝德(台湾),国家文化政策之形成,国政研究报告,教文(研)090-006:财团法人国家政策研究基金会(台湾),2001.
http://old.npf.org.tw/PUBLICATION/EC/090/EC-R-090-006.htm
杰赫德·莫里耶(GerardMonnier).法国文化政策--从法国大革命至今的文化艺术机制.Translated by 陈丽如.,台北:台湾五观艺术管理公司,2004.
联合国教科文组织(UNESCO),世界文化与发展委员会(WCCD).文化多样性与人类全面发展--世界文化与发展委员会报告.Translated by 张玉国.,广州:广东人民出版社,2006.
联合国教科文组织编;关世杰等译.“世界文化报告:文化、创新与市场(1998).”.北京:北京大学出版社,2000.
林拓;李惠斌;薛晓源,eds.世界文化产业发展前沿报告(2003-2004).北京:社会科学文献出版社,2004.
罗芃,冯棠;孟华.“法国文化史.”.北京:北京大学出版社,1997.
马德普主编.“西方政治思想史(第五卷:二战以来).”.天津:天津人民出版社,2005.
皮埃尔·布迪厄;汉斯·哈克.“自由交流(Libre-éChange).”:三联书店,1996.
陶东风等,ed.文化研究·第4辑.北京:中央编译出版社,2003.
托马斯·R·戴伊.理解公共政策.Translated by 彭勃等.,华夏出版社,2004.
王廷惠.“公共物品边界的燮化与公共物品的私人供给.”Paper presented at the 第二届“21世纪的公共管理:机遇与挑战国际学术研讨会”论文 2006.
许嘉猷.“布尔迪厄论西方纯美学与艺术场域的自主化--艺术社会学之凝视.”欧美研究 34,no.3(2004):357-29.
H·K·科尔巴奇.“政策.”.吉林人民出版社,2005.
N·佩夫斯纳.美术学院的历史.Translted by 陈平.,长沙:湖南科学技术出版社,2003. Coventry ,UK: Centre for Cultural Policy Studies, University of Warwick, 2004. http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/arts/theatre_s/cp/publications/centrepubs/ccpsresearchpaper7.pdf
Anderson, Benedict. "Imagined Communities: Reflections On the Origin and Spread of Nationalism.". London: Verso Books, 1991.
Banfield, Edward C. "The Democratic Muse: Visual Arts and the Public Interest (a Twentieth Century Fund Essay).": New York: Basic Books Inc, 1984.
Baumol, William J.;Bowen, William G. "Performing Arts: The Economic Dilemma." . New York: Twentieth Century Fund, 1966.
Bazin, Germain. The Museum Age. Translated by Cahill, Jane Nuis. ,Brussels: Desoer S. A. Publishers, 1967.
Becker, Howard. "Art Worlds." . Berkeley . Los Angeles . London: Universtiy of California Press, 1982.
Benhamou, Francoise. "Who Owns Cultural Goods ? The Case of the Built Heritage." In Economics of the Arts and Culture, edited by Victor Ginsburgh: Elsevier Science, 2003.
Bourdieu, P. "The Field of Cultural Production: Essays On Art and Literature.", edited by Randal Johnson. Oxford, UK: Polity Press, 1993.
Bourdieu, P. The Logic of Practice. Translated by Nice, Richard. , Stanford University Press, 1990.
Chartrand, Harry H. "The Arm S Length Principle and the Arts: An International Perspective - Past, Present and Future." In Who's to Pay for the Arts?: The International Search for Models of Arts Support, edited by Jr Cummings, Milton C. and J. Mark Davidson Schuster, 43-80. New York: American Council for the Arts, 1989.
Clements, Candace. "The Duc D'antin, the Royal Administration of Pictures, and the Painting Competition of 1727." The Art Bulletin Vol.78, no. No. 1 (1996).
Clotfelter, Charles T. "Goverment Policy Toward Art Museum in the United States." In The Economics of Art Museums, edited by Martin Feldstein. Chicargo and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1991.
Cowen, Tyler, How the United States Funds the Arts (Revised by the Staff of Nea). Washington, D C: National Endowment for the Arts, Office of Research & Analysis, 2007. www.arts.gov
Crane, Diana. "The Transformation of the Avant-Garde: the New York Art World, 1940—1985.". Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1987.
Danto, Arthur. "The Artworld." Journal of Philosophy, no. 19 (October) 1964, 571-84.
Devlin, Graham; Hoyle, Sue, Committing to Culture: Arts Funding in France and Britain. London: Franco-British Council British Section, 2000.
Dickie, George. "What is Art?an Institutional Analysis." In The Phiosophy of the Visual Arts, edited by Philip Alperson. Oxford: Oxford University Press. , 1992.
