赤泥处置环境影响及风险评价
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摘要
目前世界上大量的赤泥是采用陆地堆存的方法来进行处置的。赤泥碱度高、产生量大,传统的处理方式将会对周边的水体、大气、土壤造成严重污染。本文结合平坝宏大铝化工年产30万吨氢氧化铝项目介绍了赤泥堆存处置的环境影响与环境风险。主要内容包括三个部分,第一部分主要介绍了现阶段国际国内的赤泥处置方式,平坝宏大铝业项目的概况以及此项目的工艺流程。我国对赤泥的处理方式主要为干法堆存,在渣场构筑10m-15m的初期坝,将含水率在25%-30%之间的赤泥分区进行干燥筑坝,以每级6m的高度向上构筑子坝,不断向上延伸。
第二部分针对本项目渣场的特点和环境背景,设计了三个赤泥堆存的方案,经过分析比选,挑选出最佳方案。据此方案,分析本项目是否可以被环境所接受。由于地质因素,供选择的三个渣场场址的防渗漏性均不理想,所以优选了防渗施工条件较好的水打冲渣场。在防渗漏施工完善的条件下,项目的区域环境影响可被接受。
第三部分为赤泥渣场的环境风险评价,对赤泥渣场进行风险识别,风险影响分析和渣场渗漏预测。并据此提出风险防范措施。赤泥渣场的主要环境风险为栏渣坝风险,地质灾害风险和洪水风险。当堆渣高程介于1261.0m-1263.5m时,将发生泄漏,堆渣高程大于1263.5m时,将发生发散性渗漏。因此,应采取建设拦水坝和排水沟等措施,降低环境风险。
最后,根据对本项目的环境影响与环境风险分析,提出了相应的清洁生产与赤泥综合利用的策略。
At present, the great amount of red mud in the world was treated by the method of land stockpiling. Due to high alkalinity, and great output, the traditional way of disposal will cause severe pollution to the waters, aerosphere and soil nearby. This paper analyzed the environmental impacts and environmental risks. It mainly includes three parts; the first part presented the disposal of the red mud in China and in the world at the present stage, as well as PingBaHongDa Aluminum Industry and its process of production. The disposal of red mud in China is mainly dry stockpiling, construct an initial dam of 10m-15m, dry dam the red mud who has a moisture content of 25% to 30% in areas, and build the sub-dam upwards at the height of 6m per degree.
The second part,in connection with the characteristics of residue field and environment background in this project,3 programs of red mud stockpiling have be designed, after having analyzed and compared, the best program was chosen. Based on geological factors, the quality of anti-leakage of the 3 residue field for the three selected sites are not ideal. Therefore, the water fight slag field which has a better construction of anti-leakage was chosen. In the condition of the complete construction of anti-leakage, regional environmental impact of the project could be accepted.
The third part is about the environmental risk evaluation and the risk identification of the red mud residue field, as well as risk-influence analysis and leakage forecast of the residue field. According to the above analysis, risk prevention measures were proposed. The main environmental risk of the red mud residue field is which of the column slag dam, flood and geological disaster. It will lead to leakage, when the height of Slag heap is between 1261.0m to 1263.5m. It will lead to divergent leakage, when the height of Slag heap is higher than 1261.0m. Therefore, to reduce environmental risks, drains and holding-water dams should be constructed.
Finally, based on the analysis of the environmental impacts and the environmental risks, we have put forward the strategies about the clean production and comprehensive utilization of red mud.
