变速恒频双馈风力发电系统功率控制技术研究
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摘要
在化石能源即将枯竭和环境污染日益严重的今天,可再生绿色能源的开发和利用对可持续发展具有十分重要的意义。风能凭借其资源丰富、容易开发和性价比高的优势,越来越引起人们的关注。
随着风力发电技术的不断进步,保证风电系统可靠、稳定发电已不再是难题。一方面,风能具有随机性和不稳定性的特点,会使得风力机输出功率随风速变化而变化,输出功率的波动势必会对电网电能质量造成严重的影响；另一方面,风电系统巨额的制造成本和昂贵的维护费用,都要求其在有限的寿命内有更高的发电效率,发出更多的电能。于是,人们希望能够通过有效的功率控制手段,改善风电系统输出电能质量,提高发电效率。因此,本文以当今主流机型的变速恒频双馈风力发电系统为研究对象,对其功率控制技术进行了全面、深入的研究。
本文首先采用双馈感应发电机定子磁链矢量控制实现了风力发电输出有功和无功解耦,使得有功和无功的优化控制变得有意义。之后,基于模糊控制理论分别对有功功率和无功功率的优化控制策略进行了研究。低风速下,以风力机功率增量、转速增量和风速变化信息为输入量,设计了最优转速模糊控制器,在风速稳定和变化情况下均具有良好的最大风能追踪性能；高风速下设计了变论域模糊变桨距控制器,很好的弥补传统PID控制器和常规模糊控制器在变桨距控制中存在的问题,具有良好的稳态、动态调节性能和较强的鲁棒性能。在分析双馈发电机无功-损耗特性基础上,以发电机损耗增量和无功增量为输入,设计了最优无功模糊控制器,通过对发电机无功的优化控制,实现了发电机最小损耗运行。最后,本文使用MATLAB/SIMULINK平台搭建了变速恒频双馈风电系统仿真模型,通过仿真实验,分别验证了各控制策略的正确性和有效性。
In nowadays, fossil energy is being exhausted and environment is polluted more and more seriously, so the development and use of renewable energy are imposed great significance to sustainable development. Wind energy, with its advantages of rich resource, easy development and high cost-effective, are given more and more attention.
With the improvement of wind power technology, ensuring the reliable and stable operation of wind power system is no longer a problem. On the one hand, wind energy has the characteristics of randomness and instability, which will cause the output power of wind turbine varying with the change of wind speed. And the power fluctuations may lead serious impact to the power quality of gird. On the other hand, because of the huge amount of manufacture costs and expensive maintenance costs, the wind power system is demanded to have a higher efficiency and generating more power in its limited life. So the effective power control methods are hoped in wind power system to improve the power quality and increase the generation efficiency. The variable speed constant frequency (VSCF) doubly-fed wind power generation system, the most popular type, is as to the research object in this paper, and its power control techniques are given comprehensive and depth study.
First, the stator flux vector control of doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) is used to implement the decoupling of active power and reactive power, which make the subsequent optimization control of active power and reactive power have its value. Then the optimization control strategy of active power and reactive power is researched based on fuzzy control theory, respectively. At the low wind speed region, the power increment, speed increment of wind turbine and the wind speed change information are used as input variables to design the optimal speed fuzzy controller, which can have a good maximum power point tracking(MPPT) performance both in wind speed stable and change state. At high wind speed region, the variable field fuzzy pitch controller is designed with good static, dynamic performance and strong robustness, which can solve the problems of traditional PID controller and conventional fuzzy controller in pitch control perfectly. After analyzing the reactive power and loss characteristic of DFIG, the loss increment and stator reactive power increment of DFIG are used as input variables to design the optimal reactive power fuzzy controller, which can implement the minimum loss operation of DFIG by regulating stator reactive power. Finally, the simulation models of VSCF doubly-fed wind power system are built in MATLAB/SIMULINK toolbox. The validity and effectiveness of each control strategy mentioned are verified respectively by simulation experiments.