DiMaggio, Paul;Pettit, Becky, Public Opinion and Political Vulnerability: Why Has the National Endowment for the Arts Been such an Attractive Target?, Working Paper Series, No 7: Center for Arts and Cultural Policy Studies, Princeton University, 1999. http://www.princeton.edu/～artspol/workpap/WP07%20-%20DiMaggio%20and%20Petit.pdf
DiMaggio, Paul J., ed. Nonprofit Enterprise in the Arts: Studies in Mission and Constraint. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986.
Dixit, Avinash K. "The Making of Economic Policy: A Transaction-Cost Politics Perspective.". Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996.
Eleonora Belfiore , Oliver Bennett, Rethinking the Social Impact of the Arts.a Critical-Historical Review, Research Papers No 9. Coventry: Centre for Cultural Policy Studies, University of Warwick, UK, 2006. http://www2.warwick.ac. uk/fac/arts/theatre_s/cp/publications/centrepubs/ccps_paper_9.pdf
Feldstein, Martin ed. The Economics of Art Museums. Chicargo and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1991.
Ferry, Luc. Homo Aestheticus: the Invention of Taste in the Democratic Age. Translated by Loaiza,Robert.,University of Chicago Press,1993.
Frey,Bruno S.当艺术遇上经济--个案分析与文化政策.Translated by 蔡宜真林秀玲.Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2000,Arts＆Economics:Analysis ＆Cultural Policy.台湾:典藏艺术家庭股份有限公司,2003.
Frey,Bruno S.,What Values Should Count in the Arts?the Tension Between Economic Effects and Cultural Value,2005.
Fullerton,Don."Tax Policy Toward Art Museums." In The Economics of Art Museums,edited by Martin Feldstein.Chicargo and London:The University of Chicago Press,1991.
Garson,Francesca."Before that Artist Came Along,It was Just a Bridge:The Visual Artists Rights Act and the Removal of Site-Specific Artwork." Cornell Journal of Law and Public Policy(2001).
Goodman,John."Inventing the Louvre:Art,Politics,and the Origins of the Modern Museum in 18th-Century Paris,Book Reviews." The Art Bulletin Vol.77,no.2(1995):329-332.
Gray,Charles M.;Heilbrun,James."The Economics of Art and Culture.":Cambridge University Press,2001.
GregoryBLewis;MichaelRushton,Understanding State Government Appropriations for the Arts:1976-1999,Working Paper 07-02,Andrew Young School of Policy Studies Research Paper Series:Department of Public Administration and Urban Studies,Andrew Young School of Policy Studies,Georgia State University,2007.
http://ssrn.com/abstract=975754
Haag,Ernest."Should the Government Subsidize the Arts?" In Public Policy and the Aesthetic Interest:Critical Essays on Defining Cultural and Educational Relations,edited by Ralph Alexander Smith,Ronald Berman:University of Illinois Press,1992.
Hedin,Thomas F."The Petite Commande of 1664:Burlesque in the Gardens of Versailles." The Art Bulletin Vol.83,no.No.4(2001).
Jensen,Richard."The Culture Wars,1965-1995:A Historian's Map." Journal of Social History Vol.29(1995).
Jr Cummings,Milton C.and Richard S.Katz,eds.The Patron State:Government and the Arts in Europe, North America, and Japan. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.
Jr Cummings, Milton C. and J. Mark Davidson Schuster, eds. Who's to Pay for the Arts?: The International Search for Models of Arts Support. New York: American Council for the Arts, 1989.
Katz, Stanley N. "Influences On Public Policies in the United States." In The Arts and Public Policy in the United States. Englewood Cliffs, N J: Prentice-Hali, 1984.
Klamer, Arjo. "Social, Cultural and Economic Values of Cultural Goods." In Cultural and Public Action, edited by V. Rao and M. Walton, eds., 465-69: Stanford University Press, 2004.
Klamer, Arjo. "Value of Culture." In A handbook of cultural economics, edited by Trine Bille and Ruth Towse eds, 465-69. Cheltenham (UK): Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd, 2003.
Klamer, Arjo. "The Value of Culture: On the Relationship Between Economics and Arts.", edited by Arjo Klamer: Amsterdam University Press, 1996.
Lewis, Gregory B.; Rushton, Michael, Understanding State Government Appropriations for the Arts: 1976-1999, Working Paper 07-02. Atlanta: Department of Public Administration and Urban Studies, Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, Georgia State University, 2007. http://ssrn. com/abstract=975754
Looseley, David L. "The Politics of Fun: Cultural Policy and Debate in Contemporary France.". Oxford/New York: Berg Publishers, 1995.
Looseley, David L., Cultural Policy in France Since 1959. Copenhagen, Denmark: Nordic Cultural Institute, 2001. http://www.nordiskkulturinstitut.dk/arbejdspapirer/cultural_policy_in_france.pdf
NEA, International Data On Government Spending On the Arts. Washinton D.C.: National Endowment for the Arts, 2000. http://www.arts.endow.gov/research/Notes/74.pdf
Netzer, Dick. "The Subsidized Muse: Government and the Arts in Western Europe and the United States.". Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978.
