第十三届欧洲杯足球比赛中快速反击战术运用的研究
摘要
当今世界足坛高水平的比赛中,快速反击形成进球的比例逐年上升。现代足球的发展体现出了速度快、变化多、对抗强的特点。在比赛场上双方队员拼搏非常激烈,有很多球队都采用全攻全守的战术打法,“快速”在攻守转换时尤为突出。比赛中,球队为了达到攻守平衡,会充分利用每一名队员的个人特点,在此基础上很多球队均运用了快速反击战术。此战术具有攻其不备的效果,是快速、有效的进攻手段之一。一次有效的快速反击经常使对方的防守处于被动,甚至造成失球。在足球赛事中以快速反击战术获取进球,从而最终战胜对手的比赛屡屡出现,其有效性是我们有目共睹的。
本文以国内“常规技术统计”方法惯例为基础,借鉴国际足联技术部主任首席讲师汉斯·马洛茨基博士的方法,综合足球资深专家和学者的意见,制定出该论文的统计标准。并采用文献资料法、观察法、数理统计法等研究方法,以2008年第十三届欧洲杯足球比赛决赛阶段全部31场比赛为研究对象,着重对16支参赛队伍运用快速反击战术时不同的比赛时段、发动区域、反击路线、比分状态、传接次数、所用时间、参与人数进行全面的统计与分析。总结出各队的基本特点以及比赛名次等数据与运用快速反击战术的相关关系,力求客观地反映出现代足球运动中运用快速反击战术的基本特征及其规律,为广大教练员、研究人员提供理论性参考依据。通过研究结果表明:
1、各队普遍重视。根据第13届欧洲杯足球比赛中运用快速反击战术的总体分析,发现此战术深受各支球队的重视,主要是由于快速反击的战术效果非常显著。在本届欧洲杯足球赛中,无论是实力较强还是实力较弱的球队,都非常重视且善于利用快速反击战术,运用此战术的数量和质量是衡量一支球队整体综合实力的重要标准之一。
2、强队运用快速反击战术的能力优于弱队。第13届欧洲杯足球比赛中,排名靠前实力较强的球队运用快速反击战术的能力明显优于实力较弱的球队。运用快速反击战术的效率也是如此。因此可以得出,当今足球比赛中运用快速反击战术的质量与数量是判断一支球队技、战术等综合水平高低的重要评价标准之一。如何提高运用快速反击战术的能力及成功率,是提高球队整体实力,从而战胜对手不可或缺的重要因素。
3、快速反击战术不受时、空间影响。第13届欧洲杯足球比赛中运用快速反击战术时,并不受空间与时间的限制。比赛中每时每刻都有运用快速反击战术的机会。由于足球比赛中攻守转换时的转换点不会局限在某一特定区域,所以发动快速反击战术的区域也不会局限在某一特定场区。每一个时段运用快速反击战术的次数,主要是根据场上比赛的节奏、比分的变化、队员的体能状况,以及不同球队所采用的技、战术方案所影响。
4、运用快速反击战术的能力与名次排序密切相关。快速反击战术与第13届欧洲杯足球比赛中,运用快速反击战术的能力与名次排序的关系较为密切。名次靠前的球队运用快速反击战术的次数与成功率普遍优于名次靠后的球队。
5、快速反击战术的运用受场上比分变化的影响。快速反击战术的发动随着比赛中攻守转换的频繁出现,在整场比赛中的每一个时段均有运用的机会。场上比分相同时运用快速反击战术的次数最多,一旦出现比分,暂时领先的球队利用快速反击发动进攻的次数明显多于比分暂时落后的球队。
6、直接传球等简练技术更适用于快速反击战术。各队为了避免失分,会组织起了一道严密的防守体系,其中包括整体队形的保持、防守空间的压缩、队员间距的控制及个人职责的明确等。由于空间更小、时间更紧,进攻队员准确、娴熟的传接球技术是取得快速反击成功的有利保障。在严密的防守体系压迫下,充分体现出形成射门前最后一次传球的精确度,以及直接传球技术的穿透性,使防守队员猝不及防,整条后防线瞬间瓦解。
7、抢断球是获得快速反击的最有效手段。由于足球的群体性质,传接球技术的应用在比赛中十分普遍,失误的次数也相对较多。在防守时提前判断对手的跑动路线和传球意图,通过抢断截获控球权,从而发动快速反击是各队运用最普遍,也是自有效的形式。不论在何时何地都要做到精神高度集中随时观察球的发展以及对手的位置,把握住每一次可能抢断成功的机会。
8、人数优势将提高快速反击的成功率。攻方若想在快速反击中获得人数上的优势,需要中、后场队员积极地插上助攻。特别是锋线及前卫队员的速度优势可以在反击中得到充分的体现。当然,速度优势的体现还需要良好体能的保障。体能充沛,不遗余力的插上助攻将会给对手的后防线施加更大的压力。一旦人数上获得优势,快速反击的路线和接应点将更加多变,从而有效的提高了快速反击的成功率。
足球比赛中,速度是相当重要的,随着实践的深、认识的提高,快速反击战术在当今足球比赛中的作用和地位,已引起广大足球界资深人士、教练员和运动员的重视。控球权的得与失形成了攻防转换的交替进程。在比赛的攻防转换瞬间,抓住机会快速反击和反抢并迅速回防形成了比赛的焦点。资料显示:在近几届欧洲杯比赛中,有相当部分控球时间比低于50%的球队取得了比赛的胜利,有很多进球来自于快速反击,同时还有许多形成得分的任意球、角球等定位球也是由快速反击获得的。运用快速反击战术的能力甚至影响着一支球队的整体水平。因此,如何提高运用快速反击战术的意识和能力,从而进球得分最终取得比赛的胜利是每支球队共同追求的目标。
In today's world, a high level of football competition, the proportion of rapid counter-attack to score increased year by year. The development of modern football reflects the development of modern football out fast changing, against the strong features. In a match, both players are very fierce struggle, there are a lot of teams have adopted the whole defensive tactics to attack the whole play, the "fast" in offensive and defensive conversion is particularly prominent. In competition, the team in order to achieve the offense and defense to be balanced, will make full use of every member's personal characteristics, on this basis, a lot of teams have used a rapid counter-attack tactics. This tactic has the effect of catching off guard is a fast, efficient means of attack. An effective rapid counter-attack often makes each other's defense in a passive, or even result in goal loss. In the football matches in a quick counter-attack tactics to obtain goals, and ultimately beat his opponent often seen in the game, its effectiveness is that we see.
