常压空气网栅脉冲电离室型测氡仪的设计与实现
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摘要
随着环境污染日益严重以及人们环境保护意识增强,人们更加重视自己的生活环境质量,特别是室内空气质量。从放射性卫生角度看,氡及其衰变子体广泛存在于人们的生活空间,当人体长期处于含氡的环境中,吸入氡气含量高的空气或饮用含氡量高的水体,易于导致癌症的发生。因此,空气氡监测成为世界各国科学界、媒体的热门话题。科学地综合分析居民生活环境中氡对人体健康的潜在危害,查明人们生活空间内氡的来源,进而提出有效可行的防护措施,对提高人们生活质量和改善人们生活环境具有重要实际价值。
氡(Rn)是由镭衰变产生的自然界中唯一的天然放射性惰性气体,无色无味,主要存在于大部分泥土及岩石中(尤其是花岗岩)的镭放射分解时。氡气是一种天然放射性有害气体,人们呼吸时,氡气及其子体随气流进入人体,氡子体是固态,当人吸入后,氡子体不断沉积在呼吸道表面,在局部区域内不断积累,对人体组织形成长期内照射。这种危害在室内及地下场所更为严重,地下住所氡浓度比地面居室高出许多,大约在40倍左右。
为了减小和控制氡对人体的危害性,科学准确地测量空气中氡浓度就成为环境氡气监测的重要措施。生活环境中氡的测量是一个涉及核科学、地球科学、环境科学等多科领域的复杂问题,同时与核技术、电子技术及计算机技术密切相关。低功耗、简便易维护、通用性强、使用方便、性能价格比高、更加人性化操作的测氡设备是今后发展的必然趋势。
本文介绍一种可以监测环境空气中氡及其子体浓度的网栅脉冲电离室型测氡仪,具有测量灵敏度高,测量精度和稳定性好等特点。该测氡仪可广泛应用于环境空气中氡水平的监测,建筑物内部和居民住房内部的氡污染的调查。仪器采用实用新型的常压空气网栅脉冲电离室,电离室与外界相通,环境中的氡气可直接自由扩散到高压腔,在定向电场的作用下,收集电极收集到带电粒子后产生脉冲信号,脉冲信号输送到微处理器系统进行计数处理、存储和显示,根据需要,可以通过USB接口把测量数据上传到计算机显示和分析处理。
仪器采用圆柱形常压空气网栅脉冲电离室型探测器,形状尺寸设计合理,具有良好的测量探测效率和灵敏体积;信号放大甄别电路的前置放大电路采用高阻抗低噪声场效应管放大器OPA604集成芯片,取代常用的场效应管放大,有效提高电路稳定性及抗干扰能力;测氡仪微控制系统芯片选用Cypress公司推出的CY68013A芯片,微控制器系统实现对实时时钟、液晶显示与按键以及程序和数据存储器的设置和控制操作;时钟方面选用美国DALLAS公司推出的实时时钟芯片DS1302芯片,该芯片为一种高性能、低功耗、带RAM的实时时钟芯片,它可以对年、月、日、周、时、分、秒自动计时,从而实现在保存测量数据同时可以保存准确的测量时间信息;在人机交互方面,选用液晶型号为JD12232作为显示黄底黑字的显示类型,设计简洁的4个按键,分别是菜单、向上、向下、确定,实现简单便捷的人性化人机对话;数据存储器选用CAT24WC256芯片,该芯片为256K位串行CMOS结构的E2PROM,内部含有32768个字节,每字节为8位低功耗的数据存储芯片,根据存储数据结构大小计算,可以达到存储3000组测量数据容量;电源芯片选用高效率的开关电源为系统提供需要的工作电源,满足仪器低功耗的要求;针对目前大多数计算机都没有配置RS-232C串行接口,根据系统需要选择USB接口来与计算机进行数据传输,而微控制系统芯片CY68013A芯片最主要优势就是集成了USB接口,实现通过USB接口与计算机进行测量数据传输功能;在应用软件程序方面,采用Visual C++ 6.0面向对象语言及MFC开发出数据传输应用软件,软件界面简洁,实现了传输测量数据和删除测量数据功能。
经过一年多的研究与实验验证工作,主要有以下创新性的研究成果:
(1)探测器的选择上,采用常压空气网栅脉冲电离室型探测器,电离室呈圆柱形网栅结构,环境中的氡气可直接自由扩散到高压腔内,具有明确的灵敏体积和良好的探测效率;
(2)信号放大甄别电路,前置信号放大电路采用高阻抗低噪声场效应管放大器OPA604集成芯片,取代常用的场效应管放大,满足前置放大高输入阻抗要求,有效提高电路稳定性及抗干扰能力;
(3)数据存储器选用CAT24WC256芯片,该芯片为256K位串行CMOS E2PROM,内部含有32768个字节,自行定义设计测量数据结构,根据存储测量数据结构大小计算,可以存储高达3000组测量数据容量;
(4)针对目前大多数计算机都没有配置RS-232C串行接口,根据系统需要选择USB接口来与计算机进行数据传输,实现通过USB接口与计算机进行测量数据传输功能,并开发出相应的数据传输应用软件。
With the increasingly serious environmental pollution and increase people's awareness of environmental protection, people pay more attention to the quality of their living environment, particularly indoor air quality. From the health point of the radioactive ,radon and its decay daughter widespread in people's living space.When people is long in the environment with radon, both inhalating air with high radon and drinking water containing high level of radon easily lead to cancer place. Therefore, the air radon monitor in the world scientific community and media is hot topic. Scientificly comprehensive analysis of living environment, radon potential hazards to human health, to identify people living space radon source, and come up with effective and feasible protective measures, are of great pratical value for improving the quality of people's lives and people's living environment.