Netzer, Dick. "Arts and Culture." In Who Benefits from the Nonprofit Sector?, edited by Charles T. Clotfelter. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992.
Madden, Christopher. "International Networks and Arts Policy Research." International Journal of Cultural Policy Volume 11, no. 2 (2005): 129-43.
Marlin, Steve. "Art for Whose Sake? - Controversial Use of American Flag in Art Institute of Chicago Exhibit." Nationa Review 41, no. 4 (April 21) (1989).
McGuigan, Jim. "Neo-Liberalism, Culture and Policy." International Journal of Cultural Policy Vol 11, No. 3, (2005): 230-40.
McClellan, Alain. "Inventing the Louvre: Art, Politics, and the Origins of the Modern Museum in 18th-Century Paris." The Art Bulletin, no. 2 (1999).
Mc-Clellan, Andrew. "Nationalism and the Origins of the Museum in France." In The Formation of National Collections of Art and Archaeology, edited by Gwendolyn Wright, 29-39. Washington: the National Gallery of Art, 1996.
Miller, Toby;Yudice, George. "Cutural Policy." . London,: SAGE Publications Ltd, 2002.
Morgan, Ann Lee. "Cultural Commitments: Rethinking Arts Funding Policy." Afterimage, Jan-Feb 1996.
Mulcahy, Kevin V. "Cultural Policy: Definitions and Theoretical Approaches." Journal of Arts Management, Law and Society 36, no. 1 (2006).
Mulcahy, Kevin V. "Comparing Cultural Patronage: Traditions and Trends." In TheArts in a New Millennium: Research and the Arts Sector, edited by Valerie B. Morris, David B. Pankratz, 95-8. Westport,CT,USA: Praeger Publishers, 2003.
Mulcahy, Kevin V. "Cultural Patronage in Comparative Perspective: Public Support for the Arts in France, Germany, Norway, and Canada." Journal of Arts Management, Law and Society vol 27, no. 2 (1998): 247-63.
Mulcahy, Kevin V.;Wyszomirski, Margaret Jane, eds. America's Commitment to Culture: Government and the Arts. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1995.
Pankratz, David B. "The Nonprofit and Commercial Arts in America: Research On New Interrelationships." In The Arts in a New Millennium: Research and the Arts Sector,edited by Valerie B.Morris,David B.Pankratz,135-50.Westport:Praeger,2003.
Pequignot,Bruno."Sociology of Art and Culture in France:an Overview of its Origins." Newsletter of the Sociology of Culture,Section of the American Sociological Association,no.Volume 20,No.1(Autumn 2005)(2005).
Peters,B.Guy."American Public Policy:Promise and Performance.".Chatham,NJ:Chatham House,1996.
Pick,John.“艺术与公共政策:从古希腊到现今政府的“艺术政策”之探讨.”.台湾:桂冠图书公司,1995.
Pick,John."The Arts in a State:A Study of Government Arts Policies From Ancient Greece to the Present.":Bristol Classical Press,1988.
Rosenstein,Carole."The "Culture" in U.S.Cultural Policy:Culture as Content,Identity and Practice." Paper presented at the 3rd International Conference on Cultural Policy Research,Montreal,Canada 2004.
http://neumann.hec.ca/iccpr/PDF_Texts/Rosenstein_Carole.pdf
Rushton,Gregory B.Lewis and Michael,Understanding State Government Appropriations for the Arts:1976-1999,Andrew Young School of Policy Studies Research Paper Series.Atlanta:Department of Public Administration and Urban Studies,Andrew Young School of Policy Studies,Georgia State University,2007.
http://ssrn.com/abstract=975754
Rushton,Michael."Cultural Diversity and Public Funding of the Arts:A View From Cultural Economics." Journal of Arts Management,Law and Society(2003).
Rushton,Michael,A New Institutional Economics Approach to the Organization of State and Provincial Arts Councils,Working Papers for the Cultural Policy Program at the University of Chicago:The Cultural Policy Centerat the University of Chicago,2001.
http://culturalpolicy.uchicago.edu/workingpapers/Rushton8.pdf
Ruth Ann Stewart;Catherine C Galley."The Research and Information Infrastructure for Cultural Policy:a Consideration of Models for the United States." In Informing Cultural Policy:The Research and Information Infrastructure,edited by J.M. Schuster. New Brunswick, NJ: the Center for Urban Policy Research, 2002.
Sax, Joseph L. "Playing Darts with a Rembrandt: Public and Private Rights in Cultural Treasures.". Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2001.
Scullion, Adrienne;Beatriz Garcia. "What is Cultural Policy? A Research Agenda." Paper presented at the 3rd International Conference on Cultural Policy Research, HEC Montreal, Montreal, Canada 2004.
Stanbridge, Alan. "Discourses of Art and Context in the Contemporary Museum." International Journal of Cultural Policy, Vol. 77, No. 2,2005 2005.
