赛珍珠与何巴特的中美跨国写作
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摘要
美国新教在华传教运动持续了一个多世纪,在中国社会从传统向现代转型的过程中发挥了一定的影响。目前学界从传教史和文化交流史角度对这一运动有了比较深入的研究,但对占传教士主体的女传教士的微观研究却很不足,屈指可数的研究仅局限于美国“妇女研究”领域。女传教士研究面临的最主要困难是差会正式记录的匮乏,这是女传教士在传教界遭受性别歧视的历史结果。由此,本课题从新历史主义的文本观,探索女传教士研究的另一种可能性,即从女传教士的跨国书写切入相关的主题研究。在这一目的指引下,本课题选择了赛珍珠和何巴特这两位著述颇丰的女传教士作家,以她们的跨国写作为蓝本,力图揭示身处中美两种文化交汇的边疆带上的这一特殊群体所具有的“边疆意识”。
本课题在新历史主义和后殖民主义的理论视域下展开研究,综合使用女性主义批评、东方主义批评和揭示中产阶级女性与帝国共谋关系的“天定齐家”理论,以此建立研究的基本学理框架。在文本解读方法上借鉴赛义德提出并证明行之有效的权威分析法,即“策略性定位”和“策略性建构”,尽可能全面展示女传教士在协调国家身份、宗教文化身份、种族身份和性别身份过程中产生的“边疆意识”。全文以女传教士的性别身份为中心,以性别身份与其它三个强势身份的协调与对抗为脉络,展开下述七个方面的研究：
第一章探讨“天定齐家”与“天定使命”的关系,为后续研究提供理论框架和历史语境。首先,分析“天定使命”话语内含的宗教激情与扩张主义指向,由此揭示新教来华传教的政治与宗教本质；其次,介绍特纳“边疆学说”的文化内涵；第三,探讨将女性束缚于居家空间的“纯正女性风范”话语和将女性送往海外的“天定使命”话语之间的逻辑矛盾,指出正是“家”与“国”概念在帝国主义思维中的可互换性,促成女传教士以“帝国的齐家者”身份奔赴海外,履行帝国进程中女性的“天定齐家”职责,同时又不挑战故国父权制的社会结构。
第二章探讨美国在华传教边疆的女性空间。首先讨论“纯正女性风范”内含的虔诚、贞洁、温顺和齐家这几个主要参数在殖民语境中的变化,并以传记《流亡者》为蓝本,展示女传教士在华“帝国齐家”的文化策略；接着分析女传教士“双性同体”殖民身份的产生过程,仍然以凯丽的心路历程,分析不同女传教士对自然性属被帝国主义“异化”的态度；最后结合具体文本指出女传教士的“边疆意识”有助于她们形成文化相对主义观念。
第三章集中于何巴特特殊的跨界经历以及相关书写,探讨美国在华帝国事业的另一支——商业边疆,以及其中的两性空间分野,揭示个体拓疆者和国家意志之间欲拒还迎的复杂关系。首先揭示为商界“齐家”的“公司伴妻”们不得不附和帝国话语以证明自身在华“齐家”的合理性；接着分析美国商界男性在拓疆主体公司化后,个人主义边疆精神的凋零；最后分析男女两性在海外边疆中打破性别空间分野的可能性。
第四章重点讨论女传教士与国家意志共谋的思想表现之一“恩扶主义”。首先,结合美国新教在华传教史,讨论赛珍珠和何巴特的跨国文本所不断倡导的,以基督教社会福音主义拯救中国的改良主义思想；其次,讨论二人设想的,以具有美国民主思想的留美学生走向群众,间接拯救中国的思想,最后讨论“恩扶主义”思想面对中国革命兴起而产生的情感和意识形态困境。
第五章主要讨论国家身份对审美活动的影响,分析赛珍珠和何巴特如何以或隐喻或直白的方式,通过文本的审美建构,将中国边疆化为美国的海外领土。首先分析了《大地》的“西部边疆”隐喻和赛珍珠思想中内化的杰斐逊主义边疆观；,继而分析何巴特的《满洲札记》如何通过不断与美国的拓殖史互文,直白地将中国看成等待美国征服的边疆；最后,讨论中国被边疆化而产生的唯美主义暴虐和帝国主义的怀旧。
第六章主要讨论女性身份在获取他者知识方面的优势,以及这种优势对中国形象书写的影响。首先展示赛珍珠如何使用民族志写作手法重写中国形象,继而梳理赛珍珠为解构既有的华人刻板形象所做的学术努力,如中国小说译介和述评,最后补充指出像何巴特那样困守于“文化飞地”的美国女性,在创新“他者”形象方面的知识局限。
第七章主要以赛珍珠为案例,研究女传教士回国后的身份定位。首先从后殖民理论视角展示赛珍珠如何利用白人种族身份的优势,以及公共言说空间华人知识分子的结构性空缺,确立自己的中国通权威身份,打破两性空间的藩篱；在此基础上,通过赛珍珠的非叙事类写作和社会活动,如建立“东西协会”开展国际文化交流,主持《亚洲》杂志的区域研究等,力图简要地勾勒出赛珍珠为种族平等、两性平等和世界和平所做的努力；最后,归纳指出赛珍珠代言中国所无法摆脱的东方主义视域局限。
以上七个方面的综合研究显示,来华新教女传教士的“边疆”,既是地理实体,也是心理隐喻,她们的“边疆意识”产生于性别身份和强势的国家身份、宗教文化身份、种族身份间不断协调的过程,每一个女传教士都在性别与其它三种身份形成的张力场中为自己定位,努力在成就感与异化感之间寻求平衡。
Protestant missionary movement in China, which lasted for more than a century and leaves a significant mark on Chinese transformation to modernity, has been adequately studied in the field of missionary history. However, missionary women, the majority of the missionary community, are academically neglected for lack of historical records at the patriarchal mission boards. Partly with an academic breakthrough in mind, the dissertation, armed with new historicism, attempts to explore an alternative possibility to study missionary women through their transnational writings. With frontier sense as the dominant topic, my research takes Pearl S. Buck and Alice T. Hobart's abundant writings as a case study to learn more about the missionary women in China.
Carried out with a new historicist and postcolonial view, my study is set in a combined theoretical framework of Amy Kaplan's Manifest Domesticity, Edward W. Said's Orientalism, as well as feminist theories of gender and androgyny. Efficient methodological devices like strategic location and strategic formation, which have been well expounded and successfully used by Edward Said, are adopted to illustrate the formation of frontier sense in the process of constant negotiation between missionary women's gender and her national, racial and religious identities. Corresponding to missionary women's historical reality, the dissertation pivots on their gender and advances analytical work along the three dimensions of tension between gender and nation, gender and Christianity, as well as gender and race.
Chapter 1 is to find out the logical connection between "Manifest Domesticity" and "Manifest Destiny", thereby to set a theoretical framework and historical context for the following studies. Religious passion and expansionism embedded in "Manifest Destiny" are first discussed to show the political and religious dynamics behind protestant movement in China. Frederick J. Turner's Frontier Thesis is cited and re-interpreted to show the cultural fiber in the concept of "frontier". The most significant part of this chapter is to level the logical opposition between "True Womanhood" and "Manifest Destiny", for while the former confines women to domesticity, the latter sends women far beyond such a confine. The dual referents of "domestic" in imperial expansionism is proved to unite the two into "Manifest Domesticity", which justifies missionary women's domesticity for imperial purpose, while brings no challenge to gender ideology in America.
Chapter 2 explores women's sphere of American protestant frontier in China. Transformation of the 4 major parameters of "True Womanhood" like piety, purity, submission and domesticity are fully weighed up to show the complicity between gender and national, Christian and racial identities. Carrie in The Exile is analyzed to showcase cultural strategies of imperial domesticity in China. Cultural and professional androgyny of missionary women in colonial context is also discussed with proper attention to some women's revolt against such imperial alienation of gender. However, frontier sense in the cultural contact zone is proved to help missionary women out of chauvinist outlook and into cultural relativism.
Chapter 3 takes into consideration Hobart's double affiliation with American missionary and industrial enterprises in China, so as to learn about frontier individuals in separate gender spheres. Company wives are excluded from market sphere and quite lost in an alien culture, but they have to adhere to the grand narrative of national expansion to survive their disillusionment, while their husbands have to give up their individuality when dehumanizing corporations assumes pioneering subjectivity.
Chapter 4 discusses American paternalism to the future of China. Such paternalism is first embodied in Social Gospel promoted by some protestant missionaries and both Buck and Hobart are active advocates of this school. However, the limitation of Social Gospel forces them to think of an alternative way to save China, and they begin to turn their hope to young Chinese who have been educated in America and armed with populism. Dilemma of their paternalism is also outlined when they are faced with Chinese nationalism and revolution.
Chapter 5 pays attention to P. S. Buck and A. T. Hobart's frontierization of China in either direct or metaphorical form. The Good Earth is but a metaphor of Jeffersonian frontier and Manchu is a virgin land to be conquered and possessed by America in Hobart's narratives. Frontierization of China is a combination of aesthetic violence and imperial nostalgia.
Chapter 6 traces the influence of frontier sense on the representation of Chinese images by missionary women. Their gender identity entitles them to get involved in Chinese domestic life and have an advantage in acquiring expertise of China. P. S. Buck's ethnographical writing style, which authorizes her in the position of China expert, is a proven advantage of missionary women's female existence in the Orient. P. S. Buck's academic effort in translation and interpretation of Chinese novel also helps to update Chinese images among American readership. Hobart can serve as a negative comparison against Buck for her inability to rewrite Chinese stereotypes due to her exclusive concession life.
Chapter 7 traces the life and work of returned missionary women in America and shows how years'marginality has sharpened their sight into social evils in both China and America. They begin to preach to American people the long-forgotten American values that legalize American superiority and exceptionalism. P. S. Buck is one who takes advantage of her expertise to break through the barrier between women's sphere and the public and wins for herself the maximum domain of speech and audience, though she never shakes off her orientalist limitation.
Research carried out in the above 7 dimensions indicates that frontier to missionary women is both geographical and metaphorical, and their frontier sense emerges from the negotiation process between their gender identity and their national, racial and Christian identities. Each missionary woman endeavors to balance herself in a field of tensions between all her identities, as well as between the sense of achievement and sense of alienation.
本课题在新历史主义和后殖民主义的理论视域下展开研究,综合使用女性主义批评、东方主义批评和揭示中产阶级女性与帝国共谋关系的“天定齐家”理论,以此建立研究的基本学理框架。在文本解读方法上借鉴赛义德提出并证明行之有效的权威分析法,即“策略性定位”和“策略性建构”,尽可能全面展示女传教士在协调国家身份、宗教文化身份、种族身份和性别身份过程中产生的“边疆意识”。全文以女传教士的性别身份为中心,以性别身份与其它三个强势身份的协调与对抗为脉络,展开下述七个方面的研究：
第一章探讨“天定齐家”与“天定使命”的关系,为后续研究提供理论框架和历史语境。首先,分析“天定使命”话语内含的宗教激情与扩张主义指向,由此揭示新教来华传教的政治与宗教本质；其次,介绍特纳“边疆学说”的文化内涵；第三,探讨将女性束缚于居家空间的“纯正女性风范”话语和将女性送往海外的“天定使命”话语之间的逻辑矛盾,指出正是“家”与“国”概念在帝国主义思维中的可互换性,促成女传教士以“帝国的齐家者”身份奔赴海外,履行帝国进程中女性的“天定齐家”职责,同时又不挑战故国父权制的社会结构。
第二章探讨美国在华传教边疆的女性空间。首先讨论“纯正女性风范”内含的虔诚、贞洁、温顺和齐家这几个主要参数在殖民语境中的变化,并以传记《流亡者》为蓝本,展示女传教士在华“帝国齐家”的文化策略；接着分析女传教士“双性同体”殖民身份的产生过程,仍然以凯丽的心路历程,分析不同女传教士对自然性属被帝国主义“异化”的态度；最后结合具体文本指出女传教士的“边疆意识”有助于她们形成文化相对主义观念。
第三章集中于何巴特特殊的跨界经历以及相关书写,探讨美国在华帝国事业的另一支——商业边疆,以及其中的两性空间分野,揭示个体拓疆者和国家意志之间欲拒还迎的复杂关系。首先揭示为商界“齐家”的“公司伴妻”们不得不附和帝国话语以证明自身在华“齐家”的合理性；接着分析美国商界男性在拓疆主体公司化后,个人主义边疆精神的凋零；最后分析男女两性在海外边疆中打破性别空间分野的可能性。
第四章重点讨论女传教士与国家意志共谋的思想表现之一“恩扶主义”。首先,结合美国新教在华传教史,讨论赛珍珠和何巴特的跨国文本所不断倡导的,以基督教社会福音主义拯救中国的改良主义思想；其次,讨论二人设想的,以具有美国民主思想的留美学生走向群众,间接拯救中国的思想,最后讨论“恩扶主义”思想面对中国革命兴起而产生的情感和意识形态困境。
第五章主要讨论国家身份对审美活动的影响,分析赛珍珠和何巴特如何以或隐喻或直白的方式,通过文本的审美建构,将中国边疆化为美国的海外领土。首先分析了《大地》的“西部边疆”隐喻和赛珍珠思想中内化的杰斐逊主义边疆观；,继而分析何巴特的《满洲札记》如何通过不断与美国的拓殖史互文,直白地将中国看成等待美国征服的边疆；最后,讨论中国被边疆化而产生的唯美主义暴虐和帝国主义的怀旧。
第六章主要讨论女性身份在获取他者知识方面的优势,以及这种优势对中国形象书写的影响。首先展示赛珍珠如何使用民族志写作手法重写中国形象,继而梳理赛珍珠为解构既有的华人刻板形象所做的学术努力,如中国小说译介和述评,最后补充指出像何巴特那样困守于“文化飞地”的美国女性,在创新“他者”形象方面的知识局限。
第七章主要以赛珍珠为案例,研究女传教士回国后的身份定位。首先从后殖民理论视角展示赛珍珠如何利用白人种族身份的优势,以及公共言说空间华人知识分子的结构性空缺,确立自己的中国通权威身份,打破两性空间的藩篱；在此基础上,通过赛珍珠的非叙事类写作和社会活动,如建立“东西协会”开展国际文化交流,主持《亚洲》杂志的区域研究等,力图简要地勾勒出赛珍珠为种族平等、两性平等和世界和平所做的努力；最后,归纳指出赛珍珠代言中国所无法摆脱的东方主义视域局限。
以上七个方面的综合研究显示,来华新教女传教士的“边疆”,既是地理实体,也是心理隐喻,她们的“边疆意识”产生于性别身份和强势的国家身份、宗教文化身份、种族身份间不断协调的过程,每一个女传教士都在性别与其它三种身份形成的张力场中为自己定位,努力在成就感与异化感之间寻求平衡。
Protestant missionary movement in China, which lasted for more than a century and leaves a significant mark on Chinese transformation to modernity, has been adequately studied in the field of missionary history. However, missionary women, the majority of the missionary community, are academically neglected for lack of historical records at the patriarchal mission boards. Partly with an academic breakthrough in mind, the dissertation, armed with new historicism, attempts to explore an alternative possibility to study missionary women through their transnational writings. With frontier sense as the dominant topic, my research takes Pearl S. Buck and Alice T. Hobart's abundant writings as a case study to learn more about the missionary women in China.
Carried out with a new historicist and postcolonial view, my study is set in a combined theoretical framework of Amy Kaplan's Manifest Domesticity, Edward W. Said's Orientalism, as well as feminist theories of gender and androgyny. Efficient methodological devices like strategic location and strategic formation, which have been well expounded and successfully used by Edward Said, are adopted to illustrate the formation of frontier sense in the process of constant negotiation between missionary women's gender and her national, racial and religious identities. Corresponding to missionary women's historical reality, the dissertation pivots on their gender and advances analytical work along the three dimensions of tension between gender and nation, gender and Christianity, as well as gender and race.
Chapter 1 is to find out the logical connection between "Manifest Domesticity" and "Manifest Destiny", thereby to set a theoretical framework and historical context for the following studies. Religious passion and expansionism embedded in "Manifest Destiny" are first discussed to show the political and religious dynamics behind protestant movement in China. Frederick J. Turner's Frontier Thesis is cited and re-interpreted to show the cultural fiber in the concept of "frontier". The most significant part of this chapter is to level the logical opposition between "True Womanhood" and "Manifest Destiny", for while the former confines women to domesticity, the latter sends women far beyond such a confine. The dual referents of "domestic" in imperial expansionism is proved to unite the two into "Manifest Domesticity", which justifies missionary women's domesticity for imperial purpose, while brings no challenge to gender ideology in America.
Chapter 2 explores women's sphere of American protestant frontier in China. Transformation of the 4 major parameters of "True Womanhood" like piety, purity, submission and domesticity are fully weighed up to show the complicity between gender and national, Christian and racial identities. Carrie in The Exile is analyzed to showcase cultural strategies of imperial domesticity in China. Cultural and professional androgyny of missionary women in colonial context is also discussed with proper attention to some women's revolt against such imperial alienation of gender. However, frontier sense in the cultural contact zone is proved to help missionary women out of chauvinist outlook and into cultural relativism.
Chapter 3 takes into consideration Hobart's double affiliation with American missionary and industrial enterprises in China, so as to learn about frontier individuals in separate gender spheres. Company wives are excluded from market sphere and quite lost in an alien culture, but they have to adhere to the grand narrative of national expansion to survive their disillusionment, while their husbands have to give up their individuality when dehumanizing corporations assumes pioneering subjectivity.
Chapter 4 discusses American paternalism to the future of China. Such paternalism is first embodied in Social Gospel promoted by some protestant missionaries and both Buck and Hobart are active advocates of this school. However, the limitation of Social Gospel forces them to think of an alternative way to save China, and they begin to turn their hope to young Chinese who have been educated in America and armed with populism. Dilemma of their paternalism is also outlined when they are faced with Chinese nationalism and revolution.
Chapter 5 pays attention to P. S. Buck and A. T. Hobart's frontierization of China in either direct or metaphorical form. The Good Earth is but a metaphor of Jeffersonian frontier and Manchu is a virgin land to be conquered and possessed by America in Hobart's narratives. Frontierization of China is a combination of aesthetic violence and imperial nostalgia.
Chapter 6 traces the influence of frontier sense on the representation of Chinese images by missionary women. Their gender identity entitles them to get involved in Chinese domestic life and have an advantage in acquiring expertise of China. P. S. Buck's ethnographical writing style, which authorizes her in the position of China expert, is a proven advantage of missionary women's female existence in the Orient. P. S. Buck's academic effort in translation and interpretation of Chinese novel also helps to update Chinese images among American readership. Hobart can serve as a negative comparison against Buck for her inability to rewrite Chinese stereotypes due to her exclusive concession life.
Chapter 7 traces the life and work of returned missionary women in America and shows how years'marginality has sharpened their sight into social evils in both China and America. They begin to preach to American people the long-forgotten American values that legalize American superiority and exceptionalism. P. S. Buck is one who takes advantage of her expertise to break through the barrier between women's sphere and the public and wins for herself the maximum domain of speech and audience, though she never shakes off her orientalist limitation.
Research carried out in the above 7 dimensions indicates that frontier to missionary women is both geographical and metaphorical, and their frontier sense emerges from the negotiation process between their gender identity and their national, racial and Christian identities. Each missionary woman endeavors to balance herself in a field of tensions between all her identities, as well as between the sense of achievement and sense of alienation.
引文
①[美]费正清编：《传教事业对中美两国的影响》(John K. Fairbank ed., The Missionary Enterprise in China and America, Cambridge: Harvard University Press,1974, p.1.)
②[美]韩德：《一种特殊关系的形成——1914年前的美国与中国》(Michael H. Hunt, The Making of a Special Relationship: The United States and China to 1914, New York: Columbia University Press,1983, p.40.)
③史静寰、熊志勇：《文化边缘人物的困惑与思考——中国出生的美国传教士子女与二十世纪前半期的中美关系》,《美国研究》,1994年第4期,第94-113页。
④[美]哈罗德.伊罗生(Harold Isaacs):《美国的中国形象》(Scratches on Our Minds:American Images of China and India),于殿利、陆日宇译,北京：中华书局,2006，第40页。
⑤“文化侵略”论是1949年以来中国史学界诠释和评估近代西方在华文化和教育事业,特别是传教士在华活动的主要范式,代表著作是顾长声的《传教士与近代中国》(上海：上海人民出版社,1981年。) 费正清：《70年代的任务》(John K. Fairbank, "Assignment for the'70's," The American Historical Review, Vol.74, No.3, Feb.,1969, pp.875-876.)
①费正清在1936年完成了以研究中国沿海贸易与外交为主体的博士论文,并通过了答辩,经过近20年的完善与修正,这篇论文才由哈佛大学出版社正式出版。这部著作奠定了费正清作为晚清外交和制度史方面杰出历史学家的地位。见[美]费正清：《在中国沿海的贸易和外交：通商口岸的开放,1842-1854》(John K. Fairbank, Trade and Diplomacy on the China Coast: The Openinf of the Treaty Ports,1842-1854, Cambridge: Harvard University Press,1953.)
②[美]费正清(John K. Fairbank):《70年代的任务》(John K. Fairbank, "Assignment for the'70's," The American Historical Review, Vol.74, No.3, Feb.,1969, p.877.)
①[美]克利夫顿·J.菲利普：《新教的美国与异教的世界：美部会的前半世纪,1810-1860))(Clifton J. Philips, Protestant America and the Pagan World: The First Half Century of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions,1810-1860, Cambridge: Harvard University Press,1969.)这是一篇被忽视了15年的博士论文,直到1969年才作为哈佛大学的东亚研究丛书之一出版。
②[美]柯文：《中国和基督教：1860-1870年传教活动与中国排外主义的增长》(Paul A. Cohen, The Missionary and the Growth of Chinese Antiforeignism,1860-1870, Cambridge: Harvard University Press,1963.)
③[美]埃尔斯沃斯·卡尔森：《1847-1880年在福州的传教活动》(Ellsworth Carlson, The Fuchow Missionary, 1847-1880, Cambridge: Harvard University Press,1974.)
④主要还有如下几部：(1)[美]刘广京编：《美国传教士在中国》(Kwang-Ching Liu ed., American Missionaries in China, Cambridge, Mass.:Harvard University Press,1966.) (2)[美]班乃德：《傅兰雅：西方科学技术在19世纪中国的介绍人》(Adrian Arthur Bennett, John Fryer: The Introduction of Western Science and Technology into 19th Century China, Cambridge, Mass.:Harvard University Press,1967.) (3)[美]悉尼·A.福赛思：《一个美国传教团在中国的岁月：1895-1905》(Sidney A. Forsythe, An American Missionary Community in China,1895-1905, Cambridge, Mass.:Harvard University Press,1971.) (4)[美]菲利普·韦斯特：《燕京大学和中西关系,1916-1952)) (Philip West, Yenching University and Sino-Western Relations, 1916-1952, Cambridge, Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976.) (5)[美]瓦伦·H.瑞博：《1880-1920美国在华差会的国内基础》(Valentin H. Rabe, The Home Base of American China Mission,1880-1920, Cambridge, Mass.:Harvard University Press,1978.) (6)[美]雪莉·加特勒：《中国城市的社会改革者：1895-1926年间的中国基督教青年会》(Shirley Garrett, Social Reformers in Urban China: The Chinese Y. M. C. A., 1895-1926, Mass.:Harvard University Press,1990.)等。此外值得重视的还有[美]杰西·卢茨：《中国和教会大学,1850-1950》(Jessie Gregory Lutz, China and the Christian Colleges,1850-1950, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press,1971.)等。
⑤1972年1月,由美国历史协会下属的美国与东亚关系委员会(Committee on America-East Asian Relations of the American Historical Association)发起,在墨西哥的库埃纳瓦卡(Cuernavaca)举行了一次研究美国在华新教传教运动的专题研讨会,会后费正清将论文结集出版,题名《传教事业对中美两国的影响》(John K.Fairbank ed., The Missionary Enterprise in China and America, Cambridge: Harvard University Press,1974.)。
①对于是否存在“哈佛学派”,学术界有不同的看法。加拿大历史学家保罗·埃文斯认为,流派或学派必须以方法、论题和观点的某种程度的明确一致性为基础,而费正清的学生们虽然在研究上体现了某种共同的专业特征,但在思想上却极不一致,因此他认为费正清并没有主持一个研究近代中国的“哈佛学派”。([加]保罗·埃文斯：《费正清看中国》,陈同译,上海：上海译文出版社,1995年,第214页。)中国学者陈君静认为埃文斯的观点并不正确,他认为所谓学派是指同一学科由于学说、观点相同而形成的派别,它一般只要求在方法、论题和观点上的“相对一致性”,而不是埃文斯提出的“明确一致性”。在费正清时代的哈佛东亚研究中心,师生之间有着共同感受的专业特性,尽管学生们被鼓励进行开拓性研究,并且可以提出不同的看法,但学生们无不受到费正清学术方法和观点的影响。他具体地从如下三个共性特征指出费正清师生之间在方法、论题和观点上的相对一致性。第一点共性是他们都坚持以史学为主体的区域研究,第二点是他们都推行“官方史学”,第三点是他们都以“冲击-反应”模式为主要的分析框架。(陈君静：《大洋彼岸的回声——美国中国历史研究的历史考察》,北京：中国社会科学出版社,2003年,第118-122页。)我个人基本认同陈君静的观点,在此不展开论述。
②在1970年代之前有一些非研究型的来华传教士个案资料汇编,对后来的研究起了很大的作用,如卫斐列为父亲卫三畏编写的《卫三畏生平和书信》(Frederick Wells Williams, The Life and Letters of Samuel Wells Williams, New York and London: G P. Putnam's Sons,1889.)、史蒂文斯和马维克合编的《医学博士伯驾牧师生平、书信和日记》(George B. Stevens and W. Fisher Marwick, The Life, Letters, and Journals of the Rev. and Hon. Peter Parker, M. D., Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, Inc.,1972.)、裨雅各编的《美国在华传教的先驱：裨治文的生活和工作》(Eliza J. G Bridgman ed., The Pioneer of American Mission in China: The Life and Labors of Elijah Coleman Bridgman, New York:A. D. F. Randolph,1864.),丁韪良自己编写的《花甲记忆》(W. A. P. Martin, A Cycle of Cathay, or China South and North, with Personal Reminiscences, New York: Fleming H.Revell Company,1900.)等。美国“中国学”专家柯饶富撰写的《丁韪良：中国进步事业的先驱》(Ralph Covell, W. A. P. Martin: Pioneer of Progress in China, Washington: Christian University Press,1978.),是对传教士个案研究做得较好的一部专著。
①(1)[美]克莱顿·朱：《在华美国传教士：传教研究图书馆主题目录摘选之书籍、文章和宣传册》(Clayton H. Chu, American Missionaries in China: Books, Articles and Pamphlets Extracted from the Subject Catalogue of the Missionary Research Library, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press,1960.) (2)[美]刘广京：《美国和中国：历史文献和书目》(Kwang-Ching Liu, Americans and Chinese: A Historical Essay and a Bibliography, Cambridge, Mass.:Harvard University Press,1963.)
②从19世纪初到20世纪20年代,传教士们常常把他们用当地语言编印的各种宗教宣传品及其它读物寄回波士顿。1960年,美部会(American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions)将档案移交给哈佛大学。1977年,苏珊娜·威尔逊·巴尼特组织了一批学者到哈佛大学研究这批资料,并于1978年举行了专题学术研讨会,本书就是这次讨论会的论文合集,费正清为本书作了序《新教传教士写作在中国文化史上的地位》("The Place of Protestant Writings in China's Cultural History"),
③[美]费正清：《新教传教士写作在中国文化史上的地位》,见[美]费正清、苏珊娜·威尔逊·巴尼特编：《基督教在中国：早期新教传教士写作研究》(John King Fairbank, "The Place of Protestant Writings in China's Cultural History", in Suzanne Wilson Barnett and John King Fairbank eds., Christianity in China: Early Protestant Missionary Writings, Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press,1985, p.7.)
④[美]费正清：《新教传教士写作在中国文化史上的地位》,见[美]费正清、苏珊娜·威尔逊·巴尼特编：《基督教在中国：早期新教传教士写作研究》(John King Fairbank, "The Place of Protestant Writings in China's Cultural History", in Suzanne Wilson Barnett and John King Fairbank eds., Christianity in China: Early Protestant Missionary Writings, Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press,1985, p.14.)
⑤[美]伊丽莎白·V.安德森：《1927-1950年美国的中国形象：传教士的两难处境》(Elizabeth Vanderzell Anderson, Images of China for Americans,1927-1950: The Missionaries'Dilemma, Diss. Carnegie Mellon University,1990.)
①[美]M.索尔·贝茨：《美国在华传教的神学基础,1900-1950))，载[美]费正清编：《传教事业对中美两国的影响》(M. Searle Bates, "The Theology of American Missionaries in China,1900-1950," in Suzanne Wilson Barnett and John K. Fairbank eds., The Missionary Enterprise in China & America, Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press,1974, p.136.)
②[美]小海亚特：《天命之告解：19世纪胶东的三个美国传教士》(Irvin T. Hyatt, Jr., Our Ordered Lives Confess: Three Nineteenth-Century American Missionaries in East Shandong, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1976.)
③[美]柯文：《1900年以前的基督教传教活动及其影响》,[美]费正清主编：《剑桥晚清中国史,1800-1911》(Paul Cohen, "Christian Missions and Their Impact to 1900", in The Cambridge History of China, vol.10, The Late Ch'ing,1800-1911, eds. Denis Twitchett and John K. Fairbank. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1978, pp.543-590.)
①[美]简·亨特：《文明的福音：世纪之交的美国来华女传教士》(Jane Hunter, The Gospel of Gentility: American Women Missionaries in Turn-of-the-Century China, New Haven and London: Yale University,1984.)
①这些女作家主要有：Alice Tisdale Hobart, Ida Pruitt, Elizabeth Foreman Lewis, Cormelia Spencer (the pseudonym of Pearl. S. Buck's sister Grace Yaukey), Louise Jordan Miln, Pearl S. Buck, Nora Waln, Annalee Jacoby, Sara Pike Conger, Grace M. Boynton, Emily Hahn, Berta Metzger, Dorothy Graham, Mrs Florence Ayscough,, Mrs. L. Adams Beck, Stella Benson, Ann Duffield, Agnes Smedley, Anna Louis Strong, Nym Wales (pen name of Helen Foster Snow), Faith Baldwin, Ann Morrow Lindbergh, Grace Zaring Stone, Margaret Mackprang Mackay, Genevieve Wimsat等。
①[美]R.皮尔斯·比弗：《世界传教运动中的美国新教妇女：北美第一波女性主义运动史》(R. Pierce Beaver, American Protestant Women in World Mission: History of the First Feminist Movement in North America, Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans,1968, preface.)
②汉语界关于“domesticity”的译法并不统一,这是由该词的丰富内涵决定的,汉译时只能依该词出现的上下文确定。台湾学者林美玫在参考了多种美国妇女研究资料后,将“domesticity”译为“爱家”(林美玫：《妇女与差传：十九世纪美国圣公会女传教士在华差传研究》,台北：里仁书局,2005,第106页。)我个人认为这个词有强烈的道德指向,强调对进入家庭的不符合清教道德规范的异质思想或行为进行教化的过程,因此将这一社会学术语译为具有动态含义的“齐家”也许更为适合,但在某些上下文中视该词动态含义的有无,也会将形容词性的domestic译为“家”或“居家的”,不再另注。
①[美]帕特里夏·R.希尔：《以世界为家：1870-1920年美国妇女的海外传教运动与文化转型》(Patricia R. Hill, The World Their Household: The American Woman's Foreign Mission Movement and Cultural Transformation,1870-1920, Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press,1985, p.129.)
②[美]莱斯利·A.弗莱明：《妇女工作为妇女：传教士和亚洲的社会变革》(Leslie A. Flemming ed., Women's Work for Women: Missionary and Social Change in Asia, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press,1989.)
③[美]金敏：《输出女性气质,不是女权主义：19世纪美国女传教士解放中国妇女的努力》,见[美]莱斯利·A.弗莱明：《妇女工作为妇女：传教士和亚洲的社会变革》(Marjorie King, "Exporting Femininity, Not Feminism: Niteteenth-Century U. S. Missionary Women's Effort to Emancipate Chinese Women," in Leslie A. Flemming ed., Women's Work For Women: Missionary and Social Change in Asia, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press,1989, pp.117-135.)
