粉末冶金法制备Fe-25Cr高温合金及其高温氧化行为研究
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摘要
本文以Fe和Cr的单质粉末为原料通过模压成型、烧结和热锻制备了高致密度的Fe-25Cr高温合金,并对热锻后的合金在1100℃进行了恒温氧化。采用阿基米德排水法测量了烧结和热锻后合金的密度,运用0M观察了烧结和热锻后合金的显微组织,利用XRD分析了基体合金和氧化膜的相组成,使用SEM结合EDS分析了氧化膜的形貌和元素分布。系统研究了合金的粉末的压制过程、烧结工艺和后处理对其致密度和显微组织的影响,探讨了其在1100℃下氧化膜的形成过程和形成机理。本文的主要研究工作和所获得的结论如下：
1.烧结坯体的最终密度在所研究的范围内与压制压力、烧结温度、烧结时间成正比,即增加压制压力、提高烧结温度和延长烧结时间均可在一定范围内提高烧结坯体的最终密度,但增加的趋势逐渐平缓。当烧结温度为1300℃,烧结坯体的晶粒明显长大。
2. Fe-25Cr合金粉末在压制压力为800MPa,烧结温度为1280℃,烧结时间为60min时,所得到烧结坯体的实际密度为7.3135g/cm3,相对密度为95.23%。进一步在1220℃进行热锻处理后,合金的平均相对密度为97.77%,较普通烧结态提高了2.67%,合金组织中孔洞显著减少,晶粒也明显得到细化。
3. Fe-25Cr合金组织为单一的富Cr单相固溶体a-Fe(Cr),但组织中不同区域内Cr元素的含量是不一致的,富Cr区位于晶界上,而富Fe区位于晶内。
4.氧化初期,基体合金表面迅速生成Cr2O3氧化膜,且氧化膜的厚度随氧化时间的延长而增加。Cr2O3是Cr元素由基体合金向氧化层扩散,并与氧化层／空气表面吸附的氧原子发生反应的结果,属于外生氧化模式。随着氧化时间的延长,初生的Cr2O3长时间暴露于高温空气中与氧气发生反应,生成气态的CrO3,导致氧化膜表面颗粒球化,呈现气化后的痕迹。
5.由于初始阶段形成的Cr2O3膜并不致密,不能阻止氧原子向金属基体中的扩散,当Cr-O间的反应达到一定程度时,多余的O原子将与Fe原子在氧化膜内发生反应生成FeO,并最终与Cr2O3反应形成尖晶石结构FeCr2O4,导致氧化膜由单一的Cr2O3膜变为Cr2O3和FeCr2O4组成的复合膜。
6. Fe-25Cr合金在1100℃下的恒温氧化动力学曲线为抛物线,当氧化时间小于25h时氧化动力学方程为：y2=2.39×10-11t,当氧化时间为25-100h时氧化动力学方程为：y2=8.50×10-11t。
Fe-25Cr high temperature alloys with a relative high density were prepared by powder metallurgy from pure Fe and Cr powders following by hot-forging at 1220℃, and then isothermal oxidation at 1100℃for different times. The density of the samples was measured by Archimedes principle. The microstructure of as-sintered and as-forged alloys was observed by optical microscope(OM). Phase identification of the surface scale was carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The morphology of the oxidation scale and the elements distribution the oxide in cross-section were characterize by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive spectrum(EDS). The effect of pressing, sintering and forging on the microstructure and density was investigated, and the formation process and mechanism of oxidation scales was discussed. The main results of this paper are presented as follows:
1. The density of the sintered body increases with the increase of press pressure, sintering temperature and sintering time in the research dimension of this paper, but the incremental velocity decreases gradually. When the sintering temperature is 1300℃, the size of the grains enlarges obviously.
2. The relative density of with press pressure 800MPa, sintering temperature 1280℃and sintering time 60min is about 95.23%. After forging at 1220℃the relative density is 97.77%, which is larger than that of the as-sintered alloys by 2.67%. The pores have been disappeared and the grains have also been refined.
3. Althought the microstructure of Fe-25Cr alloys is consisted of a single-phase solid solution a-Fe(Cr), the content of Cr element is not homogeneity. The content of Cr is higher in the grain boundary, while that of Fe is relative higher in the grains.
4. In the initial stage of oxidation, Cr2O3 formed rapidly and the thickness of it increases with the increase of oxidation time, which is controlled by the diffusion of Cr from the matrix in to the oxidation scales. A prolongation of oxidation time, initial Cr2O3 scale reacts with O and evaporates from due to the long time exposure in the high temperature oxidative environment.
5. The Fe element diffused from the matrix in to the initial Cr2O3 scale reacts with O to form FeO and finally forms spinel FeCr2O4 because the initial Cr2O3 scale is loose and it can't impede the entad diffusion of O, which leads the oxidation scales transferring from the single Cr2O3 to a complex scales of Cr2O3 and FeCr2O4.
6. The oxidation kinetics curve of Fe-25Cr alloys at 1100℃agrees well with the dual parabolas. When the oxidation time is shorter than 25h, the kinetics equation is y2=2.39×10-11 t. While when the oxidation time is 25-100h, the kinetics equation is y2=8.50×10-11 t.