Solhjell, Dag. "Cultural Policy - the Origin of the Field of Culture?the Case of the Art Academies of 18th and 19th Centuriesand the Field of Art." Paper presented at the 3rd International Conference on Cultural Policy Research, HEC Montreal, Montreal, Canada 2004. http://neumann.hec.ca/iccpr/PDF_Texts/Solhjell_Dag.pdf
Schuster, J. Mark. "Informing Cultural Policy: The Research and Information Infrastructure.". New Brunswick, NJ: the Center for Urban Policy Research, 2002.
Schuster, J. Mark Davidson. "Government Leverage of Private Support: Matching Grants and the Problem with "new" Money." In The Cost of Cilture: Patterns and Prospects of Private Arts Patronage, edited by Margaret Jane Wyszomiski and Pat Clubb. New York: American Council for the Arts, 1989.
Schuster, J. Mark, ed. Mapping State Cultural Policy: The State of Washington. Chicago: The Cultural Policy Center of the Irving B. Harris Graduate School of Public Policy Studies, University of Chicago., 2003.
Schuster, J. Mark Davidson. "The Search for International Modesl: Results From Recent Comparative Research in Arts Policy." In Who's to Pay for the Arts?: The International Search for Models of Arts Support, edited by Jr Cummings, Milton C. and J. Mark Davidson Schuster. New York: American Council for the Arts, 1989.
Schuster, Mark. "Informing Cultural Policy-Data, Statistics, and Meaning." Paper presented at the "Statistics in the Wake of Challenges Posed by Cultural Diversity in a Globalization Context" International Symposium on Cultural Statistics UNESCO Institute for Statistics , Observatoire de la culture et des communications du Quebec, Montreal, Quebec, Canada 2002.
Sylvie Escande, Jean-Cedric Delvainquiere(ed), France, Compendium of Cultural Policies and Trends in Europe, 7th edition: Council of Europe/ERICarts, 2006.
Throsby, David; Withers, Glenn. "Economics of the Performing Arts." . London and Melbourne: Edward Arnold Pty Ltd, 1979.
Throsby, David. 文化经济学(Ecomics and Culture) . Translated by 张维伦等., 台湾:典藏艺术家庭股份有限公司.2003
White, Harrison;White, Cynthis. "Canvases and Careers:Institutional Change in the French Painting World.". Chicago: University od Chicago Press, 1993.
Wyszomirski, Margaret J. "A Research Perspective On Cultural Policy in the United States." Viewpoint, no. 19, (2001).
Wyszomirski, Margaret. "From Public Support for the Arts to Cultural Policy." The Review of Policy Research Volume 21, no. 4 (2004): Page 469.
Williams, Raymond. "Keywords : A Vocabulary of Culture and Society." : Oxford University Press, USA; Rev Sub edition, 1985.
UNESCO, Understanding Creative Industries: Cultural Statistics for Public-Policy Making: Global Alliance for Cultural Diversity, UNESCO, 2006. http://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/ev.php-URL_ID=29947&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTTON=201.html
Valerie B. Morris, David B. Pankratz, ed. The Arts in a New Millennium: Research and the Arts Sector. Westport: Praeger, 2003.
Zeigler, Joseph Wesley. "Arts in Crisis: The National Endownment for the Arts Versus America." . Chicago: Chicago Review Press, 1994.
Zolberg, Vera L. "Constructing a Sociology of the Arts." . New York . Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
14 Ernest van den Haag,"Should the Government Subsidize the Arts?,"Policy Review 10(Fall 1979):63-73
16 见[联合国教科文组织(UNESCO),世界文化与发展委员会(WCCD)2006,p154]
17 《牛津英语字典》:“the artistic and intellectual side of civilization”;《美国传统辞典》:“intellectual and artistic activity and the works produced by it”
18 “德语中的‘文化'概念,就其核心来说,是指思想、艺术、宗教”[(德)诺贝特·埃利亚斯 1998,p62]
75 Nicolas Guérin,Description de l'Academie royale des arts de peinture et de sculpture(Paris,I715),转引[Mc-Clellan 1996]
88 Mauss M.(1908):L 'art et le mythe d'après M.Wundt.In Oeuvres tome 2 Paris,Minuit 1974,p205
94 Smith,Adam.1981[1776].An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations.Indianapolis:Liberty Press.p456
96 Baumol and Bowen,Performing Arts,table Ⅳ.1[Baumol;Bowen 1966,p76]
(奥)恩斯特·克里斯;奥托·库尔茨.艺术家的传奇.Translated by 潘耀珠.,杭州:中国美术学院出版社,1990.
(德)哈贝马斯.公共领域的结构转型.Translated by 曹卫东等.,上海:学林出版社,1999.
(德)诺贝特·埃利亚斯.文明的进程:文明的社会起源和心理起源的研究.Translated by 王佩莉.,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1998.
(法)娜塔莉·海尼希.“从拒绝当代艺术到文化战争.”In 比较文化社会学的再思考:法国和美国的评价模式库,edited by(美)拉蒙,(法)泰弗诺.北京:中华书局,2005.