In this paper, domestic "conventional technology statistics" approach to practice based, drawing on the FIFA Technical Director, Principal Lecturer, Dr. Hans ? Malice methods, integrated football senior experts and academics to develop the paper's statistical standards. And using literature method, observation, mathematical statistics and other research methods, to 2008 13th session of the European Cup soccer finals in all 31 games as the research object, focusing on the use of 16 teams when the counter-attack tactics of the different game time to launch the region to counter the line, score status, then the number of transmission, the time spent, number of participants to conduct a comprehensive statistics and analysis. Summarized the basic characteristics of each team, as well as finishing position and application of data such as the correlation between rapid counter-attack tactics, and strive to objectively reflect the use of modern football in the basic characteristics of rapid counter-attack tactics and rules for the majority of coaches, researchers and provide a theoretical of reference. By studying the results showed that:
1. The team generally emphasis on the use of rapid counter-attack tactic .According to the 13th European Cup soccer tournament in the use of rapid counter-attack tactics in the overall analysis, we found that the teams pay great attention on this tactic, mainly due to rapid counter-attack and tactical effect is very noticeable. At the current European Cup soccer tournament, whether it is the stronger or a weaker team, have attached great importance to and make good use of rapid counter-attack tactics, and the use of the quantity and quality of this tactic is a measure of overall strength of a team as a whole an important one of the standards.
2. The use of rapid counter-attack and tactical teams is better than weak teams. The 13th European Cup soccer competition, top-ranking team to use the stronger the ability to quickly counter-attack tactics much better than weaker teams, the efficiency of the use of rapid counter-attack tactics is as well. Thus conclude that the use of today's rapid counter-attack football match the quality and quantity of the tactical team to determine technical and tactical importance of comprehensive assessment of the level of one of the criteria. How to improve the ability to use rapid counter-attack tactics and the success rate is to increase the overall strength of the team, which beat his opponent an indispensable is important factor.