①[美]简·亨特：《家与世界：传教士传递的美国齐家理念》,见[美]莱斯利·A.弗莱明：《妇女工作为妇女：传教士和亚洲的社会变革》(Jane Hunter, "The Home and the World: The Missionary Message of U. S. Domesticity," in Leslie A. Flemming ed., Women's Wok for Women: Missionary and Social Change in Asia, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press,1989, pp.159-160.)
②[英]詹尼特·李：《介于乖顺者和母老虎之间：1905-1930在华白人新教单身女传教士的女性气质之社会建构》,载《女性研究国际论坛》(Janet Lee, "Between Subordination and She-Tiger: Social Constructions of White femininity in the Lives of Single, Protestant Missionaries in China,1905-1930," Women's Studies International Forum 19, No.6,1996, p.627.)
③[英]詹尼特·李：《介于乖顺者和母老虎之间：1905-1930在华新教单身白人女传教士的女性气质之社会构成》,载《女性研究国际论坛》(Janet Lee, "Between Subordination and She-Tiger: Social Constructions of White Femininity in the Lives of Single, Protestant Missionaries in China,1905-1930," Women's Studies International Forum 19, No.6,1996, p.629.)
①[美]卡尔·T.斯密斯：《新教教会和19世纪中国妇女的社会地位改进》,载《清风》(Carl T. Smith, "The Protestant Church and the Improvement of Women's Status in Nineteenth-Century China," Ching Feng, vol.20, no.2,1977, pp.109-115.)
② [美]郭佩兰：《中国妇女与基督教： 1860-1927》(Kwok Pui-lan, Chinese Women and Christianity, 1860-1927, Atlanta, Georgia: Scholars Press,1991, conclusion.)
①[美]保罗·沃宁斯基：《互变：赴华美国新教传教士研究》(Paul Voninski, Reciprocal Change: The Case of American Protestant Missionaries to China, Ph. D. diss., Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York,1975, chapter 5.)
②[美]简·亨特：《文明的福音：世纪之交的美国来华女传教士》(Jane Hunter, The Gospel of Gentility: American Women Missionaries in Turn-of-the-Century China, New Haven and London: Yale University,1984, p.28.)
①[美]菲利斯·本特利：《赛珍珠的艺术》,载《英语学刊》(Phyllis Bentley, "The Art of Pearl S. Buck," The English Journal, Vol.24, No.10, December 1935, pp.791-800.)
②[美]保罗oA.多伊尔：《赛珍珠短篇小说研究》,载《英语学刊》(Paul A. Doyle, "Pearl S. Buck's Short Stories: A Survey," The English Journal, Vol.55, No.1, January 1966, pp.62-68.)
③[美]赛珍珠：《我的几个世界》(Pearl S. Buck, My Several Worlds: A Personal Record, New York: The John Day Company,1954.)、《桥》(Pearl S. Buck, A Bridge for Passing, New York: The John Day Company,1962.)
④[美]彼得·康：《赛珍珠：一本文化传记》(Peter Conn, Pearl S. Buck: A Cultural Biography, New York: Cambridge University Press,1996.)
⑤[美]科妮莉亚·斯宾塞：《流亡者的女儿：赛珍珠传》(Cornelia Spencer, Exile's Daughter: A Biography of Pearl S. Buck, New York: Cowar McCann, Inc. Publishers,1944.科妮莉亚·斯宾塞(Cornelia Spencer)是赛珍珠的妹妹格蕾丝·约基(Grace S. Yaukey)的笔名。这本传记没有文学批评,也过分强调居家生活的琐细,但斯宾塞作为赛珍珠私生活的实际目击者和分享者,她的这本传记最具史料性,从赛珍珠的童年一直写到1944年,内容非常详实。
⑥[美]西奥多·F.哈里斯：《赛珍珠》(Theodore F. Harris, Pearl S. Buck: A Biography, New York: The John DayCo.,1969.)。据哈里斯说,这本传记是与赛珍珠“商量着写出”,里面有不少演讲稿、论文和信函。
⑦[美]欧文·布洛克：《赛珍珠的中美生活》(Irwin Block, The Lives of Pearl Buck: A Tale of China and America, New York: Thomas Y. Crowell,1973.).这本传记专为青少年撰写,简洁明了地概括了赛珍珠一生中最精彩的地方。有趣的是,布洛克对赛珍珠和第一任丈夫卜,第二任丈夫沃尔什,以及晚年与哲学家欧内斯特·霍金(Ernest Hocking)的特殊关系,提供了不少鲜为人知的信息。
⑧[美]诺拉·斯特林：《赛珍珠：矛盾中的女人》(Nora Stirling, Pearl Buck: A Woman in Conflict, Piscataway, NJ: New Century Publishers,1983.)
①[美]保罗·A.多伊尔：《赛珍珠》(Paul A. Doyle, Pearl S. Buck, New York: Twyne Publishers,1980.)
②[美]廖康：《赛珍珠：跨越太平洋的文化之桥》(Kang Liao, Pearl S. Buck: A Cultural Bridge Across the Pacific, Westport Connecticut: Greenwood Press,1997.)
③[美]韩德：《大众的中国通赛珍珠,1931-1949》，载《现代中国》(Michael Hunt, "Pearl Buck-Popular Expert on China,1931-1949," Modern China, Vol.3, January 1977, pp.33-64.)
①[美]高雄亚：《赛珍珠书写的中国女性角色》(Xiongya Gao, Pearl S. Buck's Chinese Women Characters, Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses,2000.)
②[美]真理吉原：《拥抱东方：白人女性和美国东方主义》(Mari Yoshihara, Embracing the East:White Women and American Orientalism, New York: Oxford University Press,2003.)
③[美]卡伦·J.梁：《中国魅力：赛珍珠、黄柳霜、宋美龄和美国东方主义的转型》(Karen J. Leong, The China Mystique: Pearl Buck, Anna May Wong, Mayling Soong and the Transformation of American Orientalism, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press,2005.)
④[美]科琳·赖：《美国的亚洲：种族形式和美国文学,1893-1945》(Colleen Lye, America's Asia:Racial Form and American Literature,1893-1945, Princeton, N.J.:Princeton University Press,2005.)
①这几篇博士论文分别为：(1)徐清：《跨文化视界中的尴尬——赛珍珠和中国》,博士论文,南京大学,1999年。(2)姚君伟：《文化相对主义：赛珍珠和她的东西文化呈现》,博士论文,上海外国语大学,2000年。(Yao Junwei, Cultural Relativism: Pearl S. Buck and Her Presentation of Chinese and Western Cultures, Doctoral Dissertation, Shanghai International Studies University,2000.) (3)顾钧：《在中美之间——对赛珍珠小说的形象学读解》,博士论文,北京大学,2001年。(4)陈敬：《赛珍珠与中国——中西文化冲突与共融》,博士论文,南开大学,2004年。
②(1)姚君伟：《文化相对主义：赛珍珠的中西文化观》,南京：东南大学出版社,2001年。(2)陈敬：《赛珍珠与中国——中西文化冲突与共融》,天津：南开大学出版社,2006年。
③据笔者查阅出版信息,有关赛珍珠的研究文集目前至少已有7部,比较有代表性的有如下5部：(1)王玉国编著：《赛珍珠》,南京：南京大学出版社,1991年。(2)刘龙主编：《赛珍珠研究》,昆明：云南人民出版社,1992年。(3)郭英剑主编：《赛珍珠评论集》,桂林：漓江出版社,1999年。(4)许晓霞、赵珏等主编：《赛珍珠纪年文集》,长春：吉林文史出版社,2003年。(5)许晓霞、赵珏等主编：《赛珍珠纪年文集·第二辑》,桂林：广西师范大学出版社,2006年。
④刘海平：《总序：赛珍珠和她的中国情结》,《赛珍珠作品集》,桂林：漓江出版社,1998年。
⑤这一套9部译著包括：(1)《大地》(The Good Earth,1931),王逢振、马传禧译,(2)《儿子们》(Sons,1932)韩邦凯、姚中、顾丽萍译,(3)《分家》(A House Divided,1935),沈培锠、唐凤楼、王和月译,(4)《东风·西风》(East Wind, West Wind,1930),钱青、赵宇、余宁平译,(5)《异邦客》(The Exile,1936),林三译,(6)《战斗的天使》(Fighting Angel: Portrait of a Soul,1936)陆兴华、陈永祥、丁夏林译,(7)《群芳亭》(Pavilion of Women,1946),刘海平、王守仁、张子清译,(8)《龙子》(Dragon Seed,1942),丁国华、吴银根、刘锋译,(9)《同胞》(Kinfolks,1949),吴克明、赵文书、张俊焕译。其中,《大地》、《儿子们》和《分家》合为一部,题为《大地三部曲》,由王逢振教授做分序《关于赛珍珠和她的<大地)三部曲》；《东风·西风》、《异邦客》和《战斗的天使》合为一部,题为《东风·西风》,由王守仁教授做分序《赛珍珠谈她的父母》：此外,张子清教授为《群芳亭》、《同胞》和《龙子》做了分序《赛珍珠的跨文化创作与跨文化比较》。
⑥[美]彼得·康(Peter Conn):《赛珍珠传》,刘海平等译,桂林：漓江出版社,1998年。
①王玉括： 《赛珍珠的中国小说观》, 《四川外语学院学报》2000年第1期,第7-11页。
②张春蕾： 《赛珍珠对狄更斯小说创作的借鉴》, 《江苏大学学报》2003年第1期,第74-79页。
③周锡山：《论赛珍珠在中国现代文学史上的地位和意义》,《社会科学论坛》2009年第3期第16-31页。
④尚营林： 《恋土中国农民的传统价值观——赛珍珠作品主题分析》, 《河南师范大学学报》(哲学社会科学版)1994年第2期,第70-74页。
⑤徐清：《赛珍珠家庭题材小说论》,《福州大学学报》(哲学社会科学版)2000年第3期,第57-61页。
⑥顾钧：《赛珍珠建构中国形象的写作策略》,《江苏大学学报》(社会科学版)2002年第2期,第41-45页。
⑦杜林： 《论赛珍珠笔下的王虎》, 《外国文学评论》2001年第1期,第24-32页。
⑧马红军： 《为赛珍珠的“误译”正名》, 《四川外语学院学报》2003年第3期,第122-126页。
⑨李林波：《对赛珍珠(水浒传>译本文化意义的再思》,《四川外语学院学报》2004年第6期,第115-119页。
⑩朱希祥,李晓华： 《赛珍珠作品的中国民俗审美特质》, 《江苏大学学报》(社会科学版)2007年第5期,第44-49页。
11“毛知砺： 《生命的关照：赛珍珠与中国生育文化》,《江苏大学学报》(社会科学版)2005年第5期,第42-47页。
12徐清： 《赛珍珠小说对乡土中国的发现》, 《江苏大学学报》(社会科学版)2005年第4期,第16-24页。
①刘海平,沈艳枝： 《赛珍珠传记作品与西方在华基督教传教运动》, 《南京大学学报》(哲学·人文科学·社会科学)2002年第1期,第134-141页。
②朱坤领：《赛珍珠笔下的中西宗教关系》,《辽宁大学学报》(哲学社科版)2006年第3期,第60-63页。
③姚君伟：《文化相对主义：赛珍珠的中西文化观》,南京：东南大学出版社,2001。
④陈敬：《赛珍珠与中国：中西文化冲突与共融》,天津：南开大学出版社,2006年。
⑤刘海平： 《一位需要重新认识的美国女作家——试论赛珍珠的女性主义特征》, 《当代外国文学》1996年第3期,第105-111页。
⑥周卫京： 《赛珍珠女权主义创作意识形成探微》, 《江苏大学学报》(社会科学版)2002年第3期,第66-72页。
⑦吴庆宏：《第三世界女性主义视角下的赛珍珠》,《江苏大学学报》(社会科学版)2009年第2期,第41-45页。
⑧郭英剑：《赛珍珠与后殖民主义理论》,《四川外国语学院学报》1994年第3期,第38-43页。
⑨朱坤领： 《赛珍珠与后殖民主义》, 《江苏大学学报》(社会科学版)2006年第3期,第58-63页。
①姚君伟：《我们今天怎样研究赛珍珠》,《江苏大学学报》(社会科学版),2007年第1期,第62-65页。
②[美]露丝·莫尔：《何巴特作品评论》(Ruth Moore, The Work of Alice Tisdale Hobart. New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1940.)
③[美]芮·提丝黛儿·诺斯：《东西方的阐释者何巴特》,载《著名美国女性》(Key Tyler Nourse, "Interpreter of East and West: Alice Tisdale Hobart," in Anne Stoddart ed., Top Flight: Famous American Women, New York: Tororto,1946, pp.111-130.)
①[美]伊丽莎白·卡洛尔：《在华齐家：公司伴妻与畅销小说家何巴特》,载《海外归来的智慧女儿》(Elisabeth Croll, "Homesteading in China: Company Wife and Best-Selling Novelists, Alice Tisdale Hobart", in Wise Daughters from Foreign Lands: European Women Writers in China, London: Pandora Press,1989.)
②[美]玛丽安·杜威特：《变化的中国形象：赛珍珠和何巴特小说对中国的现实呈现》(Mary Ann Dhuyvetter, China Reoriented: the Realistic Portrayal of China People in the Novels of Pearl.S. Buck and Alice Tisdale Hobart, Diss. San Diego State University,1998.)
③在1930到1939年的美国畅销书榜中,有关中国和中国人的小说和非小说占据突出的位置。赛珍珠的《大地》连续占据1931和1932年的小说类畅销书榜首,她的《儿子们》占据1932年的畅销榜第三；何巴特的《中国灯油》(Oil for the Lamps of China)位列1934年的畅销榜第九,《阳与阴》(Yang and Yin: An American Doctor in China,1936)位列1936年的第二；詹姆士·希尔顿(James Hilton)的《失落的地平线》(Lost Horizon)位列1935年的畅销榜第八；安妮·莫罗·林堡(Anne Morrow Linbergh)的《由北向东》(North to the Orient)位列1935年的榜首,1936年的第五；林语堂的《生活的艺术》(The Importance of Living)位列1938年非小说类榜首；约翰·刚特(John Gunther)的《深入亚洲》(Inside Asia)位列1939年非小说类第三；埃德加·斯诺(Edgar Snow)的《西行漫记》(Red Star Over China)虽然没有进入畅销榜,但无人能否认这本书对西方中国观的巨大影响。
④王鹏：《异乡的美国女人：何巴特和她的中国叙事》(Wang Peng, The American Woman in Exile: Alice Tisdale Hobart and Her China Narrative, Diss. Nanjing University,2007.)
①[美]路易斯·A.蒙特洛斯：《‘狂想之形成’：伊丽莎白时代的性属与权力结构》,载《再现》(Louis A. Montrose,"'Shaping Fantacies':Figurations of Gender and Power in Elizabethan Culture," Representations 2, Spring 1983, pp.61-94.)
①[美]埃米·卡普兰：《天定齐家》,载《美国文学》(Amy Kaplan, "Manifest Domesticity," American Literature, Volume 70, No.3, September 1998, pp.581-606.)
①[美]爱德华·W.赛义德：《东方主义》(Edward W. Said, Orientalism, New York: Vintage Books,1994, p.272.)
②[美]爱德华·W.赛义德：《东方主义》(Edward W. Said, Orientalism, New York: Vintage Books,1994, p.273.)
③[美]爱德华·W.赛义德：《东方主义》(Edward W. Said, Orientalism, New York: Vintage Books,1994, p.156.)
①[美]爱德华·W.赛义德：《东方主义》(Edward W. Said, Orientalism, New York: Vintage Books,1994, p.157.)
②[美]爱德华·W.赛义德：《东方主义》(Edward W. Said, Orientalism, New York: Vintage Books,1994, p.20.)
③[美]爱德华·W.赛义德：《东方主义》(Edward W. Said, Orientalism, New York: Vintage Books,1994, p.20.)
①美国天主教在一战后才开始来华传教,相比于欧洲诸国派遣来华的天主教传教士,其影响力不大,故本文主要讨论美国新教在华传教运动,而且对名目繁多的各新教教派不作详细区分。
②《新约全书·马太福音》,28：19-20。
③杨乃乔：《从殖民主义到后殖民批评的学员谱系追溯——译者序》,[英]巴特·穆尔-吉尔伯特等编撰：《后殖民批评》,杨乃乔等译,北京：北京大学出版社,2001年,第14页。
④“大陆主义”是19世纪早期在美国流行的政治思想,其主要倡导者是亚当斯总统(John Quincy Adams,1767-1848)。这一思想认为,为了和平、繁荣和所有人的幸福,整个北美大陆“天定”成为一个国家,讲同一种语言,秉持同一个总的政治和宗教原则,遵从同一种社会习俗,这个国家就是美国。(Walter A. McDougall, Promised Land, Crusader State: The American Encounter with the World Since 1776, New York: Houghton Mifflin,1997, p.78.)
⑤门罗主义是1823年12月2日美国推出的外交政策。该政策的发布,正值许多拉丁美洲国家将要独立于 西班牙的控制之时,美国担心其它欧洲列强趁机夺取原西班牙的殖民地。门罗主义特别申明,西半球不可以被欧洲国家进一步殖民,美国也不再干涉现有的欧洲殖民地或欧洲国家的内部事务。如果再有任何欧洲国家试图殖民现有美洲国家,或干涉其内政,美国将视之为侵略行为,并对之进行干预。
①“美国例外论”在一般意义上指美国因其独特的国家信条、历史演进、政治体制、宗教体制和人口来源,而在世界民族国家中占有特殊的位置。这一思想源于法国政治家托克维尔,他在19世纪早期论述美国的民主制度时指出,美国在建国50年左右的时间就在世界诸国中占据了特殊的地位,因为这是一个移民国家,第一个现代民主政体。(Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, New York: Vintage Books,1945.)多罗西·罗斯等学者认为,“美国例外论”应该具体从三个方面去理解,即宗教意义上的例外论(Supernaturalist explanations),人种意义上的例外论(Genetic interpretations)和地理环境意义上的例外论(Environmental explanations)。(Dorothy Ross, Origins of American Social Science, New York: Cambridge University Press,1991.)
②约翰·L.奥沙利文：《吞并》,载《美国杂志和民主评论》(John L. O'Sullivan, "Annexation", United States Magazine and Democratic Review, Vol.17, No.1, July-August,1845, pp.5-10.)
③[美]阿尔伯特·温伯格：《天定使命》(Albert Wenberg, Manifest Destiny, Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1935, p.40.)
①[美]怀特·A.麦克道格尔： 《希望之乡与十字军的国家：1776年以来美国的国际关系》(Walter A. McDougall, Promised Land, Crusader State: The American Encounter with the World Since 1776, New York: Houghton Mifflin,1997, pp.112-113.)
②[美]弗雷德里克·默克：《重新阐释天定使命与美国历史中的传教运动》(Frederick Merk, Manifest Destiny and Mission in American History: A Reinterpretation, New York: Knopf,1963, p.257.)
③菲律宾最终在1946年获得独立,关岛和波多黎各的地位直至今天仍然特殊,但其所有居民都拥有美国公民权。
④卡尔霍恩(John Caldwell Calhoun,1782-1850)在1817年担任门罗内阁的陆军部长,是约翰·昆西·亚当斯政府和托马斯·杰斐逊政府时期的副总统,1832年任参议员,成为州权运动的一个领袖和蓄奴州利益的卫士,1844年任国务卿,签订了吞并德克萨斯的条约。他和亨利·克莱(Henry Clay,1777-1852),丹尼尔·韦伯斯特(Daniel Webster,1782-1852)号称为美国政治演说家的“三巨头”。
⑤[美]弗雷德里克·默克：《重释天定使命与美国历史中的传教运动》(Frederick Merk, Manifest Destiny and Mission in American History: A Reinterpretation, New York: Knopf,1963, p.257.)
①[美]约翰·A.格拉提：《亨利·卡伯特·洛奇传记》(John A. Garraty, Henry Cabot Lodge: A Biography, New York: Alfred A. Knopf,1953, pp.204-205.)
②[美]韩德：《一种特殊关系的形成——1914年前的美国与中国》(Michael H. Hunt, Making of a Special Relationship: The United States and China to 1914, New York: Columbia University Press,1983, p.176.)
③[美]韩德：《一种特殊关系的形成——1914年前的美国与中国》(Michael H. Hunt, Making of a Special Relationship: The United States and China to 1914, New York: Columbia University Press,1983, p.193.)
④[美]玛丽琳·杨：《美国在远东的扩张主义1970-1890》(Marilyn Young, "American Expansionism,1970-1890: The Far East", in Marilyn Young ed., American Expansionism: The Critical Issues, Boston:Little Brown,1973, p.96.)
①[美]海约翰等：《海约翰书信与日记选集》(John Hay, Henry Adams, Clara Louise Hay eds., Letters of John Hay and Extracts from Diary, Vol.3, New York: Gordian Press,1969, p.193.)
②[美]弗雷德里克·杰克逊·特纳：《边疆在美国历史上的重要性》,《边疆和区域：弗雷德里克·杰克逊·特纳论文选集》(Frederick Jackson Turner, "The Significance of the Frontier in American History," (1893) in Frontier and Section: Selected Essays of Frederick Jackson Turner, Englewood Cliffs, N. J.:Prentice-Hall, Inc.,1961, p.37.)
①[美]弗雷德里克·杰克逊·特纳：《边疆在美国历史上的重要性》,《边疆和区域：弗雷德里克·杰克逊·特纳论文选集》(Frederick Jackson Turner, "The Significance of the Frontier in American History," (1893) in Frontier and Section: Selected Essays of Frederick Jackson Turner, Englewood Cliffs, N. J.:Prentice-Hall, Inc.,1961, p.39.)
①[美]弗雷德里克·杰克逊·特纳：《边疆在美国历史上的重要性》,《边疆和区域：弗雷德里克·杰克逊·特纳论文选集》(Frederick Jackson Turner, "The Significance of the Frontier in American History," (1893) in Frontier and Section: Selected Essays of Frederick Jackson Turner, Englewood Cliffs, N. J.:Prentice-Hall, Inc.,1961, p.38.)
②阿巴拉契亚山脉流下来的河流,穿过美国大西洋沿岸平原,流向大西洋,经过皮德蒙特阶地(Piedmont)时形成了“瀑布线”。
③[美]弗雷德里克·杰克逊·特纳：《边疆在美国历史上的重要性》,《边疆和区域：弗雷德里克·杰克逊·特纳论文选集》(Frederick Jackson Turner, "The Significance of the Frontier in American History," (1893)in Frontier and Section: Selected Essays of Frederick Jackson Turner, Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc.,1961, p.42.)
④[美]弗雷德里克·杰克逊·特纳：《边疆在美国历史上的重要性》,《边疆和区域：弗雷德里克·杰克逊·特纳论文选集》(Frederick Jackson Turner, "The Significance of the Frontier in American History," (1893) in Frontier and Section: Selected Essays of Frederick Jackson Turner, Englewood Cliffs, N. J.:Prentice-Hall, Inc.,1961, p.42.)
⑤[美]弗雷德里克·杰克逊·特纳：《边疆在美国历史上的重要性》,《边疆和区域：弗雷德里克·杰克逊·特纳论文选集》(Frederick Jackson Turner, "The Significance of the Frontier in American History," (1893) in Frontier and Section: Selected Essays of Frederick Jackson Turner, Englewood Cliffs, N. J.:Prentice-Hall, Inc.,1961, p.39.)
①[美]弗雷德里克·杰克逊·特纳：《边疆在美国历史上的重要性》,《边疆和区域：弗雷德里克·杰克逊·特纳论文选集》(Frederick Jackson Turner, "The Significance of the Frontier in American History," (1893) in Frontier and Section: Selected Essays of Frederick Jackson Turner, Englewood Cliffs, N. J.:Prentice-Hall, Inc.,1961, p.38.)
②[美]弗雷德里克·杰克逊·特纳：《边疆在美国历史上的重要性》,《边疆和区域：弗雷德里克·杰克逊·特纳论文选集》(Frederick Jackson Turner, "The Significance of the Frontier in American History," (1893) in Frontier and Section: Selected Essays of Frederick Jackson Turner, Englewood Cliffs, N. J.:Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1961,p.44.)
①[美]弗雷德里克·杰克逊·特纳：《边疆在美国历史上的重要性》,《边疆和区域：弗雷德里克·杰克逊·特纳论文选集》(Frederick Jackson Turner, "The Significance of the Frontier in American History," in Frontier and Section: Selected Essays of Frederick Jackson Turner, Englewood Cliffs, N. J.:Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1961, p.61.)
①[美]弗雷德里克·杰克逊·特纳：《西部问题》,《边疆和区域：弗雷德里克·杰克逊·特纳论文选集》(Frederick Jackson Turner, "The Problem of the West," (1896)in Frontier and Section: Selected Essays of Frederick Jackson Turner, Englewood Cliffs, N. J.:Prentice-Hall, Inc.,1961, p.74.)
①[美]詹姆斯·O.罗伯逊：《美国神话,美国现实》(James O. Robertson, American Myth, American Reality, New York: Hill & Wang,1980, p.53.)
②[美]吉尔伯特·齐纳德：《托马斯·杰斐逊：美国主义的使徒》(Gilbert Chinard, Thomas Jefferson: The Apostle of Americanism, Boston: Little Brown and company,1939, p.428.)
③[美]小阿瑟·斯莱辛格：《美国历史的循环》(Jr. Arthur Schlesinger, The Cycles of American History, New York: Mariner Books,1986, p.15.)
④《新约全书·马太福音》：“你们是世上的光。城造在山上,是不能隐藏的。人点灯,不放在斗底下,是放在灯台上,就照亮一家的人。你们的光也当这样照在人前,叫他们看见你们的好行为,便将荣耀归给你们在天上的父。”(5：14-16)
⑤[美]莫琳·亨利：《权力的沉醉：从宗教到意识形态》(Maureen Henry, The Intoxication of Power: An Analysis of Civil Religion to Ideology, Dordrecht, Holland, Boston: D. Reidel,1979, p.47.)
①[美]斯特林·约翰逊：《全球利益的寻与得：美国国家利益与国际法》(Sterling Johnson, Global Search and Seizure: The U. S. National Interest v. International Law, Brookfield, Vt.,:Dartmouth Publishing Group, 1994, p.5.)
②[美]爱德华·伯恩斯：(Edward M. Burns, The American Idea of Mission: Concepts of National Purpose and Destiny, New Brunswick, N.J.:Rutgers University Press,1957, pp. vi-vii.)
①[美]W.A.斯温伯格：《亨利·卢斯和他的媒体帝国》(W. A. Swanberg, Luce and His Empire, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons,1972, p.20.)这里需要说明的是,麦金莱总统的话很令人费解,因为他说这话时,菲律宾已经皈依罗马天主教三百多年。他要么当时对此一无所知,以为只要是亚洲国家,就肯定是异教徒,要么他出于清教思想的狭隘,认为天主教不是正宗的基督教。
②[美]小阿瑟·斯莱辛格：《美国历史的循环》(Jr. Arthur Schlesinger, The Cycles of American History, New York: Mariner Books,1986, p.16.)
③[美]阿瑟·s.林克：《威尔逊总统与进步主义时代,1910-1917》(Arthur S. Link, Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era 1910-1917, New York: Harper & Row,1954, p.82.)
④“第二次大觉醒运动”从1798年到1801年在新英格兰城镇间开始发生,此后每隔二到五年就有此类宗教复兴活动,此复兴风潮一直延续到1830年代。
⑤[美]奥利弗·温戴尔·艾力斯布里：《美国传教精神的兴起：1790-1815》(Olive Wendell Elesbree, The Rise of the Missionary Spirit in America: 1790-1815, New York: Williamsport Printing & Binding Co.,1928, p. 87.)
①[美]西德尼·E.阿里斯托龙：《美国宗教史》(Sydney E. Ahlestrom, The Religious History of the American People, New Haven:Yale University Press,1973, p.460.)
②《1877年5月10日-24日在华新教传教大会文集》(Records of the General Conference of the Protestant Missionaries of China held at Shanghai, May 10-24,1877, Shanghai: Presbyterian Mission Press,1878, p. 486.)
③[美]克利夫顿·J.菲利普斯：《学生自愿传教运动对中国传教的影响,1886-1920》(Clifton J. Philips, "The Student Volunteer Movement and Its Role in China Missions,1886-1920," in John K. Fairbank, ed., The Missionary Enterprise in China and America, Cambridge: Harvard University Press,1974, p.105.)
④[美]舍伍德哎迪：《世界传教运动的探路者》(Sherwood Eddy, Pathfinders of the World Missionary Crusade, New York: Abingdon-Cokesburry Press,1945, p.50.)
①[美]阿瑟·T.皮尔森： 《使世界在我们这一代福音化》,载《学生传教事业：学生自愿海外传教运动第二次国际大会演讲与讨论集》(Arthur T. Pierson, "The Evangelization of the World in this Generation," in The Student Missionary Enterprise: Addresses and Discussions of the Second International Convention of the Student Volunteer Movement for Foreign Missions, New York: Fleming H. Revell Company,1894, pp. 105-115.)
②[美]约翰·荷西：《召唤》(John Hersey, The Call, New York:Knopf,1985.)
③本文的三大类划分参考了美国学者保罗·瓦格(Paul Varg)的基要派(fundamentalist)、保守派(conservative)、社会派(socialization wing)和自由派(liberal)四划分(Paul A. Varg, Missionaries, Chinese and Diplomats: American Missionary Movement in China,1890-1952, pp.212-215.)，以及王立新的基要派(fundamentalist)和自由派(liberal)二划分。(王立新：《美国传教士与晚清中国现代化》,天津：天津人民出版社,1997年,第55页。)在瓦格的四划分中,基要派和保守派就神学基础和传教策略而言,并无本质区别,二者之间的不同主要在于对待自由派的态度上。基要派主张与自由派坚决斗争,以捍卫福音传教的纯洁,通过各种手段和渠道攻击自由派。保守派虽然也不赞同自由派传教政策,但不主张在论战中浪费精力,而是力图通过传教活动扩大自己的影响。王立新的二划分主要是基于他所做研究的时间范围,因为侧重于晚清的现代化和美国新教传教士的文化活动的关系,所以并不涉及一战后才广泛兴起的社会福音运动。此外,这里按照传教策略和方法划分的基要派和自由派不等于基督教神学理论发展中的基要主义(fundamentalism)和自由主义(liberalism)。自由主义神学也称现代主义神学(modernism),盛行于19世纪末至20世纪30年代的欧洲和北美,强调上帝的内在性,重视人的理性,主张突破传统神学的束缚,关注社会问题,对后来的社会福音主义影响很大。基要主义是在反对自由主义神学中产生的,恪守通常被称为“五点基本要道”的传统神学教条,反对社会福音论。19世纪来华的基要派传教士所秉持的神学思想与后来的基要主义是一致的。
①[美]费正清(John K. Fairbank):《美国与中国》,张理京译,北京：世界知识出版社,2002年,第292页。
②王立新：《美国传教士与晚清中国现代化》,天津：天津人民出版社,1997年,第26页。
③这些方法包括首先强调讲道,建立教堂,认为传播福音和传播文明的统一性,为了传教的目的实施一定的普通教育,翻译《圣经》,用当地语言编写宣教的读物,招收并培训当地人做牧师和教师,建立传教所,并成立某种程度的基督徒聚居区。见于[美]费正清(John K. Fairbank):《美国与中国》(The United States and China),张理京译,北京：世界知识出版社,2002年,第292页。
④[英]戴德生：《学生传教事业：学生自愿海外传教运动第二次国际大会演讲与讨论集》(Hudson Taylor, The Student Missionary Enterprise: Addresses and Discussions of the Second International Convention of the Student Volunteer Movement for Foreign Missions, New York: Fleming H. Revell Company,1894, p.48.)
⑤陶文钊：《中美关系史》,上海：上海人民出版社,2004年,第4-8页。
⑥基要派对中国文化和风俗采取不妥协态度,深入内地和乡村时常常是各种民教纠纷的制造者。例如李嘉麟在1890年的在华新教传教士大会上警告说：“我辈来华之目的是为了传播基督教。我们传播的是一尽善尽美之宗教,能供给人类心灵的一切需要。......这宗教决不允许妥协和玷污。”(Records of the General Conference of the Protestant Missionaries of China Held at Shanghai, May 7-20,1890, p.698.)另外可参考麦都思(Walter Henry Medhurst,1796-1857)用中文书写的《野客问难记》和倪维思(John Livingston Nevius, 1829-1893)的《祈先辨谬》等。
①[美] T K.汤玛士：《亚洲的基督教：东北亚篇》(T. K. Thomas, Christianity in Asia: Northeast Asia, Christian Conference of Asia,1979, p.14.)