(美)戴安娜·克兰.“文化生产:媒体与都市文化.”:译林出版社,2001.
(美)拉蒙;(法)泰弗诺编,ed.比较文化社会学的再思考:法国和美国的评价模式库.北京:中华书局,2005.
(美)约翰·R霍尔;玛丽·乔·尼兹.文化:社会学的视野(Culture:Sociological Prerspectives).Translated by 周晓虹;徐彬.,北京:商务印书馆,2004.
(美)珍尼特·埃莉奥特.“中国皇家收藏传奇.”.北京:当代中国出版社,2007.
(英)阿雷恩·鲍尔德温(Baldwin,E)等.文化研究导论(修订版).Translated by 陶东风等.,高等教育出版社,2004.
(美)D·C·诺斯.经济中的结构与变迁.Translated by 陈郁等.,上海:上海人民出版社,1997.
(英)保罗·史密斯,etc.“文化研究:精萃读本.”.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2006.
(英)雷蒙·威廉斯.关键词:文化与社会的词汇(Keywords:A Vocabulary of Culture and Society).Translated by 刘建基.,北京:三联书店,2005.
保罗·A·萨巴蒂尔.政策过程理论.Translated by 彭宗超等.,北京:三联书店,2004.
布迪厄(1987).“纯美学的历史起源.”In 激进的美学锋芒,edited by 周宪.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005.
布迪厄(1989).“资本的形式.”In 全球化与文化资本,edited by 薛晓源,曹荣湘.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2005.
汉宝德(台湾),国家文化政策之形成,国政研究报告,教文(研)090-006:财团法人国家政策研究基金会(台湾),2001.
http://old.npf.org.tw/PUBLICATION/EC/090/EC-R-090-006.htm
杰赫德·莫里耶(GerardMonnier).法国文化政策--从法国大革命至今的文化艺术机制.Translated by 陈丽如.,台北:台湾五观艺术管理公司,2004.
联合国教科文组织(UNESCO),世界文化与发展委员会(WCCD).文化多样性与人类全面发展--世界文化与发展委员会报告.Translated by 张玉国.,广州:广东人民出版社,2006.
联合国教科文组织编;关世杰等译.“世界文化报告:文化、创新与市场(1998).”.北京:北京大学出版社,2000.
林拓;李惠斌;薛晓源,eds.世界文化产业发展前沿报告(2003-2004).北京:社会科学文献出版社,2004.
罗芃,冯棠;孟华.“法国文化史.”.北京:北京大学出版社,1997.
马德普主编.“西方政治思想史(第五卷:二战以来).”.天津:天津人民出版社,2005.
皮埃尔·布迪厄;汉斯·哈克.“自由交流(Libre-éChange).”:三联书店,1996.
陶东风等,ed.文化研究·第4辑.北京:中央编译出版社,2003.
托马斯·R·戴伊.理解公共政策.Translated by 彭勃等.,华夏出版社,2004.
王廷惠.“公共物品边界的燮化与公共物品的私人供给.”Paper presented at the 第二届“21世纪的公共管理:机遇与挑战国际学术研讨会”论文 2006.
许嘉猷.“布尔迪厄论西方纯美学与艺术场域的自主化--艺术社会学之凝视.”欧美研究 34,no.3(2004):357-29.
H·K·科尔巴奇.“政策.”.吉林人民出版社,2005.
N·佩夫斯纳.美术学院的历史.Translted by 陈平.,长沙:湖南科学技术出版社,2003. Coventry ,UK: Centre for Cultural Policy Studies, University of Warwick, 2004. http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/arts/theatre_s/cp/publications/centrepubs/ccpsresearchpaper7.pdf
Anderson, Benedict. "Imagined Communities: Reflections On the Origin and Spread of Nationalism.". London: Verso Books, 1991.
Banfield, Edward C. "The Democratic Muse: Visual Arts and the Public Interest (a Twentieth Century Fund Essay).": New York: Basic Books Inc, 1984.
Baumol, William J.;Bowen, William G. "Performing Arts: The Economic Dilemma." . New York: Twentieth Century Fund, 1966.
Bazin, Germain. The Museum Age. Translated by Cahill, Jane Nuis. ,Brussels: Desoer S. A. Publishers, 1967.
Becker, Howard. "Art Worlds." . Berkeley . Los Angeles . London: Universtiy of California Press, 1982.
Benhamou, Francoise. "Who Owns Cultural Goods ? The Case of the Built Heritage." In Economics of the Arts and Culture, edited by Victor Ginsburgh: Elsevier Science, 2003.
Bourdieu, P. "The Field of Cultural Production: Essays On Art and Literature.", edited by Randal Johnson. Oxford, UK: Polity Press, 1993.
Bourdieu, P. The Logic of Practice. Translated by Nice, Richard. , Stanford University Press, 1990.