3. The fast counter-attack tactics against time, space impact. The 13th European Cup football match, the use of rapid counter-attack tactics are not subject to space and time constraints. Every time the race had to use rapid counter-attack tactics. As the soccer match the conversion point of attack and defense conversion will not be limited to a particular region, so the region to launch quick counter-attack tactics will not be limited to a specific field area. Every time the frequency of the use of rapid counter-attack tactics, mainly based on the rhythm game market, the score changes in the physical fitness of players and the teams used different techniques and tactics influenced by the program.
4. The use of rapid counter-attack and tactical ability and rank order closely related. Fast counter-attack tactics and at the 13th European Cup soccer match, the use of rapid counter-attack and tactical ability and sort ranking closer relationship. Rank front of the team using the number of rapid counter-attack tactics and success rates were generally better than the ranking on the list team.
5. Fast counter-attack tactics are affected by the field score change. With the launch quick counter-attack and tactical offensive and defensive transition game frequently, in the whole game each time have an opportunity to use. The score with the same quick counter-attack tactics used most frequently, in the event the score, temporarily leading the team with quick counter-attack using the number of significantly more than the score lags behind the team.
6. Direct passing and other techniques more suitable for quick and concise counter-attack tactics. In order to avoid loss of points each team will be organized in a tight defensive system, including the overall formation of the conservation, defense space compression, player pitch control and a clear personal responsibility and so on. Smaller due to space, time, tighter, offensive player accurate and skillful pass the ball quickly to counter the success of technology is to achieve a strong guarantee. In the tight defensive system of oppression, fully reflects the formation of the last pass before shooting accuracy, as well as direct pass technology, penetrating, so that defensive players caught off guard, the whole defense moments after the collapse.
7. Steal is to obtain the most effective means of rapid counter-attack. Because the nature of football groups, passing the ball technology applications in the race is very common, is also relatively high number of turnovers. In the early to determine when the opponent's defensive line and pass the intention of running through the right to steal the ball intercepted in order to launch quick counter-attack is the most common use of each team, but also from its effective form. Regardless of when and where the spirit must be observed at any time the ball high concentration of development and the opponent's position, grasp steals every possible chance of success.
8. The number of edge will increase the success rate of rapid counter-attack. If you want to fast counter-attack to get numerical superiority, the need in the backcourt players actively plug assists. In particular the avant-garde players up front and the speed advantage can be fully reflected back. Of course, the embodiments of the speed advantages also need good physical protection. Physical abundant spare no effort would be to plug in assists after the opponent's defense to exert greater pressure. Once the number of people is on edge, quickly to counter collusion point line and more volatile, thus effectively increase the success rate of rapid counter-attack.
Football game, the speed is very important, as the practice of deep, awareness-raising, fast counter-attack tactics in today's football matches in the role and status has aroused football veteran, coaches and athletes attention. The right of ball control of gains and losses of the process of the formation of alternating offense and defense conversion. Instant offense and defense conversion in the game and seize the opportunity to fast counter-attacks and catch off and quickly formed the race back to the focus of defense. Information: In the recent sessions of the European Cup, a considerable part of the ball longer than the less than 50% of the team to achieve victory in the game, there are a lot of goals from the fast counter-attack, while there are many scores of arbitrary shape ball, corner kicks, etc. are also obtained by rapid counter-attack. The use of rapid counter-attack tactic ability, and even affects the team as a whole. Therefore, how to improve the use of rapid counter-attacks tactical awareness and ability to score goals to achieve the final victory of the competition each team a common goal.