②“耶儒合流”就是将儒家学说与基督教思想相结合,以便更快更有效地传教。最早提出“耶儒合流”思想的是林乐知,他在1869年12月4日至1870年1月8日的《教会新报》上连续发表了《消变明教论》,摘录儒家经典词句与《圣经》中的词句进行比附,得出“耶稣心和孔孟”的结论。当然,他的思想重点是以基督教补儒家思想之不足。丁韪良特别强调“孔子加耶稣”的思想叠加理念,认为“孔子加耶稣这一公式对儒教徒来说已经没有不可逾越的障碍”。(W. A. P. Martin, Lore of Cathay, or the Intellect of China, New York: F. H. Revell Company,1901, p.248.)尽管自由派传教士和明末清初来华的耶稣会士在时代背景和背后的文化支撑力量上大相径庭,但二者的传教策略颇为接近,二者都走“自上而下”的传教路线,热衷于影响中国上层知识分子,甚至各自有不少传教士接受清朝的官衔,例如耶稣会士汤若望和南怀仁出任过钦天监,新教传教士中丁韪良担任同文馆总教习数十年,林乐知在江南制造局工作期间被授予五品顶戴等；二者都热衷于向中国引进“西学”,以学辅教,不断以翻译和办学等手段介绍西方文化知识,利玛窦引进西洋的天文、历法知识,丁韪良翻译《万国公法》,利玛窦以“西儒”自居,林乐知自称“美国进士：此外,二者都提倡“耶儒合流”,利玛窦向明朝万历皇帝讲道时说：“上帝就是你们所指的 天,他曾经启示过你们的孔丘、孟轲和许多古昔之君主,我们的到来,不是否定你们的圣经贤传,只是提出一些补充而已。”(利玛窦：《天学实义》,上卷,第2篇,见于自顾长声：《传教士与近代中国》,上海人民出版社,1991,第5页。)这与林乐知曾经提出的“天者,即上帝也。所惜(孔子)知有上帝而不言报上帝”如出一辙(梁元生：《林乐知在华事业与<万国公报)》,香港：中文大学出版社,1978，第36页。)。
①王立新：《美国传教士与晚清中国现代化》,天津：天津人民出版社,1997年,第19页。
②姚民权、罗伟虹：《中国基督教简史》,上海：宗教文化出版社,2000年,第148页。
①[美]M.索尔·贝茨：《美国在华传教的神学基础：1900-1950》,载[美]费正清编《中美两国的传教事业》(M. Searle Bates, "The Theology of American Missionaries in China,1900-1950," in John K. Fairbank, ed., The Missionary Enterprise in China and America, Cambridge: Harvard University Press,1974, p.150.)
② 《世纪传教大会文集》(China Centenary Mission Conference Records, Shanghai,1907, p.519.) (http://www.archive.org/details/chinacentenarym00yorkgoog,2010年,2月20日)
③[美]简哼特：《文明的福音：世纪之交的美国来华女传教士》(Jane Hunter, The Gospel of Gentility: American Women Missionaries in Turn-of-the-Century China, New Haven and London: Yale University Press,1984, p.7.)
④[美]西奥多·罗斯福：《正在觉醒的中国》,载《瞭望》(Theodore Roosevelt, "The Awakening of China," Outlook, 28 November 1908, pp.665-667.)
①左芙蓉：《社会福音·社会服务·社会改造：北京基督教青年会历史研究,1906-1949》，北京：宗教文化出版社,2005年,第64页。
②[美]伍德罗·威尔逊：《基督教青年会纳什维尔演讲》,[美]阿瑟·S.林克编：《伍德罗·威尔逊总统文集》(Woodrow Wilson, "An Address in Nashville on Behalf of the Y. M. C. A.," in Arthur S. Link, ed., The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, N. J.:Princeton University Press,1978, p.208.)
③陈独秀：《(新青年>罪恶之答辩书》,《新青年》1919,第六卷第一号。
①《宣言》,《先驱》第四号,“非基督教学生同盟”专号,1922年第4期。
②[美]保罗·A.瓦格：《传教士、中国人和外交官：美国新教在华传教运动,1890-1952》 (Paul A. Varg, Missionaries, Chinese and Diplomats: The American Protestant Missionary Movement in China,1890-1952, Princeton: Princeton University Press,1958, p.249.)
③[美]保罗·A.瓦格：《传教士、中国人和外交官：美国新教在华传教运动,1890-1952》 (Paul A. Varg, Missionaries, Chinese and Diplomats: The American Protestant Missionary Movement in China,1890-1952, Princeton: Princeton University Press,1958, pp.248-249.)
①[美]罗伯特·E.里格尔：《年轻的美国,1830-1840》 (Robert E. Riegel, Young America 1830-1840, Norman, OK.:University of Oklahoma Press,1949, p.218.)
②[美]芭芭拉·韦尔特：《纯正女性风范膜拜：1820-1860》 (Barbara Welter, "The Cult of True Womanhood: 1820-1860," American Quarterly, vol.18, no.2, Summer 1966, p.152.)
③[美]芭芭拉·韦尔特：《归属家庭：19世纪的美国妇女》(Barbara Welter, Dimity Convictions: The American Woman in the Nineteenth Century, Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press,1976, p.21.)
④[美]芭芭拉·韦尔特：《归属家庭：19世纪的美国妇女》(Barbara Welter, Dimity Convictions: The American Woman in the Nineteenth Century, Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press,1976, p.22.)
⑤[美]艾丽莎·维尔·法拉：《年轻女性之友》(Eliza Ware Farrar, The Young Lady's Friend, Boston:American Stationers,1836, p.293.)
①《新约全书·以弗所书》,5：22-24.
②[美]萨缪尔·简宁斯：《已婚妇女手册》(Samuel Jennings, The Married Lady's Companion, New York:Arno., 1808.)
③[美]芭芭拉·韦尔特：《归属家庭：19世纪的美国妇女》(Barbara Welter, Dimity Convictions: The American Woman in the Nineteenth Century, Athens: Ohio University Press,1976, p.37.)
④[美]凯特·米丽特：《性政治》(Kate Millett, Sexual Politics, Garden City, NY: Doubleday,1970, pp.43-46.)
①[美]南希·F.科特：《第二次大觉醒运动中的新英格兰年轻妇女》,载《女性主义研究》(Nancy F. Cott, "Young Women in the Second Great Awakening in New England," Feminist Studies, vol.3, no.1/2, Fall 1975, p.15.)
②[美]露丝·鲍丁：《美国妇女与禁酒运动：寻求自由与力量》(Ruth Bordin, Woman and Temperance: The Quest for Power and Liberty,1873-1900, Philadelphia: Temple University Press,1981, Chapter 1.)
①[美]简·亨特：《文明的福音：世纪之交的美国来华女传教士》(Jane Hunter, The Gospel of Gentility: American Women Missionaries in Turn-of-the-Century China, New Haven and London: Yale University Press,1984, p. 51.)
②[美]安·道格拉斯：《美国文化的女性化》(Ann Douglas, The Feminization of American Culture, New York: Knopf,1977, p.8.)
③[美]罗莉·D.金斯伯格：《妇女与慈善工作：19世纪美国的道德、政治和阶级》(Lori D. Ginzberg, Women and the Work of Benevolence: Morality, Politics, and Class in the Nineteenth-Century United States, New Haven: Yale University Press,1990, p.22.)
①有影响的相关研究主要有：1.[美]玛丽·P.瑞恩：《殖民时代以来美国的女性特质》(Mary P. Ryan, Womanhood in America: From Colonial Times to the Present, New York: New Viewpoints,1975.); 2.[美]凯思林·K.斯拉尔： 《凯瑟琳·比切尔：美国女性齐家理念研究》(Kathryn K. Sklar, Catharine Beecher: A Study in American Domesticity, New Haven: Yale University Press,1973.); 3.[美]安·道格拉斯：《美国文化的女性化》(Ann Douglas, The Feminization of American Culture, New York: Knopf,1977.); 4.[美]妮娜·拜姆：《美国女性小说研究：1820-1870》(Nina Baym, Women's Fiction: A Guide to Novels by and about Women in America,1820-1870, Ithaca, N. Y.:Cornell University Press,1978.); 5.[美]玛丽·P.瑞恩：《母亲的帝国：美国书写中的齐家观研究,1830-1860》(Mary P. Ryan, Empire of the Mother: American Writing about Domesticity,1830-1860, New York: Institute for Research in History and Haworth Press,1982.); 6.[美]玛丽·凯里：《私密的妇女与公共的舞台：19世纪美国文学中的齐家观》(Mary Kelley, Private Woman, Public Stage: Literary Domesticity in Nineteenth-Century America, New York: Oxford University Press,1984.); 7.[美]格莱娜·马修斯：《妇女公共角色的兴起：1630-1970美国妇女的力量和地位》(Glenna Matthews, The Rise of Public Woman: Woman's Power and Woman's Place in the United States,1630-1970, New York: Oxford University Press,1992.); 8.[美]米歇尔·Z.罗萨尔多等编：《妇女、文化和社会》(Michelle Zimbalist Rosaldo and Louise Lamphere eds., Woman, Culture, and Society, Stanford: Stanford University Press,1974.);9.[美]伊斯特尔·格里德曼：《策略性空间分离：女性体制的建立和美国女权主义,1870-1930》》,载《女性主义研究》(Estelle Greedman, "Separatism as Strategy: Female Institution Building and American Feminism,1870-1930," Feminist Studies, vol.5, no.3, Fall 1979.)
①[美]埃米·卡普兰：《天定齐家》,载《美国文学》(Amy Kaplan, "Manifest Domesticity," American Literature, Volume 70, No.3, September 1998, p.585.)
②[美]埃米·卡普兰：《天定齐家》,载《美国文学》(Amy Kaplan, "Manifest Domesticity," American Literature, Volume 70, No.3, September 1998, p.584.)
③[美]简·汤姆金斯：《轰动效应：美国小说的文化功能,1790-1860》 (Jane Tompkins, Sensational Designs: The Cultural Work of American Fiction,1790-1860, New York: Oxford University Press,1985, pp.143-144.)
④[美]凯瑟琳·比切尔：《论家政》(Catherine Beecher, A Treatise on Domestic Economy, Boston: Marsh, Capen, Lyon, and Webb,1841, p.12.)
⑤[美]凯瑟琳·比切尔：《论家政》(Catherine Beecher, A Treatise on Domestic Economy, Boston: Marsh, Capen, Lyon,and Webb,1841,p.14.)
①[美]凯瑟琳·比切尔：《论家政》(Catherine Beecher, A Treatise on Domestic Economy, Boston: Marsh, Capen, Lyon, and Webb,1841, p.14.)
①[美]约翰·L.奥沙列文：《未来的伟大国家》,载[美]汤玛斯·J.佩特森编：《美国外交政策中的主要问题》(John L. O'Sullivan, "The great Nation of Futurity," in Thomas J. Paterson ed. Major Problems in American Foreign Policy, Lexington, Mass.:D.C. Heath,1995, p.241.)
②[美]凯瑟琳·比切尔、哈丽雅特·比切尔·斯托：《美国女性之家》(Catherine Beecher and Harriet Beecher Stowe, The American Woman's Home, Hartford, Conn.:J. B. Ford,1869, p.455.)
③[美]凯瑟琳·比切尔、哈丽雅特·比切尔·斯托：《美国女性之家》(Catherine Beecher and Harriet Beecher Stowe, The American Woman's Home, Hartford, Conn.:J. B. Ford,1869, pp.458-459.)
④[美]萨拉·J.海尔：《妇女史》(Sarah J. Hale, Woman's Record, New York: Harper & Brothers,1853, p.564, Quoted in Amy Kaplan, "Manifest Domesticity", American Literature, Volume 70, No.3 (September 1998), p. 597.)
①[美]萨拉·J.海尔：《妇女史》(Sarah J. Hale, Woman's Record, New York: Harper & Brothers,1853. p.564, Quoted in Amy Kaplan, "Manifest Domesticity", American Literature, Volume 70, No.3, September 1998, p. 597.)
②[美]埃米·凯普兰：《天定齐家》,载《美国文学》(Amy Kaplan, "Manifest Domesticity," American Literature, Volume 70, No.3, September 1998, p.597.)
③[美]萨拉·J.海尔：《代表妇女医学传教协会向美国基督徒的倡议书》,载《歌地女子杂志》(Sarah J. Hale, "An Appeal to the American Christians on Behalf of the Ladies' Medical Missionary Society," Godey's Lady's Book, March 1852. pp.185-188. Quoted in Amy Kaplan, "Manifest Domesticity", American Literature, Vol.70, No.3, September 1998, p.598.)
①[美]萨拉·J.海尔：《代表妇女医学传教协会向美国基督徒的倡议书》,载《歌地女子杂志》(Sarah J. Hale, "An Appeal to the American Christians on Behalf of the Ladies' Medical Missionary Society," Godey's Lady's Book (March 1852), p.185.)
②“双性同体”(Androgyny)又译为“雌雄同体”,是希腊文"andro"(男性)与"gyny"(女性)融合而成的一个新词,意指同时具有男性和女性特点的人。在生物学上指的是体型构造和生理特征的两性混合,在心理学上“双性同体”指同一个体既有明显的男性人格特征,又具有明显的女性人格特征。“双性同体”是女性主义批评的一个重要概念,这一概念在20世纪60年代末的美国第二波妇女运动中得到重视,将人们从对男性与女性性格本质化的僵化理解中解放出来。也就是说,男性未必非得是强壮、主动、理智和积极等,同样可以是温柔的；而女性也未必非得是软弱、顺服和感情用事,也可以是积极进取的。只有当人从性别两极化的牢笼之中挣脱出来,自由选择自己想要的性别角色与行为模式时,每一个人也才可能去体会更完整的人的经验。
①[美]凯瑟琳·比切尔：《论家政》(Catherine Beecher, A Treatise on Domestic Economy, Boston: Marsh, Capen, Lyon, and Webb,1841, p.14.)
②[美]佩奇·史密斯：《希望之乡的女儿们》(Page Smith, Daughters of the Promised Land, Boston: Little, Brown, 1970, p.181.)
③[美]简·亨特：《文明的福音：世纪之交的美国来华女传教士》(Jane Hunt, The Gospel of Gentility: American Women Missionaries in Turn-of-the Century China, New Haven and London:Yale University Press,1984, p.3. and pp.13-14.)
①在华续行委员会：《中华归主：基督教力量在华地理分布与信徒数调查报告》(China Continuation Committee, The Christian Occupation of China: A General Survey of the Numerical Strength and Geographical Distribution of the Christian Forces in China, Made by the Special Committee on Survey and Occupation, Shanghai,1922, p.346.)
②[美]简·亨特：《文明的福音：世纪之交的美国来华女传教士》(Jane Hunt, The Gospel of Gentility: American Women Missionaries in Turn-of-the Century China, New Haven and London: Yale University Press,1984, p.19.)
③[美]爱丽丝·格里格：《中国与教育自主：新教在华教育事业的变迁,1807-1937》(Alice Gregg, China and Educational Autonomy: The Changing Role of the Protestant Educational Mission in China,1807-1937, New York: Syracuse University Press,1946, pp.45-46.)
①[美]卢爱德：《中国的女子教育》(Ida Belle Lewis, The Education of Girls in China, New York: Teachers College, Columbia University,1919, p.24.)
②这首诗由美国诗人亨利·W.朗费罗(Henry Wadsworth Longfellow)创作,发表于1861年的《大西洋月刊》(The Atlantic Monthly),是关于美国独立战争时期著名的爱国者保罗·利威尔骑马送信的故事。[美]赛珍珠：《龙子》(Pearl S. Buck, Dragon Seed, New York: The John Day Company,1942, p.279.)
③[美]金敏：《输出女性气质不是女权主义：19世纪美国女传教士解放中国妇女的努力》,载[美]莱斯利·A.弗莱明编：《妇女工作为妇女》(Majorie King, "Exporting Femininity, Not Feminism: Nineteenth-Century U. S. Missionary Women's Efforts to Emancipate Chinese Women," in Leslie A. Flemming ed., Women's Wok for Women, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press,1989, p.121.)
①[美]郭佩兰：《中国妇女与基督教,1860-1927》(Kwok Pui-lan, Chinese Women and Christianity,1860-1927, Atlanta, Georgia: Scholars Press,1991, conclusion.)
②[美]卡罗尔·斯密斯-罗森堡：《美女、野兽和女勇士：杰克逊时代美国的性别职责与社会压力分析》,《紊乱行为：维多利亚时代美国的性观念》(Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, "Beauty, the Beast, the Militant Woman: A Case Study in Sex Roles and Social Stress in Jacksonian America," in Disorderly Conduct: Visions of Gender in Victorian America, New York: A. A. Knopf,1985, pp.109-128.)
①[美]简·亨特：《文明的福音：世纪之交的美国来华女传教士》(Jane Hunter, The Gospel of Gentility: American Women Missionaries in Turn-of-the-Century China, New Haven and London: Yale University,1984, p.216.)
②[美]萨拉·J.海尔：《代表妇女医学传教协会向美国基督徒的倡议书》,载《歌地女子杂志》(Sarah J. Hale, "An Appeal to the American Christians on Behalf of the Ladies' Medical Missionary Society," Godey's Lady's Book, March 1852, p.185.)
①[美]约翰·波特·福斯特：《美国文学中的中国与中国人,1850-1950》(John Burt Foster, China and the Chinese in American Literature,1850-1950. Ph. D. Diss. University of Illinois,1952.)
②宋伟杰：《中国·文学·美国：美国小说戏剧的中国形象》,广州：花城出版社,2003年。
③[美]鲍勃·罗伯特·里格尔：《四海之内皆姐妹》(1997年4月4日金陵大学演讲)(Bob Robert Riggle, "Within Four Seas All Women Are Sisters," Speech at Nanking University, Nanking.4 July,1997, quoted from Wang Peng, The American Woman in Exile: Alice Tisdale Hobart and Her China Narrative, Diss. Nanking University,2007, p.27.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《我的几个世界》(Pearl S. Buck, My Several Worlds: A Personal Record, New York: The John Day Company,1954, p.10.)
①[美]彼得·康：《赛珍珠：一本文化传记》(Peter Conn, Pearl S. Buck: A Cultural Biography, New York: Cambridge University Press,1996, pp.49-51.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《中国的灵魂》,载《当代》(Pearl S. Buck, "The Soul of China," Living Age 338 (1 April,1930),p.168-176.)又见[美]赛珍珠：《永恒的中国》,载《当代》(Pearl S. Buck, "China the Eternal," Living Age 324 (7 February,1925), pp.324-330.)
③[美]赛珍珠：《中国学生的思想》,载《民族》(Pearl S. Buck, "Chinese Student Mind," Nation 119(8 October, 1924), pp.358-361.)
1以约翰·赛吉斯(John Sedges)发表的作品如下：1.《小镇人》(The Townsman, New York: John Day,1945);2.《愤怒的妻子》(The Angry Wife, New York: John Day,1947); 3.《天长地久》(The Long Love, New York: John Day,1949); 4.《光明行列》(Bright Procession, New York: John Day,1952); 5.《房子里的声音》(Voices in the House, New York: John Day,1953).
①[美]哈罗德·伊罗生(Harold Isaacs):《美国的中国形象》,于殿利,陆日宇译,北京：中华书局,2006年,第154页。
②[美]史景迁：《寻找现代中国》(Jonathan D. Spence, The Search for Modern China, New York: W. W. Norton, 1990,'p.387.)
①[美]彼得·康：《赛珍珠：一本文化传记》(Peter Conn, "Preface: Rediscovering Pearl Buck", in Pearl S. Buck: A Cultural Biography, New York: Cambridge University Press,1996, p.viii.)
②[美]彼得·康：《赛珍珠：一本文化传记》(Peter Conn, "Preface: Rediscovering Pearl Buck", in Pearl S. Buck: A Cultural Biography. New York: Cambridge University Press,1996, p.viii.)
③[美]韩德：《大众的中国通赛珍珠,1931-1949》，载《现代中国》(Michael H. Hunt, "Pearl Buck-Popular Expert on China 1931-1949," Modern China, Vol.1, No.1 (January 1977), pp.33-64.)
④本文的何巴特生平介绍主要依赖她的个人自传《古斯蒂的孩子》。(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Gusty's Child, New York: Longmans, Green and Co. Inc.,1959.)
①参见《长沙城边》(By the City of Long Sand)等书的封面印章。
②[美]何巴特：《古斯蒂的孩子》(Alice Nourse Tisdale Hobart, Gusty's Child, New York: Longmans, Green and Co. Inc., p.7.)
③[美]何巴特：《古斯蒂的孩子》(Alice Nourse Tisdale Hobart, Gusty's Child, New York: Longmans, Green and Co. Inc., p.29.)
①[美]何巴特：《古斯蒂的孩子》(Alice Nourse Tisdale Hobart, Gusty's Child, New York: Longmans, Green and Co. Inc., p.60.)
②[美]何巴特：《古斯蒂的孩子》(Alice Nourse Tisdale Hobart, Gusty's Child, New York: Longmans, Green and Co. Inc., p.117.)
①原计划四部,但最后一部《天真梦想者》直到1963年才出版。(The Innocent Dreamers, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc.,1963.)
②第一部同名电影由华纳兄弟公司发行于1935年,第二部易名为《雨林法则》(Law of the Tropics)发行于1941年。
③哈里·F.麦克奈尔致鲍勃斯-梅里尔出版公司副总裁D.L.钱伯斯(Harley Farnsworth MacNair's letter to D. L. Chambers, September 3,1933. http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/product-description/1891936085/ref=dp_proddesc_0/103-6132944-66110 64?%5Fencoding=UTF8&n=283155,2007年11月5日。)
④[美]何巴特：《古斯蒂的孩子》(Alice Nourse Tisdale Hobart, Gusty's Child, New York: Longmans, Green and Co. Inc., p.293.)
①《杯与剑》(The Cup and the Sword,1943)在1959年被改编为电影《此地属我》(This Earth is Mine)。
①[美]赛珍珠：《战斗的天使》(Pearl S. Buck, Fighting Angel: Portrait of a Soul, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.101.)
①[美]南希·F.科特：《女性特质的枷锁：新英格兰地区的女性空间,1780-1835》(Nancy F. Cott, The Bonds of Womanhood:'Woman's Sphere'in New England 1780-1835, New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 1977, chapter 5.)
①[美]南希·沃洛奇：《妇女与美国经验》(Nancy Woloch, Women and the American Experience, New York: McGraw-Hill,2nd edition,1994, p.117.)
②[美]米歇尔·Z.罗萨尔多等编：《妇女、文化和社会：理论概览》(Michelle Zimbalist Rosaldo, "Woman, Culture, and Society: A Theoretical Overview," in Michelle Zimbalist Rosaldo and Louise Lamphere eds., Woman, Culture, and Society, Stanford, California: Stanford University Press,1974, pp.17-42.)
③[美]格伦娜·马修斯：《妇女公共角色的兴起：1630-1970美国妇女的力量和地位变化》(Glenna Mathews, The Rise of Public Woman: Woman's Power and Woman's Place in the United States,1630-1970, New York: Oxford University Press,1992, chapters 5,6 and 7.)
④[美]萨拉·M.伊凡斯：《生为自由：美国妇女史》(Sarah M. Evans, Born for Liberty: A History of Women in America, New York: The Free Press,1989, chapter 4,5,6 and 7.)
⑤[美]南希·F.科特：《女性特质的枷锁：新英格兰地区的女性空间,1780-1835》(Nancy F. Cott, The Bonds of Womanhood: 'Woman's Sphere' in New England 1780-1835, New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 1977, p.154.)
⑥[美]罗莎琳德·罗森堡：《追寻妇女的天性：1850-1920》，载《女性主义研究》(Rosalind Rosenberg, "In Search of Woman's Nature,1850-1920" Feminist Studies, vol.3, no.1/2, Fall 1975,pp.142,146,152.)
①[美]简·亨特：《文明的福音：世纪之交的美国来华女传教士》(Jane Hunter, The Gospel of Gentility: American Women Missionaries in Turn-of-the-Century China, New Haven and London: Yale University,1984, p.283.)
②[美]简·亨特：《文明的福音：世纪之交的美国来华女传教士》(Jane Hunter, The Gospel of Gentility: American Women Missionaries in Turn-of-the-Century China, New Haven and London: Yale University,1984, pp.13-14.)
①[美]芭芭拉·维尔特：《纯正女性风范膜拜：1820-1860》,载《美国季刊》(Barbara Welter, "The Cult of True Womanhood: 1820-1860," American Quarterly, vol.18, no.2, Summer 1966, p.152.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《战斗的天使》(Pearl S. Buck, Fighting Angel: Portrait of a Soul, New York: The John Day Company,1936, pp.76-81.)
①[美]简·亨特：《文明的福音：世纪之交的美国来华女传教士》(Jane Hunter, The Gospel of Gentility: American Women Missionaries in Turn-of-the-Century China, New Haven and London: Yale University,1984, p.163.)
②[美]简·亨特：《文明的福音：世纪之交的美国来华女传教士》(Jane Hunter, The Gospel of Gentility: American Women Missionaries in Turn-of-the-Century China, New Haven and London: Yale University,1984, p.205.)
③美国内战后,有抱负的妇女们急切地以主的名义从事“妇女工作为妇女”的海外传教运动。1869年公理 会在美国成立了第一家女性差会“妇女传教差会”(The Woman's Board of Missions),其它宗派也陆续成立了派遣妇女海外传教的组织。截至1900年,美国已经成立了大大小小41家妇女传教差会,其中不少妇女差会在募集资金、组织管理、资金使用、人员派出等方面,都独立于其所属宗派。妇女差会一般只派出单身女传教士。(Jane Hunter, The Gospel of Gentility: American Women Missionaries in Turn-of-the-Century China, New Haven and London: Yale University,1984, p.12.)
①在华传教界对单身女传教士的接受不等于就给予她们相应的参政权利。虽然传教会议的投票制度在不同教派间差别很大,但有一点是共同的,那就是限制女传教士的权利。例如,卫理公会在1927年才为女传教士设立单独的妇女会议,在此之前她们不可以参加传教工作的总体管理,管理权仅限于得到正式任命的男传教士；截至1888年,公理会的女传教士不仅没有投票权,连在一般会议上发言的权利都没有。直到1920年代,各教派差会才陆续在决策委员会中设置象征性的妇女代表。(Jane Hunter, The Gospel of Gentility: American Women Missionaries in Turn-of-the-Century China, New Haven and London:Yale University,1984, pp.83-84.又见Pearl S. Buck, Fighting Angel: Portrait of a Soul, New York: The John Day Company,1936, pp.189-192.)
①[美]简·亨特：《文明的福音：世纪之交的美国来华女传教士》(Jane Hunter, The Gospel of Gentility: American Women Missionaries in Turn-of-the-Century China, New Haven and London: Yale University,1984, p.157.)
①[美]简·亨特：《文明的福音：世纪之交的美国来华女传教士》(Jane Hunter, The Gospel of Gentility: American Women Missionaries in Turn-of-the-Century China, New Haven and London: Yale University,1984, p.165.)
②[美]玛格丽特·伯顿：《东方的女事工》(Margaret Burton, Women Workers of the Orient, West Medford, Mass.,:Central Committee on the United Study of Foreign Mission,1918, p.35.)
①[美]简·亨特：《文明的福音：世纪之交的美国来华女传教士》(Jane Hunter, The Gospel of Gentility: American Women Missionaries in Turn-of-the-Century China, New Haven and London: Yale University,1984, p.134.)
①简·亨特引用了多位女传教士的书信,以此证明女传教士常用的“自我种族隔离”的教育方式。(Jane Hunter, The Gospel of Gentility: American Women Missionaries in Turn-of-the-Century China, New Haven and London: Yale University,1984, p.108.)
②历史学家威廉·R.哈金森认为传教运动不存在向帝国主义政治和经济扩张提供正式的(formal)、体制的(institutional)和功能上的(functional)合作与支持,因此他将传教运动定义为“文化帝国主义”,即“试图把一种思想和文化强加给他国”。(William R. Hutchison, Errand to the World: American Protestant Thought and Foreign Mission, Chicago: University Of Chicago Press,1987, p.204.)美国著名历史学家小阿瑟·施莱辛格在《传教事业与帝国主义理论》一文中指出：“文化帝国主义是一种文化对另一种文化的思想和观念进行有目的的侵略,单纯的思想和价值的跨国界传播本身并不是帝国主义。”(Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., "The Missionary Enterprise and Theories of Imperialism", in John K. Fairbank ed., The Missionary Enterprise in China and America, Cambridge: Harvard University Press,1974, pp.363-364.)
③[美]凯瑟琳·比切尔：《论家政》(Catherine Beecher, A Treatise on Domestic Economy, Boston: Marsh, Capen, Lyon, and Webb,1841, p.24.)
①[美]路易斯·B.吉米列：《翔于信仰之翼：叔何显理的中国苦行,1835-1844》，载《美国早期史研究》(Loius B. Gimelli, "Borne Upon the Wings of Faith: The Chinese Odyssey of Henrietta Hall Shuck, 1835-1844," Journal of the Early Republic 14, Summer 1994, p.232.)
②[美]莱斯利·A.弗莱明编：《妇女工作为妇女》(Leslie A. Flemming ed. Women's Work for Women: Missionaries and Social Change in Asia, Boulder, Colo.:Westview Press,1989, p.3.)
③[美]H.S.坎比：《(大地)、赛珍珠和诺贝尔奖》,载《星期六文学评论》(H. S. Canby, "The Good Earth, Pearl Buck and the Novel Prize," Saturday Review of Literature, November 19,1938, p.8.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《流亡者》(Pearl S. Buck, The Exile, New York: The John Day Company,1936. pp.67-68.)
②安德鲁在两本传记中为赛珍珠父亲赛兆祥(Absalom Sydenstricker,1852-1933)的化名,本文讨论中涉及的人物姓名只和两本传记保持一致,不使用真名。
③[美]赛珍珠：《流亡者》(Pearl S. Buck, The Exile, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.9.)
①[美]简·亨特：《文明的福音：世纪之交的美国来华女传教士》(Jane Hunter, The Gospel of Gentility: American Women Missionaries in Turn-of-the-Century China, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1984, p.129.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《流亡者》(Pearl S. Buck, The Exile, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.194.)
③[美]赛珍珠：《致中国人民的广播讲话》,美国之音、英国BBC电台,1942年3月(Pearl S. Buck, "to Chinese People," speech at Voice of America & BBC, March 1942.)。
④[美]赛珍珠：《流亡者》(Pearl S. Buck, The Exile, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.144.)
⑤[美]赛珍珠：《流亡者》(Pearl S. Buck, The Exile, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.152.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《战斗的天使》(Pearl S. Buck, Fighting Angel: Portrait of a Soul, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.88.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《流亡者》(Pearl S. Buck, The Exile, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.260.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《流亡者》(Pearl S. Buck, The Exile, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.139.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《流亡者》(Pearl S. Buck, The Exile, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.222.)
③[美]赛珍珠：《流亡者》(Pearl S. Buck, The Exile, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.139.)
④[美]赛珍珠：《流亡者》(Pearl S. Buck, The Exile, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.184.)
①[美]朗达·A.赛普尔：《女传教士：性属、职业精神与维多利亚时代的基督教使命》(Rhonda A. Semple, Missionary Women: Gender, Professionalism and the Victorian Idea of Christian Mission, Suffolk, Great Britain: The Boydell Press,2003, p.12.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《流亡者》(Pearl S. Buck, The Exile, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.185.)
①美国在《中国望厦条约》之后就能进入中国的五个通商口岸,根据这一条约以及后来所签署的多项条约,美国公民在中国享有治外法权。和英法等国由政府派遣领事不一样,很多美国领事只是在华美商从同行中推举出来的代表,如果本身未受牵连,很少过问美国人的劣迹。由于没有由本国政府维持的监狱,这些领事即使执法也无能为力,因此美国水手的不轨行为臭名昭著,美国国旗“成为每一个英格兰、爱尔兰或是苏格兰流氓无赖的保护伞”,每一个白人妓女都自称是美国人。([美]孔华润(Warren I. Cohen):《美国对中国的反应——中美关系的历史剖析》,张静尔、周敦仁译,上海：复旦大学出版社,1989年,第13页。)
②[美]赛珍珠：《流亡者》(Pearl S. Buck, The Exile, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.146.)