Chartrand, Harry H. "The Arm S Length Principle and the Arts: An International Perspective - Past, Present and Future." In Who's to Pay for the Arts?: The International Search for Models of Arts Support, edited by Jr Cummings, Milton C. and J. Mark Davidson Schuster, 43-80. New York: American Council for the Arts, 1989.
Clements, Candace. "The Duc D'antin, the Royal Administration of Pictures, and the Painting Competition of 1727." The Art Bulletin Vol.78, no. No. 1 (1996).
Clotfelter, Charles T. "Goverment Policy Toward Art Museum in the United States." In The Economics of Art Museums, edited by Martin Feldstein. Chicargo and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1991.
Cowen, Tyler, How the United States Funds the Arts (Revised by the Staff of Nea). Washington, D C: National Endowment for the Arts, Office of Research & Analysis, 2007. www.arts.gov
Crane, Diana. "The Transformation of the Avant-Garde: the New York Art World, 1940—1985.". Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1987.
Danto, Arthur. "The Artworld." Journal of Philosophy, no. 19 (October) 1964, 571-84.
Devlin, Graham; Hoyle, Sue, Committing to Culture: Arts Funding in France and Britain. London: Franco-British Council British Section, 2000.
Dickie, George. "What is Art?an Institutional Analysis." In The Phiosophy of the Visual Arts, edited by Philip Alperson. Oxford: Oxford University Press. , 1992.
DiMaggio, Paul;Pettit, Becky, Public Opinion and Political Vulnerability: Why Has the National Endowment for the Arts Been such an Attractive Target?, Working Paper Series, No 7: Center for Arts and Cultural Policy Studies, Princeton University, 1999. http://www.princeton.edu/～artspol/workpap/WP07%20-%20DiMaggio%20and%20Petit.pdf
DiMaggio, Paul J., ed. Nonprofit Enterprise in the Arts: Studies in Mission and Constraint. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986.
Dixit, Avinash K. "The Making of Economic Policy: A Transaction-Cost Politics Perspective.". Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996.
Eleonora Belfiore , Oliver Bennett, Rethinking the Social Impact of the Arts.a Critical-Historical Review, Research Papers No 9. Coventry: Centre for Cultural Policy Studies, University of Warwick, UK, 2006. http://www2.warwick.ac. uk/fac/arts/theatre_s/cp/publications/centrepubs/ccps_paper_9.pdf
Feldstein, Martin ed. The Economics of Art Museums. Chicargo and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1991.
Ferry, Luc. Homo Aestheticus: the Invention of Taste in the Democratic Age. Translated by Loaiza,Robert.,University of Chicago Press,1993.
Frey,Bruno S.当艺术遇上经济--个案分析与文化政策.Translated by 蔡宜真林秀玲.Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2000,Arts＆Economics:Analysis ＆Cultural Policy.台湾:典藏艺术家庭股份有限公司,2003.
Frey,Bruno S.,What Values Should Count in the Arts?the Tension Between Economic Effects and Cultural Value,2005.
Fullerton,Don."Tax Policy Toward Art Museums." In The Economics of Art Museums,edited by Martin Feldstein.Chicargo and London:The University of Chicago Press,1991.
Garson,Francesca."Before that Artist Came Along,It was Just a Bridge:The Visual Artists Rights Act and the Removal of Site-Specific Artwork." Cornell Journal of Law and Public Policy(2001).
Goodman,John."Inventing the Louvre:Art,Politics,and the Origins of the Modern Museum in 18th-Century Paris,Book Reviews." The Art Bulletin Vol.77,no.2(1995):329-332.
Gray,Charles M.;Heilbrun,James."The Economics of Art and Culture.":Cambridge University Press,2001.
GregoryBLewis;MichaelRushton,Understanding State Government Appropriations for the Arts:1976-1999,Working Paper 07-02,Andrew Young School of Policy Studies Research Paper Series:Department of Public Administration and Urban Studies,Andrew Young School of Policy Studies,Georgia State University,2007.
http://ssrn.com/abstract=975754
Haag,Ernest."Should the Government Subsidize the Arts?" In Public Policy and the Aesthetic Interest:Critical Essays on Defining Cultural and Educational Relations,edited by Ralph Alexander Smith,Ronald Berman:University of Illinois Press,1992.
Hedin,Thomas F."The Petite Commande of 1664:Burlesque in the Gardens of Versailles." The Art Bulletin Vol.83,no.No.4(2001).
Jensen,Richard."The Culture Wars,1965-1995:A Historian's Map." Journal of Social History Vol.29(1995).
Jr Cummings,Milton C.and Richard S.Katz,eds.The Patron State:Government and the Arts in Europe, North America, and Japan. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.
Jr Cummings, Milton C. and J. Mark Davidson Schuster, eds. Who's to Pay for the Arts?: The International Search for Models of Arts Support. New York: American Council for the Arts, 1989.