本文以国内“常规技术统计”方法惯例为基础,借鉴国际足联技术部主任首席讲师汉斯·马洛茨基博士的方法,综合足球资深专家和学者的意见,制定出该论文的统计标准。并采用文献资料法、观察法、数理统计法等研究方法,以2008年第十三届欧洲杯足球比赛决赛阶段全部31场比赛为研究对象,着重对16支参赛队伍运用快速反击战术时不同的比赛时段、发动区域、反击路线、比分状态、传接次数、所用时间、参与人数进行全面的统计与分析。总结出各队的基本特点以及比赛名次等数据与运用快速反击战术的相关关系,力求客观地反映出现代足球运动中运用快速反击战术的基本特征及其规律,为广大教练员、研究人员提供理论性参考依据。通过研究结果表明:
1、各队普遍重视。根据第13届欧洲杯足球比赛中运用快速反击战术的总体分析,发现此战术深受各支球队的重视,主要是由于快速反击的战术效果非常显著。在本届欧洲杯足球赛中,无论是实力较强还是实力较弱的球队,都非常重视且善于利用快速反击战术,运用此战术的数量和质量是衡量一支球队整体综合实力的重要标准之一。
2、强队运用快速反击战术的能力优于弱队。第13届欧洲杯足球比赛中,排名靠前实力较强的球队运用快速反击战术的能力明显优于实力较弱的球队。运用快速反击战术的效率也是如此。因此可以得出,当今足球比赛中运用快速反击战术的质量与数量是判断一支球队技、战术等综合水平高低的重要评价标准之一。如何提高运用快速反击战术的能力及成功率,是提高球队整体实力,从而战胜对手不可或缺的重要因素。
3、快速反击战术不受时、空间影响。第13届欧洲杯足球比赛中运用快速反击战术时,并不受空间与时间的限制。比赛中每时每刻都有运用快速反击战术的机会。由于足球比赛中攻守转换时的转换点不会局限在某一特定区域,所以发动快速反击战术的区域也不会局限在某一特定场区。每一个时段运用快速反击战术的次数,主要是根据场上比赛的节奏、比分的变化、队员的体能状况,以及不同球队所采用的技、战术方案所影响。
4、运用快速反击战术的能力与名次排序密切相关。快速反击战术与第13届欧洲杯足球比赛中,运用快速反击战术的能力与名次排序的关系较为密切。名次靠前的球队运用快速反击战术的次数与成功率普遍优于名次靠后的球队。
5、快速反击战术的运用受场上比分变化的影响。快速反击战术的发动随着比赛中攻守转换的频繁出现,在整场比赛中的每一个时段均有运用的机会。场上比分相同时运用快速反击战术的次数最多,一旦出现比分,暂时领先的球队利用快速反击发动进攻的次数明显多于比分暂时落后的球队。
6、直接传球等简练技术更适用于快速反击战术。各队为了避免失分,会组织起了一道严密的防守体系,其中包括整体队形的保持、防守空间的压缩、队员间距的控制及个人职责的明确等。由于空间更小、时间更紧,进攻队员准确、娴熟的传接球技术是取得快速反击成功的有利保障。在严密的防守体系压迫下,充分体现出形成射门前最后一次传球的精确度,以及直接传球技术的穿透性,使防守队员猝不及防,整条后防线瞬间瓦解。
7、抢断球是获得快速反击的最有效手段。由于足球的群体性质,传接球技术的应用在比赛中十分普遍,失误的次数也相对较多。在防守时提前判断对手的跑动路线和传球意图,通过抢断截获控球权,从而发动快速反击是各队运用最普遍,也是自有效的形式。不论在何时何地都要做到精神高度集中随时观察球的发展以及对手的位置,把握住每一次可能抢断成功的机会。
8、人数优势将提高快速反击的成功率。攻方若想在快速反击中获得人数上的优势,需要中、后场队员积极地插上助攻。特别是锋线及前卫队员的速度优势可以在反击中得到充分的体现。当然,速度优势的体现还需要良好体能的保障。体能充沛,不遗余力的插上助攻将会给对手的后防线施加更大的压力。一旦人数上获得优势,快速反击的路线和接应点将更加多变,从而有效的提高了快速反击的成功率。
足球比赛中,速度是相当重要的,随着实践的深、认识的提高,快速反击战术在当今足球比赛中的作用和地位,已引起广大足球界资深人士、教练员和运动员的重视。控球权的得与失形成了攻防转换的交替进程。在比赛的攻防转换瞬间,抓住机会快速反击和反抢并迅速回防形成了比赛的焦点。资料显示:在近几届欧洲杯比赛中,有相当部分控球时间比低于50%的球队取得了比赛的胜利,有很多进球来自于快速反击,同时还有许多形成得分的任意球、角球等定位球也是由快速反击获得的。运用快速反击战术的能力甚至影响着一支球队的整体水平。因此,如何提高运用快速反击战术的意识和能力,从而进球得分最终取得比赛的胜利是每支球队共同追求的目标。
In today's world, a high level of football competition, the proportion of rapid counter-attack to score increased year by year. The development of modern football reflects the development of modern football out fast changing, against the strong features. In a match, both players are very fierce struggle, there are a lot of teams have adopted the whole defensive tactics to attack the whole play, the "fast" in offensive and defensive conversion is particularly prominent. In competition, the team in order to achieve the offense and defense to be balanced, will make full use of every member's personal characteristics, on this basis, a lot of teams have used a rapid counter-attack tactics. This tactic has the effect of catching off guard is a fast, efficient means of attack. An effective rapid counter-attack often makes each other's defense in a passive, or even result in goal loss. In the football matches in a quick counter-attack tactics to obtain goals, and ultimately beat his opponent often seen in the game, its effectiveness is that we see.