③[美]赛珍珠：《流亡者》(Pearl S. Buck, The Exile, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.201.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《流亡者》(Pearl S. Buck, The Exile, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.212.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《流亡者》(Pearl S. Buck, The Exile, New York: The John Day Company,1936, pp.212-213.)
③[美]赛珍珠：《流亡者》(Pearl S. Buck, The Exile, New York: The John Day Company,1936, pp.314-315.)
①[美]卡洛琳·G.海尔布伦： 《朝向双性同体之认同》(Carolyn G. Heilbrun, Toward a Recognition of Androgyny, New York: Norton,1973, pp.10-11.)
②[美]桑德拉·L.贝姆：《探寻雌雄同体的前景》,载[美]亚历山德拉·G.卡普兰和琼·P.比恩合编：《超越性别刻板形象：对雌雄同体心理学的解读》(Sandra L. Bem, "Probing the Promise of Androgyny," in Alexandra G. Kaplan and Joan P. Bean eds., Beyond Sex-Role Stereotypes:Reading Toward a Psychology of Androguny, Boston: Little, Brown,1976, p.51.)
③[美]伊莱恩·肖瓦尔特：《她们自己的文学：从勃朗特到莱辛的英国妇女小说家》(Elaine Showalter, A literature of their own: British women novelists from Bronte to Lessing, Princeton, N.J.:Princeton University Press,1977.)
④[美]凯特·米丽特：《性政治》(Kate Millett, Sexual Politics, Garden City, NY: Doubleday,1970.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《大地》(Pearl S. Buck, The Good Earth, New York: The John Day Company,1931, pp.95-96.)
①[美]何巴特：《拓疆在古老的世界：满洲札记》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Pioneering Where the World Is Old, New York: Henry Holt and Company,1917, p.123.)
②[奥]西格蒙·弗洛伊德：《性论》(Sigmund Freud, On Sexuality, London:Penguin Books,1991.)
①[美]劳拉·马尔维：《视觉快感和叙事电影》,载[美]里奥·布劳迪等编：《电影理论与批评入门》(Laura Mulvey, "Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema," in Leo Braudy and Marshall Cohen eds., Film Theory and Criticism: Introductory Readings, New York: Oxford University Press,1999, pp.835-836.)
②[美]劳拉·马尔维：《视觉快感和叙事电影》,载[美]里奥·布劳迪、马歇尔·柯恩编：《电影理论与批评入门》(Laura Mulvey, "Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema," in Leo Braudy and Marshall Cohen eds., Film Theory and Criticism: Introductory Readings, New York: Oxford University Press,1999, p.840.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《流亡者》(Pearl S. Buck, The Exile, New York: The John Day Company,1936, pp.64-65.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《流亡者》(Pearl S. Buck, The Exile, New York: The John Day Company,1936, pp.67-68.)
③[美]赛珍珠：《流亡者》(Pearl S. Buck, The Exile, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.70.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《流亡者》(Pearl S. Buck, The Exile, New York: The John Day Company,1936, pp.183-184.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《流亡者》(Pearl S. Buck, The Exile, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.154.)
③[美]赛珍珠：《流亡者》(Pearl S. Buck, The Exile, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.309.)
④[美]赛珍珠：《流亡者》(Pearl S. Buck, The Exile, New York: The John Day Company,1936. p.310.)
⑤[美]赛珍珠：《流亡者》(Pearl S. Buck, The Exile, New York: The John Day Company,1936. p.311.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《流亡者》(Pearl S. Buck, The Exile, New York: The John Day Company,1936. pp.314-315.)
② "Angel-one of an order of spiritual beings, attendants and messengers of God, usually spoken of as employed by him in ordering the affairs of the universe, and particularly of mankind. They are commonly regarded as bodiless intelligences.)[美]赛珍珠：《战斗的天使》(Pearl S. Buck, Fighting Angel: Portrait of a Soul, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.1.)
③[美]赛珍珠：《战斗的天使》(Pearl S. Buck, Fighting Angel: Portrait of a Soul, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.263.)
④[美]赛兆祥：《我们在中国的生活与工作》(Absalom Sydenstricker, Our Life and Work in China, Parson, WV: McClaim Printing Company,1978.)
⑤[美]赛珍珠：《战斗的天使》(Pearl S. Buck, Fighting Angel: Portrait of a Soul, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.11.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《战斗的天使》(Pearl S. Buck, Fighting Angel: Portrait of a Soul, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.12.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《战斗的天使》(Pearl S. Buck, Fighting Angel: Portrait of a Soul, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.129.)
③[美]赛珍珠：《战斗的天使》(Pearl S. Buck, Fighting Angel: Portrait of a Soul, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.9.)
④[美]赛珍珠：《战斗的天使》(Pearl S. Buck, Fighting Angel: Portrait of a Soul, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.109.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《战斗的天使》(Pearl S. Buck, Fighting Angel: Portrait of a Soul, New York: The John Day Company,1936, pp.74-75.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《流亡者》(Pearl S. Buck, The Exile, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.9.)
③[美]赛珍珠：《流亡者》(Pearl S. Buck, The Exile, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.265.)
④[美]赛珍珠：《流亡者》(Pearl S. Buck, The Exile, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.122.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《战斗的天使》(Pearl S. Buck, Fighting Angel: Portrait of a Soul, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.100.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《战斗的天使》(Pearl S. Buck, Fighting Angel: Portrait of a Soul, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.100.)
③[美]赛珍珠：《战斗的天使》(Pearl S. Buck, Fighting Angel: Portrait of a Soul, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.247.)
④[美]赛珍珠：《战斗的天使》(Pearl S. Buck, Fighting Angel: Portrait of a Soul, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.248.)
⑤[美]赛珍珠：《战斗的天使》(Pearl S. Buck, Fighting Angel: Portrait of a Soul, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.250.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《战斗的天使》(Pearl S. Buck, Fighting Angel: Portrait of a Soul, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.302.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《战斗的天使》(Pearl S. Buck, Fighting Angel: Portrait of a Soul, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.302.)
③[美]玛丽·路易·普拉特：《文化接触地带的艺术》(Mary Louise Pratt, "Arts of the Contact Zone", Profession 91, New York: MLA,1991, p.33.)
①[美]哈罗德伊罗生(Harold Isaacs):《美国的中国形象》(Scratches on Our Minds: American Images oc China and India),于殿利、陆日宇译,中华书局,2006年,第40页。
②[美]费正清编《传教事业对中美两国的影响》(John K. Fairbank ed., The Missionary Enterprise in China and America, Cambridge: Harvard University Press,1974. p.7.)
①“广学会”(The Society for the Diffusion of Christian and General Knowledge among the Chinese),初名“同文书会”,成立于1887年,1892年改称“广学会”,1905年英文名改为“The Christian Literature Society"。参加者主要为英美传教士,此外包括相当数量的商人和在华外交人员,由总税务司赫德(Robert Hart)任会长,英国传教士韦廉臣(Alexander Williamson)为督办,后由李提摩太(Tomothy Richard)继任,整个会务由督办承担。该会的主旨是通过传播基督教和西学知识改造中国社会,并最终达到使中国基督教化的目的,由此出版了大量西学译著和传教士的中文著述,《万国公报》为其代表出版物,对晚清的社会转型起了一定的作用。
②[美]倪维思：《中国和中国人：总论》(John L. Nevius, China and the Chinese: A General Description of the Country and Its Inhabitants; Its Civilization and Form of Government; Its Religious and Social Institutions; Its Intercourse with Other Nations; and Its Present Condition and Prospects, Chicago: Missionary Campaign Library Number Two,1882.)
③传教士书写的其它比较重要的作品还有：1.马礼逊的《中国一瞥》(Robert Marrison, A View of China, for Philological Purpose,1817); 2.郭实腊的《中国简史》(Charles Gutzlaff, A Sketch of Chinese History,1834);3.麦都思的《中国：现状与未来》(Walter Henry Medhurst, China: its state and prospects,1838)等。
①[美]爱德华·W.赛义德：《东方主义》(Edward W. Said, Orientalism, New York: Vintage Books,1994, p.255.)
②早期来华传教士为了在中国宣讲福音,留下来大量汉语写作,主要包括：1.宣教手册(如卢公明的《劝善良言》、《醒世良规》等)、《圣经》的摘译(如《以弗所书》、《路加福音》、《使徒行传》等)；2.中文期刊(如郭实腊于1833年创办的《东西洋考每月统纪传》等)；3.中文学术著述(如裨治文的《美理哥国志略》等)；4.与传教有关的中文文学创作(如米怜的《张远两友相论》、杨格非的《引家当道》、郭实腊的《大英国统志》、《是非略论》等),这其中尤其以白话文的文学创作对中国近代的文化发展影响最大,目前对传教士的中文著述所做的研究主要有：(1)[美]苏珊·威尔逊·巴尼特、费正清编：《基督教在中国：早期新教传教士写作》(Suzanne Wilson Barnett and John King Fairbank eds., Christianity in China: Early Protestant Missionary Writings, Cambridge, Mass.:Harvard University Press,1985.) (2)[美]帕特里克·韩南：《19世纪中国的传教士小说》,载《哈佛亚洲研究杂志》(Patrick Hanan, "The Missionary Novels of Nineteenth-Century China," Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, Vol.60, No.1&2,2000, pp.413-443.)(3)[美]帕特里克·韩南(Patrick Hanan):《中国近代小说的兴起》,徐侠译,上海：上海教育出版社,2004年。 (4)江苏省社会科学院：《中国通俗小说总目提要》,北京：中国文联出版公司,1990。(5)王继权、夏生元：《中国近代小说目录》,南昌：百花洲文艺出版社,1998。(6)宋莉华：《十九世纪传教士小说的文化解读》,《文学评论》,2005年第1期。(7)宋莉华： 《第一部传教士中文小说的流传与影响——米怜(张远两友相论)略论》, 《文学遗产》,2005年第2期。 (8)宋莉华： 《19世纪中国的独特文化存在——郭实腊的小说创作与评论》,[韩]《中国文化研究》,2005年6期。(9)宋莉华：《19世纪西人小说中的白话实验》,《学术月刊》,2006年第4期。(10)宋莉华：《西方传教士汉学的分支：传教士汉文小说研究现状》,《国外社会科学》,2008年第5期。(11)王三庆：《东西交流史上汉文小说所表现的文化冲突》,《成大中文学报》(台湾)第17期(2007年7月)。 (12)袁进：《论西方传教士对中文小说发展所做的贡献》,《社会科学》,2008年第2期。(13)袁进：《重新审视欧化白话文的起源——试论近代西方传教士对中国文学的影响》, 《文学评论》,2007年第1期。 (14)刘倩： 《汉文文学史与汉文化整体研究》, 《中国社会科学院院报》,2008年1月29日。
①[美]默里·A.罗宾斯坦：《美国传教差会和美国的中国观之形成,1830-1860))，载[美]乔纳森·戈尔登斯坦等编： 《美国看中国：美国的中国形象之今昔》(Murray A. Rubinstein, "American Board Missionaries and the Formation of American Opinion toward China,1830-1860," in Jonathan Goldstein et al eds., America Views China: American Images of China Then and Now, Bethlehem: Lehigh University Press, 1991, p.73.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《战斗的天使》(Pearl S. Buck, Fighting Angel: Portrait of a Soul, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.206.)
③[美]亨利·吴：《考量东方人：现代美国的迁移、接触和异域情调》(Henry Yu, Thinking Orientals: Migration, Contact, and Exoticism in Modern America, New York: Oxford University Press,2001, pp.19-30.)
④[美]苏珊·威尔逊·巴尼特、费正清：《基督教在中国：早期新教传教士写作》(Suzanne Wilson Barnett and John King Fairbank eds., Christianity in China: Early Protestant Missionary Writings, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press,1985, p.12.)
⑤此书影响较大,版本较多,主要有1838年新加坡版,名为《美理哥国志略》,1844年香港版改名为《亚美利格合省国志略》,1861年上海版定名为《联邦志略》,增加了大量地图和统计表。此书旨在传播美国文明,打破中国的闭塞无知。内容主要有4个部分：第一部分介绍美洲的发现；第二部分叙述欧洲各国在北美的殖民史,美国独立的过程,以及独立后至19世纪初的美国发展；第三部分介绍当时18个州的地理、气候、物产和文化等；第四部分介绍总体介绍美国的国体、政体、人口、工农业、社会发展、民风等情况。
①[美]苏珊·威尔逊·巴尼特、费正清：《基督教在中国：早期新教传教士写作》(Suzanne Wilson Barnett and John King Fairbank eds., Christianity in China: Early Protestant Missionary Writings, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press,1985, p.14.)
②吴义雄：《在宗教与世俗之间：基督教新教传教士在华南沿海的早期活动研究》,广州：广东教育出版社,2000年,第462页。
③[美]卫三畏(Samuel Wells Williams):《中国总论》(The Middle Kindom),陈俱译,上海：上海古籍出版社,2005年,第748-749页。
④[美]娄礼华：《来华传教士娄礼华回忆录》(Walter M. Lowrie ed., Memoirs of the Rev. Walter M. Lowrie, Missionary to China, Philadelphia: Presbyterian Board of Publication,1854, pp.382-383.)
①[美]查尔斯·亨利·福勒：《传教演讲集》(Charles Henry Fowler, Missionary Addresses, Cincinnati: Jennings and Graham,1906, pp.32-33.)
②[美]帕特里克·韩南： 《19世纪中国的传教士小说》,载《哈佛亚洲研究杂志》(Patrick Hanan, "The Missionary Novels of Nineteenth-Century China," Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, Vol.60, No.1&2,2000, p.421.)
③[美]雅裨理：《中国丛报》(David Abeel, Chinese Repository, vol.12, p.548.)
①[美]裨治文：《中国人的思维特征》,载《中国丛报》(E. C. Bridgman, "Intellectual Character of the Chinese," Chinese Repository, vol.7, p.7.)
②[美]米伶：《中国的民族性格》,载《中国丛报》(William Milne, "National Character of the Chinese," Chinese Repository, vol.1, p.327.)
③[英]郭实腊： 《中国丛报》(Charles Gutzlaff, Chinese Repository, vol.11, p.483.)
④[美]保罗·A.瓦格：《传教士、中国人和外交官：美国新教在华传教运动,1890-1952》(Paul A. Varg, Missionaries, Chinese and Diplomats: The American Protestant Missionary Movement in China,1890-1952, Princeton: Princeton University Press,1958, p.114.)
⑤1890年上海北华捷报社出第一版时有40章,约三分之一内容因争议大而在1894年的美国版中删除。被
①[美]明恩溥(Arthur H. Smith):《中国人的特性》(Chinese Characteristics),匡雁鹏译,北京：光明日报出版社,1998年,第129-130页。
①[美]明恩溥(Arthur H. Smith):《中国人的特性》(Chinese Characteristics),匡雁鹏译,北京：光明日报出版社,1998年,第285页。
②[美]明恩溥(Arthur H. Smith):《中国人的特性》(Chinese Characteristics),匡雁鹏译,北京：光明日报出版社,1998年,第297页。
③[美]爱德华·W.赛义德：《东方学》(Edward W. Said, Orientalism, New York: Vintage Books,1994, p.227.)
④周宁：《第二人类》,北京：学苑出版社,2004年,第137页。
⑤周宁：《“被别人表述”：国民性批判的西方话语谱系》,《文艺理论与批评》,2003年第5期。
①[美]赛珍珠：《我的几个世界》(Pearl S. Buck, My Several Worlds: A Personal Record, New York: The John Day Company,1954, p.10.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《战斗的天使》(Pearl S. Buck, Fighting Angel: Portrait of a Soul, New York: The John Day Company,1936. p.187.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《给中国完整的耶稣》,载《教务杂志》(Pearl S. Buck, "A Whole Jesus to China," China Recorder (July 1932), p.451.)
② [美]赛珍珠：《海外传教有必要吗?》,载《哈勃杂志》(Pearl S. Buck, "Is There a Case for Foreign Missions?" Harper (January 1933), p.143.)
③[美]赛珍珠：《流亡者》(Pearl S. Buck, The Exile, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.278.)
④[美]赛珍珠：《战斗的天使》(Pearl S. Buck, Fighting Angel: Portrait of a Soul, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.232.)
⑤[美]赛珍珠：《战斗的天使》(Pearl S. Buck, Fighting Angel: Portrait of a Soul, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.131.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《中国人的思想与印度》,载《美国团结与亚洲》(Pearl S. Buck, "The Chinese Mind and India," in Pearl S. Buck, American Unity and Asia, New York: The John Day Company,1942, p.75.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《海外传教有必要吗?》,载《哈勃杂志》(Pearl S. Buck, "Is There a Case for Foreign Missions?" Harper (January 1933), p.143.)
③[美]海外传教评估委员会：《重新审视海外传教运动》(The Commission of Appraisal (William Ernest Hocking as Chairman), Re-thinking Missions: A Laymen's Inquiry after One Hundred Years, New York and London:Harper & Brothers Publishers,1932.)
④[美]海外传教评估委员会：《重新审视海外传教运动》(The Commission of Appraisal (William Ernest Hocking as Chairman), Re-thinking Missions: A Laymen's Inquiry after One Hundred Years, New York and London:Harper & Brothers Publishers,1932, p.31.)
⑤[美]赛珍珠：《非神职人员的海外传教调查团报告》(Pearl S. Buck, "Laymen's Mission Report", Christian Century 23, Nov.1932, pp.1434-1437.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《最后的倾诉》,《当代外国文学》,1996年第3期。
②[美]赛珍珠：《海外传教有必要吗?》,载《哈勃杂志》(Pearl S. Buck, "Is There a Case for Foreign Missions?" Harper (January 1933), p.145.)
③刘小枫主编：《道与言：华夏文化与基督文化相遇——编者序》,北京：三联书店,1995年,第3页。
①[美]赛珍珠：《分家》(Pearl. S. Buck, A House Divided, New York: The John Day Company,1935, p.188.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《分家》(Pearl. S. Buck, A House Divided, New York: The John Day Company,1935, p.189.)
③[美]阿奇博尔德·G贝克：《基督教使命与新的世界文化》(Archibald G. Baker, Christian Missions and a New World Culture, Chicago: Willett, Clark & Co.,1934, p.29.)
①[美]阿奇博尔德·G.贝克：《基督教使命与新的世界文化》(Archibald G. Baker, Christian Missions and a New World Culture, Chicago: Willett, Clark & Co.,1934, p.175,262.)
②[美]阿奇博尔德·G.贝克：《基督教使命与新的世界文化》(Archibald G. Baker, Christian Missions and a New World Culture, Chicago: Willett, Clark & Co.,1934, chapters ⅩⅢ and ⅤⅣ.)
③[美]阿奇博尔德·G.贝克：《基督教使命与新的世界文化》(Archibald G. Baker, Christian Missions and a New World Culture, Chicago: Willett, Clark & Co.,1934, pp.293-294.)
④[美]查尔斯·T.霍尔曼：《我不想让世界基督教化》,载《基督教世纪》(Charles T. Holman, "I Don't Want to Christianize the World!", The Christian Century, November 20,1935, p.1484.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《群芳亭》(Pearl. S. Buck, Pavilion of Women, New York: The John Day Company,1946, p.114.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《群芳亭》(Pearl. S. Buck, Pavilion of Women, New York: The John Day Company,1946, p.154.)
③[美]赛珍珠：《群芳亭》(Pearl. S. Buck, Pavilion of Women, New York: The John Day Company,1946, p.154.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《群芳亭》(Pearl. S. Buck, Pavilion of Women, New York: The John Day Company,1946, p.206.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《群芳亭》(Pearl. S. Buck, Pavilion of Women, New York: The John Day Company,1946, p.153.)
③[美]赛珍珠：《群芳亭》(Pearl. S. Buck, Pavilion of Women, New York: The John Day Company,1946, pp. 122-123.)
④[美]赛珍珠：《群芳亭》(Pearl. S. Buck, Pavilion of Women, New York: The John Day Company,1946, pp. 155-158.)
①(1)[美]何巴特：《古斯蒂的孩子》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Gusty's Child, New York: Longmans, Green and Co.,1959, pp.226-231.);
(2)[美]露丝·莫尔：《何巴特作品研究》(Ruth Moore, The Work of Alice Tisdale Hobart, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1940, p.17.)
①[美]何巴特：《阳与阴》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Yang and Yin: An American Doctor in China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1936, p.9.)
②[美]何巴特：《阳与阴》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Yang and Yin: An American Doctor in China, New York:The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1936, p.81.)
③[美]何巴特：《阳与阴》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Yang and Yin: An American Doctor in China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1936, p.81.)
①[美]何巴特：《阳与阴》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Yang and Yin: An American Doctor in China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1936, p.47.)
②[美]何巴特：《阳与阴》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Yang and Yin: An American Doctor in China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1936, p.76.)
③[美]何巴特：《阳与阴》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Yang and Yin: An American Doctor in China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1936, p.83.)
④[美]何巴特：《阳与阴》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Yang and Yin: An American Doctor in China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1936, p.121.)
①[美]何巴特：《阳与阴》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Yang and Yin, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1936, p.160.)
②[美]何巴特：《阳与阴》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Yang and Yin, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1936, p.217.)
③[美]何巴特：《阳与阴》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Yang and Yin, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1936, p.116.)
①[美]何巴特：《阳与阴》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Yang and Yin, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1936, pp.309-310.)
②[美]何巴特：《阳与阴》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Yang and Yin: An American Doctor in China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1936,p.325.)
③[美]何巴特：《阳与阴》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Yang and Yin: An American Doctor in China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1936, p.283.)
①[美]何巴特：《阳与阴》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Yang and Yin: An American Doctor in China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1936, p,46.)
②[美]何巴特：《阳与阴》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Yang and Yin: An American Doctor in China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1936, p.250.)
③[美]何巴特：《阳与阴》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Yang and Yin: An American Doctor in China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1936, p.194.)
①[美]何巴特：《阳与阴》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Yang and Yin: An American Doctor in China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1936, p.190.)
②[美]何巴特：《阳与阴》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Yang and Yin: An American Doctor in China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1936, p.191.)
①[美]格里菲斯·约翰：《罪孽的拯救：中国人之大需》,见《1877年5月10-24日上海新教传教士大会文集》(Griffith John, "Salvation from Sin: The Great Need of the Chinese," in Records of the General Conference of the Protestant Missionaries of China Held at Shanghai, May 10-24,1877, p.32.)
②[美]J.A.霍布森：《上帝与玛门：宗教与经济关系研究》(J. A. Hobson, God and Mammon: The Relations of Religion and Economics, New York: Macmillan,1931.)
③ T.克里斯托弗·杰斯珀森：《美国的中国形象,1931-1949))'(T. Christopher Jespersen, American Images of China,1931-1949, Stanford: Stanford University Press,1996, p.1.)
①王立新：《美国传教士与晚清中国现代化》,天津：天津人民出版社,1997，第97-114页。
②[英]慕稼谷：《基督教使命与外籍居民的关系》,见《1890年5月4-17日上海传教大会文集》(Archdeacon Moule, "The Relation of Christian Missions to the Foreign Residents," in General Missionary Conference, Shanghai: Collected Essays of Papers Submitted to the General Missionary Conference Held at Union Church, Shanghai,6th-17th May,1890, p.4.)
③[美]何巴特：《长沙城边》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, By the City of the Long Sand, New York: The Macmillan Company,1926, p.16.)
④[美]何巴特：《长沙城边》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, By the City of the Long Sand, New York: The Macmillan Company,1926, p.22.)
①[美]何巴特：《长沙城边》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, By the City of the Long Sand, New York: The Macmillan Company,1926, pp.17-18.)
②[美]何巴特：《长沙城边》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, By the City of the Long Sand, New York: The Macmillan Company,1926, p.19.)
①[美]何巴特：《长沙城边》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, By the City of the Long Sand, New York: The Macmillan Company,1926, pp.17-18.)
①[美]何巴特：《满洲札记》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Pioneering Where the World Is Old: Leaves from a Manchurian Note-Book, New York: Henry Holt and Company,1917, p.40.)
②[美]何巴特：《满洲札记》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Pioneering Where the World Is Old: Leaves from a Manchurian Note-Book, New York: Henry Holt and Company,1917, p.172.)
③[美]何巴特：《满洲札记》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Pioneering Where the World Is Old: Leaves from a Manchurian Note-Book, New York: Henry Holt and Company,1917, p.126.)
①例如《满洲札记》中有一个中国仆人说了一段类似于美国西海岸华人的洋泾浜英语,带有广东话语音和语法特点,甚至使用西海岸华人的一些变体西班牙语：Just now can talkee. Proper Chinaman wait long time. Savee, white no can wait. He talkee wait, wait; perhaps master no likee wait, pay big money so can catchee temple chop, chop. Very bad, master lose face……(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Pioneering Where the World Is Old, New York: Henry Holt and Company,1917, p.165)(译文大致如下：刚才搭上了话。体面的中国人很有耐心等,你知道的,白人总等不及。他说等等,再等等,也许老爷不喜欢等,花大钱就能找到一家寺庙吃点东西。太糟了,让老爷这么没面子。)
②林乐知著,任保罗述：《全地五大洲女俗通考》,光绪二十九年(1903)排印本,第10集,下卷,第54页。
③[美]何巴特：《长沙城边》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, By the City of the Long Sand, New York: The Macmillan Company,1926, p.209.)
①[美]何巴特：《满洲札记》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Pioneering Where the World Is Old, New York: Henry Holt and Company,1917, p.34.)
②[美]何巴特：《满洲札记》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Pioneering Where the World Is Old, New York: Henry Holt and Company,1917, p.41.)
③[美]何巴特：《长沙城边》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, By the City of the Long Sand, New York: The Macmillan Company,1926, p.170.)
④“没有法子”(mei yu fatzu)作为中国人表达听天由命的口头禅,在何巴特的各类文本中频繁出现,一般是先用拼音写出来,紧跟着又用英语释义重述一遍。见[美]何巴特：《长沙城边》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, By the City of the Long Sand, New York: The Macmillan Company,1926, p.271.)
⑤[美]何巴特：《长沙城边》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, By the City of the Long Sand, New York: The Macmillan Company,1926, p.269.)
①[美]何巴特：《长沙城边》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, River Supreme, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1934, p.299.)
①[美]何巴特：《长沙城边》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, By the City of the Long Sand, New York: The Macmillan Company,1926, pp.15-16.)
②[美]何巴特：《长沙城边》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, By the City of the Long Sand, New York: The Macmillan Company,1926, p.252.)
①《新约全书·马太福音》：你们是世上的光。城造在山上,是不能隐藏的。人点灯,不放在斗底下,是放在灯台上,就照亮一家的人。你们的光也当这样照在人前,叫他们看见你们的好行为,便将荣耀归给你们在天上的父。(5：14-16)
②[英]慕稼谷：《基督教使命与外籍居民的关系》,见《1890年5月4-17日上海传教大会文集》(Archdeacon Moule, "The Relation of Christian Missions to the Foreign Residents," in General Missionary Conference, Shanghai: Collected Essays of Papers Submitted to the General Missionary Conference Held at Union Church, Shanghai,6th-17th May,1890, p.4.)
③[美]何巴特：《长沙城边》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, By the City of the Long Sand, New York: The Macmillan Company,1926, p.7.)
①[美]何巴特：《长沙城边》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, By the City of the Long Sand, New York: The Macmillan Company,1926, p.25.)
②[美]简·亨特：《文明的福音：世纪之交的美国来华女传教士》(Jane Hunter, The Gospel of Gentility: American Women Missionary in Turn-of-the Century China, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, p. 157.)
①[美]何巴特：《长沙城边》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, By the City of the Long Sand, New York: The Macmillan Company,1926, pp.55-56.)
②[美]凯瑟琳·比切尔：《论家政》(Catherine Beecher, A Treatise on Domestic Economy, Boston:Marsh, Capen, Lyon, and Webb,1841, p.24.)
①[美]何巴特：《满洲札记》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Pioneering Where the World Is Old: Leaves from a Manchurian Note-Book, New York: Henry Holt and Company,1917, pp.142-143.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《流亡者》(Pearl S. Buck, The Exile, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.242.)
②[美]何巴特：《长沙城边》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, By the City of the Long Sand, New York: The Macmillan Company,1926, pp.150-151.)
③[美]埃米·卡普兰：《天定齐家》,载《美国文学》(Amy Kaplan, "Manifest Domesticity", American Literature, Vol.70, No.3, September 1998, p.586.)
①[美]威廉·福克纳：《致爱丽丝的玫瑰》,见《美国文学选集》(William Faulkner, "A Rose for Emily", in George McMichael et al. eds., Anthology of American Literature, Vol.2: Realism to the Present, Upper Saddle River, NJ:Prentice-Hall, Inc.,1997, p.1432.)
①[美]何巴特：《南京城内》Alice Tisdale Hobart, Within the Walls of Nanking, London: Butler & Tanner LTD, 1927, p.172.
①[美]何巴特：《南京城内》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Within the Walls of Nanking, London: Butler & Tanner LTD, 1927, p.150.)
②[美]费正清：《美国与中国》(John K. Fairbank, The United States and China, Cambridge: Harvard University Press,1976, p.170.)
①[美]何巴特：《南京城内》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Within the Walls of Nanking, London: Butler & Tanner LTD, 1927, p.113.)
①[美]何巴特：《不羁之江》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, River Supreme, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1934, p.28.)
②[美]何巴特：《不羁之江》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, River Supreme, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1934, p.61.)
③[美]何巴特：《不羁之江》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, River Supreme, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1934, p.61.)
①[美]何巴特：《不羁之江》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, River Supreme, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1934, p.171.)
②[美]何巴特：《不羁之江》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, River Supreme, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1934, pp.157-158.)
①[美]库玛丽·贾亚沃德纳：《白人女性的另一种负担：西方妇女和英国殖民统治下的南亚》(Kumari Jayawardena, The White Woman's Other Burden: Western Women and South Asia During British Colonial Rule. New York: Routledge,1995, p.4.)
②[美]何巴特：《长沙城边》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, By the City of the Long Sand, New York: The Macmillan Company,1926, p.12.)
③[美]赛珍珠：《流亡者》(Pearl S. Buck, The Exile, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.172.)
④[美]赛珍珠：《流亡者》(Pearl S. Buck, The Exile, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.241.)
①[美]何巴特：《不羁之江》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, River Supreme, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1934, p.116.
②[美]何巴特：《长沙城边》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, By the City of the Long Sand, New York: The Macmillan Company,1926, pp.225-226.)
③[美]何巴特：《不羁之江》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, River Supreme, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1934, P.22.)
④[美]何巴特：《不羁之江》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, River Supreme, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1934, p.216.)
⑤[美]何巴特：《不羁之江》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, River Supreme, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1934, p.253.)
①[美]何巴特：《不羁之江》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, River Supreme, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1934, pp.253-254.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《战斗的天使》(Pearl S. Buck, Fighting Angel: Portrait of a Soul, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.75.)
②[美]弗雷德里克·杰克逊·特纳：《拓荒者理想和州立大学》,见于杨生茂编： 《美国历史学家特纳及 其学派》,北京：商务印书馆,1984年,第71页。
①[美]弗雷德里克·杰克逊·特纳：《拓荒者理想和州立大学》,见于杨生茂编： 《美国历史学家特纳及其学派》,北京：商务印书馆,1984年,第72页。
②[美]弗雷德里克·杰克逊·特纳：《边疆在美国历史上的重要性》,《边疆和区域：弗雷德里克·杰克逊·特纳论文选集》(Frederick Jackson Turner, "The Significance of the Frontier in American History," in Frederick Jackson Turner, Frontier and Section, Englewood Cliffs, N. J.:Prentice-Hall, Inc.,1961, P.56.)
③[美]何巴特：《不羁之江》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, River Supreme, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1934, pp.276-277.)
①[美]何巴特：《长沙城边》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, By the City of the Long Sand, New York: The Macmillan Company,1926, p.20.)
②[美]何巴特：《长沙城边》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, By the City of the Long Sand, New York: The Macmillan Company,1926, p.20.)