Radon (Rn) generated by the natural decay of radium is only natural radioactive inert gas, colorless and tasteless,exist mainly in most of the soil and rocks (especially granite) .Radiation decomposition will produce radon gas. It is a naturally occurring radioactive gas harmful to people's health.When people breath, radon and its progeny with the air enter the body.When people inhaled it , the radon daughters deposited on the airway surface constantly, in the local area accumulation of human tissue formation over the long term exposure. Such hazards in indoor and underground areas is even more serious, underground home radon concentrations much higher than the ground-room is about 40 times.
In order to reduce and control the dangers of radon on the human body, scientific and accurate measurement of radon concentration in the environment has become an important measure of radon gas monitoring. Measurement of radon in the living environment is a complicated issues ,being related to nuclear science, earth science, environmental science and many other subjects .Furthermore it is related closely to nuclear technology, electronic technology and computer technology . Low power consumption, simple and easy to maintain, versatile, easy to use, high cost performance, more humane operation of radon devices is the inevitable trend of future development.
This thesis describes a grid pulse ionization chamber-type radon monitor that can monitor ambient air concentrations of radon and its daughters. The device is with the measurement of high sensitivity, accuracy and good stability. The radon monitor can be widely used in radon levels in ambient air monitoring, building interiors, and residential housing internal investigation of radon pollution. The instrument adopts new grid pulse ionization chamber at atmospheric pressure.Because the air in ionization chamber communicate with the outside world, an environment free of radon gas can be directly spread to the chamber.Under the direction of electric field , the electrode collects charged particles and generates pulse signal.Then,the signals is transmitted to the microprocessor system for count handling, storage and display.If it is necessary, the measure data can be uploaded to the computer through the USB interface,displayed, analysesed and processed.