In this paper, domestic "conventional technology statistics" approach to practice based, drawing on the FIFA Technical Director, Principal Lecturer, Dr. Hans ? Malice methods, integrated football senior experts and academics to develop the paper's statistical standards. And using literature method, observation, mathematical statistics and other research methods, to 2008 13th session of the European Cup soccer finals in all 31 games as the research object, focusing on the use of 16 teams when the counter-attack tactics of the different game time to launch the region to counter the line, score status, then the number of transmission, the time spent, number of participants to conduct a comprehensive statistics and analysis. Summarized the basic characteristics of each team, as well as finishing position and application of data such as the correlation between rapid counter-attack tactics, and strive to objectively reflect the use of modern football in the basic characteristics of rapid counter-attack tactics and rules for the majority of coaches, researchers and provide a theoretical of reference. By studying the results showed that:
1. The team generally emphasis on the use of rapid counter-attack tactic .According to the 13th European Cup soccer tournament in the use of rapid counter-attack tactics in the overall analysis, we found that the teams pay great attention on this tactic, mainly due to rapid counter-attack and tactical effect is very noticeable. At the current European Cup soccer tournament, whether it is the stronger or a weaker team, have attached great importance to and make good use of rapid counter-attack tactics, and the use of the quantity and quality of this tactic is a measure of overall strength of a team as a whole an important one of the standards.
2. The use of rapid counter-attack and tactical teams is better than weak teams. The 13th European Cup soccer competition, top-ranking team to use the stronger the ability to quickly counter-attack tactics much better than weaker teams, the efficiency of the use of rapid counter-attack tactics is as well. Thus conclude that the use of today's rapid counter-attack football match the quality and quantity of the tactical team to determine technical and tactical importance of comprehensive assessment of the level of one of the criteria. How to improve the ability to use rapid counter-attack tactics and the success rate is to increase the overall strength of the team, which beat his opponent an indispensable is important factor.
3. The fast counter-attack tactics against time, space impact. The 13th European Cup football match, the use of rapid counter-attack tactics are not subject to space and time constraints. Every time the race had to use rapid counter-attack tactics. As the soccer match the conversion point of attack and defense conversion will not be limited to a particular region, so the region to launch quick counter-attack tactics will not be limited to a specific field area. Every time the frequency of the use of rapid counter-attack tactics, mainly based on the rhythm game market, the score changes in the physical fitness of players and the teams used different techniques and tactics influenced by the program.
4. The use of rapid counter-attack and tactical ability and rank order closely related. Fast counter-attack tactics and at the 13th European Cup soccer match, the use of rapid counter-attack and tactical ability and sort ranking closer relationship. Rank front of the team using the number of rapid counter-attack tactics and success rates were generally better than the ranking on the list team.
5. Fast counter-attack tactics are affected by the field score change. With the launch quick counter-attack and tactical offensive and defensive transition game frequently, in the whole game each time have an opportunity to use. The score with the same quick counter-attack tactics used most frequently, in the event the score, temporarily leading the team with quick counter-attack using the number of significantly more than the score lags behind the team.