③据“中国学”专家孔华润的研究,尽管美国在对华贸易方面此时尚不如英国等列强,但美国的造船能力是欧洲国家无法比拟的,因此其运输业一枝独秀,中国对西方的贸易的三分之一是由美国承运的,上海口岸的货物一半以上由美国承运。([美]孔华润(Warren I. Cohen):《美国对中国的反应——中美关系的历史剖析》,张静尔、周敦仁译,上海：复旦大学出版社,1989年,第12页。)由此可以看出,何巴特所塑造的开发长江上游汽轮航线的埃本船长,是有坚实的历史事实支撑的。有关美国在华航运业的开发,可以参考如下一些代表性的研究：(1)毛立坤：《晚清时期东南沿海通商口岸对外航线与港势地位的变迁》,《史学月刊》2005年第12期；(2)[美]刘广京：《1862-1876年英美轮船在华的竞争》(Kwang-ching Liu, Anglo-American Steamship Rivalry in China,1862-1876, Cambridge, Mass.:Harvard University Press,1962.)；(3)[美]爱德华·哈维兰：《美国轮船在中国航行,1845-1878》(Edward Kenneth Haviland, "American
①[美]何巴特：《古斯蒂的孩子》(Alice Nourse Tisdale Hobart, Gusty's Child, New York: Longmans, Green and Co. Inc., p.270.)
②有关美孚石油公司(American Standard Oil Company)在华经营的历史,可参考如下一些研究：(1)[美]诺埃尔·H.普加奇：《美孚石油公司和民国初年的石油开发》,载《商业历史评论》(Noel H. Pugach, "Standard Oil and Petroleum Development in Early Republican China," The Business History Review, Vol.45, No.4, Winter 1971, pp.452-473.); (2)[美]韩德：《中国市场的美国人》,载《商业历史评论》(Michael H. Hunt, "Americans in China Market: Economic Opportunities and Economic Nationalism,1890s-1931," The Business History Review, Vol.51, No.3, Autumn 1977, pp.277-307.)
①[美]伊丽莎白·谢普利·萨金特：《在华美国人：评何巴特之<中国灯油>》(Elizabeth Shepley Sergeant, "Americans in China: Review of Oil for the Lamps of China by Alice Tisdale Hobart", Nation,27 December, 1933, pp.740-741.)
①[美]玛丽·罗斯：《发生在现代中国的生动故事：评<中国灯油>》,载《纽约先驱论坛报·书评》(Mary Ross, "A Provocative, Modem Story Set in China: Review of Oil for the Lamps of China, by Alice Tisdale Hobart". New York Herald Tribune Books (8, October 1933), p.5.)
②[美]何巴特：《长沙城边》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, By the City of the Long Sand, New York: The Macmillan Company,1926, p.23.)
③[美]何巴特：《中国灯油》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Oil for the Lamps of China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1933, p.68.)
①[美]何巴特：《中国灯油》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Oil for the Lamps of China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1933, p.79.)
②[美]何巴特：《中国灯油》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Oil for the Lamps of China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1933, p.87.)
③[美]何巴特：《中国灯油》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Oil for the Lamps of China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1933, p.84.)
④[美]何巴特：《中国灯油》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Oil for the Lamps of China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1933, p.145.)
①[美]何巴特：《中国灯油》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Oil for the Lamps of China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1933, p.386.)
②[美]何巴特：《中国灯油》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Oil for the Lamps of China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1933, p.398.)
①[美]何巴特：《古斯蒂的孩子》(Alice Nourse Tisdale Hobart, Gusty's Child, New York: Longmans, Green and Co. Inc., p.246.)
②[英]卡尔·皮尔逊：《科学视野中的民族生活》(Karl Pearson, National Life from the Standpoint of Science, London: A. & C. Black,1901, p.309.)
①英国作家马修·P.希尔(Matthew Phipps Shiel)首先在英语中使用“Yellow Peril”(黄祸)这个名词,他在1898年发表了一系列短篇小说,后集成《黄祸》(The Yellow Peril)出版,希尔小说的背景是1897年两个德国传教士在胶州被杀,当时德国以此为借口获得了在山东的殖民地。希尔本在这些小说里面他强烈地表达了对中国的反感,因而成名。
②[美]丁韪良：《北京之围：中国对抗世界》(W. A. P. Martin, The Siege in Peking: China Against the World, New York: Fleming H. Revell Company,1900.)
③[英]维克托·基尔南(Victor Kierman):《人类的主人：欧洲帝国时期对其他文化的态度》(The Lords of Human Kind: European Attitudes to Other Cultures in the Imperial Age),陈正国译,北京：商务印书馆,2006年,第186页。
①[美]尹晓煌：《1850年之后的华裔美国文学》(Xiao-huang Yin, Chinese American Literature Since the 1850s, Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, p.15.)
②[美]陈依范：《美国华人》,北京：工人出版社,1984年,第161页。
③[美]亨利·乔治：《中国移民》,载[美]约翰·拉博编《美国政治科学、政治经济和政治历史百科知识》(Henry George, "Chinese Immigration," in John Labor ed., Cyclopedia of Political Science, Political Economy and of the Political History of the United States, New York: Maynard, Merrill, & Co.,1899, pp. 409-414.)
①[美]亨利·乔治：《太平洋海岸的中国人》,载《纽约先驱论坛报》(Henry George, "The Chinese on the Pacific Coast," New York Tribune, May 1,1869.)
②[美]詹姆斯·P.德美隆：《证词》,见《中国移民问题特别调查联委会报告》(James P. Dameron, "Testimony," Report of the Joint Special Committee to Investigate Chinese Immigration, Washington: Government Printing House,1877, pp.1047-1049.)
③“中国入侵”小说主要有：(1)惠特尼(Atwell Whitney)的《杏眼：了不起的煽动者,当代故事》(Almond-Eyed: The Great Agitator; A Story of the Day,1878); (2)杜纳(Pierton W. Dooner)的《共和国的最后岁月》(Last Days of the Republic,1880); (3)沃尔特(Robert Wolter)的《中国人在公元1899年占领俄勒冈和加利福尼亚的简短而真实的历史》(A Short and Truthful History of the Taking of Oregon and California by the Chinese in the Year A. D.1899,1882); (4)奥托·蒙多(Oto E. Mundo)的《失而复得的大陆：中国入侵的故事》(The Recovered Continent: A Tale of the Chinese Invasion,1898); (5)罗伯特·钱伯斯的中篇《造月者》(The Maker of Moons,1896); (6)杰克·伦敦在20世纪初创作的短篇《空前的入侵》(Unparalleled Invasion,1906)等。参见[美]威廉·伍：《黄祸：1850-1940美国小说中的华裔美国人》(William Wu, The Yellow Peril: Chinese Americans in American Fiction,1850-1940. Hamden: Archon Book,1982, pp.31-43.)
①杰克·伦敦所写的此类短篇小说作品很多,如小说集《渔警传奇》(Tales of the Fish Patrol)中的《黄与白》(White and Yellow)、《突袭牡蛎贼》(A Raid on the Oyster Pirates)、《黄手帕》(Yellow Handkerchief)等多个短篇,以及各种杂文。
②[美]罗伯特·杜鲁斯：《异教徒中国佬和黄祸》,载[美]C.C.贝尔福特等编：《东方的前景：西方文学与东方的诱惑》(Robert Druce, "The'Heathen Chinee' and the 'Yellow Peril'," in C. C. Barfoot and Theo Dhaen eds., Oriental Prospects: Western Literature and the Lure of the East, Atlanta: Rodopi,1998, p.133.)
①[美]何巴特：《不羁之江》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, River Supreme, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1934, p.49.)
②[美]何巴特：《不羁之江》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, River Supreme, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1934, p.221.)
③[美]何巴特：《不羁之江》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, River Supreme, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1934, p.125.)
④[美]何巴特：《不羁之江》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, River Supreme, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1934, p.190.)
⑤[美]何巴特：《不羁之江》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, River Supreme, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1934, p.276.)
①[美]何巴特：《不羁之江》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, River Supreme, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1934, p.172.)
②[美]何巴特：《不羁之江》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, River Supreme, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1934, p.312.)
③[美]何巴特：《不羁之江》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, River Supreme, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1934, p.285.)
①[美]多萝西娅·霍西：《给中国带去光明：评何巴特的<中国灯油>》,载《星期六文学评论》(Lady Dorothea Hosie, "Bringing Light to China: Review of Oil for the Lamps of China, by Alice Tisdale Hobart," Saturday Review of Literature,21 October 1933, p.201.)
②[美]玛格丽特·华莱士：《评<中国灯油>》,载《纽约时报》(Margaret Wallace, "Review of Oil for the Lamps of China," New York Times (8 October,1933), p.6.)
③[美]玛丽安·杜威特：《赛珍珠与何巴特小说对中国人的现实呈现》(Mary Ann Dhuyvetter, China Reoriented: the Realistic Portrayal of China People in the Novels of Pearl .S. Buck and Alice Tisdale Hobart, Diss. San Diego State University,1998.)
④[美]何巴特：《中国灯油》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Oil for the Lamps of China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1933, p.16.)
①[美]何巴特：《中国灯油》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Oil for the Lamps of China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1933, p.34.)
②[美]何巴特：《中国灯油》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Oil for the Lamps of China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1933, p.26.)
③[美]何巴特：《中国灯油》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Oil for the Lamps of China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1933, p.28.)
④[美]何巴特：《中国灯油》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Oil for the Lamps of China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1933, p.55.)
①[美]何巴特：《中国灯油》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Oil for the Lamps of China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1933, p.111.)
②[美]何巴特：《中国灯油》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Oil for the Lamps of China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1933, p.169.)
③[美]何巴特：《中国灯油》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Oil for the Lamps of China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1933, p.198.)
①[美]何巴特：《中国灯油》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Oil for the Lamps of China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1933, p.198.)
②[美]何巴特：《中国灯油》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Oil for the Lamps of China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1933, p.193.)
③[美]何巴特：《中国灯油》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Oil for the Lamps of China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1933, p.198.)
④[美]何巴特：《中国灯油》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Oil for the Lamps of China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1933, p.203.)
①[美]何巴特：《古斯蒂的孩子》(Alice Nourse Tisdale Hobart, Gusty's Child, New York: Longmans, Green and Co. Inc., p.277.)
①[美]乔尔·费恩伯格：《对自我的伤害：刑法的道德限度》(Joel Feinberg, Harm to Self: The Moral Limits of Criminal Law, New York: Oxford University Press,1986, pp.3-8.)
②[美]T克里斯托弗·杰斯珀森：《美国的中国形象：1931-1949》(T. Christopher Jespersen, American Images of China,1931-1949, Stanford: Stanford University Press,1996, p. xvii.)
③[美]卡罗尔·C.秦：《慈善帝国主义者：20世纪初美国在华女传教士研究》,载《外交史研究》(Carol C. Chin, "Beneficent Imperialists: American Women Missionaries in China at the Turn of the Twentieth Century," Diplomatic History, Vol.27, No.3, June,2003, pp.342-345.)
①[美]迈克尔·R.戈德利：《来自南洋的华商：晚清现代化中的华侨兴业,1893-1911》(Michael R. Godley, The Mandarin-Capitalists from Nanyang: Overseas Chinese Enterprise in the Modernization of China, 1893-1911, New York: Cambridge University Press,1981.)
②[美]明恩溥：《深化中国人精神生活的最佳策略》(Arthur H. Smith, "On the Best Means of Deepening the Spiritual Life of the Chinese," Chinese Recorder,30 August,1889, p.376.)
①[美]詹姆斯·里德： 《传教思想和美国的东亚政策,1911-1915》(James Reed, The Missionary Mind and American East Asia Policy,1911-1915, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press,1983, p.100.)
②[美]韩德：《一种特殊关系的形成——1914年前的美国与中国》(Michael H. Hunt, Making of a Special Relationship: The United States and China to 1914, New York: Columbia University Press,1983, p.303.)
③[美]韩德：《一种特殊关系的形成——1914年前的美国与中国》(Michael H. Hunt, Making of a Special Relationship: The United States and China to 1914, New York: Columbia University Press,1983, p.299.)
④[美]爱德华·M.伯恩斯：《美国的使命意识》(Edward M. Burns, The American Idea of Mission, New Jersey, 1957. Chapter 1,9,10.)
⑤[美]艾米丽·S.卢森堡：《散布美国梦：美国的经济与文化扩张,1890-1945》(Emily S. Rosenberg, Spreading the American Dream: American Economic and Cultural Expansion,1890-1945, New York: Hill and Wang, 1982, p.229.)
①[美]亨利·R.卢斯：《美国世纪》,载《生活》(Henry R. Luce, "The American Century," Life (Feb.17,1941), reprinted in John K. Jessup ed., The Ideas of Henry Luce, New York:Atheneum,1969, p.120.)
②[美]小阿瑟·斯莱辛格：《美国历史的循环》(Jr. Arthur Schlesinger, The Cycles of American History, Boston: Houghton Mifflin,1986, pp.19-21.)
③[美]埃米·卡普兰：《天定齐家》,载《美国文学》(Amy Kaplan, "Manifest Domesticity," American Literature, Vol.70, No.3, September 1998, p.586.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《中国民主的武器》,载《亚洲》(Pearl S. Buck, "Arms for China's Democracy," Asia 38, September 1938, pp.534-535.)
②[美]何巴特：《长沙城边》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, By the City of the Long Sand, New York: The Macmillan Company,1926, p.252.)
①[美]葛兰·华克(Grant Wacker):《赛珍珠与美国的海外传教》(Pearl S. Buck and American Foreign Missions),郭英剑、冯元元译,江苏大学学报(社会科学版),2007年第3期。
①1918年4月8日赛珍珠致格蕾丝和维森特·卜凯函(Pear S. Buck to Grace and Vincent Buck,8 April,1918, Randolph-Macon Woman's College Archives.)
②卜凯(John Lossing Buck,1891-1975) 1915年来华,1921年创建了中国第一个农业经济系——金陵大学农业经济系,开创并极大推动了我国近代农业经济学的教学与研究。他写出在美国的中国学中颇具影响的《中国农家经济》(Chinese Farm Economy,1930)和《中国土地利用》(Land Utilization in China,1937)。前者和《大地》同一年出版,因而“(卜凯)广泛被尊为世界上关于中国农业经济最优秀、最权威的学者…(不仅)划时代地建立起了中国近代农业经济的一套最完善的调查资料,并且他对中国农业经济的看法一直影响着后来的学者”(见中国近代农业科技史稿编写组： 《中国近代农业科技史事纪要》, 《古今农业》,1995年第3期,第77页)。卜凯的其它研究专著包括：《中国的土地所有制和地租体系》(Farm Ownership and Tenancy in China,1924)。《中国农业的根本问题》(Some Basic Agricultural Problems of China,1947)和《社会主义中国的粮食和农业》(Food and Agriculture in Communist China,1966)等。1944年卜凯担任美国国务院中国农业顾问、财政部驻中国官员、联合国远东救济总署长,对中国农业经济研究界有相当大的影响。他和妻子赛珍珠突出小农经济的道德与文化价值不同,他对中国的小农经济持否定态度,希望在中国农村引进美国的现代耕作模式,不过他的试验在南宿州农村没有取得成功。
③“社会福音”(Social Gospel)既是一种神学,也是一项运动。“社会福音”这个词在1900年之后才被普遍使用,此前最广为使用的名称是“社会基督教”(Social Christianity)。社会福音神学首先出现在美国,20世纪前20年,其影响在美国达到顶峰,一战后社会福音受挫,1930-1940年代,社会福音的影响日渐式微。“社会福音”是基督教对西方城市化和工业化带来的社会问题的积极回应,试图通过基督教的道德慈善力量缓和劳资冲突,改善城市穷人生活状况,提供必要的健康娱乐和帮助个体实现其潜能发展等。归纳起来“社会福音”思想主要有如下几个特点：(1)强调耶稣基督的慈善精神,并试图将此精神应用于社会的发展变化。社会福音虽然也关注个人灵魂的拯救,但更关注社会整体的改良。(2)受19世纪的社会主义学说的影响,社会福音不仅观察社会弊端,而且予以抨击,主张和平,反对战争,强调全社会的团结和全人类利益的一致性。(3)社会福音的思想核心是在现实世界建立“上帝国”,相信社会秩序的基督教化是解决社会问题的最佳途径,主张基督教对人类生活的全面介入,用基督教去影响社会政治、经济、军事、文化和教育等诸方面。(4)社会福音论反对将宗教和科学对立的做法,试图把科学与信仰、文化与教会、民主与基督教、伦理与神学、教义与社会福音之间的对立化解,使之达到一种整体一致、有机共存。(左芙蓉：《社会福音·社会服务·社会改造：北京基督教青年会历史研究,1906-1949》,北京：宗教文化出版社,2005,第19页。)在美国福音神学的代表人物主要有华盛顿·格莱顿(Washington Gladden,1836-1918).理查德·T伊利(Richard T. Ely,1854-1943)和怀特·饶申布什(Walter Raushenbusch,1861-1918)等。
①[美]赛珍珠：《复活节,1933》,载《世界主义者》(Pearl S. Buck, "Easter,1933," Cosmopolitan, May,1933, p.170.)
②[美]彼得·康：《赛珍珠：一本文化传记》(Peter Conn, Pearl S. Buck: A Cultural Biography, New York: Cambridge University Press,1996, p.140.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《青年革命者》(Pearl S. Buck, The Young Revolutionist, New York: G. Q. Le Sourd,1932, p.182.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《青年革命者》(Pearl S. Buck, The Young Revolutionist, New York: G. Q. Le Sourd,1932, p.91.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《青年革命者》(Pearl S. Buck, The Young Revolutionist, New York: G. Q. Le Sourd,1932, pp. 52-53.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《大地》(Pearl S. Buck, The Good Earth, New York: The John Day Company,1931, p.130.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《永恒的中国》,载《当代》(Pearl S. Buck, "China the Eternal," Living Age 7,February,1925, pp.325-326.)
②[美]保罗·A.瓦格：《传教士、中国人和外交官：美国新教在华传教运动,1890-1952》 (Paul A. Varg, Missionaries, Chinese and Diplomats: The American Protestant Missionary Movement in China,1890-1952, Princeton:Princeton University Press,1958, p.234.)
①[美]博晨光：《中国对基督教的挑战》(Lucius Chapin Porter, China's Challenge to Christianity, New York: Missionary Education Movement of the United States and Canada,1924, p.102.)
②[美]保罗·A.瓦格：《传教士、中国人和外交官：美国新教在华传教运动,1890-1952》(Paul A.Varg, Missionaries, Chinese and Diplomats: The American Protestant Missionary Movement in China,1890-1952, Princeton: Princeton University Press,1958, p.235.)
③巴特菲尔德提出的这7个目标归纳如下：(1)农民拥有他所耕作的土地,这样才能确保他的个人自由和经济上的动力,丰富的产品和土壤肥料的维护能保障社会的稳定；(2)从农民到消费者之间的市场销售成本必须降至最低,不管农民还是消费者都能从中获利；(3)鼓励农民们为了经济目的成立一些组织,尤其是联合起来购销产品；(4)为生活在农村的年轻人和成人提供一个有效的普通和职业教育体系；(5)一定要付出特别努力,以确保农民们身边有充足的社会机构,包括教堂、学校、图书馆、娱乐设施、良好的地方政府,尤其是尽可能完善的农舍；(6)发展广泛有组织的农村社区,完全民主,完全合作,为了公共福利而努力；(7)在农村和城市劳动者之间建立友好而充分的互惠合作。参见《传教和农村问题的关系》,载《国际传教大会1928年耶路撒冷会议》第6卷,第15页。(Kenyon Butterfield, "The Christian Mission in Relation to Rural Problems", in The Jerusalem Meeting of the International Missionary Council, 1928, Vol. Ⅵ, New York: International Missionary Council,1928, p.15.)
④党美瑞编,刘廷芳校订：《基督教与农村生活》,上海：广学会,1935年,第22页。
① (Frank W. Price, "The Kingdom of God in a Rural Community," in The Christian Rural Fellowship Bulletin, No.33, June,1938, p.2.)
②[美]毕范宇：《教会和乡村重建：定县乡建专题讨论会1933》(G. W. Shepherd, The Church and Rural Reconstruction: A Symposium on the Tinghsien Rural Institute 1933, Shanghai:Christian Literature Society, 1933, p.23.)
③吴雷川：《基督教对于中华民族复兴能有什么贡献?》,《真理与生命》(第九卷第二期,1935年4月),第66页。
④[美]赛珍珠：《青年革命者》(Pearl S. Buck, The Young Revolutionist, New York: G. Q. Le Sourd,1932, p.179.)
①[美]贾娜·C.考奇：《19世纪末以来文学中被神化的中国人》(Gianna Canh-Ty Quach, The Myth of the Chinese in the Literature of the Late Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, Diss. Columbia University,1993, p. 56.)
①[美]何巴特：《阳与阴》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Yang and Yin: An American Doctor in China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1936, p.7.)
①[美]何巴特：《阳与阴》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Yang and Yin: An American Doctor in China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1936, p.366.)
②[美]何巴特：《阳与阴》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Yang and Yin: An American Doctor in China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1936, p.175.)
③[美]何巴特：《阳与阴》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Yang and Yin: An American Doctor in China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1936, p.175.)
①[美]何巴特：《中国灯油》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Oil for the Lamps of China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1933, p.203.)
①[美]何巴特：《阳与阴》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Yang and Yin: An American Doctor in China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1936, p.283.)
②“广学会年报,1897”,载《出版史料》1991年第2期,第78页。
①[美]科琳·赖：《美国的亚洲：美国文学的种族形式,1893-1945》(Colleen Lye, America's Asia: Racial Form and American Literature,1893-1945, Princeton, N.J.:Princeton University Press,2005, p.207.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《战斗的天使》(Pearl S. Buck, Fighting Angel: Portrait of a Soul, New York: The John Day Company,1936, pp.217-218.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《中国的统治者》,载《亚洲》(Pearl S. Buck, "Rulers of China," Asia 35 (February,1935), p. 74.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《中国年轻人发现中国》,载[美]赛珍珠：《我所看到的中国》(Pearl S. Buck, "The Young Chinese Discover China," (1935) in Pearl S. Buck, China As 1 See It, New York: The John Day Company,1970, p.52.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《中国年轻人发现中国》,载[美]赛珍珠：《我所看到的中国》(Pearl S. Buck, "The Young Chinese Discover China," (1935) in Pearl S. Buck, China As I See It, New York: The John Day Company,1970, pp.55-56.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《中国年轻人发现中国》,载[美]赛珍珠：《我所看到的中国》(Pearl S. Buck, "The Young Chinese Discover China,"(1935) in Pearl S. Buck, China As I See It, New York: The John Day Company,1970, pp.55-56.)
①陈思和：《洋女子笔下的中国家庭》,《海南日报》,1989年10月25日。
①[美]史景迁(Jonanthan D. Spence):《天安门：知识分子与中国革命》(The Gate of Heavenly Peace: the Chinese and Their Revolution,1895-1980),尹庆军等译,北京：中央编译出版社,1998年,第243页。
①[美]赛珍珠：《儿子们》(Pearl S. Buck, Sons, Kingston, Rhode Island: Moyer Bell,2006, p.313.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《群芳亭》(Pearl. S. Buck, Pavilion of Women, New York: The John Day Company,1946, p.312.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《同胞》(Pearl. S. Buck, Kinfolks, New York: The John Day Company,1949, p.29.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《同胞》(Pearl. S. Buck, Kinfolks, New York: The John Day Company,1949, p.185.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《同胞》(Pearl. S. Buck, Kinfolks, New York: The John Day Company,1949, p.253.)
③[美]赛珍珠：《同胞》(Pearl. S. Buck, Kinfolks, New York: The John Day Company,1949, p.297.)
④[美]赛珍珠：《同胞》(Pearl. S. Buck, Kinfolks, New York: The John Day Company,1949, p.297.)
⑤[美]赛珍珠：《同胞》(Pearl. S. Buck, Kinfolks, New York: The John Day Company,1949, p.297.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《同胞》(Pearl. S. Buck, Kinfolks, New York: The John Day Company,1949, p.290.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《同胞》(Pearl. S. Buck, Kinfolks, New York: The John Day Company,1949, p.312.)
③[美]赛珍珠：《同胞》(Pearl. S. Buck, Kinfolks, New York: The John Day Company,1949, p.41.)
④[美]赛珍珠：《同胞》(Pearl. S. Buck, Kinfolks, New York: The John Day Company,1949, p.41.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《同胞》(Pearl. S. Buck, Kinfolks, New York: The John Day Company,1949, p.40.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《同胞》(Pearl. S. Buck, Kinfolks, New York: The John Day Company,1949, p.274.)
③[美]赛珍珠：《同胞》(Pearl. S. Buck, Kinfolks, New York: The John Day Company,1949, p.274.)
④[美]赛珍珠：《同胞》(Pearl. S. Buck, Kinfolks, New York: The John Day Company,1949, p.322.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《同胞》(Pearl. S. Buck, Kinfolks, New York: The John Day Company,1949, p.326.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《同胞》(Pearl. S. Buck, Kinfolks, New York: The John Day Company,1949, p.251.)
③[美]赛珍珠：《同胞》(Pearl. S. Buck, Kinfolks, New York: The John Day Company,1949, p.122.)
④[美]赛珍珠：《同胞》(Pearl. S. Buck, Kinfolks, New York: The John Day Company,1949, p.122.)
⑤[美]赛珍珠：《同胞》(Pearl. S. Buck, Kinfolks, New York: The John Day Company,1949, p.122.)
①[美]T.克里斯托弗·杰斯珀森：《美国的中国形象：1931-1949》(T. Christopher Jesperson, American Images of China,1931-1949, Sranford: Stanford University Press,1996, p.39.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《中国年轻人发现中国》,载[美]赛珍珠：《我所看到的中国》(Pearl S. Buck, "The Young Chinese Discover China,"(1835) in Pearl S. Buck, China As l See It. New York: The John Day Company,1970, pp.52-53.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《我的多个世界》(My Several Worlds: a Personal Record, New York: John Day,1954, p.154)
③[美]赛珍珠：《也在中国》("In China, Too," Atlantic, Jan 1924, pp.68-72.)
④[美]赛珍珠：《中国学生的思想》("Chinese Student Mind," Nation 8, Oct.1924, pp.358-361.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《青年革命者》(Pearl S. Buck, The Young Revolutionist, New York: G Q. Le Sourd,1932, p.63.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《战斗的天使》(Pearl S. Buck, Fighting Angel: Portrait of a Soul, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.275.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《战斗的天使》(Pearl S. Buck, Fighting Angel: Portrait of a Soul, New York: The John Day Company,1936, pp.279-280.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《战斗的天使》(Pearl S. Buck, Fighting Angel: Portrait of a Soul, New York: The John Day Company,1936, pp.282-283.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《爱国者》(Pearl S. Buck, The Patriot, New York: The John Day Company,1939, p.325.)
①[美]何巴特：《长沙城边》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, By the City of the Long Sand, New York: The Macmillan Company,1926, p.175.)
②[美]何巴特：《中国灯油》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Oil for the Lamps of China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1933, p.341.)
①[美]何巴特：《中国灯油》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Oil for the Lamps of China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1933, p.380.)
①[美]何巴特：《中国灯油》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Oil for the Lamps of China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1933, p.350.)
②[美]何巴特：《中国灯油》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Oil for the Lamps of China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1933,p.357.)
③[美]何巴特：《中国灯油》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Oil for the Lamps of China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1933, p.357.)
①[美]何巴特：《天真梦想者》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, The Innocent Dreamers, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, INC.,1963, p.212.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《大地》(Pearl S. Buck, The Good Earth, New York: The John Day Company,1931, p.4.)
②[美]弗雷德里克·杰克逊·特纳：《边疆在美国历史上的重要性》,《边疆和区域：弗雷德里克·杰克逊·特纳论文选集》(Frederick Jackson Turner, "The Significance of the Frontier in American History," (1893) in Frederick Jackson Turner, Frontier and Section: Selected Essays of Frederick Jackson Turner, Englewood Cliffs, N. J.:Prentice-Hall, Inc.,1961, p.50.)
③[美]A.欧文·奥尔德里奇：《龙与鹰：美国启蒙思想中的中国》(A. Owen Aldridge, The Dragon and the Eagle: The Presence of China in the American Enlightenment, Detroit: Wayne State University Press,1993, pp. 23-46.)
①[美]韩德：《一种特殊关系的形成——1914年前的美国与中国》(Michael H. Hunt, The Making of a Special Relationship: The United States and China to 1914, New York: Colombia University Press,1983, pp.32-33.)
②[美]韩德：《一种特殊关系的形成——1914年前的美国与中国》(Michael H. Hunt, The Making of a Special Relationship: The United States and China to 1914, New York: Colombia University Press,1983, pp.32-33.)
③[美]沃浓·路易·帕灵顿(Vernon Louis Parrington):《美国思想史：1620-1920》(Main Currents in American Thoughts,1927),陈永国等译,长春：吉林人民出版社,2002年,第153页。
④[美]赛珍珠：《分家》(Pearl S. Buck, A House Divided, Wakefield, Rhode Island & London:Moyer Bell,1994, p.192.)
⑤[美]沃浓·路易·帕灵顿(Vernon Louis Parrington):《美国思想史：1620-1920》(Main Currents in American Thoughts,1927),陈永国等译,长春：吉林人民出版社,2002年,第309页。
①[美]沃浓·路易·帕灵顿(Vernon Louis Parrington):《美国思想史：1620-1920》(Main Currents in American Thoughts,1927),陈永国等译,长春：吉林人民出版社,2002年,第302页。
②[美]赛珍珠：《大地》(Pearl S. Buck, The Good Earth, New York: The John Day Company,1931, p.126.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《大地》(Pearl S. Buck, The Good Earth, New York: The John Day Company,1931, pp.220-221.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《中国年轻人发现中国》,[美]赛珍珠：《我所看到的中国》(Pearl S. Buck, "The Young Chinese Discover China,"(1935) in Pearl S. Buck, China As I See It, New York: The John Day Company,1970, p.55.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《分家》(Pearl S. Buck, A House Divided, Wakefield, Rhode Island & London: Moyer Bell,1994, p.136.)
①[美]杰拉尔德·D.纳什：《创造西部：历史的诠释,1890-1990》(Gerald D. Nash, Creating the West: Historical Interpretations 1890-1990, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press,1991, p.5.)
②[美]沃尔特·拉夫伯：《新帝国的诞生：1860-1898年的美国扩张》(Walter Lafeber, The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansion 1860-1898, New York: American Historical Association Cornell University Press,1963, p.16.)
①[美]弗雷德里克·杰克逊·特纳：《美国历史中的社会力量》,《边疆和区域：弗雷德里克·杰克逊·特纳论文选集》(Frederick Jackson Turner, "Social Forces in American History," (1910) in Frontier and Section: Selected Essays of Frederick Jackson Turner, Englewood Cliffs, N. J.:Prentice-Hall, Inc.,1961, p.157.)
②[美]罗伯特·麦克莱伦：《异教徒中国佬：1890-1905年美国对华态度研究》(Robert McClellan, Heathen Chinese: A Study of American Attitudes Toward China,1890-1905, Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1971, p.176.)
③[美]W.A.布朗：《1920-1937年在华新教乡村运动》,刘广京编：《在华美国传教士》(W. A. Brown, "The Protestant Rural Movement in China,1920-1937," in K. C. Liu ed., American Missionary in China. Cambridge, Mass.:Harvard East Asian Research Center,1966, p.223.)
④[美]W.A.布朗：《1920-1937年在华新教乡村运动》,刘广京编：《在华美国传教士》(W. A. Brown, "The Protestant Rural Movement in China,1920-1937," in K. C. Liu ed., American Missionary in China. Cambridge, Mass.:Harvard East Asian Research Center,1966, p.227.)
⑤[美]韩德：《赛珍珠：大众的中国通,1931-1949》)，《现代中国》,1977年1月(Michael H. Hunt, "Pearl Buck--Popular Expert on China,1931-1949," Modern China, vol.3, No.1, January 1977, p.51.)
①[美]丹尼尔·阿伦：《左翼作家：美国共产主义文学轶事》(Daniel Aaron, Writers on the Left: Episodes in American Literary Communism, New York: Columbia University Press,1992, p.152.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《我的几个世界》(Pearl S. Buck, My Several Worlds: A Personal Record, New York: John Day, 1954, p.139.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《我的几个世界》(Pearl S. Buck, My Several Worlds: A Personal Record, New York: John Day, 1954, p.146.)