The instrument adopted a cylindrical mesh pulse ionization chamber detector at atmospheric pressure, which is designed wih reasonable shape and size, with good detection efficiency and sensitivity of the measurement volume.Preamplifier of signal amplification and screening circuit selected high impedance low noise FET amplifier OPA604 integrated chips, replacig the common FET amplification, it effectively improve the circuit stability and anti-jamming capability. Measuring radon control system selected CY68013A chip which is introduced by Cypress.Micro-controller system achieve to control real-time clock, LCD display and buttons, as well as program and data memory settings and control operations.Real clock selected Real Time Clock Chip DS1302 chip which is lauched by DALLAS in the United States launched .The chip is a high-performance, low power, real-time clock chip with RAM.It can be years, months, days, weeks, hours, minutes, seconds automatic timing.Then the system realizes to In order to maintain accurate time information as saving the measurement datas. In human-computer interaction, the system selects JD12232 LCD display yellow as shown in black type, designs 4 simple keys including menu, up, down and OK,achieving simple and convenient man-machine dialogue. Data memory chips are CAT24WC256 chip which is 256K-bit Serial CMOS structure E2PROM, internally containing 32,768 bytes.Each byte is 8 bit low power data storage chips.By calculating the size of stored data structure,the system can achieve a storage group 3000 measurement data capacity. Selection of highly efficient switching power chip to supply the system,it demandes instrument's requirement of low power consumption.Becaus most computers do not be configured RS-232C Serial interfaces now,the system select USB interface to transmit datas with the computer .And the micro-control chip CY68013A integrates USB interface and realizes easily to transmit measure datas through the USB interface with computor.In the application procedures, using Visual C++ 6.0 and the MFC object-oriented language developes data transmission applications.The software interface is simple to achieve the transfer measurement data and delete measurement datas functions.
After a year of research and experimental verification, mainly in the following innovative research results are:
(1) In the choice of detector, using atmospheric air mesh pulse ionization chamber which is cylindrical mesh structure.The environment free of radon gas can be directly spread to the high pressure chamber, with a clear size and sensitivity good detection efficiency.
(2) At screening signal amplification circuit,, the signal pre-amplifier selects high impedance low noise FET amplifier OPA604 chip, replace the common FET amplification, meet high input impedance requirement of preamplifier , effectively improve the circuit stability and anti-jamming capacity.
(3) At the memory chip,the system selects CAT24WC256 data memory chip which is 256K-bit Serial CMOS E2PROM, containing 32,768 bytes of internal self-defined data structure design of measurement,.According to the size of stored measurement data structure calculation, it can store up to 3000 measurement datas.
(4) For the majority of computers are not configured the current RS-232C serial interface, according to the system need to select the USB interface to computer data transmission, the system achieves to transmit measurement datas with computor through the USB interface , and develops the corresponding data transfer applications software.