6. Direct passing and other techniques more suitable for quick and concise counter-attack tactics. In order to avoid loss of points each team will be organized in a tight defensive system, including the overall formation of the conservation, defense space compression, player pitch control and a clear personal responsibility and so on. Smaller due to space, time, tighter, offensive player accurate and skillful pass the ball quickly to counter the success of technology is to achieve a strong guarantee. In the tight defensive system of oppression, fully reflects the formation of the last pass before shooting accuracy, as well as direct pass technology, penetrating, so that defensive players caught off guard, the whole defense moments after the collapse.
7. Steal is to obtain the most effective means of rapid counter-attack. Because the nature of football groups, passing the ball technology applications in the race is very common, is also relatively high number of turnovers. In the early to determine when the opponent's defensive line and pass the intention of running through the right to steal the ball intercepted in order to launch quick counter-attack is the most common use of each team, but also from its effective form. Regardless of when and where the spirit must be observed at any time the ball high concentration of development and the opponent's position, grasp steals every possible chance of success.
8. The number of edge will increase the success rate of rapid counter-attack. If you want to fast counter-attack to get numerical superiority, the need in the backcourt players actively plug assists. In particular the avant-garde players up front and the speed advantage can be fully reflected back. Of course, the embodiments of the speed advantages also need good physical protection. Physical abundant spare no effort would be to plug in assists after the opponent's defense to exert greater pressure. Once the number of people is on edge, quickly to counter collusion point line and more volatile, thus effectively increase the success rate of rapid counter-attack.
Football game, the speed is very important, as the practice of deep, awareness-raising, fast counter-attack tactics in today's football matches in the role and status has aroused football veteran, coaches and athletes attention. The right of ball control of gains and losses of the process of the formation of alternating offense and defense conversion. Instant offense and defense conversion in the game and seize the opportunity to fast counter-attacks and catch off and quickly formed the race back to the focus of defense. Information: In the recent sessions of the European Cup, a considerable part of the ball longer than the less than 50% of the team to achieve victory in the game, there are a lot of goals from the fast counter-attack, while there are many scores of arbitrary shape ball, corner kicks, etc. are also obtained by rapid counter-attack. The use of rapid counter-attack tactic ability, and even affects the team as a whole. Therefore, how to improve the use of rapid counter-attacks tactical awareness and ability to score goals to achieve the final victory of the competition each team a common goal.
引文
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[32]张孝平.对足球快速反击战术的探讨[J].浙江体育科技,1994.
[33]耿建华,马成全.谈现代足球战术打法特征[J].西安体育学院学报,2004,21(4):70-72.
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[35]何旭.第17届世界杯足球赛得分途径分析[J].北京体育大学学报,2004,27(1):138-139.
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[38]张晓刚.快速反击战术在我国足球比赛中的应用现状[J].山西师范大学体育学院学报,2003,12.
[39]魏日昂,袁野.对141个进球技战术特点的研究[J].中国体育科技,1995,31(11):30-33.
[40]倪玉明.规则的修改推动足球运动的发展[J].体育.1994:(8),56-59.
[41]孔祥宁,熊焰.足球比赛进攻战术中时空争夺的特征研究[J].天津体育学院学报,2004,19(4):33-35.
[42]王志强.足球攻守技、战术及其哲学思考[J].榆林高等专科学校学报.2002(6):12.
[43]蔡无元.论足球的二次进攻战术.成都体育学院学报[J].1989,02:54
[44]权泽民.浅析现代足球快速反击战术实战效果[J].延边大学学报,2002,9.
[45]赵俊.谈足球进攻中的快速反击战术的应用[J].华南大学学报,2004,3.
[2]杨一民.足球战术[M].北京:人民体育出版社,1996.
[3]王崇喜.球类运动-足球[M].高等教育出版社,2001, (3):345
[4]曹镜鉴.足球竞赛规则与裁判法分析[M],北京:人民体育出版社.1999:6
[5]杨一民,周毅,李飞宇等译.足球获胜公式[M].北京:人民体育出版社,1999.
[6]张国生等.现代足球基本理论[M] ,河北科学技术出版社.1992(1):46-50.
[7]麻学田,李仪.足球比赛理论与实践[M].北京:北京体育大学出版社,2008.
[8]麻学田,张路.足球球迷宝典[M].南昌:江西科学技术出版社,1998.
[9]杨一民.中国体育教练员岗位培训教材——足球[M].北京:人民体育出版社,1997.