③[美]迈克尔·谢勒：《1938-1945年美国在华的改造运动》(Michael Shaller, The U. S. Crusade in China 1938-1945, New York: Columbia University Press,1979, p.3.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《大地》(Pearl S. Buck, The Good Earth, New York: The John Day Company,1931, p.143; p. 16; p.139.)
②[美]佩里·安德森：《专制国家之世系》(Perry Anderson, Lineages of the Absolutist State, London: Verso, 1974, pp.472-483.)
③魏复光：《东方专制主义：对极权的比较研究》(Karl Wittfogel, Oriental Despotism: A Comparative Study of Total Power, New York: Vintage,1981.)
④[美]赛珍珠：《大地》(Pearl S. Buck, The Good Earth, New York: The John Day Company,1931, p.126.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《龙子》(Pearl. S. Buck, Dragon Seed, New York: The John Day Company,1942, pp.116-117.)
①[美]明恩溥(Arthur H. Smith):《中国人的特性》(Chinese Characteristics,1894),匡雁鹏译,北京：光明日报出版社,1998年,第297页。
②赛珍珠1928年1月4日致大学好友爱玛·埃德蒙·怀特的信,见于科琳·赖：《美国的亚洲：种族形式和美国文学,1839-1945》(Pear S. Buck to Emma Edmunds White,4 Jan 1928, Shanghai, China, Edmunds White Collection. Quoted from Colleen Lye, America's Asia:Racial Form and American Literature, 1893-1945, Princeton, N.J.:Princeton University Press,2005, p.22.)
③[美]费正清：《美国与中国》(John K. Fairbank, The United States and China, Cambridge, Mass.:Harvard University Press,1971, p.35.)
④[美]爱德华·W.赛义德：《东方主义》(Edward W. Said, Orientalism, New York: Vintage Books,1994, p.11.)
①[美]阿里夫·德里克(Arif Dirlik):《中国历史与东方主义问题》(Chinese History and the Question of Orientalism,1996),罗钢、刘象愚主编：《后殖民主义文化理论》,北京：中国社会科学出版社,1999年,第78页。
②[美]爱德华·W.赛义德：《东方主义》(Edward W. Said, Orientalism, London and New York: Penguin,1978, p.273.)
③[美]何巴特：《古斯蒂的孩子》(Alice Tidale Hobart, Gusty's Child, New York, London, Toronto: Longmans, Green and Co.,1959, p.7.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《我的几个世界》(Pearl S. Buck, My Several Worlds: A Personal record, New York: The John Day Company,1954, p.382.)
②[美]何巴特：《古斯蒂的孩子》(Alice Tidale Hobart, Gusty's Child, New York, London, Toronto: Longmans, Green and Co.,1959, p.217.)
③[美]何巴特：《古斯蒂的孩子》(Alice Tidale Hobart, Gusty's Child, New York, London, Toronto: Longmans, Green and Co.,1959, p.216.)
①[美]何巴特：《拓疆在古老的世界：满洲札记》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Pioneering Where the World Is Old: Leaves from a Manchurian Note-Book, New York: Henry Holt and Company,1917, p.153.)
①[美]沃尔特·拉夫伯、理查德·伯伦堡、南希·沃洛奇编：《美国的世纪：1890年以后的美国历史》(Walter Lafeber, Richard Polenberg, and Nancy Woloch ed., The American Century: A History of the United States since the 1890s, New York: Mcgraw-Hill Inc.,1992, p.78.)
②[美]沃尔特·拉夫伯、理查德·伯伦堡、南希·沃洛奇编：《美国的世纪：1890年以后的美国历史》(Walter Lafeber, Richard Polenberg, and Nancy Woloch. The American Century: A History of the United States since the 1890s, New York: Mcgraw-Hill, Inc.,1992, p.79.)
③[美]哈罗德·伊罗生：《心影录：美国的中国和印度形象》(Harold R. Isaacs, Scratches on Our Minds: American Images of China and India, New York: The John Day Company,1958, p.42.)
④[美]费正清：《美国与中国》(John K. Fairbank, The United States and China, Cambridge: Harvard University Press,1976, p.310.)
①[美]何巴特：《拓疆在古老的世界：满洲札记》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Pioneering Where the World Is Old: Leaves from a Manchurian Note-Book, New York: Henry Holt and Company,1917, p.3.)
②[美]何巴特：《拓疆在古老的世界：满洲札记》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Pioneering Where the World Is Old: Leaves from a Manchurian Note-Book, New York: Henry Holt and Company,1917, p.6.)
③[美]何巴特：《拓疆在古老的世界：满洲札记》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Pioneering Where the World Is Old: Leaves from a Manchurian Note-Book, New York: Henry Holt and Company,1917, p.5.)
①[美]何巴特：《拓疆在古老的世界：满洲札记》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Pioneering Where the World Is Old: Leaves from a Manchurian Note-Book, New York: Henry Holt and Company,1917, p.11.)
②[美]何巴特：《拓疆在古老的世界：满洲札记》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Pioneering Where the World Is Old: Leaves from a Manchurian Note-Book, New York: Henry Holt and Company,1917, p.12.)
①[美]何巴特：《拓疆在古老的世界：满洲札记》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Pioneering Where the World Is Old: Leaves from a Manchurian Note-Book, New York: Henry Holt and Company,1917, p.47.)
①[美]何巴特：《拓疆在古老的世界：满洲札记》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Pioneering Where the World Is Old: Leaves from a Manchurian Note-Book, New York: Henry Holt and Company,1917, pp.41-42.)
①[美]何巴特：《拓疆在古老的世界：满洲札记》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Pioneering Where the World Is Old: Leaves from a Manchurian Note-Book,New York: Henry Holt and Company,1917, p.113.)
②[美]何巴特：《拓疆在古老的世界：满洲札记》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Pioneering Where the World Is Old: Leaves from a Manchurian Note-Book, New York: Henry Holt and Company,1917, pp.24-25.)
①[美]何巴特：《拓疆在古老的世界：满洲札记》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Pioneering Where the World Is Old: Leaves from a Manchurian Note-Book, New York: Henry Holt and Company,1917, pp.49-50.)
①钱满素：《爱默生和中国：对个人主义的反思》,三联书店,1996，第50页。
②[美]拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生：《爱默生文集》(Ralph Waldo Emerson, The Journals and Miscellaneous Notebooks, Cambridge, Mass.:Harvard University Press,1960-1970, vol.7, p.104)
③[美]拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生：《爱默生文集》(Ralph Waldo Emerson, The Journals and Miscellaneous Notebooks, Cambridge, Mass.:Harvard University Press,1960-1970, vol.2, p.228-229.)
④国内有不少研究者归纳出爱默生的超验主义理论体系和儒家思想在“超灵”、“人性”、“修身”、“自然”、“中庸道”等方面的契合点,(刘岩：《中国文化对美国文学的影响》,河北人民出版社,第20-45页。)我个人认为,不管在那一点上,这只是一种表面的相似。爱默生的学说首先是宗教的,尽管他认为基督教同其它宗教一样都是“道德法”的一个不完善版本, (张弘主编：《跨越太平洋的雨虹》,宁夏人民出版社,2002，第118页。)但无处不再,无所不能的“超灵”(supersoul),作为一种思想的“存在”,贯穿于他的整个学说体系。。他认为超灵的存在不仅是真实的,而且是可以感知的,任何人只要 虔诚专心,就能够同超灵融为一体,感知其存在,从而凭借超灵的力量实现自我完善。这似乎与儒家的“天人合一”相契合。然而,孔子的“天”并不指另一个世界,也不是一个人格化的上帝,而是冥冥之中的一种神秘无形的力量,独立于人的意志而起作用。孟子把“天”称为“浩然之气”,也是指一种冥冥之中类似宇宙力的、能主宰世间一切的力量。“天”与“超灵”分别是儒家学说和超验主义理论的根基,理解间的差异也必然导致对天与人、超灵与人的关系的理解。在孔子看来,人是要遵从上天的意志的,上天的存在是不以人的意志为转移的，它在控制着世间的一切。爱默生心目中的超灵虽然也不以人的意志为转移,但超灵要保护和帮助人类,其力量和权威需要通过人的存在而发挥作用,没有了人,就没有超灵。人不必服从超灵,而是要自力更生,自我奋斗。超灵和人是共存的,这是爱默生的思想区别于孔子思想的一个重要方面。
①张弘主编：《跨越太平洋的雨虹》,宁夏人民出版社,2002,第113页。
①张弘主编：《跨越太平洋的雨虹》,宁夏人民出版社,2002，第172页。
②“新诗运动”是美国现代诗歌的起点,既反对绅士风范的美国诗歌传统,也反对沿袭英国风范的美国诗歌传统,许多诗人试图以“它山之石可以攻玉”的方法,从外国诗歌传统中吸收思想与表达方法,中国诗的影响在其中占有特别重要的地位,大量中国诗在这期间译介进英语文学。
③赵毅衡：《诗神远游：中国如何改变了美国现代诗》,上海译文出版社,第15页。
④[美]詹姆斯·克拉夫特：《维特·宾纳作品集》(James Craft ed., The Works of Witter Bynner, Vol. IV, Charlotte, NC: Baker & Taylor Books,1981, p.225.)
⑤[美]路易斯·昂忒迈耶：《1900年之后的美国诗歌》(Louis Untermeyer, American Poetry Since 1900, New York: H. Holt and Company,1925, p.239.)
⑥[美]马里奥·普拉兹：《浪漫的痛苦》(Mario Praz, The Romantic Agony, London:Humphrey Milford,1933, p.200.)
①[美]康拉德·艾肯：《随心点彩》,载《日晷》(Conrad Aiken, "A Pointless Pointillist", The Dial, Oct.1918, p.230.)
②一直被中国现代诗人视为陈旧保守的中国古典诗歌,为何能被二十世纪美国诗人看作是批判主流文化的武器?对于这一问题,当代研究英语诗歌的资深学者赵毅衡约略提出三个原因：一是“文化地理学”问题,以东方文化对抗欧洲中心主义的西方文化；二是流传畸变问题,即用英语自由诗翻译的中国诗,已在相当的程度上摆脱了“旧诗”形式上过于沉重的文化积累；三是模仿中国诗中的“点化”,对中国诗取其一点,为我所用。 (赵毅衡：《诗神远游：中国如何改变了美国现代诗》,上海译文出版社,第201页。)
③赵毅衡：《诗神远游：中国如何改变了美国现代诗》,上海译文出版社,第101页。
④都文伟： 《百老汇的中国题材与中国戏曲》,上海：三联书店,2002年。
①[美]何巴特：《拓疆在古老的世界：满洲札记》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Pioneering Where the World Is Old: Leaves from a Manchurian Note-Book, New York: Henry Holt and Company,1917, p.122.)
①[美]何巴特：《长沙城边：新中国的故事》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, By the City of the Long Sand: A Tale of New China, New York: The Macmillan Company,1926, pp.3-4.)
①[美]何巴特：《长沙城边：新中国的故事》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, By the City of the Long Sand: A Tale of New China, New York: The Macmillan Company,1926, p.5.)
②[美]何巴特：《长沙城边：新中国的故事》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, By the City of the Long Sand: A Tale of New China, New York: The Macmillan Company,1926, p.6.)
①[法]孔多塞：《人类精神进步史表纲要》,何兆武、何冰译,北京：三联书店,1998年,第36页。
②[美]史景迁：《可汗的大陆：西方人意识中的中国》(Jonanthan D. Spence, The Chan's Great Continent: China in Western Minds, New York, London: W. W. Norton & Company,1998, p.146.)
①“中国风格”(Chinoiserie)是17-18世纪间流行于西方社会文化生活中的一种泛中国崇拜的思潮,它既指一般意义上西方人对中国事物的热情,又特指艺术生活中对所谓的“中国风格”的追摹和模仿。这股潮流开始与1650年前后,1750年前后达到高潮后衰退。从孔夫子的道德哲学和成熟完善的政治体制,到瓷器、丝织品、茶叶、中国的装饰风格、园林艺术、诗歌、戏剧等等,一时都进入西方人的生活,成为他们谈论的话题、模仿的对象与创造的灵感。参见周宁： 《世纪中国潮》,北京：学苑出版社,2004年,第1页。
②周宁：《想象的疆域：从文学批评到文化批评》,《东南学术》,2004年增刊。
③[德]卡尔·曼海姆(Karl Mannheim):《意识形态与乌托邦》,黎鸣、李书崇译，上海：商务印书馆,1999年,第四章。
④[法]保罗俐科：《意识形态和乌托邦》,乔治·H.泰勒译(Paul Ricoeur ed., Lectures on Ideology and Utopia, trans., George H. Taylor, New York: Columbia University Press,1985, pp.194-197.)
①周宁：《想象的疆域：从文学批评到文化批评》,《东南学术》,2004年增刊。
②[加]诺斯罗普·弗莱伊：《各种类型乌托邦在文学中的呈现》,弗兰克·E.曼纽尔编：《乌托邦和乌托邦思想》(Northrop Frye, "Varieties of Literary Utopias" in Frank E. Manuel ed., Utopias and Utopian Thought, Boston: Houghton Mifflin,1966. p.31.)
③周宁：《中国形象：西方现代性的文化他者》,《粤海风》,2003年第3期。
①[美]赛珍珠：《大地》(Pearl S. Buck, The Good Earth, New York: The John Day Company,1931, p.1.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《母亲》(Pearl S. Buck, Mother, New York: The John Day Company,1934, p.1.)
③[美]赛珍珠：《龙子》(Pearl S. Buck, Dragon Seeds, New York: The John Day Company,1942, p.1.)
④辛弃疾：《清平乐·村居》——“茅檐低小,溪上青青草。醉里吴音相媚好,白发谁家翁媪?大儿锄豆溪东,中儿正织鸡笼；最喜小儿无赖,溪头卧剥莲蓬。”
⑤[美]赛珍珠：《儿子们》(Pearl S. Buck, Sons, New York: The John Day Company,1932, p.1.)
⑥王龙的大儿子虽然仍然主要依靠地租生活,但搬进了沿海大城市(上海),成为彻底脱离土地的大地主；二儿子在城里经商和放高利贷；三儿子占山为王做了小军阀。
①[美]赛珍珠：《分家》(Pearl S. Buck, A House Divided, Wakefiled, Rhode Island & London: Moyer Bell,1994, p.l.)
②[美]爱德华·W.赛义德：《东方主义》(Edward W. Said, Orientalism, New York: Vintage Books,1994, p.170.)
③[美]爱德华·W.赛义德：《东方主义》(Edward W. Said, Orientalism, New York: Vintage Books,1994, p.185.)
①[美]哈里·莱文：《角门：五位法国现实主义作家研究》(Harry Levin, The Gates of Horn: A Study of Five French Realists, Oxford: Oxford University Press,1963, p.271.)
②[德]康德：《判断力批判》(上),宗白华、韦卓民译,上海：商务印书馆,1964,第43-44页。
③[德]康德：《判断力批判》(上),宗白华、韦卓民译,上海：商务印书馆,1964,第47页。
①[日]柄谷行人：《美学的功用：东方主义之后》(Karatani Kojin, Uses of Aesthetics: After Orientalism, trans. Sabu Kohso, Boundary 2, vol.25, no.2, Edward Said, Summer,1998, p.151.)
①[日]柄谷行人：《美学的功用：东方主义之后》(Karatani Kojin, Uses of Aesthetics: After Orientalism, trans. Sabu Kohso, Boundary 2, vol.25, no.2, Edward Said,Summer,1998, p.153.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《永恒的中国》,《现世》,1925年2月7日。(Pearl S. Buck, "China the Eternal," Living Age, 7 February,1925, pp.325-326.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《大地》(Pear S. Buck, The Good Earth, New York: The John Day Company,1931, pp.33-34.)
①[美]何巴特：《拓疆在古老的世界：满洲札记》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Pioneering Where the World Is Old: Leaves from a Manchurian Note-Book, New York: Henry Holt and Company,1917, pp.120-121.)
②费孝通：《费孝通自选集》,天津：天津人民出版社,1998年,第161页。
③赫尔曼·凯塞林伯爵是二十世纪初著名的作家和哲学家,他曾是爱沙尼亚地主,在德国受教育,用德语写作。1911年开始环球旅行,同年底来到中国。受启蒙哲学的影响,认为中国是和平和秩序的化身,是一个儒家乌托邦。他不相信充满暴力和混乱的革命能为人民带来幸福,更不相信革命会发生在中国。1918年俄国革命后,他成了流亡者。《一个哲学家的旅行日记》是一部地理坐标上的心灵之旅,在当时影响很大。
①[俄]赫尔曼·凯塞林伯爵：《一个哲学家的旅行日记》(Count Herman Keyserling, The Travel Diary of a Philosopher, Trans. by J. Holroyd Reece, New York: Harcourt, Brace & Company,1925, pp.70-71.译文参考了周宁：《龙的幻象》,北京：学苑出版社,2004年,第111页。)
①[美]何巴特：《拓疆在古老的世界：满洲札记》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Pioneering Where the World Is Old: Leaves from a Manchurian Note-Book, New York: Henry Holt and Company,1917, pp.226-227.)
②[美]博晨光： 《中国对基督教的挑战》(Lucius C. Porter, China's Challenge to Christianity, New York: Missionary Education Movement,1924, pp.68-69.)
①[美]里纳多·罗萨尔多：《文化与真相：社会分析的重建》(Renato Rosaldo, Culture and Truth: The Remaking of Social Analysis, Boston:Beacon,1989, p.70.)
①[美]里纳多·罗萨尔多：《文化与真相：社会分析的重建》(Renato Rosaldo, Culture and Truth: The Remaking of Social Analysis, Boston: Beacon,1989, p.71.)
②[美]理查德嘶洛特金：《通过暴力再生：美国边疆神话,1600-1860》(Richard Slotkin, Regeneration Through Violence: The Mythology of American Frontier,1600-1860, Middletown Conn.:Wesleyan University Press, 1973, p.551.)
③[英]布罗尼斯拉夫·马林诺夫斯基：《西太平洋的航海者·序言》(Bronislaw Malinowski, Argonauts of the Western Pacific, New York: E. P. Dutton,1961, p.xv.)
④[美]迈克尔·M.J.费希尔：《族裔性和后现代作为回忆的艺术》,詹姆斯·克利福德、乔治·E.马库斯编：《写文化：人类学的诗学与政治学》(Michael M. J. Fischer, "Ethnicity and the Post-Modern Arts of Memory," in James Clifford and George E. Marcus ed., Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography, Berkley: The University of California Press,1986, p.195.)
①杨乃乔：《后殖民主义还是新殖民主义?-兼论从殖民主义文学批评到东方主义的崛起》,《人文杂志》,1999年第1期。
①[美]韩德：《一种特殊关系的形成——1914年前的美国与中国》(Michael H. Hunt, The Making of a Special Relationship: The United States and China to 1914, New York: Colombia University Press,1983, pp.32-33.)
②[美]乔纳森·哥尔登斯坦：《费城与中国贸易,1682-1846》(Jonathan Goldstein, Philadelphia and the China Trade,1682-1846, Philadelphia: Pennsylvania University Press,1978, p.19.)
③ [美]斯图亚特·克雷顿·米勒：《不受欢迎的移民：美国的华人形象,1785-1882》(Stuart Creighton Miller, The Unwelcome Immigrant: The American Image of the Chinese,1785-1882, Berkeley and Angeles: University of California Press,1969, pp.3-82.)
④[美]斯图亚特·克雷顿·米勒：《不受欢迎的移民：美国的华人形象,1785-1882》(Stuart Creighton Miller, The Unwelcome Immigrant: The American Image of the Chinese,1785-1882, Berkeley and Angeles: University of California Press,1969, p.201.)
①[美]默里·A.罗宾斯坦：《美国传教差会和美国的中国观形成,1830-1860》,见[美]乔纳森·哥尔登斯坦等编：《美国看中国：美国的中国形象之今昔》(Murray A. Rubinstein, "American Board Missionaries and the Formation of American Opinion toward China,1830-1860," in Jonathan Goldstein et al. eds., America Views China: American Images of China Then and Now, Bethlehem: Lehigh University Press, pp.73-76.)
②周宁： 《中国形象：西方现代性的文化他者》, 《粤海风》,2003年第3期。
③[美]史景迁(Jonanthan D. Spence):《文化类同与文化利用》,北京：北京大学出版社,1990年。
④赛珍珠也创作了多部以在华美国人为主角的小说,如《异邦客》(The Exile,1936)、《战斗的天使：灵魂的写真》(Fighting Angel: Portrait of a Soul,1936)、《中国天空》(China Sky,1942)和《中国飞行》(China Flight,1945)等,但她最出色的作品还是有关中国内部的中国人。 all your after,/John to get it as you can.
①[美]大卫·里斯·威廉斯：《1925年之前美国戏剧中的中国人形象》(David Rhys Williams, The Image of the Chinese in American Drama to 1925, Diss. Cornell University,1994, pp.129-130.)
②[美]金惠经：《亚裔美国文学与社会语境》(Elaine H. Kim, Asian American Literature: An Introduction to the Writings and Their Social Context, Philadelphia: Temple University Press,1982, p.12.)
③《中国歌》(Chinese Song,1885):Ki, Ki, Ki, Ching, Ching, Ching/Hung a rung, a chickel neckey/Suppe, fatte hung/Eno Posa keno Posey, keno John/Chinese manee goode manee from Hong Kong
④《狡猾的中国佬》(The Artful Chinee,1870s):Chingaring chi, and chingaring chee,/Chingaring chi for the young Chinee/
⑤ Ching a Ring Chaw:Chinger ringer, ring ching, ching/Ho ah, Dinah ding kom darkee,/Chinger ringer, ring ching chaw,/Ho ah ding cum darkey.见：[美]艾里克·罗特：《爱与盗：“黑脸”歌谣和美国工人阶级》(Eric Lott, Love and Theft: Blackface Minstrelsy and the American Working Class, New York, Oxford University Press,1993, p.119)
⑥[美]克里斯坦因·R.穆恩：《黄脸戏：美国流行音乐与演出中的中国人形象》(Krystyn R. Moon, Yellowface: Creating the Chinese in American Popular Music and Performance,1850s-1920s, New Brunswick, New Jersey and London: Rutgers University Press,2005, p.34.)
⑦[美]罗纳德·高木：《铁笼子：19世纪美国的种族与文化》(Ronald Takaki, Iron Cages: Race and Culture in 19th-Century America, New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press,1990, p.217.)
① "Pidgin"这个词的来源不详,有学者认为该词原来指东非和大洋洲一带的殖民地英语,也有学者认为这是广东和南洋一带华商将"business"(生意)这个英语单词发音本土化的结果,后来专指受教育不足的华人所说的特殊英语,以当地方言语法为基础,英汉词汇夹杂,发音也相当本地化。将“pidgin English"翻译成”洋泾浜英语”其实不妥,因为“洋泾浜”本是上海十六铺码头附近的一条河,这里的居民最早接触西方人,成为商人或仆人的上海人为应付日常事务,逐渐发明了上海话和欧系语言混杂的特殊语言,所以“洋泾浜英语”只能指上海话式的英语。如果用“pidgin English”指代所有华人使用的非标准英语,也应该包括南洋式、上海式和唐人街式,三者之间在发音和语法上差别很大,但目前汉语界用“洋泾浜英语”统指所有这些三类英语。像何巴特这样的在华美国人既不会去区分,也区别不了。有关“洋泾浜英语”的研究文献,读者可以参考1975年《大洋洲语言学专刊》所登载的研究书目《中国的洋泾浜英语》,这是一份迄今最完整的有关“洋泾浜英语”的文章清单。("Chinese Pidgin English," Oceanic Linguistic Special Publications, No.14, A Bibliography of Pidgin and Creole Languages,1975, pp.540-545.)
②[美]罗伯特·G李：《东方人：流行文化中的亚裔美国人》(Robert G. Lee, Orientals: Asian Americans in Popular Culture, Philadelphia: Temple University Press.1999, p.239.)
①[美]玛格丽特·达科特：《马克·吐温和布莱特·哈特》(Margaret Duckett, Mark Twain and Bret Harte, Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press,1964, p.153.)
②演员巴斯娄先生是当时扮演华人苦力最出名的“黄脸”。当时的主要报纸对巴斯娄所扮演的阿辛作了高度评价：“在接近自然,不着痕迹方面,巴斯娄先生的中国佬无人能超越。”(New York Times,1 August 1877, p.5, and The World: New York,1 August 1877, p.5.又可参见James S. Moy, Marginal Sights: Staging the Chinese in America, Iowa City: University of Iowa Press,1993, p.24.)
③[美]布莱特·哈特、马克·吐温：《阿辛》(Bret Harte and Mark Twain, Ah Sin, Frederick Anderson ed., San Francisco: Book Club of California,1961, p.52.)
④[美]布莱特·哈特、马克·吐温：《阿辛》(Bret Harte and Mark Twain, Ah Sin, Frederick Anderson ed., San Francisco: Book Club of California,1961, pp.52-53.
⑤[美]布莱特·哈特、马克·吐温：《阿辛》(Bret Harte and Mark Twain, Ah Sin, Frederick Anderson ed., San Francisco: Book Club of California,1961, p.97.)
⑥[美]罗纳德·高木：《铁笼子：19世纪美国的种族与文化》(Ronald Takaki, Iron Cages: Race and Culture in 19th-Century America, New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press,1990, p.224.)
①布莱特·哈特的其它内含中国角色的作品还有十几篇,如Gabreil Conroy (1875), The Christmas Gift That Came to Rupert: A Story for Little Soldiers (1864), N. N.:Being a Novel in the French Paragraphic Style (1865), An Episode of Fiddletown (1873)等。
②[美]马克·吐温：《苦行记》(Mark Twain, Roughing It, New York: New American Library,1962, p.293.)
③[美]威廉·伍：《黄祸：1850-1940美国小说中的华裔美国人》(William Wu, The Yellow Peril: Chinese Americans in American Fiction,1850-1940, Hamden: Archon Book,1982, p.65.)
①“中国入侵”小说主要有：1.惠特尼(Atwell Whitney)的《杏眼：了不起的煽动者,当代故事》(Almond-Eyed: The Great Agitator; A Story of the Day,1878) 2杜纳(Pierton W. Dooner)的《共和国的最后岁月》(Last Days of the Republic,1880)3.沃尔特(Robert Wolter)的《中国人在公元1899年占领俄勒冈和加利福尼亚的简短而真实的历史》(A Short and Truthful History of the Taking of Oregon and California by the Chinese in the Year A. D.1899,1882)4.奥托嚎多(Oto E. Mundo)的《失而复得的大陆：中国入侵的故事》(The Recovered Continent: A Tale of the Chinese Invasion,1898) 5.罗伯特·钱伯斯(Robert Chambers)的中篇《造月者》(TheMaker of Moons,1896)6.杰克·伦敦(Jack London)的短篇《空前的入侵》(Unparalleled Invasion,1906)等,以及在西海岸各类杂志上刊发的数量庞大的短篇小说。
②[美]弗兰克·诺里斯：《莱蒂夫人号的莫兰》(Frank Norris, Moran of the Lady Letty, New York: P. F. Collier & Son,1898.)
③[美]科琳·赖：《美国的亚洲：美国文学的种族形式,1893-1945》(Colleen Lye, America's Asia: Racial Form and American Literature,1893-1945, Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press,2005.)
④[美]爱德华·W.赛义德：《东方主义》(Edward W. Said, Orientalism, New York: Vintage Books,1994, p.207.)
①13部长篇按时间顺序,依次为：(1)《邪恶的傅满洲博士》(The Insidious Dr. Fu-Manchu,1913), (2)《傅满洲博士归来》(The Return of Dr. Fu Manchu,1916), (3)《傅满洲的手》(The Hand of Fu Manchu,1917),(4)《傅满洲的女儿》(Daughter of Fu Manchu,1931), (5)《傅满洲的面具》(Tha Mask of Fu Manchu,1932),(6)《傅满洲的新娘》(The Bride of Fu Manchu,1933), (7)傅满洲的踪迹》(The Trail of Fu Manchu,1934),(8)《傅满洲总统》(President Fu Manchu,1936), (9)《傅满洲的鼓》(The Drums of Fu Manchu,1939), (10)《傅满洲的岛屿》(The Island of Fu Manchu,1941), (11)《傅满洲的影子》(The Shadow of Fu Manchu,1948),(12)《傅满洲重现江湖》(Re-Enter Dr. Fu Manchu,1957), (13)《傅满洲皇帝》(Emperor Fu Manchu,1959);1个中篇《傅满洲的愤怒》(The Wrath of Fu Manchu,1952); 3个短篇：(1)《傅满洲的眼睛》(The Eyes of Fu Manchu,1957), (2)《傅满洲的命令》(The Word of Fu Manchu,1958), (3)《傅满洲的头脑》(The Mind of Fu Manchu,1959).以小说为原型,美国共拍摄了14部电影,全部沿袭“黄脸戏”传统,由白人扮演傅满洲。
②周宁：《“义和团”与“傅满洲博士”：20世纪初西方的“黄祸”恐慌》,《书屋》,2003年第4期。
③[美]凯·凡·阿什：《邪恶的大师：萨克斯·洛莫尔传》(Cay Van Ash, Master of Villainy: A Biography of Sax Rohmer, Bowling Green, Ohio: Bowling Green University Popular Press.1972, p.73.)
④这6部作品分别为：(1)《没有钥匙的房间》(The House Without a Key,1925), (2)《中国鹦鹉》(The Chinese Parrot,1926), (3)《幕后》(Behind that Certain,1928), (4)《黑骆驼》(The Black Camel,1929), (5)《陈查理接手》(Charlie Chan Carries On,1930), (6)《守护神》(Keeper of the Keys,1932).以小说为原型,美国共拍摄了48部电影和39集电视连续剧,沿袭“黄脸戏”传统,全部由白人扮演陈查理。
①[美]林涧：《语言的铁幕：汤亭亭和美国东方主义》(Jennie Wang, The Iron Curtain of Language: Maxine Hong Kingston and American Orientalism, Shanghai:Fudan University Press,2007, p.211.)
①[美]韩德：《一种特殊关系的形成——1914年前的美国与中国》(Michael H. Hunt, The Making of a Special Relationship, New York: Columbia University Press,1983, p.300.)
①[美]詹姆斯·S.莫：《边缘视角：美国文化展示的中国人》(James S. Moy, Marginal Sights: Staging the Chinese in America, Iowa City: University of Iowa Press,1993, p.8.)
②[美]詹姆斯·S.莫：《边缘视角：美国文化展示的中国人》(James S. Moy, Marginal Sights: Staging the Chinese in America, Iowa City: University of Iowa Press,1993, p.17.)
①[美]马尔科姆·考利：《普通好人》,载[美]亨利·丹·派珀编：《回溯美国：1930年代当下史》(Malcolm Cowley, "The Good Earthling," (1935) reprinted in Henry Dan Piper ed. Think Back On US: A Contemporary Chronicle of the 1930's, Carbondale: Southern Illibois University Press,1967, pp.251-252.)
②[美]普罗提厄斯：《评(大地>》,载《国家与新政治家》(Proteus, "Review of the Good Earth," New Statesman and Nation (May 16,1931), p.430.)
①[美]G A.赛凡思科：《赛珍珠和中国小说》,载《亚洲研究》(G. A. Cevasco, "Pearl S. Buck and the Chinese Novel," Asian Studies 5, December 1967, p.447.)
②[瑞典]佩尔·哈尔斯特龙：《授奖词》,裕康译,《大地三部曲》,桂林：漓江出版社,1998,第953页。
③[美]史景迁：《追寻现代中国》(Jonathan D. Spence, The Search for Modern China, New York: W. W. Norton, 1990, p.387.)
①[美]海伦·斯诺：《时间中的岛》,载《新共和》(Helen Snow, "An Island in Time," New Republic 24, March 1973, p.28.)
②日本著名华裔人类学家韩敏,曾以安徽宿州的李村为“田野作业”的点,研究中国乡村的社会变迁与延续。她在说明该地的总体环境时,指出这里的生产力水平不高,生活水平低下,不时有洪水泛滥和蝗灾,而且特别指出这里的环境和赛珍珠在《大地》中所描写的情形完全相同。([日]韩敏：《回应革命与改革：皖北李村的社会变迁与延续》,陆益龙、徐新玉译,南京：江苏人民出版社,2007年,第2页。)
①[美]赛珍珠：《大地》(Pearl S. Buck, The Good Earth, New York: The John Day Company,1931, pp.3-4.)