第二部分针对本项目渣场的特点和环境背景,设计了三个赤泥堆存的方案,经过分析比选,挑选出最佳方案。据此方案,分析本项目是否可以被环境所接受。由于地质因素,供选择的三个渣场场址的防渗漏性均不理想,所以优选了防渗施工条件较好的水打冲渣场。在防渗漏施工完善的条件下,项目的区域环境影响可被接受。
第三部分为赤泥渣场的环境风险评价,对赤泥渣场进行风险识别,风险影响分析和渣场渗漏预测。并据此提出风险防范措施。赤泥渣场的主要环境风险为栏渣坝风险,地质灾害风险和洪水风险。当堆渣高程介于1261.0m-1263.5m时,将发生泄漏,堆渣高程大于1263.5m时,将发生发散性渗漏。因此,应采取建设拦水坝和排水沟等措施,降低环境风险。
最后,根据对本项目的环境影响与环境风险分析,提出了相应的清洁生产与赤泥综合利用的策略。
At present, the great amount of red mud in the world was treated by the method of land stockpiling. Due to high alkalinity, and great output, the traditional way of disposal will cause severe pollution to the waters, aerosphere and soil nearby. This paper analyzed the environmental impacts and environmental risks. It mainly includes three parts; the first part presented the disposal of the red mud in China and in the world at the present stage, as well as PingBaHongDa Aluminum Industry and its process of production. The disposal of red mud in China is mainly dry stockpiling, construct an initial dam of 10m-15m, dry dam the red mud who has a moisture content of 25% to 30% in areas, and build the sub-dam upwards at the height of 6m per degree.
The second part,in connection with the characteristics of residue field and environment background in this project,3 programs of red mud stockpiling have be designed, after having analyzed and compared, the best program was chosen. Based on geological factors, the quality of anti-leakage of the 3 residue field for the three selected sites are not ideal. Therefore, the water fight slag field which has a better construction of anti-leakage was chosen. In the condition of the complete construction of anti-leakage, regional environmental impact of the project could be accepted.
The third part is about the environmental risk evaluation and the risk identification of the red mud residue field, as well as risk-influence analysis and leakage forecast of the residue field. According to the above analysis, risk prevention measures were proposed. The main environmental risk of the red mud residue field is which of the column slag dam, flood and geological disaster. It will lead to leakage, when the height of Slag heap is between 1261.0m to 1263.5m. It will lead to divergent leakage, when the height of Slag heap is higher than 1261.0m. Therefore, to reduce environmental risks, drains and holding-water dams should be constructed.
Finally, based on the analysis of the environmental impacts and the environmental risks, we have put forward the strategies about the clean production and comprehensive utilization of red mud.
引文
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[2]南相莉,张廷安,刘燕,豆志河.我国赤泥的综合利用分析[A].第十三届(2009年)冶金反应工程学会议论文集[C],2009：5-8.
[3]南相莉,张廷安,刘燕,豆志河,赵秋月,蒋孝丽.我国主要赤泥种类及其对环境的影响[J].过程工程学报,2009,(S1)：23-29.
[4]杨绍文,曹耀华,李清.氧化铝生产赤泥的综合利用现状及进展[J].矿产保护与利用,1999,(06)：1-3.
[5]陈蓓,陈素英.赤泥的综合利用和安全堆存[J].化工技术与开发,2006,(12)：1-3.
[6]曹瑛,李卫东,刘艳改.工业废渣赤泥的特性及回收利用现状[J].硅酸盐通报,2007,(01)：21-24.
[7]饶平平.广西平果铝平地型赤泥尾矿坝稳定性研究[D].中国优秀硕士学位论文全文数据库,2008,(01)：66-78.
[8]王星,赵学义,瞿圆媛,胡伟伟,陈洁,吴淼.高浓度赤泥颗粒特性和流变特性的试验研究[J].金属矿山,2008,(01)：60-61.
[9]姜怡娇.赤泥脱硫剂净化低浓度硫化氢废气的试验研究[D].昆明理工大学,2003：2-3.
[10]李卫东.拜耳法赤泥选铁新技术研究[D].中南大学,2005：4-6.
[11]曹瑛,李卫东,刘艳改.工业废渣赤泥的特性及回收利用现状[J]硅酸盐通报,2007,(01)：12-15.
[12]何伯泉,周国华,薛玉兰.赤泥在环境保护中的应用[J].轻金属,2001,(02)：2-6.
[13]Anna M,Paolo P1 New materials from industrial and mining wastes :glass-ceramics and glass and rock-wool fibre [J].Int.J. Mineral Process,1998, (53).121-134.