随着风力发电技术的不断进步,保证风电系统可靠、稳定发电已不再是难题。一方面,风能具有随机性和不稳定性的特点,会使得风力机输出功率随风速变化而变化,输出功率的波动势必会对电网电能质量造成严重的影响；另一方面,风电系统巨额的制造成本和昂贵的维护费用,都要求其在有限的寿命内有更高的发电效率,发出更多的电能。于是,人们希望能够通过有效的功率控制手段,改善风电系统输出电能质量,提高发电效率。因此,本文以当今主流机型的变速恒频双馈风力发电系统为研究对象,对其功率控制技术进行了全面、深入的研究。
本文首先采用双馈感应发电机定子磁链矢量控制实现了风力发电输出有功和无功解耦,使得有功和无功的优化控制变得有意义。之后,基于模糊控制理论分别对有功功率和无功功率的优化控制策略进行了研究。低风速下,以风力机功率增量、转速增量和风速变化信息为输入量,设计了最优转速模糊控制器,在风速稳定和变化情况下均具有良好的最大风能追踪性能；高风速下设计了变论域模糊变桨距控制器,很好的弥补传统PID控制器和常规模糊控制器在变桨距控制中存在的问题,具有良好的稳态、动态调节性能和较强的鲁棒性能。在分析双馈发电机无功-损耗特性基础上,以发电机损耗增量和无功增量为输入,设计了最优无功模糊控制器,通过对发电机无功的优化控制,实现了发电机最小损耗运行。最后,本文使用MATLAB/SIMULINK平台搭建了变速恒频双馈风电系统仿真模型,通过仿真实验,分别验证了各控制策略的正确性和有效性。
In nowadays, fossil energy is being exhausted and environment is polluted more and more seriously, so the development and use of renewable energy are imposed great significance to sustainable development. Wind energy, with its advantages of rich resource, easy development and high cost-effective, are given more and more attention.
With the improvement of wind power technology, ensuring the reliable and stable operation of wind power system is no longer a problem. On the one hand, wind energy has the characteristics of randomness and instability, which will cause the output power of wind turbine varying with the change of wind speed. And the power fluctuations may lead serious impact to the power quality of gird. On the other hand, because of the huge amount of manufacture costs and expensive maintenance costs, the wind power system is demanded to have a higher efficiency and generating more power in its limited life. So the effective power control methods are hoped in wind power system to improve the power quality and increase the generation efficiency. The variable speed constant frequency (VSCF) doubly-fed wind power generation system, the most popular type, is as to the research object in this paper, and its power control techniques are given comprehensive and depth study.
First, the stator flux vector control of doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) is used to implement the decoupling of active power and reactive power, which make the subsequent optimization control of active power and reactive power have its value. Then the optimization control strategy of active power and reactive power is researched based on fuzzy control theory, respectively. At the low wind speed region, the power increment, speed increment of wind turbine and the wind speed change information are used as input variables to design the optimal speed fuzzy controller, which can have a good maximum power point tracking(MPPT) performance both in wind speed stable and change state. At high wind speed region, the variable field fuzzy pitch controller is designed with good static, dynamic performance and strong robustness, which can solve the problems of traditional PID controller and conventional fuzzy controller in pitch control perfectly. After analyzing the reactive power and loss characteristic of DFIG, the loss increment and stator reactive power increment of DFIG are used as input variables to design the optimal reactive power fuzzy controller, which can implement the minimum loss operation of DFIG by regulating stator reactive power. Finally, the simulation models of VSCF doubly-fed wind power system are built in MATLAB/SIMULINK toolbox. The validity and effectiveness of each control strategy mentioned are verified respectively by simulation experiments.
引文
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[3]张新房,徐大平,吕跃刚.风力发电技术的发展及若干问题.现代电力,2003(5)：30-36.
[4]舒鹏.双馈感应电机变速恒频风力发电系统控制技术研究：(硕士学位论文).北京：华北电力大学,2007.