②徐清：《赛珍珠小说对乡土中国的发现》,《江苏大学学报》(社会科学版),2005年第4期,第17页。
③[美]赛珍珠：《大地》(Pearl S. Buck, The Good Earth. New York: The John Day Company,1931, p.90.)
④徐清：《赛珍珠小说对乡土中国的发现》,《江苏大学学报》(社会科学版),2005年第4期,第18页。
①[美]赛珍珠：《大地》(Pearl S. Buck, The Good Earth, New York: The John Day Company,1931, p.11.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《大地》(Pearl S. Buck, The Good Earth, New York: The John Day Company,1931, p.22.)
③[美]赛珍珠：《大地》(Pearl S. Buck, The Good Earth, New York: The John Day Company,1931, p.24.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《大地》(Pearl S. Buck, The Good Earth, New York: The John Day Company,1931, p.208.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《大地》(Pearl S. Buck, The Good Earth, New York: The John Day Company,1931, p.274.)
②[美]亨利·吴：《想象东方人：现代美国的迁移、接触和异域情调》(Henry Yu, Thinking Orientals: Migration, Contact, and Exoticism in Modern America, New York: Oxford University Press,1984, p.19.)
③这里需要说明的是,不是所有游客都是走马观花型的,有些人长期生活在中国,足迹遍布中国各处,其 游记写作虽然在呈现中国知识方面不系统,但因其反映的地理空间的广袤与书写体验的直观,很多还配以大量图片,因此这些游记作品有相当强的史料性,对于书斋人类学来说,也是不可多得的资料来源。例如英国的阿奇伯德·立德夫人(Archibald Little,1845-1926)是著名在华英商的妻子,曾随夫在华生活20年,留下很多有价值的游记,如《穿蓝色长袍的国度》(The Land of the Blue Gown,1901)、《在中国的婚事》(A Marriage in China,1899)、《熟悉的中国》(Intimate China: The Chinese As I Have Konown Them,1899)、《北京指南》(Guide to Peking,1904)、《我的北京花园的周围》(Round My Peking Garden,1905)等,这些游记对中国人的生活、习俗、家庭和社会组织有深入的描写。何巴特的早期书写,如《满洲札记》,其实也属于这类游记型写作,属于非自觉型人类学书写,在今天往往被归为旅游人类学的一部分。
①[美]亨利·吴：《想象东方人：现代美国的迁移、接触和异域情调》Henry Yu, Thinking Orientals: Migration, Contact, and Exoticism in Modern America, New York: Oxford University Press,1984, pp.19-30.
①此前有传教士明恩溥的非叙事类写作《中国乡村生活》等有限的几部,但流传不是很广。
②[美]真理吉原：《拥抱东方：白人女性和美国东方主义》(Mari Yoshihara, Embracing the East: White Women and American Orientalism, N. Y:Oxford University Press,2003, pp.154-155.)
③[美]J.B.福斯特：《1850-1950美国文学中的中国与中国人》(J. B. Foster, China and Chinese in American Literature,1850-1950, Ph. D. Diss. Urbana: University of Illinois,1952, p.491.)
①对于人类学写作客观性的争议由来已久。在有关中国的人类学研究史上,林耀华(Lin Yaohua)这位曾在哈佛大学师从人类学家弗思(Raymond Firth)、豪顿(E. A. Hooton)和克拉克洪(Kluckohn)的华裔人类学家,曾在1947年出版了一本关于福建省一个村庄的半小说式的人类学报告《金翼：中国家族制的社会学研究》(Lin Yaohua, The Golden Wing: A Sociological Study of Chinese Familism, New York: Oxford University Press,1947.)，这本著作在世界人类学界也被广为认可,并深得好评。在西方人类学界,从八十年代开始,“文化研究”所引起的学术自我反思也同样受到重视。人类学家玛丽·路易斯·普拉特曾专门著文讨论人类学书写的客观性问题,认为个人化写作也同样是人类学资料的重要一部分,而消除主体性的写作也未必客观。(Mary Louise Pratt, "Fieldwork in Common Places" in James Clifford and George E. Marcus ed., Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography, Berkeley: University of California Press,1986. pp.27-50；又见James Clifford, "On Ethnography Allegory", pp.98-121.)对于这人类学客观性的论述,评述最全面,也最有影响力是当数美国人类学家詹姆斯·克利福德,他所撰写的如下文章尤其值得参考。1.《论民族志的超现实主义》,载《社会与历史比较研究》("On Ethnographic Surrealism," Comparative Studies in Society and History, Vol.19, No.2,1981, pp.204-223.) 2.《论民族志的权威性》,载《再现》(“OnEthnographic Authority," Representations, Vol.1, No.2,1983, pp.118-146.) 3.《论民族志的自我形成：康拉德和马林诺夫斯基》,载[美]詹姆斯·克利福德：《重建个人主义》("On Ethnographic Self-Fashioning: Conrad and Malinowski," in Thomas C. Heller, Morton Sosna, and David E. Wellbery eds., Reconstructing Individualism: Autonomy, Individuality and the Self in Western Thought, Standford: Standford University Press, 1986, pp.140-162.)4.《论民族志寓言》,载[美]詹姆斯·克利福德、乔治·E.马库斯合编：《民族志的诗学与政治学》("On Ethnographic Allegory, " in James Clifford and George E. Marcus eds., Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography, Berkeley: University of California Press,1986.)
②[美]玛丽·路易斯·普拉特：《常见领域的田野工作》,载[美]詹姆斯·克利福德、乔治·E.马库斯合编：《民族志的诗学与政治学》(Mary Louise Pratt, "Fieldwork in Common Places" in James Clifford and George E. Marcus eds., Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography, Berkeley: University of California Press,1986, p.32.)
①[美]詹姆斯·克利福德：《民族志寓言》,载[美]詹姆斯·克利福德、乔治·E.马库斯合编：《民族志的诗学与政治学》(James Clifford, "On Ethnography Allegory," in James Clifford and George E. Marcus eds., Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography, Berkeley: University of California Press,1986, pp.98-121.)
②很多评论家,例如菲利斯·本特利,认为赛珍珠的《大地》使用了《圣经》体的语言。(Phyllis Bentley, "The Art of Pearl S. Buck," English Journal,24 December 1935, p.794.)赛珍珠本人开始时认为自己的风格受汉语和钦定本《圣经》的双重影响,(Pearl S. Buck, "Pearl S. Buck Talks of Her Life in China," China Weekly Review,24 Sept.1932, pp.145-146.)但后来当她的英译《水浒传》出版,她开始不断宣传中国传统白话小说,并且将自己定位于中国文学传统之中时,她认为自己的风格只是受汉语和中国小说传统的影响,和《圣经》无关。("Advice to Unborn Novelist," Saturday Review of Literature,2 Mar.1935, p.520.)
③[美]赛珍珠：《中国小说》(Pearl S. Buck, The Chinese Novel, New York: The John Day Company,1938, p. 22.)
④[美]董曹丽：《赛珍珠小说中的中国家庭形象》(Cao-Ly Doan, The Images of the Chinese Family in Pearl Buck's Novels, Ph. D. Diss., St. John's University,1964, p.78.)
①顾钧：《论赛珍珠建构中国形象的写作策略》,《江苏大学学报》(社会科学版),2002年第6期,第43-44页。
②[美]彼得·康：《赛珍珠：一本文化传记》(Peter Conn, Pearl S. Buck: A Cultural Biography, New York: Cambridge University Press,1996, p.113.)
③庄台公司：《(大地)作者简介》("About the Author" in Pearl S. Buck, The Good Earth, New York: The John Day Company,1931, p.1.)
①江亢虎：《评<大地)》,载《纽约时报书评》(Kiang Kang-hu, "Review of The Good Earth," The New York Times Book Review, Jan.15,1933, p.2.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《答复江亢虎之评(大地)》,载《纽约时报书评》(Pearl Buck, "Response to Kiang Kang-hu's review of The Good Earth," The New York Times Book Review. (Jan.15,1933), p.2.)
③胡风：《(大地)里的中国》,《文艺笔谈》,上海：上海生活书店,1936，第87页。
①[美]赛珍珠：《儿子们》(Pearl S. Buck, Sons, New York: The John Day Company,1932, p.4.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《儿子们》(Pearl S. Buck, Sons, New York: The John Day Company,1932, pp.5.)
①[美]米凯拉·蒂·列奥拉多：《国内的派来品：人类学、他者与美国现代性》(Micaela di Leonardo, Exotics at Home: Anthropologies, Others, American Modernity, Chicago: University of Chicago Press,1998.)
①熊玉鹏：《赛珍珠与中国小说：读<大地上的房子)》,《文艺理论研究》,1991年第5期,第42-43页。
②[美]真理吉原：《拥抱东方：白人女性和美国东方主义》(Mari Yoshihara, Embracing the East: White Women and American Orientalism, N. Y:Oxford University Press,2003, p.158.)
③陈思和：《洋女子笔下的中国家庭》,《海南日报》1989年10月25日。
①[美]赛珍珠：《大地》(Pearl S. Buck, The Good Earth, New York: The John Day Company,1931, pp.4-5.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《大地》(Pearl S. Buck, The Good Earth, New York: The John Day Company,1931, p.5.)
③[美]赛珍珠：《大地》(Pearl S. Buck, The Good Earth, New York: The John Day Company,1931, pp.9-10.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《大地》(Pearl S. Buck, The Good Earth, New York: The John Day Company,1931, p.140.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《大地》(Pearl S. Buck, The Good Earth, New York: The John Day Company,1931, p.150.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《大地》(Pearl S. Buck, The Good Earth, New York: The John Day Comapny,1931, p.100.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《大地》(Pearl S. Buck, The Good Earth, New York: The John Day Company,1931, p.92.)
③[美]赛珍珠：《大地》(Pearl S. Buck, The Good Earth, New York: The John Day Company,1931, p.232.)
①[美]韩德：《一种特殊关系的形成——1914年前的美国与中国》(Michael H. Hunt, "Pearl Buck---Popular Expert on China,1931-1949," Modern China, Vol.3 No.1, January 1977, p.57.)
②[美]A.T.斯蒂尔：《美国人民和中国》(A. T. Steele, The American People and China, New York: McGraw-Hill,1966, p.171.)
①[美]马尔科姆·考利：《王龙的子女们》,载《新共和》(Malcom Cowley, "Wang Lung's Children," New Republic, May 10,1939, p.24.)
②[美]保罗·A.多伊尔：《赛珍珠》(Paul A. Doyle, Pearl S. Buck, Boston: Twayne Publishers,1980, p.55-56.)
③[美]爱德华·W.赛义德：《东方主义》(Edward W. Said, Orientalism, London and New York: Penguin,1978, p.273.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《中国人的情感特质》,载《民族》(Pearl S. Buck, "The Emotional Nature of the Chinese", Nation 123,22 September,1926, p.269.)
②英国汉学家翟林奈(Lionel Giles,1875-1958)在评论赛氏译本《水浒传》时顺便提及中国古典小说在西方的译介史,根据他提供的数据,截至1933年,中国传统上所说的“才子书”白话小说,除了汉学家邓罗(Charles Henry Brewitt-Taylor,1857-1938) 1925年出版了全译本《三国演义》,其余还没有一部翻译完整的,当时只有英国汉学家周骊(Bencraft Joly)翻译的不到一半的《红楼梦》,德国汉学家格鲁伯(Wilhelm Grube,1855-1908)翻译的近一半的德语《封神演义》,李提摩太(Timothy Richards,1845-1919)节译的《西游记》(前面几章是全译,其余的概述),埃杰顿(Clement Egerton)尚未完成的全译本《金瓶梅》。翟林奈 认为赛珍珠的全译本对西方了解中国文化作出了很大贡献,但他也从语言学和文本的角度指出赛珍珠译本的一些误译,抑或过度直译。(Lionel Giles, "Review of All Men Are Brothers by Pearl S. Buck," Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London, Vol.7, No.3,1934, pp.629-636.)这里有必要补充说明,汉学家沙博理(Sidney Shapiro)于1988年将《水浒传》一百二十回本译成英文,译名为Outlaws Of the Marsh,赛氏的七十回译本和沙氏的一百二十回译本采用的翻译策略有别,译文各有特色,有助于西方多方位了解这部中国名著。
①陈敬：《赛珍珠与中国：中西文化冲突与共融》,天津：南开大学出版社,2006年,第99页。
①江亢虎当年曾就此不无讥讽地批判赛珍珠的无知。“我发现她在《大地》里将《水浒传》这本书译作Bandits of Shuei Lake(水湖之盗)。按：‘浒’的意思是指河畔,‘水浒’两字连接起来,当作‘河滨’解。中国单字中与‘浒’音类似者,有‘湖’与‘壶’。卜凯夫人将《水浒传》译作《水湖之盗》,比哥温教授在他所著《中国史大纲》内译成Water Bottle Record要进步多了!”(Kiang Kang-hu, "Essays on The Good Earth" in On Chinese Studies. Shanghai:Commercial Press,1934.转引自郭英剑主编：《赛珍珠评论集》,桂林：漓江出版社,1999年,第15页。)赛珍珠就此反驳道,“这‘浒’字在英文中实在是没有意义的,这或将近似margins(边缘)一字,但Waterly Margins又怎能传达到西方人的心里?这个可以用英文Swei, Shui, Shue以及江教授目下所加上的Shuei等拼音的字,无疑地是‘水’。但依我想,江教授用River -字来联缀成语,是完全错误,这些著名强盗盘踞之区,决不是一条河,而是濒近叶芦掩映的大湖,在其中还有许多喽哕啸聚的支流水道。”(Pearl S. Buck, "Mr. Buck Replies to Her Chinese Critic," New York Times, January 15,1933, p.17.)虽然是简单的译名之辩,但透露出赛珍珠对中国古典文学的把握能力,以及和中国男性精英知识分子竞争表述中国的话语权的努力。
②“四海之内皆兄弟”出自《论语·颜渊篇第十二》。司马牛忧曰：“人皆有兄弟,我独亡。”子夏曰：“商闻之矣：死生有命,富贵在天。君子敬而无失,与人恭而有礼,四海之内,皆兄弟也。君子何患无兄弟也?”
③[美]赛珍珠：《中国小说》(Pearl. S. Buck, The Chinese Novel: Nobel Lecture Delivered Before the Swedish Academy at Stockholm December 12,1938, New York: The John Day Company,1938, p.44.)
④[美]彼得·康：《赛珍珠：一本文化传记》(Peter Conn, Pearl S. Buck: A Cultural Biography, New York: Cambridge University Press,1996, p.139.)
①[美]理查德·格里戈·欧文：《中国小说的演进：水浒传》(Richard Gregg Irwin, The Evolution of a Chinese Novel: Shui-hu-chuan, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press,1953, p.94.)
②钱歌川： 《翻译的基本知识》,长沙：湖南科学技术出版社,1981年,第10页。
③陈敬：《赛珍珠与中国：中西文化冲突与共融》,天津：南开大学出版社,2006年,第99页。
④马红军： 《为赛珍珠的“误译”正名》, 《四川外语学院学报》,2002年第3期,第125页。
⑤姚锡佩：《从赛珍珠谈鲁迅说起》, 《鲁迅研究月刊》,1990年第6期,第41页。
①李林波： 《对赛珍珠(水浒传>译本文化意义的再思》, 《四川外语学院学报》,2004年第6期,第116页。
②李林波： 《对赛珍珠(水浒传)译本文化意义的再思》, 《四川外语学院学报》,2004年第6期,第116页。
③[美]赛珍珠：《评(活的中国)》,载《亚洲》(Pearl S. Buck, "Book Review of Living China," Asia, March 1937.)
④1.鲁迅：《药》,姚莘农译,埃德加嘶诺序(Lu Hsun, The Medicine, trans. Yao Hsin-nung, with an introduction by Edgar Snow, Asia, Feb.,1935.) 2.鲁迅：《风筝》,姚莘农译,埃德加·斯诺序(Lu Hsun, The Skykite, trans. Yao Hsin-nung and Edgar Snow, Asia, Sept.,1936.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《小说反映的中国》,载《太平洋事务》(Pearl S. Buck, "China in the Mirror of Her Fiction," Pacific Affairs, February 1930, reprinted in "The Week in China," Vol. ⅩⅢ, No.257, March 1,1930, pp. 227-236.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《中国早期小说源流》,张丽萍译,姚君伟：《文化相对主义：赛珍珠的中西文化观》,南京：东南大学出版社,2001年,第211页。
②[美]赛珍珠：《中国早期小说源流》,张丽萍译,姚君伟：《文化相对主义：赛珍珠的中西文化观》,南京：东南大学出版社,2001年,第200-201页。
③[美]赛珍珠：《中国早期小说源流》,张丽萍译,姚君伟：《文化相对主义：赛珍珠的中西文化观》,南京：东南大学出版社,2001年,第200-201页。
①福克纳(William Faulkner)曾明确声称：“我不想要这个奖。我宁愿与德莱赛、舍伍德·安德森这样的人为伍,也不屑与辛克莱·刘易斯和中国通赛女士为伍。”("I had rather be in the same pigeon hole with Dreiser and Sherwood Anderson, than with Sinclair Lewis and Mrs. Chinahand Buck." see Joseph Blotner, ed. Selected Letters of William Faulkner, New York: Random House,1977, p.299.)在这种被美国文坛排斥的情况下,赛珍珠创造性地利用了自己跨文化的双重身份,将这种批评转变为巩固自己权威身份的手段。她在来自美国和中国的男性知识精英的批评中成功转型为言说中国文学的权威,从现代主义文学的纷争中抽身而出。
②[美]赛珍珠：《中国小说》(Pearl. S. Buck, The Chinese Novel: Nobel Lecture Delivered Before the Swedish Academy at Stockholm December 12,1938, New York: The John Day Company,1938, p.41.)
③[美]赛珍珠：《中国小说》(Pearl. S. Buck, The Chinese Novel: Nobel Lecture Delivered Before the Swedish Academy at Stockholm December 12,1938, New York: The John Day Company,1938, pp.58-59.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《中国年轻人发现中国》,载[美]赛珍珠：《我所看到的中国》(Pearl S. Buck, "The Young Chinese Discover China,"(1935) in Pearl S. Buck, China As I See It, New York: The John Day Company,1970, p.55.)
①朱希祥：《简论赛珍珠在国际汉学中的地位与贡献》,《常州工学院学报》,2005年第1期,第65页。
②[美]赛珍珠：《中国小说》(Pearl. S. Buck, The Chinese Novel: Nobel Lecture Delivered Before the Swedish Academy at Stockholm December 12,1938, New York:The John Day Company,1938, p.11.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《中国小说》(Pearl. S. Buck, The Chinese Novel: Nobel Lecture Delivered Before the Swedish Academy at Stockholm December 12,1938, New York: The John Day Company,1938, pp.58-59.)
②[美]保罗·A.多伊尔：《赛珍珠》,张晓胜等译,沈阳：春风文艺出版社,1991年,第97页。
③[美]赛珍珠：《中国小说》(Pearl. S. Buck, The Chinese Novel: Nobel Lecture Delivered Before the Swedish Academy at Stockholm December 12,1938, New York: The John Day Company,1938, p.55.)
④[美]科妮莉亚·斯潘塞：《流亡者的女儿：赛珍珠传》(Cornelia Spencer, The Exile's Daughter: A Biography of Pearl S. Buck, New York: Coward Mccann, Inc.,1944, p.194.)
①熊玉鹏：赛珍珠与世界文学,http://www.pearlsbcn.org/c/default.asp, 2008年10月6日。
②(1)顾钧：《论赛珍珠建构中国形象的写作策略》,《江苏大学学报》(社会科学版),2002年第6期,第41-45页；(2)杜林：《寻根王虎：赛珍珠小说男性形象分析之一》,《北京大学学报》(国内访问学者、进修教师专刊),2000年,第202-210页。
③[美]赛珍珠：《中国军阀》,载《星期六晚邮报》(Pearl S. Buck, "Chinese Warlords", Saturday Evening Post, April 22,1933.)
①[美]科妮莉亚·斯潘塞：《流亡者的女儿：赛珍珠传》(Cornelia Spencer, The Exile's Daughter: A Biography of Pearl S. Buck, New York:Coward Mccann, Inc.,1944, p.172.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《儿子们》(Pearl S. Buck, Sons, New York: The John Day Company,1932, p.118.)
①[美]保罗·A.多伊尔：《赛珍珠》,张晓胜等译,沈阳：春风文艺出版社,1991年,第126页。
①[美]何巴特：《中国灯油》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Oil for the Lamps of China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1933, p.315.)
②[美]何巴特：《不羁之江》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, River Supreme, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1934, p.40.)
①[美]何巴特：《中国灯油》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Oil for the Lamps of China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1933, p.273.)
②[美]何巴特：《中国灯油》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Oil for the Lamps of China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1933, p.216.)
①[美]何巴特：《中国灯油》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Oil for the Lamps of China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1933, p.196.)
①[美]何巴特：《不羁之江》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, River Supreme, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1934, p.315.)
①[美]何巴特：《中国灯油》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Oil for the Lamps of China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1933,p.378.)
②[美]威廉·伍：《黄祸：1850-1940美国小说中的华裔美国人》(Williom Wu, The Yellow Peril: Chinese Americans in American Fiction,1850-1940. Hamden:Archon Book,1982, p.208.)
③周宁：《鸦片帝国》,北京：学苑出版社,2004年,第75页。
①[美]迈耶·艾布拉姆斯：《天堂的乳汁：鸦片幻觉对德昆西、克拉布、汤普森和柯勒律治创造的影响》(Meyer H. Abrams, The Milk of Paradise:The Effect of Opium Visions on the Works of DeQuincey, Crabbe, Francis Thompson, and Coleridge, Boston:Harvard University Press,1934, p.46.)
①[美]史景迁：《可汗的大陆：西方人意识中的中国》(Jonanthan D. Spence, The Chan's Great Continent:China in Western Minds, New York, London: W. W. Norton & Company,1998, p.146.)
②[美]布莱特·哈特(Bret Harte):《扑克滩放逐的人们》,主万译,上海：上海译文出版社,1992年,第258页。
③[美]马克·吐温：《苦行记》(Mark Twain, Roughing It, New York:New American Library,1962, p.294.)
④[美]玛丽·格特鲁德·梅森：《西方思想中的中国和中国人,1840-1876》(Mary Gertrude Mason, Western Concepts of China and the Chinese,1840-1876, New York: Seeman Printery, Inc.,1939, p.114.)
①[美]何巴特：《阳与阴》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Yang and Tin, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1936, p.177.)
②[美]何巴特：《阳与阴》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Yang and Yin, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1936, p.122.)
①[美]何巴特：《不羁之江》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, River Supreme, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1934, p.190.)
②[美]何巴特：《阳与阴》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Yang and Yin, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1936, p.177.)
③[美]何巴特：《天真梦想者》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, The Innocent Dreamers, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1963, p.181.)
①[美]何巴特：《阳与阴》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Yang and Yin, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1936, p.179.)
①[美]爱德华·W.赛义德：《东方主义》(Edward W. Said, Orientalism, New York: Vintage Books,1994, p.20.)
②[美]爱德华·W.赛义德：《东方主义》(Edward W. Said, Orientalism, New York: Vintage Books,1994, p.273.)
③[法]蒂费纳·萨莫瓦约(Tiphaine Samoyault):《互文性研究》(L'Intertextualite: Memoire de la Literature),绍炜译,天津：天津人民出版社,2003年,第19页。
④王瑾：《互文性》,桂林：广西师大出版社,2005年,第114-118页。
①[法]蒂费纳·萨莫瓦约：《互文性研究》,绍炜译,天津：天津人民出版社,2003年,第14页。
②[美]何巴特：《满洲札记》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Pioneering Where the World Is Old, New York: Henry Holt and Company,1917, p.170.)
①[美]何巴特：《中国灯油》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Oil for the Lamps of China, New York: Grosset & Dunlap Publishers,1933, pp.262-265.)
②[美]爱德华·W.赛义德：《东方主义》(Edward W. Said, Orientalism, New York: Vintage Books,1994, p.42.)
①[美]何巴特：《不羁之江》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, River Supreme, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1934, p.49.)
①[美]卡伦·J.梁：《中国魅力：赛珍珠、黄柳霜、宋美龄和美国东方主义的转型》(Karen J. Leong, The China Mystique: Pearl Buck, Anna May Wong, Mayling Soong and the Transformation of American Orientalism, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press,2005, p.55.)
②庄台出版公司广告：“《大地》上市了!”("The Good Earth Is Coming!" John Day advertisement, Quoted in Karen J. Leong, The China Mystique: Pearl Buck, Anna May Wong, Mayling Soong and the Transformation of American Orientalism, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London:University of California Press,2005, p.26.)
③1932年4月22日赛珍珠致理查德·J.沃尔什函(Pearl S. Buck to Richard J. Walsh,22 July 1931, Nanking, box 36, folder 3, John Day Archives.)
④江亢虎：《(大地)之我见》,载《中国研究》(Kiang Kang-hu, "Essays on The Good Earth" (1933), in On Chinese Studies. Shanghai: Commercial Press,1934.又见于自郭英剑主编：《赛珍珠评论集》,桂林：漓江出版社,1999年,第15页。)
①[美]赛珍珠：《卜凯夫人答中国的批评者》,载《纽约时报》(Pearl S. Buck, "Mrs. Buck Replies to Her Chinese Critic," New York Times, January 15,1933, p.12.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《卜凯夫人答中国的批评者》,载《纽约时报》(Pearl S. Buck, "Mrs. Buck Replies to Her Chinese Critic," New York Times, January 15,1933, p.13.)
③[美]赛珍珠：《卜凯夫人答中国的批评者》,载《纽约时报》(Pearl S. Buck, "Mrs. Buck Replies to Her Chinese Critic," New York Times, January 15,1933, p.15.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《新民族主义》,载《国际文摘》(Pearl S. Buck, "The New Nationalism," International Digest 1, September,1931, p.51.)
①[美]詹姆士·汤姆森：《赛珍珠与美国对中国的探求》,载[美]伊丽莎白·J.利普斯科姆等编：《赛珍珠的几个世界》(James Thomson, "Pearl S. Buck and the American Quest for China," in Elizabeth J. Lipscomb, Frances E. Webb, and Peter Conn eds., The Several Worlds of Pearl S. Buck, Westport, Conn.:Greenwood Press,1994, p.13.)
①[美]卡伦·J.梁：《中国魅力：赛珍珠、黄柳霜、宋美龄和美国东方主义的转型》(Karen J. Leong, The China Mystique: Pearl Buck, Anna May Wong, Mayling Soong and the Transformation of American Orientalism, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London:University of California Press,2005, p.18.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《全面胜利》,载《新共和》(Pearl S. Buck, "Total Victory," New Republic 106,1 June,1942, p.761.)
②赛珍珠1942年8月5日致罗斯福总统夫人函(Pearl S. Buck, to Eleanor Roosevelt,5 August 1942, Roosevelt Library.)
③[美]彼得·康：《赛珍珠：一本文化传记》(Peter Conn, Peal S. Buck: A Cultural Biography, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press,1996, p.245.)
④[美]赛珍珠：《东方是东方,西方是西方——它们能相遇》(Pearl S. Buck, "East Is East, West Is West,--Can Meet," box 167, folder 43, John Day Archives.)
⑤严仁颖：《旅美鳞爪》,(台)近代中国史料丛刊续编第50辑,文海出版社1974年影印本,第22页。
⑥除了赛珍珠夫妇外,董事会成员还包括：露丝·本尼迪克特(Ruth Benedict)和玛格丽特·桑格(Margaret Sanger)。此外还有一个顾问委员会,包括小说家路易斯·布鲁姆菲尔德(Louis Bromfield)、艺术家米格尔·康瓦鲁比厄斯(Miguel Covarrubias)、哲学家约翰·杜威(John Dewey)和厄尼斯特·霍金(Earnest Hocking)、《时代》等杂志的总裁亨利·卢斯(Henry Luce)、IBM公司总裁托马斯·蓝蒙特(Thomas Lamont),以及泛美航空公司主席璜·特里普(Juan Trippe)。
①赛珍珠1942年8月26日致F.C.奥弗布里函(Pearl S. Buck to F. C. Overbury,26 Aug 1942, Pearl S. Buck correspondence with Overbury family, file Ⅰ, Overbury Collection, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《致信中国》(Pearl S. Buck, Asia, Feb.1942, p.121.)
①“太平洋关系学会”(Institute of Pacific Relations)始建于1925年,它最初是一个由夏威夷一些关心太平洋地区社会经济问题的教育界、商界和宗教界人士发起并组成的区域性团体,其宗旨是研究太平洋各民族状况,找到太平洋地区各国之间的共同点,以求改进各民族间的相互关系。后来学会经过扩充,发展成为一个国际性学术团体,总部迁至纽约。学会有会刊《太平洋事务》(Pacific Affairs)、《太平洋评论》(Pacific Review)、《远东观察》(Far Eastern Survey)。成员包括来自世界不同地区的专家、学者和政府官员,在很长一段时间内得到美国、英国等政府和洛克菲勒等大财团的支持。
②赛珍珠1942年2月3日致爱德华·卡特函(Pearl S. Buck to Edward Carter, February 3,1942, Institute of Pacific Relations Papers, Butler Library, Columbia University. Quoted in Mari Yoshihara, Embracing the East: White Women and American Orientalism, N. Y:Oxford University Press,2003, p.169.)
③[美]韩德：《大众的中国通赛珍珠,1931-1949》,载《现代中国》(Michael H. Hunt, "Pearl Buck--Popular Expert on China,1931-1949," Modern China, Vol.3 No.1, January 1977, p.58.)
①[美]切斯特·科尔1942年7月20日致克拉伦斯·B.鲍特尔函(Chester Kerr to Clarence B. Boutell, G. P. Putnam's Sons,20 July 1942, box 174, folder 2, John Day Archives.)
②[美]《评<美国团结与亚洲>》,载《新领袖》("Review of American Unity and Asia, New Leader",15 August 1942, box 3, Stirling Collection.)
③据彼得·康的研究,赛珍珠在《大地》成功后,和学术团体及其它各界加强了联系。1934年4月“政治与社会科学学会”在费城召开的年会上赛珍珠以《美国对华政策》为题发表演说。同年5月,应爱德华·卡特之邀,答应在“太平洋关系研究所”的美国理事会任职。(Peter Conn, Pearl S. Buck: A Cultural Biography, New York: Cambridge University Press,1996, p.155.)因此,赛珍珠的中国研究并不完全是民间的和业余的。她的研究和严格意义上的中国学研究的主要区别在于,赛珍珠的诉求对象偏向大众,因此发表研究结果的载体是大众性的杂志而不是专业会刊,写作风格也远离严谨的学术体例,表现出强烈的个人情感张力。
④在来华传教士裨治文、卫三畏等人努力下,1842年美国成立了“东方学会”(American Oriental Society),以传播关于东方的知识,促进对东方语言和文学的研究为宗旨,1851年开始出版《美国东方学杂志》(Journal of the American Oriental Society)。19世纪七八十年代,美国一些大学如耶鲁、哈佛、哥伦比亚等,开始设立关于东方或中国的教研机构,教职多由曾来华的传教士担任,如卫三畏在耶鲁大学开中文 课程。与中国研究相关的一些学术团体在这一时期相继建立起来,如：美国现代语言学会(American Modern Language Association,1883)、美国历史协会(American Historical Association,1884)、国外传教联谊会(Overseas Missionary Fellowship,1888)、美国亚洲协会(Association for Asian Studies,1898)等。这些学术团体的成立,都直接或间接推动了美国的中国研究逐渐进入科学和职业化阶段。但这些研究受传统汉学影响较深,主要从事有关中国语言、哲学和典籍的研究。一战改变了这种状况。成立于1911、1913和1936年的纽约卡内基基金会、洛克菲勒基金会、福特基金会,与美国学术团体理事会一起,开始提出促进远东研究的长期计划,成立了一些后来很有影响的研究组织,如太平洋关系学会(Institute of Pacific Relation)、哈佛-燕京学社(The Harvard-Yenching Institute for Chinese Studies)和远东协会(TheAssociation for Eastern) (1956年更名为亚洲研究协会"Asia Society")。冷战促成了系统中国学研究的成熟和完善。
①[美]柯文：《在中国发现历史》(Paul Cohen, Discovering History in China: American Historical Writing on the Recent Chinese Past, New York: Columbia University Press,1984, pp.2-7.)