氡(Rn)是由镭衰变产生的自然界中唯一的天然放射性惰性气体,无色无味,主要存在于大部分泥土及岩石中(尤其是花岗岩)的镭放射分解时。氡气是一种天然放射性有害气体,人们呼吸时,氡气及其子体随气流进入人体,氡子体是固态,当人吸入后,氡子体不断沉积在呼吸道表面,在局部区域内不断积累,对人体组织形成长期内照射。这种危害在室内及地下场所更为严重,地下住所氡浓度比地面居室高出许多,大约在40倍左右。
为了减小和控制氡对人体的危害性,科学准确地测量空气中氡浓度就成为环境氡气监测的重要措施。生活环境中氡的测量是一个涉及核科学、地球科学、环境科学等多科领域的复杂问题,同时与核技术、电子技术及计算机技术密切相关。低功耗、简便易维护、通用性强、使用方便、性能价格比高、更加人性化操作的测氡设备是今后发展的必然趋势。
本文介绍一种可以监测环境空气中氡及其子体浓度的网栅脉冲电离室型测氡仪,具有测量灵敏度高,测量精度和稳定性好等特点。该测氡仪可广泛应用于环境空气中氡水平的监测,建筑物内部和居民住房内部的氡污染的调查。仪器采用实用新型的常压空气网栅脉冲电离室,电离室与外界相通,环境中的氡气可直接自由扩散到高压腔,在定向电场的作用下,收集电极收集到带电粒子后产生脉冲信号,脉冲信号输送到微处理器系统进行计数处理、存储和显示,根据需要,可以通过USB接口把测量数据上传到计算机显示和分析处理。
仪器采用圆柱形常压空气网栅脉冲电离室型探测器,形状尺寸设计合理,具有良好的测量探测效率和灵敏体积;信号放大甄别电路的前置放大电路采用高阻抗低噪声场效应管放大器OPA604集成芯片,取代常用的场效应管放大,有效提高电路稳定性及抗干扰能力;测氡仪微控制系统芯片选用Cypress公司推出的CY68013A芯片,微控制器系统实现对实时时钟、液晶显示与按键以及程序和数据存储器的设置和控制操作;时钟方面选用美国DALLAS公司推出的实时时钟芯片DS1302芯片,该芯片为一种高性能、低功耗、带RAM的实时时钟芯片,它可以对年、月、日、周、时、分、秒自动计时,从而实现在保存测量数据同时可以保存准确的测量时间信息;在人机交互方面,选用液晶型号为JD12232作为显示黄底黑字的显示类型,设计简洁的4个按键,分别是菜单、向上、向下、确定,实现简单便捷的人性化人机对话;数据存储器选用CAT24WC256芯片,该芯片为256K位串行CMOS结构的E2PROM,内部含有32768个字节,每字节为8位低功耗的数据存储芯片,根据存储数据结构大小计算,可以达到存储3000组测量数据容量;电源芯片选用高效率的开关电源为系统提供需要的工作电源,满足仪器低功耗的要求;针对目前大多数计算机都没有配置RS-232C串行接口,根据系统需要选择USB接口来与计算机进行数据传输,而微控制系统芯片CY68013A芯片最主要优势就是集成了USB接口,实现通过USB接口与计算机进行测量数据传输功能;在应用软件程序方面,采用Visual C++ 6.0面向对象语言及MFC开发出数据传输应用软件,软件界面简洁,实现了传输测量数据和删除测量数据功能。
经过一年多的研究与实验验证工作,主要有以下创新性的研究成果:
(1)探测器的选择上,采用常压空气网栅脉冲电离室型探测器,电离室呈圆柱形网栅结构,环境中的氡气可直接自由扩散到高压腔内,具有明确的灵敏体积和良好的探测效率;
(2)信号放大甄别电路,前置信号放大电路采用高阻抗低噪声场效应管放大器OPA604集成芯片,取代常用的场效应管放大,满足前置放大高输入阻抗要求,有效提高电路稳定性及抗干扰能力;
(3)数据存储器选用CAT24WC256芯片,该芯片为256K位串行CMOS E2PROM,内部含有32768个字节,自行定义设计测量数据结构,根据存储测量数据结构大小计算,可以存储高达3000组测量数据容量;
(4)针对目前大多数计算机都没有配置RS-232C串行接口,根据系统需要选择USB接口来与计算机进行数据传输,实现通过USB接口与计算机进行测量数据传输功能,并开发出相应的数据传输应用软件。
With the increasingly serious environmental pollution and increase people's awareness of environmental protection, people pay more attention to the quality of their living environment, particularly indoor air quality. From the health point of the radioactive ,radon and its decay daughter widespread in people's living space.When people is long in the environment with radon, both inhalating air with high radon and drinking water containing high level of radon easily lead to cancer place. Therefore, the air radon monitor in the world scientific community and media is hot topic. Scientificly comprehensive analysis of living environment, radon potential hazards to human health, to identify people living space radon source, and come up with effective and feasible protective measures, are of great pratical value for improving the quality of people's lives and people's living environment.
Radon (Rn) generated by the natural decay of radium is only natural radioactive inert gas, colorless and tasteless,exist mainly in most of the soil and rocks (especially granite) .Radiation decomposition will produce radon gas. It is a naturally occurring radioactive gas harmful to people's health.When people breath, radon and its progeny with the air enter the body.When people inhaled it , the radon daughters deposited on the airway surface constantly, in the local area accumulation of human tissue formation over the long term exposure. Such hazards in indoor and underground areas is even more serious, underground home radon concentrations much higher than the ground-room is about 40 times.