[10]麻雪田.足球比赛指南[M].北京:北京体育学院出版社,1984,191.
[11]杨一民.中国体育教练员岗位培训教程:足球[S],北京:人民体育出版社.1997:
[12]亚洲足球联合会编.亚洲足球教练员A级培训教程[S],北京:人民体育出版社.1999:65.
[13]亚洲足球联合会编.亚洲足球教练员C级培训教程[S] ,人民体育出版社.2004:90
[14]中国足球协会审定.足球竞赛规则2007/2008[M]北京:人民体育出版社,2007:61.
[15]杨一民.国际足球发展现状简析[J].北京体育大学学报,1997,20(4):2-5.
[16]麻雪田.足球整体意识特征初探[J].中国体育科技,1995,(4):43-44.
[17]方仁权.第17、18届世界杯足球赛运用快速反击战术的对比分析[J].中国体育科技,2007,(43)3:113-116.
[18]肖建国,吕健力等. 2004年亚洲杯与2004年欧洲杯足球赛运动员犯规特征的比较研究[J].武汉体育学院学报,2006,40(2):64-67
[19]岳兵等.现代足球战术的发展趋势及基本特征[J],河北体育学院学报.2003:17(3),22-24.
[20]方仁权.快速反击战术的运用及其规律[J] .中国体育科技,1987,(8):12-17
[21]王涛.浅析足球进攻战术运用特征[J].湖北体育科技,2000,(1):18-20.
[22]章巍.对高水平足球比赛进球时段的分析[J] .武汉体育学院学报,2004,38(2):111-113.
[23]关辉.防守反击战术若干问题研究[J].中国学校体育,2002(8):89-91.
[24]曹伟民,施志社.探讨足球运动中快速反击进攻的作用[J].安徽体育科技,1996,3.
[25]吴在田.全方位快速反击是得分的主要手段[J].中国体育科技,1995,(4):47.
[26]王永权.浅谈防守反击从丢球时开始[J].沈阳体育学院学报.
[27]吕志刚.谈抢截后的快速反击[J].山东休育科技,1995,(2):19
[28]张兵,李华飞.第17届世界杯足球赛各队战术运用的探讨[J].中国体育科技,2003,39(7):29-31.
[29]牛洪林,赵琪.足球快速反击战术刍议[J].徐州师范学院学报,1995.12
[30]沈国征.试探足球的快速反击战术[J].山西师范大学体育学院学报,1997.6
[31]黄杰聪.论现在足球比赛中的快速反击[J].体育科技,1998.
[32]张孝平.对足球快速反击战术的探讨[J].浙江体育科技,1994.
[33]耿建华,马成全.谈现代足球战术打法特征[J].西安体育学院学报,2004,21(4):70-72.
[34]薛俊.第17届世界杯足球决赛阶段各队进球特征分析[J].中国体育科技,2003,39(7):32-35.
[35]何旭.第17届世界杯足球赛得分途径分析[J].北京体育大学学报,2004,27(1):138-139.
[36]周毅.第16届世界足球锦标赛进球进攻战术运用结构模式的研究[J].西安体育学院学报,1999,16(4):39-42
[37]尹怀容.现代足球比赛基本特征与规律的研究[J].中国体育科技,1997,33(11):7-9.
[38]张晓刚.快速反击战术在我国足球比赛中的应用现状[J].山西师范大学体育学院学报,2003,12.
[39]魏日昂,袁野.对141个进球技战术特点的研究[J].中国体育科技,1995,31(11):30-33.
[40]倪玉明.规则的修改推动足球运动的发展[J].体育.1994:(8),56-59.
[41]孔祥宁,熊焰.足球比赛进攻战术中时空争夺的特征研究[J].天津体育学院学报,2004,19(4):33-35.
[42]王志强.足球攻守技、战术及其哲学思考[J].榆林高等专科学校学报.2002(6):12.
[43]蔡无元.论足球的二次进攻战术.成都体育学院学报[J].1989,02:54
[44]权泽民.浅析现代足球快速反击战术实战效果[J].延边大学学报,2002,9.
[45]赵俊.谈足球进攻中的快速反击战术的应用[J].华南大学学报,2004,3.