[14]任冬梅,毛亚南.赤泥的综合利用[J].有色金属工业,2002,(05)：12-14.
[15]姜平国,王鸿振.从赤泥中回收铁工艺的研究进展[J].四川有色金属,2005,(02)：2-5。
[16]陈义,李军旗,黄芳,周军,周登凤,刘伟.拜耳赤泥吸收SO2废气的性能研究[J].贵州工业大学学报(自然科学版),2007,(04)：5-7.
[17]肖金凯,雷剑泉.贵州铝厂赤泥中的钪和稀土[J].科学通报,1994,(13)：52-53.
[18]励衡隆,殷德洪,龙隆.西澳赤泥干堆技术开发和实践[J].有色金属(冶炼部分),1993,(04)：45-47.
[19]石莉,王宁,庞程,刘邦煜.赤泥在建筑材料方面应用的研究进展[J].新型建筑材料,2009,(01)：11-12.
[20]韩毅.赤泥吸附材料的制备及应用研究[D].北京化工大学,2004：22-25.
[21]邢国.利用赤泥粉煤灰研制免蒸烧砖[D].首届中国有色金属冶金青年学术研讨会论文集,199-110.
[22]杨爱萍.赤泥粉煤灰砖的研制[J].轻金属,1996,12(8)：17-18.
[23]张培新.赤泥制作瓷砖黑色颗粒料的研究[J].矿产综合利用,2000,(3)：41-43.
[24]Nevin Y,Vahdettin S1Utilization of bauxite waste in ceramic glazes [J].Ceramics International,2000,(26):485-490.
[25]赖兰萍,周李蕾,韩磊,罗仙平.赤泥综合回收与利用现状及进展[J]四川有色金属,2008,(01)：44-45.
[26]M aneesh S,S N UpadhayaylPreparation of iron rich cements using red mud [J].Cement and Concrete Research,1997,(7).1037-1046.
[27]徐晓虹,钟文波,吴建锋,张亚涛,吴强明,贾元平,卢家喜,邓琦.用工业废渣赤泥研制微晶玻璃[J].玻璃与搪瓷,2006,(02)：32.
[28]孙恒虎,冯向鹏,刘晓明,白雪,牛雪莲.机械力化学效应对赤泥结构特性和胶凝性能的影响[J].稀有金属材料与工程,2007,(S2)：
[29]吴建锋,罗文辉,徐晓虹,滕方雄.利用赤泥制备陶瓷保温砖的研究[J].广东建材,2007,(11)：2-3.
[30]王伟广,张威,王清洲,宋晓焱.赤泥免烧免蒸砖正交试验及分析[J].资源环境与工程,2008,(01)：1-3.
[31]杨家宽,侯健,齐波,刘伟,郭怀胜,肖波.铝业赤泥免烧砖中试生产及产业化[J].环境工程,2006,(04)：12-14.
[32]冯向鹏,刘晓明,孙恒虎,白雪,牛雪莲.赤泥大掺量用于胶凝材料的研究[J].矿产综合利用,2007,(04)：35-41.
[33]杨家宽,侯健,姚昌仁,陈凡,肖波.烧结法赤泥道路材料工程应用实例及经济性分析[J]轻金属,2007,(02)：26-30.
[34]宋国卫,刘辉.赤泥在微孔硅酸钙保温材料生产中的应用[J]山东冶金,2004,(02)：15-18.
[35]Lopez E,Soto B.Arias M.Adsorbent properties of red mud and its use for wastewater treatment [J].Wat.Res,1998,32 (4):1314-1322.
[36]文小年,王林江,谢襄漓.赤泥对水体中铅离子的吸附[J]桂林工学院学报,2005,(02)：21-23.
[37]Ahundogan H S.Ahundogan S,Tumen F.et al.Arsenic adsorption from aqueous solutions by activated red mud [J].Waste Management,2002, (22):357-363.
[38]Cengeloglu Y,Kir E.Ersoz M.Removal of fluoride from aqueous solution by using red mud [J].Separation and Purification Technology,2002, (28):81-86.