Katz, Stanley N. "Influences On Public Policies in the United States." In The Arts and Public Policy in the United States. Englewood Cliffs, N J: Prentice-Hali, 1984.
Klamer, Arjo. "Social, Cultural and Economic Values of Cultural Goods." In Cultural and Public Action, edited by V. Rao and M. Walton, eds., 465-69: Stanford University Press, 2004.
Klamer, Arjo. "Value of Culture." In A handbook of cultural economics, edited by Trine Bille and Ruth Towse eds, 465-69. Cheltenham (UK): Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd, 2003.
Klamer, Arjo. "The Value of Culture: On the Relationship Between Economics and Arts.", edited by Arjo Klamer: Amsterdam University Press, 1996.
Lewis, Gregory B.; Rushton, Michael, Understanding State Government Appropriations for the Arts: 1976-1999, Working Paper 07-02. Atlanta: Department of Public Administration and Urban Studies, Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, Georgia State University, 2007. http://ssrn. com/abstract=975754
Looseley, David L. "The Politics of Fun: Cultural Policy and Debate in Contemporary France.". Oxford/New York: Berg Publishers, 1995.
Looseley, David L., Cultural Policy in France Since 1959. Copenhagen, Denmark: Nordic Cultural Institute, 2001. http://www.nordiskkulturinstitut.dk/arbejdspapirer/cultural_policy_in_france.pdf
NEA, International Data On Government Spending On the Arts. Washinton D.C.: National Endowment for the Arts, 2000. http://www.arts.endow.gov/research/Notes/74.pdf
Netzer, Dick. "The Subsidized Muse: Government and the Arts in Western Europe and the United States.". Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978.
Netzer, Dick. "Arts and Culture." In Who Benefits from the Nonprofit Sector?, edited by Charles T. Clotfelter. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992.
Madden, Christopher. "International Networks and Arts Policy Research." International Journal of Cultural Policy Volume 11, no. 2 (2005): 129-43.
Marlin, Steve. "Art for Whose Sake? - Controversial Use of American Flag in Art Institute of Chicago Exhibit." Nationa Review 41, no. 4 (April 21) (1989).
McGuigan, Jim. "Neo-Liberalism, Culture and Policy." International Journal of Cultural Policy Vol 11, No. 3, (2005): 230-40.
McClellan, Alain. "Inventing the Louvre: Art, Politics, and the Origins of the Modern Museum in 18th-Century Paris." The Art Bulletin, no. 2 (1999).
Mc-Clellan, Andrew. "Nationalism and the Origins of the Museum in France." In The Formation of National Collections of Art and Archaeology, edited by Gwendolyn Wright, 29-39. Washington: the National Gallery of Art, 1996.
Miller, Toby;Yudice, George. "Cutural Policy." . London,: SAGE Publications Ltd, 2002.
Morgan, Ann Lee. "Cultural Commitments: Rethinking Arts Funding Policy." Afterimage, Jan-Feb 1996.
Mulcahy, Kevin V. "Cultural Policy: Definitions and Theoretical Approaches." Journal of Arts Management, Law and Society 36, no. 1 (2006).
Mulcahy, Kevin V. "Comparing Cultural Patronage: Traditions and Trends." In TheArts in a New Millennium: Research and the Arts Sector, edited by Valerie B. Morris, David B. Pankratz, 95-8. Westport,CT,USA: Praeger Publishers, 2003.
Mulcahy, Kevin V. "Cultural Patronage in Comparative Perspective: Public Support for the Arts in France, Germany, Norway, and Canada." Journal of Arts Management, Law and Society vol 27, no. 2 (1998): 247-63.
Mulcahy, Kevin V.;Wyszomirski, Margaret Jane, eds. America's Commitment to Culture: Government and the Arts. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1995.
Pankratz, David B. "The Nonprofit and Commercial Arts in America: Research On New Interrelationships." In The Arts in a New Millennium: Research and the Arts Sector,edited by Valerie B.Morris,David B.Pankratz,135-50.Westport:Praeger,2003.
Pequignot,Bruno."Sociology of Art and Culture in France:an Overview of its Origins." Newsletter of the Sociology of Culture,Section of the American Sociological Association,no.Volume 20,No.1(Autumn 2005)(2005).
Peters,B.Guy."American Public Policy:Promise and Performance.".Chatham,NJ:Chatham House,1996.
Pick,John.“艺术与公共政策:从古希腊到现今政府的“艺术政策”之探讨.”.台湾:桂冠图书公司,1995.
Pick,John."The Arts in a State:A Study of Government Arts Policies From Ancient Greece to the Present.":Bristol Classical Press,1988.