[5]刘其辉,贺益康.变速恒频风力发电机空载并网控制.中国电机工程学报,2004,24(3)：6-11.
[6]黄科兀,贺益康,卞松江.矩阵式变换器交流励磁的变速恒频风力发电系统研究.中国电机工程学报,2002(11)：100-105.
[7]黄科兀,贺益康.矩阵式变换器励磁的双馈电机磁场定向控制研究.大电机技术,2003(6)：6-30.
[8]Debiprasad Panda, Eric L et al. A Novel Control Strategy for the Rotor Side Control of a doubly fed Induction Machine.IECON 2001(2):1695-1702.
[9]赵仁德,贺益康,黄科兀等.变速恒频风力发电机用交流励磁电源的研究.电工技术学报,2004(6)：1-6.
[10]倪受元,常振炎.12/20KW交流独立运行风力发电系统的控制系统.风力发电,1991(3)：30-32.
[11]倪受元.风力发电讲座第四讲风力发电系统的并网运行.太阳能,2001(1)：18-20.
[12]何祚庥,王亦楠.风力发电我国能源可持续发展的现实选择.中国三峡建设,2005(5)：25-27.
[13]戴赟,王志新,朱亦帆.变速恒频风力机桨叶电液比例控制系统研究,机电一体化,2006(1)：16-20.
[14]世界风能协会World Wind Energy Report 2008[EB/OL]. (2009-01-09).
[15]梁昌鑫,贾延刚,等.国内外风电的现状和发展趋势.上海电机学院学报,2009,12(1)：73-77.
[16]风力发电装备制造业前景光明.装备制造,2008,7.
[17]风电设备制造产业及公司分析.风力发电,2008,1.
[18]我国政策推动风电设备自主创新.中国投资咨询网,2008,5.
[19]国家发展与改革委员会.能源发展“十一五”规划,2007,4.
[20]Lars Helle, Stig Munk-Nielsen. Comparison of Converter Efficiency in Large Variable Speed Wind Turbines.2001 IEEE:p628-634.
[21]倪受元.风力发电讲库-第三讲：风力发电用的发电机及风力发电系统.太阳能学报,2000(4)：31-36.
[22]马洪飞,徐殿国.几种变速恒频风力发电系统控制方案的对比分析.电工技术杂志,2000(10)：1-4.
[23]刘其辉,贺益康.变速恒频风力发电系统最大风能追踪控制.电力系统自动化,2003,27(20)：62-67.
[24]Tang Y, Xu L. A flexible active and reactive power control strategy for a variable speed constant frequency generating system. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics,1996,10(4):472-478.
[25]姚兴佳,宋俊.风力发电机组原理与应用,北京：机械工业出版社,2009,25-27.
[26]程永卓,李宇红等.振荡扰流提高风力机翼型气动性能的研究.太阳能学报,2003,24(2)：220-223.
[27]叶枝全,黄继雄,陈严.适用于风力机的新翼型气动性能的实验研究.太阳能学报,2003,24(3)：371-375.
[28]陈雷,邢作霞,李强.双馈变速恒频风力发电机稳态运行特性.沈阳工业大学学报,2004,26(2)：149-152.
[29]周剑君,于克训,万能等.定子磁场定向双馈风力发电机稳定性分析.微电机,2007,40(4)：8-11.
[30]孙秋霞.双馈感应风力发电系统的基础理论研究与仿真分析：(硕士学位论文).哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学,2006.
[31]何良.双馈风力发电系统仿真和控制策略研究：(硕士学位论文).上海：上海交通大学,2007.
[32]刘其辉,贺益康,张建华.交流励磁变速恒频双馈型异步发电机的稳态功率关系.电工技术学报,2006,21(2)：39-44.
[33]苑国锋,柴建云,李永东.变速恒频风力发电机组励磁变频器的研究.中国电机工程学报,2005,25(8)：90-94.
[34]王秀丽.双馈型风力发电系统励磁电源控制策略的研究：(硕士学位论文).太原：太原理工大学,2006.
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