[39]Akay G,Keskinlcr B.Cakici A.Phosphate removal from water by red mud using crossflo.microfihration[J].Wat.Res,1998,32 (3):717-726.
[40]Namasivayam C,Arasi DJs B.Removal of Congo Red from wastewater by adsorption onto waste red mud [J]. Chemosphere,1997,34 (2):401-417.
[41]杜长学.铝土矿矿泥物理力学性质及固化技术研究[D]中南大学,2006：45-51.
[42]Cengeloglu Y,Kir E. Ersoz M. Removal of fluoride from aqueous solution by using red mud [J].Separation and Purification Technology,2002,(28):81-86.
[43]Ahundogan H S.Ahundogan S,Tumen Flet all Arsenicadsorption from aqueous solutions by activated red mud [J] 1 Waste Management,2002, (22):357-363.
[44]Akay G,Keskinlcr B.Cakici A.Phosphate removal from water by red mud using crossflo-microfihration [J].Watl Res,1998,32 (3):717-726.
[45]Namasivayam C,Arasi D J s B.Removal of Congo Redfrom waste water by adsorption onto waste red mud [J].Chemosphere,1997,34 (2):401-417.
[46]Jonathab W1C1Wong,Geon Ho. Sewage sludge as or ganic ameliorant for revegetation of fine bauxite residue [J].Resources Conservation and Recycling,1994,11:297-309.
[2]南相莉,张廷安,刘燕,豆志河.我国赤泥的综合利用分析[A].第十三届(2009年)冶金反应工程学会议论文集[C],2009：5-8.
[3]南相莉,张廷安,刘燕,豆志河,赵秋月,蒋孝丽.我国主要赤泥种类及其对环境的影响[J].过程工程学报,2009,(S1)：23-29.
[4]杨绍文,曹耀华,李清.氧化铝生产赤泥的综合利用现状及进展[J].矿产保护与利用,1999,(06)：1-3.
[5]陈蓓,陈素英.赤泥的综合利用和安全堆存[J].化工技术与开发,2006,(12)：1-3.
[6]曹瑛,李卫东,刘艳改.工业废渣赤泥的特性及回收利用现状[J].硅酸盐通报,2007,(01)：21-24.
[7]饶平平.广西平果铝平地型赤泥尾矿坝稳定性研究[D].中国优秀硕士学位论文全文数据库,2008,(01)：66-78.
[8]王星,赵学义,瞿圆媛,胡伟伟,陈洁,吴淼.高浓度赤泥颗粒特性和流变特性的试验研究[J].金属矿山,2008,(01)：60-61.
[9]姜怡娇.赤泥脱硫剂净化低浓度硫化氢废气的试验研究[D].昆明理工大学,2003：2-3.
[10]李卫东.拜耳法赤泥选铁新技术研究[D].中南大学,2005：4-6.
[11]曹瑛,李卫东,刘艳改.工业废渣赤泥的特性及回收利用现状[J]硅酸盐通报,2007,(01)：12-15.
[12]何伯泉,周国华,薛玉兰.赤泥在环境保护中的应用[J].轻金属,2001,(02)：2-6.
[13]Anna M,Paolo P1 New materials from industrial and mining wastes :glass-ceramics and glass and rock-wool fibre [J].Int.J. Mineral Process,1998, (53).121-134.
[14]任冬梅,毛亚南.赤泥的综合利用[J].有色金属工业,2002,(05)：12-14.
[15]姜平国,王鸿振.从赤泥中回收铁工艺的研究进展[J].四川有色金属,2005,(02)：2-5。
[16]陈义,李军旗,黄芳,周军,周登凤,刘伟.拜耳赤泥吸收SO2废气的性能研究[J].贵州工业大学学报(自然科学版),2007,(04)：5-7.
[17]肖金凯,雷剑泉.贵州铝厂赤泥中的钪和稀土[J].科学通报,1994,(13)：52-53.