Rosenstein,Carole."The "Culture" in U.S.Cultural Policy:Culture as Content,Identity and Practice." Paper presented at the 3rd International Conference on Cultural Policy Research,Montreal,Canada 2004.
http://neumann.hec.ca/iccpr/PDF_Texts/Rosenstein_Carole.pdf
Rushton,Gregory B.Lewis and Michael,Understanding State Government Appropriations for the Arts:1976-1999,Andrew Young School of Policy Studies Research Paper Series.Atlanta:Department of Public Administration and Urban Studies,Andrew Young School of Policy Studies,Georgia State University,2007.
http://ssrn.com/abstract=975754
Rushton,Michael."Cultural Diversity and Public Funding of the Arts:A View From Cultural Economics." Journal of Arts Management,Law and Society(2003).
Rushton,Michael,A New Institutional Economics Approach to the Organization of State and Provincial Arts Councils,Working Papers for the Cultural Policy Program at the University of Chicago:The Cultural Policy Centerat the University of Chicago,2001.
http://culturalpolicy.uchicago.edu/workingpapers/Rushton8.pdf
Ruth Ann Stewart;Catherine C Galley."The Research and Information Infrastructure for Cultural Policy:a Consideration of Models for the United States." In Informing Cultural Policy:The Research and Information Infrastructure,edited by J.M. Schuster. New Brunswick, NJ: the Center for Urban Policy Research, 2002.
Sax, Joseph L. "Playing Darts with a Rembrandt: Public and Private Rights in Cultural Treasures.". Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2001.
Scullion, Adrienne;Beatriz Garcia. "What is Cultural Policy? A Research Agenda." Paper presented at the 3rd International Conference on Cultural Policy Research, HEC Montreal, Montreal, Canada 2004.
Stanbridge, Alan. "Discourses of Art and Context in the Contemporary Museum." International Journal of Cultural Policy, Vol. 77, No. 2,2005 2005.
Solhjell, Dag. "Cultural Policy - the Origin of the Field of Culture?the Case of the Art Academies of 18th and 19th Centuriesand the Field of Art." Paper presented at the 3rd International Conference on Cultural Policy Research, HEC Montreal, Montreal, Canada 2004. http://neumann.hec.ca/iccpr/PDF_Texts/Solhjell_Dag.pdf
Schuster, J. Mark. "Informing Cultural Policy: The Research and Information Infrastructure.". New Brunswick, NJ: the Center for Urban Policy Research, 2002.
Schuster, J. Mark Davidson. "Government Leverage of Private Support: Matching Grants and the Problem with "new" Money." In The Cost of Cilture: Patterns and Prospects of Private Arts Patronage, edited by Margaret Jane Wyszomiski and Pat Clubb. New York: American Council for the Arts, 1989.
Schuster, J. Mark, ed. Mapping State Cultural Policy: The State of Washington. Chicago: The Cultural Policy Center of the Irving B. Harris Graduate School of Public Policy Studies, University of Chicago., 2003.
Schuster, J. Mark Davidson. "The Search for International Modesl: Results From Recent Comparative Research in Arts Policy." In Who's to Pay for the Arts?: The International Search for Models of Arts Support, edited by Jr Cummings, Milton C. and J. Mark Davidson Schuster. New York: American Council for the Arts, 1989.
Schuster, Mark. "Informing Cultural Policy-Data, Statistics, and Meaning." Paper presented at the "Statistics in the Wake of Challenges Posed by Cultural Diversity in a Globalization Context" International Symposium on Cultural Statistics UNESCO Institute for Statistics , Observatoire de la culture et des communications du Quebec, Montreal, Quebec, Canada 2002.
Sylvie Escande, Jean-Cedric Delvainquiere(ed), France, Compendium of Cultural Policies and Trends in Europe, 7th edition: Council of Europe/ERICarts, 2006.
Throsby, David; Withers, Glenn. "Economics of the Performing Arts." . London and Melbourne: Edward Arnold Pty Ltd, 1979.
Throsby, David. 文化经济学(Ecomics and Culture) . Translated by 张维伦等., 台湾:典藏艺术家庭股份有限公司.2003
White, Harrison;White, Cynthis. "Canvases and Careers:Institutional Change in the French Painting World.". Chicago: University od Chicago Press, 1993.
Wyszomirski, Margaret J. "A Research Perspective On Cultural Policy in the United States." Viewpoint, no. 19, (2001).
Wyszomirski, Margaret. "From Public Support for the Arts to Cultural Policy." The Review of Policy Research Volume 21, no. 4 (2004): Page 469.
Williams, Raymond. "Keywords : A Vocabulary of Culture and Society." : Oxford University Press, USA; Rev Sub edition, 1985.
UNESCO, Understanding Creative Industries: Cultural Statistics for Public-Policy Making: Global Alliance for Cultural Diversity, UNESCO, 2006. http://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/ev.php-URL_ID=29947&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTTON=201.html
Valerie B. Morris, David B. Pankratz, ed. The Arts in a New Millennium: Research and the Arts Sector. Westport: Praeger, 2003.
Zeigler, Joseph Wesley. "Arts in Crisis: The National Endownment for the Arts Versus America." . Chicago: Chicago Review Press, 1994.
Zolberg, Vera L. "Constructing a Sociology of the Arts." . New York . Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 1990.