1.烧结坯体的最终密度在所研究的范围内与压制压力、烧结温度、烧结时间成正比,即增加压制压力、提高烧结温度和延长烧结时间均可在一定范围内提高烧结坯体的最终密度,但增加的趋势逐渐平缓。当烧结温度为1300℃,烧结坯体的晶粒明显长大。
2. Fe-25Cr合金粉末在压制压力为800MPa,烧结温度为1280℃,烧结时间为60min时,所得到烧结坯体的实际密度为7.3135g/cm3,相对密度为95.23%。进一步在1220℃进行热锻处理后,合金的平均相对密度为97.77%,较普通烧结态提高了2.67%,合金组织中孔洞显著减少,晶粒也明显得到细化。
3. Fe-25Cr合金组织为单一的富Cr单相固溶体a-Fe(Cr),但组织中不同区域内Cr元素的含量是不一致的,富Cr区位于晶界上,而富Fe区位于晶内。
4.氧化初期,基体合金表面迅速生成Cr2O3氧化膜,且氧化膜的厚度随氧化时间的延长而增加。Cr2O3是Cr元素由基体合金向氧化层扩散,并与氧化层／空气表面吸附的氧原子发生反应的结果,属于外生氧化模式。随着氧化时间的延长,初生的Cr2O3长时间暴露于高温空气中与氧气发生反应,生成气态的CrO3,导致氧化膜表面颗粒球化,呈现气化后的痕迹。
5.由于初始阶段形成的Cr2O3膜并不致密,不能阻止氧原子向金属基体中的扩散,当Cr-O间的反应达到一定程度时,多余的O原子将与Fe原子在氧化膜内发生反应生成FeO,并最终与Cr2O3反应形成尖晶石结构FeCr2O4,导致氧化膜由单一的Cr2O3膜变为Cr2O3和FeCr2O4组成的复合膜。
6. Fe-25Cr合金在1100℃下的恒温氧化动力学曲线为抛物线,当氧化时间小于25h时氧化动力学方程为：y2=2.39×10-11t,当氧化时间为25-100h时氧化动力学方程为：y2=8.50×10-11t。
Fe-25Cr high temperature alloys with a relative high density were prepared by powder metallurgy from pure Fe and Cr powders following by hot-forging at 1220℃, and then isothermal oxidation at 1100℃for different times. The density of the samples was measured by Archimedes principle. The microstructure of as-sintered and as-forged alloys was observed by optical microscope(OM). Phase identification of the surface scale was carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The morphology of the oxidation scale and the elements distribution the oxide in cross-section were characterize by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive spectrum(EDS). The effect of pressing, sintering and forging on the microstructure and density was investigated, and the formation process and mechanism of oxidation scales was discussed. The main results of this paper are presented as follows:
1. The density of the sintered body increases with the increase of press pressure, sintering temperature and sintering time in the research dimension of this paper, but the incremental velocity decreases gradually. When the sintering temperature is 1300℃, the size of the grains enlarges obviously.
2. The relative density of with press pressure 800MPa, sintering temperature 1280℃and sintering time 60min is about 95.23%. After forging at 1220℃the relative density is 97.77%, which is larger than that of the as-sintered alloys by 2.67%. The pores have been disappeared and the grains have also been refined.
3. Althought the microstructure of Fe-25Cr alloys is consisted of a single-phase solid solution a-Fe(Cr), the content of Cr element is not homogeneity. The content of Cr is higher in the grain boundary, while that of Fe is relative higher in the grains.
4. In the initial stage of oxidation, Cr2O3 formed rapidly and the thickness of it increases with the increase of oxidation time, which is controlled by the diffusion of Cr from the matrix in to the oxidation scales. A prolongation of oxidation time, initial Cr2O3 scale reacts with O and evaporates from due to the long time exposure in the high temperature oxidative environment.
5. The Fe element diffused from the matrix in to the initial Cr2O3 scale reacts with O to form FeO and finally forms spinel FeCr2O4 because the initial Cr2O3 scale is loose and it can't impede the entad diffusion of O, which leads the oxidation scales transferring from the single Cr2O3 to a complex scales of Cr2O3 and FeCr2O4.
6. The oxidation kinetics curve of Fe-25Cr alloys at 1100℃agrees well with the dual parabolas. When the oxidation time is shorter than 25h, the kinetics equation is y2=2.39×10-11 t. While when the oxidation time is 25-100h, the kinetics equation is y2=8.50×10-11 t.
引文
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[4]Barratt M D, Dowson A L, Jacobs M H. The microstructure and properties of IN718 rings produced by centrifugal spray deposition[J]. Mater. Eng. A,2004,383:69-77.
[5]Mohamed S.EI-Genk, Jean-Michel Tournier, A review of refractory metal alloys and mechanically alloyed-oxide dispersion strengthened steels for space nuclear power systems[J]. Jnucl. Mater,2005,340:93-112.
[6]Akinlade D A, Caley W F, Richards N L, etal. Development of a PM nickel-base superalloy [J]. International journal of powder Metallurgy,2006,42 (4):43-56.
[7]M.J.Alinger, G.R.Odette, D.T.Hoelzer. The development and stability of Y-Ti-O nanoclusters in mechanically alloyed Fe-Cr based ferritic alloys [J]. Nucl. Mater,2004,293:329-333.
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