In order to reduce and control the dangers of radon on the human body, scientific and accurate measurement of radon concentration in the environment has become an important measure of radon gas monitoring. Measurement of radon in the living environment is a complicated issues ,being related to nuclear science, earth science, environmental science and many other subjects .Furthermore it is related closely to nuclear technology, electronic technology and computer technology . Low power consumption, simple and easy to maintain, versatile, easy to use, high cost performance, more humane operation of radon devices is the inevitable trend of future development.
This thesis describes a grid pulse ionization chamber-type radon monitor that can monitor ambient air concentrations of radon and its daughters. The device is with the measurement of high sensitivity, accuracy and good stability. The radon monitor can be widely used in radon levels in ambient air monitoring, building interiors, and residential housing internal investigation of radon pollution. The instrument adopts new grid pulse ionization chamber at atmospheric pressure.Because the air in ionization chamber communicate with the outside world, an environment free of radon gas can be directly spread to the chamber.Under the direction of electric field , the electrode collects charged particles and generates pulse signal.Then,the signals is transmitted to the microprocessor system for count handling, storage and display.If it is necessary, the measure data can be uploaded to the computer through the USB interface,displayed, analysesed and processed.
The instrument adopted a cylindrical mesh pulse ionization chamber detector at atmospheric pressure, which is designed wih reasonable shape and size, with good detection efficiency and sensitivity of the measurement volume.Preamplifier of signal amplification and screening circuit selected high impedance low noise FET amplifier OPA604 integrated chips, replacig the common FET amplification, it effectively improve the circuit stability and anti-jamming capability. Measuring radon control system selected CY68013A chip which is introduced by Cypress.Micro-controller system achieve to control real-time clock, LCD display and buttons, as well as program and data memory settings and control operations.Real clock selected Real Time Clock Chip DS1302 chip which is lauched by DALLAS in the United States launched .The chip is a high-performance, low power, real-time clock chip with RAM.It can be years, months, days, weeks, hours, minutes, seconds automatic timing.Then the system realizes to In order to maintain accurate time information as saving the measurement datas. In human-computer interaction, the system selects JD12232 LCD display yellow as shown in black type, designs 4 simple keys including menu, up, down and OK,achieving simple and convenient man-machine dialogue. Data memory chips are CAT24WC256 chip which is 256K-bit Serial CMOS structure E2PROM, internally containing 32,768 bytes.Each byte is 8 bit low power data storage chips.By calculating the size of stored data structure,the system can achieve a storage group 3000 measurement data capacity. Selection of highly efficient switching power chip to supply the system,it demandes instrument's requirement of low power consumption.Becaus most computers do not be configured RS-232C Serial interfaces now,the system select USB interface to transmit datas with the computer .And the micro-control chip CY68013A integrates USB interface and realizes easily to transmit measure datas through the USB interface with computor.In the application procedures, using Visual C++ 6.0 and the MFC object-oriented language developes data transmission applications.The software interface is simple to achieve the transfer measurement data and delete measurement datas functions.
After a year of research and experimental verification, mainly in the following innovative research results are:
(1) In the choice of detector, using atmospheric air mesh pulse ionization chamber which is cylindrical mesh structure.The environment free of radon gas can be directly spread to the high pressure chamber, with a clear size and sensitivity good detection efficiency.
(2) At screening signal amplification circuit,, the signal pre-amplifier selects high impedance low noise FET amplifier OPA604 chip, replace the common FET amplification, meet high input impedance requirement of preamplifier , effectively improve the circuit stability and anti-jamming capacity.
(3) At the memory chip,the system selects CAT24WC256 data memory chip which is 256K-bit Serial CMOS E2PROM, containing 32,768 bytes of internal self-defined data structure design of measurement,.According to the size of stored measurement data structure calculation, it can store up to 3000 measurement datas.
(4) For the majority of computers are not configured the current RS-232C serial interface, according to the system need to select the USB interface to computer data transmission, the system achieves to transmit measurement datas with computor through the USB interface , and develops the corresponding data transfer applications software.
引文
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