[18]励衡隆,殷德洪,龙隆.西澳赤泥干堆技术开发和实践[J].有色金属(冶炼部分),1993,(04)：45-47.
[19]石莉,王宁,庞程,刘邦煜.赤泥在建筑材料方面应用的研究进展[J].新型建筑材料,2009,(01)：11-12.
[20]韩毅.赤泥吸附材料的制备及应用研究[D].北京化工大学,2004：22-25.
[21]邢国.利用赤泥粉煤灰研制免蒸烧砖[D].首届中国有色金属冶金青年学术研讨会论文集,199-110.
[22]杨爱萍.赤泥粉煤灰砖的研制[J].轻金属,1996,12(8)：17-18.
[23]张培新.赤泥制作瓷砖黑色颗粒料的研究[J].矿产综合利用,2000,(3)：41-43.
[24]Nevin Y,Vahdettin S1Utilization of bauxite waste in ceramic glazes [J].Ceramics International,2000,(26):485-490.
[25]赖兰萍,周李蕾,韩磊,罗仙平.赤泥综合回收与利用现状及进展[J]四川有色金属,2008,(01)：44-45.
[26]M aneesh S,S N UpadhayaylPreparation of iron rich cements using red mud [J].Cement and Concrete Research,1997,(7).1037-1046.
[27]徐晓虹,钟文波,吴建锋,张亚涛,吴强明,贾元平,卢家喜,邓琦.用工业废渣赤泥研制微晶玻璃[J].玻璃与搪瓷,2006,(02)：32.
[28]孙恒虎,冯向鹏,刘晓明,白雪,牛雪莲.机械力化学效应对赤泥结构特性和胶凝性能的影响[J].稀有金属材料与工程,2007,(S2)：
[29]吴建锋,罗文辉,徐晓虹,滕方雄.利用赤泥制备陶瓷保温砖的研究[J].广东建材,2007,(11)：2-3.
[30]王伟广,张威,王清洲,宋晓焱.赤泥免烧免蒸砖正交试验及分析[J].资源环境与工程,2008,(01)：1-3.
[31]杨家宽,侯健,齐波,刘伟,郭怀胜,肖波.铝业赤泥免烧砖中试生产及产业化[J].环境工程,2006,(04)：12-14.
[32]冯向鹏,刘晓明,孙恒虎,白雪,牛雪莲.赤泥大掺量用于胶凝材料的研究[J].矿产综合利用,2007,(04)：35-41.
[33]杨家宽,侯健,姚昌仁,陈凡,肖波.烧结法赤泥道路材料工程应用实例及经济性分析[J]轻金属,2007,(02)：26-30.
[34]宋国卫,刘辉.赤泥在微孔硅酸钙保温材料生产中的应用[J]山东冶金,2004,(02)：15-18.
[35]Lopez E,Soto B.Arias M.Adsorbent properties of red mud and its use for wastewater treatment [J].Wat.Res,1998,32 (4):1314-1322.
[36]文小年,王林江,谢襄漓.赤泥对水体中铅离子的吸附[J]桂林工学院学报,2005,(02)：21-23.
[37]Ahundogan H S.Ahundogan S,Tumen F.et al.Arsenic adsorption from aqueous solutions by activated red mud [J].Waste Management,2002, (22):357-363.
[38]Cengeloglu Y,Kir E.Ersoz M.Removal of fluoride from aqueous solution by using red mud [J].Separation and Purification Technology,2002, (28):81-86.
[39]Akay G,Keskinlcr B.Cakici A.Phosphate removal from water by red mud using crossflo.microfihration[J].Wat.Res,1998,32 (3):717-726.
[40]Namasivayam C,Arasi DJs B.Removal of Congo Red from wastewater by adsorption onto waste red mud [J]. Chemosphere,1997,34 (2):401-417.
[41]杜长学.铝土矿矿泥物理力学性质及固化技术研究[D]中南大学,2006：45-51.
[42]Cengeloglu Y,Kir E. Ersoz M. Removal of fluoride from aqueous solution by using red mud [J].Separation and Purification Technology,2002,(28):81-86.
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