②学术界一般将海外中国研究分为两种类型。一是以法国和德国为代表的以研究中国古代文化为主要内容的学院式研究和以美国为代表的侧重近现代中国的区域性综合研究,涉及政治、经济、历史、宗教、社会等诸多方面。美国类型的中国研究直接和来华新教传教士的中国研究相关,他们的研究从一开始就将兴趣从“纯粹文化”转到致力于了解和认识近现代中国,完全不同于促成欧洲汉学的早期耶稣会士的中国书写。以传教士裨治文创立的英文《中国丛报》(The Chinese Repository)为例,其创刊的宗旨除了宗教因素,更主要是为了搜集关于中国的各方面信息,翻译和介绍有关中国的历史、地理、宗教、农业、儒家典籍、民俗、文学艺术等方面的情况,供西方各国参考。再如卫三畏那本影响了美国的中国研究一百多年的《中国总论》(The Middle Kingdom: A Survey of the Geography, Government, Literature, Social Life, Arts and History of the Chinese Empire and Its Inhabitants,1848),其副标题“中华帝国的地理、政府、文学、社会生活、艺术、历史及其居民概览”就表明这是一本关注现实中国的百科全书,费正清在其《70年代的任务》中评价这本专著认为,仅仅书的副标题就像是一门区域研究课程的教学大纲。(John K. Fairbank, "Assignment for the'70's," The American Historical Review, Vol.74, No.3, Feb.,1969, p.866.)其他传教士所做的中国研究著作还有很多,如明恩溥的《中国人的特性》(Chinese Characteristics,1892)、丁韪良的《中国人：教育、哲学、文学》(Chinese: Their Education, Philosophy and Letters,1876)、卢公明(Justus Doolittle,1824-1880)的《中国人的社会生活》(Social Life the Chinese,1865)、何天爵(Holcombe Chester,1842-1912)的《真正的中国佬》(The Real Chinaman,1895)、倪维思的《中国和中国人：总论》(China and the Chinese: A General Description of the Country and Its Inhabitants; Its Civilization and Form of Government; Its Religious and Social Institutions; Its Intercourse with Other Nations; and Its Present Condition and Prospects,1882)、郭实腊的《中国简史》(A Sketch of Chinese History,1834)和《打开中国的大门》(China Opened: A Display of the Topography, History, Customs, Manners, Arts, Jurisprudence, Etc., of the Chinese Empire,1838)、麦都思(Walter Henry Medhurst)的《中国：现状与未来》(China: Its State and Prospects,1838)等。直至1920年代,美国有关中国研究的书籍,具有一定学术价值的几乎全部是传教士撰写,正如美国历史学家丹涅特所说,在19世纪的大部分时间里,美国人是通过传教士的眼睛观察亚洲的。([美]泰勒·丹涅特(Tyler Dennett):《美国人在东亚》,姚曾堽译,上海：商务印书馆,1959年,第474页。)虽然后来不少传教士回国后登上了大学讲台,但总体上中国研究具有非职业化的特点。1925 年成立的“太平洋关系学会”标志着正式的区域研究在美国学术界的确立,1928年成立的“哈佛-燕京学社”(Havard-Yenching Institute for Chinese Studies)更偏向于以研究中国古代文化和历史为主的汉学传统,美国正式的中国研究直到1950年代后期才在费正清等人的领导下逐渐繁荣。即使在不很发达的研究状态下,1920年代至1950年代的“中国研究”方面的成果也局限于精英知识分子阶层,和普通大众无缘,这在前文所引的赛珍珠致爱德华·卡特的信函就可以看出。赛珍珠所主持的《亚洲》杂志,正好填充了官方的亚洲知识和民众希望获得并能理解的亚洲知识之间的沟堑。《亚洲》的撰稿人比当时著名的几个研究会的成员更熟悉亚洲,是来自美国和亚洲各国的知识精英,他们的观点更具有时效性,甚至具有新闻报道性,突出情感张力和趣味性,具有一般大众刊物的语言特点和行文风格,但在实际的思想表达方面与正式的学会并没有什么本质不同。如果说费正清的《美国与中国》这样一本没有脚注和参考书目的专著被公认为中国研究的经典,为什么《亚洲》就不能被看作是与《太平洋事务》(Pacific Affairs)和《哈佛亚洲学报》(Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies)一样的区域研究的期刊呢?
①[美]理查德·J.沃尔什：《编者按》,载《亚洲》(Richard J. Walsh, "Editor's Note," Asia, January 1934, p. 64.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《我的几个世界》(Pearl S. Buck, My Several Worlds: A Personal Record. New York: The John Day Company,1954, p.372.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《现代中国的创新精神》,载《亚洲》(Pearl S. Buck, "Creative Spirit in Modern China," Asia, August and September,1934.)
②在《亚洲》上发表的这几篇连续的有关抗战的文章如下：(1)《狂妄东方人手中的西式武器》("Western Weapons in the Hands of the Reckless East", Asia, October 1937.) (2)《炮火下的外国人》("Foreigners under Fire", Asia, November 1937.) (3)《军国主义者的思想》("Mind of the Militarist", Asia, January 1938.) (4)《致中国人民的公开信》("An Open Letter to the Chinese People", Asia, February 1938.) (5)《感谢日本》("Thanks to Japan", Asia, May 1938.) (6)《世界和赢家》("World and the Victor", Asia, July 1938.) (7)《中国民主的武器》("Arms for China's Democracy", Asia September 1938.) (8)《自由中国行动起来》("Free China Gets to Work", Asia, April 1939.)
③[美]赛珍珠：《感谢日本》,载《亚洲》(Pearl S. Buck, "Thanks to Japan," Asia, May 1938.)
④[美]赛珍珠：《自由中国行动起来》,载《亚洲》(Pearl S. Buck, "Free China Gets to Work," Asia, April 1939.)
⑤这几本书主要包括：(1)[美]纳撒尼尔·佩弗：《我们必须在亚洲作战吗?》(Nathaniel Peffer, Must We Fight in Asia? New York and London: Harper & Bros.,1935.)(2)[美]德鲁·皮尔森：《美国的外交博弈》(Drew Pearson, The American Diplomatic Game, Garden City, N.Y.:Doubleday, Doran & company, Inc.,1935.)(3)[美]雷金纳德·约翰逊：《孔子思想和现代中国》(Reginald Johnson, Confucianism and Modern China, London: Victor Gollancz Ltd,1934.)(4)[美]维森特·希恩：《个人史》(Vincent Sheean, Personal History, New York: Literary Guild,1935.)另可参阅[美]彼得·康：《赛珍珠：一本文化传记》(Peter Conn, Pearl S. Buck: A Cultural Biography. New York: Cambridge University Press,1996, p.181.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《(亚洲>书架》(Pearl S. Buck, "Asia Book-Shelf," Asia, November 1937, p.782.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《(亚洲)书架》(Pearl S. Buck, "Asia Book-Shelf," Asia, November 1937, p.782.)
③林语堂的文章主要包括：《丢失的普通话》(1934年7月)、《中国人的思维品性》(1934年12月)、《古老民族的美德》(1935年2月)、《中国人的出路问题》(1935年10月)、《我们同享世界文化遗产》(1936年5月)、《美国的初次印象》(1936年11月)、《天堂的污染》(1938年6月)、《躲避中国的现实》(1940年3月)、《自美国回故乡》(1940年4月)、《歌唱中国的爱国者》(1941年2月)、《四年战争回顾》(1941年7月)、《自相矛盾的战争》(1942年5月)、《老子对我们的启示》(1942年11月)、《鲁迅警言》(1942年12月)、《亚洲的未来》(1943年7月)、《为暴民一辩》(1943年8月)、《与日本战俘的谈话》(1944 年11月)、《古老的成都》(1945年1月)、《中国人的幽默》(1946年10月)。参见：陈敬：《赛珍珠与中国：中西文化冲突与共融》,天津：南开大学出版社,2006年,第194页。
①[美]赛珍珠：《(吾国吾民)书评》,载《亚洲》(Pearl S. Buck, "Book Review of My Country My People," Asia, October 1935.)
②胡适致《亚洲》25周年贺电(Hu Shi's congratulation telegram to the 25th anniversary of Asia. January 16, 1942.)
③[美]赛珍珠：《(西行漫记>书评》,载《亚洲》(Pearl S. Buck, "Book Review of The Red Star over China," Asia Book-shelf, March 1938, p.264.)
①[美]彼得·康：《赛珍珠：一本文化传记》(Peter Conn, Pearl S. Buck: A Cultural Biography, New York: Cambridge University Press,1996, p.262.)
②[美]玛格丽特·米德：《不要让你的权利发霉：人类学视野看美国》(Margaret Mead, And Keep your Powder Dry: An Anthropologist Looks at America, New York: William Morrow.1942, p.5.)
③[美]玛格丽特·米德：《不要让你的权利发霉：人类学视野看美国》(Margaret Mead, And Keep your Powder Dry: An Anthropologist Looks at America, New York: William Morrow.1942, p.11.)
④[美]彼得·康：《赛珍珠：一本文化传记》(Peter Conn, Pearl S. Buck: A Cultural Biography, New York: Cambridge University Press,1996, p.263.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《我的几个世界》(Pearl S. Buck, My Several Worlds: A Personal Record, New York: John Day, 1954, p.5.)
②[美]彼得·康：《赛珍珠：一本文化传记》(Peter Conn, Pearl S. Buck: A Cultural Biography, New York: Cambridge University Press,1996, p.238.)
③[美]赛珍珠：《龃龉》,载[美]赛珍珠：《男人女人面面观》(Pearl S. Buck, "The Discord," in Pearl S. Buck, Of Men and Women, New York: The John Day Company,1941, pp.23-28.)
①[美]保罗·A.多伊尔：《赛珍珠》(Paul A. Doyle, Pearl S. Buck, Boston: Twayne Publishers,1980, p.89.)
②张子清：《赛珍珠的跨文化创作和跨文化比较——赛珍珠作品集分序》,赛珍珠：《群芳亭》,刘海平等译,桂林：漓江出版社,1998年,第40页。
③ 周卫京：《赛珍珠女权主义创作意识形成探微》,《江苏大学学报》(社会科学版),2002年第3期,第72页。
④[美]赛珍珠：《桥》(Pearl S. Buck, A Bridge for Passing, New York: The John Day Company,1962.)
⑤[美]彼得·康：《赛珍珠：一本文化传记》(Peter Conn, Pearl S. Buck: A Cultural Biography, New York: Cambridge University Press,1996, p.26.)
①[美]彼得·康：《赛珍珠：一本文化传记》(Peter Conn, Pearl S. Buck: A Cultural Biography, New York: Cambridge University Press,1996, p.51.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《中世纪的美国妇女》,载《哈勃杂志》(Pearl S. Buck, "America's Medieval Women," Harper's Magazine, August 1938, pp.225-232.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《火药式美国妇女》,载《哈勃杂志》(Pearl S. Buck, "America's Gunpowder Women," Harper's Magazine, July 1939, pp.126-135.)
③[美]赛珍珠：《美国和中国的家庭》,载[美]赛珍珠：《男人女人面面观》(Pearl S. Buck, "The Home in China and America," in Of Men and Women, New York: The John Day Company,1941, p.88.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《妇女：一个少数群体》,载《机遇》(Pearl S. Buck, "Women: A Minority Group," Opportunity, Vol. XVIII, No.7, July,1940, p.201)
②[美]赛珍珠：《妇女：一个少数群体》,载《机遇》(Pearl S. Buck, "Women: A Minority Group," Opportunity, Vol. XVIII, No.7, July,1940, pp.201-202)
③[美]凯瑟琳·伍兹：《赛珍珠眼中的男人和女人》,载《纽约时报》(Katherine Woods, "Pearl Buck on Men and Women," New York Times, June 22,1941, p.5.)
④这9篇文章包括：(1)《龃龉》(The Discord); (2)《美国和中国的家庭》(The Home in China and America);(3)《美国男人》(The American Man); (4)《美国女人》(The American Woman); (5)《一夫一妻制》(Monogamy; (6)《被当作天使的妇女》(Women as Angels); (7)《妇女和战争》(Women and War); (8)《学会彼此理解的男性与女性》(The Education of Men and Women for Each Other); (9)《妇女和自由》(Women and Freedom)
①[美]赛珍珠：《美国和中国的家庭》,载[美]赛珍珠：《男人女人面面观》(Pearl S. Buck, "The Home in China and America," in Of Men and Women, New York: The John Day Company,1941, p.46.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《美国和中国的家庭》,载[美]赛珍珠：《男人女人面面观》(Pearl S. Buck, "The Home in China and America," in Of Men and Women, New York: The John Day Company,1941, pp.42-45.)
②[美]彼得·康：《赛珍珠：一本文化传记》(Peter Conn, Pearl S. Buck: A Cultural Biography, New York: Cambridge University Press,1996, p.173.)
③[美]彼得·康：《赛珍珠：一本文化传记》(Peter Conn, Pearl S. Buck: A Cultural Biography, New York: Cambridge University Press,1996, p.83.)
①刘海平： 《一位需要重新认识的美国女作家——试论赛珍珠的女性主义特征》,郭英剑主编： 《赛珍珠评论集》,桂林：漓江出版社,1999年,第260页。
②[美]桑德拉·吉伯特和苏珊·古柏：《诺顿妇女文学选读》(Sandra Gilbert & Susan Gubar, Norton Anthology of Literature by Women, New York: W. W. Norton & Co Inc,1996.)
③方红：《西方女权评论家为何排斥赛珍珠》,郭英剑主编：《赛珍珠评论集》,桂林：漓江出版社,1999年,第229-231页。
①吴庆宏： 《第三世界女性主义视角下的赛珍珠》, 《江苏大学学报》(社会科学版),2009年第3期,第41页。
②佩尔·哈尔斯特龙：授奖词,[美]赛珍珠：《大地三部曲·附录》,王逢振译,桂林：漓江出版社,1998年,第950页。
①[美]斯蒂芬·杰伊·古德：《熊猫的拇指：自然史再思考》(Stephen Jay Gould, The Panda's Thumb: More Reflections in Natural History, New York:W. W. Norton,1980, pp.160-168.)
②[美]詹姆斯·P.德美隆：《证词》,见《华人移民特别调查联委会报告》(James P. Dameron, "Testimony," in Report of the Joint Special Committee to Investigate Chinese Immigration, Washington: Government Printing House,1877, pp.1047-1049.)
③对于19世纪和20世纪初用“科学”伪装起来的种族主义,目前欧美已经有很多研究。主要有：(1)[美]罗伯特·C.班尼斯特：《社会达尔文主义：盎格鲁·撒克逊社会思想中的科学与神话》(Robert C. Bannister, Social Darvinism: Science and Myth in Anglo-American Social Thought, Philadelphia: Temple University Press,1979.)(2)[美]乔治·M.弗雷德里克森：《白人思想中的黑人形象：1817-1914非裔美国人性格与天命之辩》(George M. Frederickson, The Black Image in the White Mind: The Debate on Afro-American Character and Destiny,1817-1914, New York: Harper & Row,1971.) (3)[美]詹恩·布莱曼：《帝国的猴子事务：社会达尔文主义理论和殖民实践中的种族优越论》(Jan Breman, ed., Imperial Monkey Business: Racial Supremacy in Social Darvinist Theory and Colonial Practice, Amsterdam: VU University Press,1990.) (4)[美]卡尔·N.德格勒：《追寻人类本质：美国社会思想中达尔文主义的衰退和复兴》(Carl N. Degler, In Search of Human Nature: The Decline and Revival of Darvinism in American Social Thought, New York: Oxford University Press,1991.)
①[美]诺拉·斯特林：《赛珍珠：矛盾中的女人》(Nora B. Stirling, Pearl S. Buck: A Woman in Conflict, Piscatawny, N. J.: New Century,1983, p.134.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《种族关系与种族自豪》,载《机会：黑人生活杂志》(Pearl S. Buck, "Race Relations and Race Pride," Opportunity: Journal of Negro Life, January 1933, pp.1-2.)
③[美]埃拉扎·巴肯：《科学种族主义的退潮：两次世界大战之间英美种族观的变化》(Elazar Barkan, The Retreat of Scientific Racism: Changing Concepts of Race in Britain and the United States Between the World Wars. New York: Cambridge University Press,1992.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《评<种族：现代迷信研究>》,载《亚洲书架》(Pearl S. Buck, "Review of Race: A Study in Modern Superstition," in "Asia Book-Shelf," Asia, November,1937, p.782.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《评(背义的种族观)》,载《亚洲书架》(Pearl S. Buck, "Review of Race Against Man" in "Asia Book-Shelf," Asia, November,1939, p.665.)
③[美]赛珍珠：《评(种族：科学和政治)》,载《亚洲书架》(Pearl S. Buck, "Review of Race: Science and Politics," in "Asia Book-Shelf," Asia, November,1940, p.613.)
④[美]赛珍珠：《未来的火种》,载[美]赛珍珠：《美国团结与亚洲》(Pearl S. Buck, "Tinder for Tomorrow," Asia, March 1942, in Pearl S. Buck, American Unity and Asia, New York: The John Day Company,1942, P.31.)
①[美]埃莉诺·罗斯福：《赛珍珠捍卫民主——前言》(Eleanor Roosevelt, "Forward," Pearl Buck Speaks for Democracy, New York: Common Council for American Unity, n.d. December,1941, unpaged.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《致(纽约时报)的一封信》,载[美]赛珍珠：《美国团结与亚洲》(Pearl S. Buck, "Letter to the Times," New York Times, Nov.15,1941, in Pearl S. Buck, American Unity and Asia, New York: The John Day Company,1942. p.14.)
③[美]赛珍珠：《致(纽约时报>的一封信》,载[美]赛珍珠：《美国团结与亚洲》(Pearl S. Buck, "Letter to the Times," New York Times, Nov.15,1941, in Pearl S. Buck, American Unity and Asia, New York: The John Day Company,1942, p.11.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《致(纽约时报>的一封信》,载[美]赛珍珠：《美国团结与亚洲》(Pearl S. Buck, "Letter to the Times," New York Times,Nov.15,1941, in Pearl S. Buck, American Unity and Asia, New York: The John Day Company,1942, p.16.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《致(纽约时报)的一封信》,载[美]赛珍珠：《美国团结与亚洲》(Pearl S. Buck, "Letter to the Times," New York Times, Nov.15,1941, in Pearl S. Buck, American Unity and Asia, New York: The John Day Company,1942, pp.19-20.)
③[美]亨利·乔治：《中国移民》,载[美]约翰·拉博编：《美国政治科学、政治经济和政治历史百科知识》(Henry George, "Chinese Immigration," in John Labor ed. Cyclopedia of Political Science, Political Economy and of the Political History of the United States, New York: Maynard, Merrill, & Co.,1899, pp. 409-414.)
①[美]亨利·乔治：《太平洋海岸的中国人》,载《纽约论坛》(Henry George, "The Chinese on the Pacific Coast," New York Tribune, May 1,1869.)
②[美]A.B.斯陶特：《证词》, 《中国移民问题特别调查联委会报告》(A. B. Stout, "Testimony," Report of the Joint Special Committee to Investigate Chinese Immigration, Washington: Government Printing House, 1877,pp.864-869.)
③[美]赛珍珠：《亚洲书架》(Pearl S. Buck, "Asia Book-Shelf," Asia, (November 1936), p.755.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《日裔美国人》,载[美]赛珍珠：《美国团结与亚洲》(Pearl S. Buck, "Japanese Americans," in Pearl S. Buck, American Unity and Asia, New York: The John Day Company,1942, p.99.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《日裔美国人》,载[美]赛珍珠：《美国团结与亚洲》(Pearl S. Buck, "Japanese Americans," in Pearl S. Buck, American Unity and Asia, New York: The John Day Company,1942, p.96.)
③[美]赛珍珠：《日裔美国人》,载[美]赛珍珠：《美国团结与亚洲》(Pearl S. Buck, "Japanese Americans," in Pearl S. Buck, American Unity and Asia, New York: The John Day Company,1942, p.97.)
④[美]赛珍珠：《日裔美国人》,载[美]赛珍珠：《美国团结与亚洲》(Pearl S. Buck, "Japanese Americans," in Pearl S. Buck, American Unity and Asia, New York: The John Day Company,1942, p.103.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《未来的火种》,载[美]赛珍珠：《美国团结与亚洲》(Pearl S. Buck, "Tinder for Tomorrow," in Pearl S. Buck, American Unity and Asia, New York: The John Day Company,1942, p.29.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《未来的火种》,载[美]赛珍珠：《美国团结与亚洲》(Pearl S. Buck, "Tinder for Tomorrow," in Pearl S. Buck, American Unity and Asia, New York: The John Day Company,1942, p.23.)
③[美]赛珍珠：《未来的火种》,载[美]赛珍珠：《美国团结与亚洲》(Pearl S. Buck, "Tinder for Tomorrow," in Pearl S. Buck, American Unity and Asia, New York: The John Day Company,1942, p.25.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《未来的火种》,载[美]赛珍珠：《美国团结与亚洲》(Pearl S. Buck, "Tinder for Tomorrow," in Pearl S. Buck, American Unity and Asia, New York: The John Day Company,1942, p.33.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《向西方解释中国》,载[美]赛珍珠：《我眼中的中国》(Pearl S. Buck, "Interpretation of China to the West", in Pearl S. Buck, China As I See It, New York: The John Day Company,1970, p.10.)
①[美]爱德华·W.赛义德：《东方主义》(Edward W. Said, Orientalism, New York: Vintage Books,1994, p.21.)
②[美]卡伦·J.梁：《中国魅力：赛珍珠、黄柳霜、宋美龄和美国东方主义的转型》(Karen J. Leong, The China Mystique: Pearl Buck, Anna May Wong, Mayling Soong and the Transformation of American Orientalism, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London:University of California Press,2005, p.51.)
③[美]埃拉·肖汉特、罗伯特·斯塔姆：《去除欧洲中心主义：多元文化主义与媒体》(Ella Shohat and Robert Stam, Unthinking Eurocentrism: Multiculturalism and the Media, New York: Routledge,1994, p.224, p.226.)
①[美]卡伦·J.梁：《中国魅力：赛珍珠、黄柳霜、宋美龄和美国东方主义的转型》(Karen J. Leong, The China Mystique: Pearl Buck, Anna May Wong, Mayling Soong and the Transformation of American Orientalism, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press,2005, p.53.)
①[美]韩德：《一种特殊关系的形成——1914年前的美国与中国》(Michael H. Hunt, The Making of a Special Relationship: The United States and China to 1914, New York: Columbia University Press,1983, pp.299-300.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《中国民主的武器》,载《亚洲》(Pearl S. Buck, "Arms for China's Democracy", Asia 38, September 1938, pp.534-535.)
③[美]韩德：《大众的中国通赛珍珠,1931-1949》,载《现代中国》(Michael H. Hunt, "Pearl Buck-Popular Expert on China,1931-1949," Modern China, Vol.3, No.1, January 1977, p.54.)
④[美]赛珍珠：《中国必胜》,《我眼中的中国》(Pearl S. Buck, "China Wins" (originally written in 1938), in Pearl S. Buck, China As I See It, New York: The John Day Company,1970, p.114.)
①出版于1933年的赛珍珠短篇小说集《结发妻和其它故事》(The First Wife and Other Stories,1933),内含多篇有关长江流域饥荒的故事,例如《荒春》(Barren Spring)、《难民》(Refugees)、《父母们》(Fathers and Mothers)、《长江》(The Good River)等。
②[美]赛珍珠：《告语人民》,载《亚洲》(Pearl S. Buck, "Tell the People," Asia 45, January 1945, pp.49-71.)
③[美]韩德：《大众的中国通赛珍珠,1931-1949》，载《现代中国》(Michael H. Hunt, "Pearl Buck-Popular Expert on China,1931-1949," Modern China, Vol.3, No.1, January 1977, p.55.) 程式,不变的因素是农民对地主的反抗。尽管在赛珍珠的《大地》三部曲中,读者可以直接看到成为地主的王龙的道德退化,隐约觉察到雇农们对以王大和王二为代表的大地主和高利贷者的不满,但这种紧张关系似乎只是自然环境恶化的一部分结果,似乎可以通过风调雨顺的天气条件的优化得以缓解。唯一的民众暴动发生在城市中,通过地理空间的切换,赛珍珠将农民和士绅的冲突置换为停滞的中国传统社会对工商业文明发展的质疑。在被赛珍珠做了审美化处理的中国农村,各阶层间具有很强的流动性,这一点和拉铁摩尔等专业中国学家的观点截然相反。
①[美]A.T.斯蒂尔：《美国人民与中国》(A. T. Steele, The American People and China, New York: McGraw-Hill,1966, p.171.)
②[美]P.S.哈金森：《生命的发起人》,载《基督教世纪》(P. S. Hutchinson, "Breeder of Life", Christian Century 48,20 May,1931, p.683.)
All Under Heaven. New York: John Day,1973.
American Triptych. John Sedges [pseud]. New York: John Day,1985.②
The Angry Wife. John Sedges [pseud]. New York: John Day,1947.
Bondmaid. London: Methuen,1949.
Bright Procession. John Sedges, [pseud]. New York: John Day,1952.
China Flight. Philadelphia: Triangle Books,1945.
China Gold. Serialized in Collier's,7 Feb.-18 Apr.1942.
China Sky. Philadelphia: Triangle Books,1942.
Come, My Beloved. New York: John Day,1953.
Command the Morning. New York: John Day,1959.
Death in the Castle. New York: John Day,1965.
Dragon Seed. New York: John Day,1942.
East Wind, West Wind. New York: John Day,1930.
The Goddess Abides. New York: John Day,1972.
God's Men. New York: John Day,1951.
The Good Earth. New York: John Day,1931.
The Hidden Flower. New York: John Day,1952.
A House Divided. New York: Reynal,1935.
House of Earth: The Good Earth; Sons; A House Divided. New York: Reynal,1935.
Imperial Woman. New York: John Day,1956.
Kinfolk. New York: John Day,1949.
Letter From Peking. New York: John Day,1957.
The Living Reed. New York: John Day,1963.
The Long love. John Sedges [pseud] New York: John Day,1949.
Mandala. New York: John Day,1970.
The Mother. New York: John Day,1934.
The New Year. New York: John Day,1968.
Now and Forever. Serialized in the Woman's Home Companion, Oct.1936-Mar.1937.
Other Gods. New York: John Day,1940.
The Patriot. New York: John Day,1939.
Pavilion of Women. New York: John Day,1946.
Pearl Buck Reader. Pleasantville, N.Y.:Reader's Association,1958 (Selection of novels).
Peony. New York: John Day,1948.
Portrait of a Marriage. New York: John Day,1945.
The Promise. New York: John Day,1943.
The Rainbow. New York: John Day,1974.
Satan Never Sleeps, New York:Pocket Books,1962.
Sons. New York: John Day,1932.
This Proud Heart. New York: Reynal,1938.
The Three Daughters of Madame Liang. New York: John Day,1969.
The Time is Noon. New York: John Day,1966,1967.
The Townsman. John Sedges [pseud]. New York: John Day,1945.
Voices in the House. New York: John Day,1953.
Young Revolutionist. New York: Friendship Press,1932.
"The Big Wave," television play,1956. ①
"China Speaks to America," radio play,1934.②
"Chinese Incident," radio play,1942.③
"Christine," 1960.④
"A Desert Incident," 1959.⑤
"The Empress," 1937. ⑥
"The Enemy," television play.⑦
"The First Wife," 1945.⑧
"Flight into China," 1939. ⑨
"The No.1 Christmas Tree in All the World," 1970.
"Satan Never Sleeps," movie script⑩
"Sun Yat-sen," 1944. 11
"Will This Earth Hold?" Radio play,1944.12
The Beech Tree. New York: John Day,1954.
The Beech Tree & Johnny Jack and His Beginning. New York: Dell,1967.
The Big Flight. New York: John Day,1964.
The Big Wave. New York: John Day,1948.
The Chinese Children Next Door. New York: John Day,1942.
The Chinese Story Teller. New York: John Day,1971.
The Christmas Ghost. New York: John Day,1960.
The Christmas Miniature. New York: John Day,1957.
The Dragon Fish. New York: John Day,1944.
Fairy Tales of Orient. New York: Simon,1965.
A Gift for the Children. New York: John Day,1971.
Johnny Jack and His Beginning. New York: John Day,1954.
The Little Fox in the Middle. New York: Macmillan,1966.
The Man Who Changed China: the Story of Sun Yat-sen. New York: Random House,1953.
Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. New York: John Day,1966.
Mrs. Starling's Problem. New York: John Day,1973.
One Bright Day. New York: John Day,1950.
One Bright Day and Other Stories for Children. New York: John Day,1950.
Stories for Little Children. New York: John Day,1940. ①
The Water-Buffalo Children. New York: John Day,1943.
Welcome Child. New York: John Day,1963.
The Young Revolutionist. New York: Friendship Press,1932.
Yu Lan, Flying Boy of China. New York: John Day,1945.
All Men Are Brothers(《水浒传》)，2 Vols. New York: John Day,1943.
East and West. New York: John Day,1975. (7 stories)
Escape at Midnight and Other Stories. Hong Kong: Dragonily Books,1963. (10 stories)
Far and Near. New York: John Day,1947. (14 stories)
The First Wife and Other Stories. New York: John Day,1933. (14 stories)
Fourteen Stories. New York: John Day,1961.①
The Good Deed and Other Stories of Asia, Past and Present. New York: John Day,1969. (9 Stories)
Hearts Come Home and Other stories. New York: Pocket Books,1962. (14 stories)
The Lovers and Other Stories. New York: John Day,1977. (6 stories and 1 novella)
Mrs. Stoner and the Sea and Other Works. New York: Ace Books Paperback,1977. (9 stories and 3 other writings)
My Mother's House. Richwood, W.Va.:Appalachian Press,1965.②
Once upon a Christmas. New York: John Day,1972. (14 stories and articles)
Pearl S. Buck's Book of Christmas. New York: Simon & Schuster,1974. (39 stories)③
Secrets of the Heart. New York: John Day,1976. (4 short stories and I novella)
Stories of China. New York: John Day,1964. ④
Today and Forever. New York: John Day,1941. (13 stories)⑤
Twenty-Seven Stories. Garden City, N.Y.:The Sun Press,1943. ⑥
The Woman Who Was Changed and Other Stories. New York: Thomas Y. Cromwell,1979. (5 stories and novella)
A Bridge for Passing. New York: John Day,1962.
The Exile. New York: Reynal & Hitchcock,1936.
Fighting Angel: Portrait of a Soul. New York: Reynal,1936.
My Chinese Childhood. Newton, Iowa: Tamazunchale,1982.
My Several Worlds: a Personal Record. New York: John Day,1954.
The Spirit and the Flesh. New York: John Day,1944.①
American Argument: with Eslanda Goods Robeson. New York: John Day,1949.
American Unity and Asia. New York: John Day,1942.②
Can the Church Lead? New York: 1946.③
A Certain Star. New York: Hearst,1957.
Children for Adoption. New York: Random House,1964.
Children Who Never Grew. New York: John Day,1950.
China as I See It. New York: John Day,1970.
China in Black and White. New York: John Day,1945.④
China Past and Present. New York: John Day,1972.
The Chinese Novel. New York: John Day,1939.⑤
A Community Success Story: the Founding of the Pearl Buck Center. New York: John Day,1972.
Delights of Learning. Pittsburgh:University of Pittsburgh Press,1960.⑥
East and West and the Novel: Sources of the early Chinese Novel.1932. ⑦
Essay on Myself. New York: John Day,1966.①
For Spacious Skies: Journal in Dialogue. New York: John Day,1966.②
Freedom for All. New York: The Post War World Council,1942.
Freedom for India Now! New York: The Post War World Council,1941.
Friend to Friend: a Candid Exchange Between Pearl Buck and P. Romulo. New York: John Day, 1958.
The Gifts They Bring: Our Debt to the Mentally Retarded. New York: John Day,1965.
How it Happens. New York: John Day,1947.
Illustrated Story Bible. New York: New American Library,1980.
Insecurity Breeds Hatred. Labor Reports,1945.
Is There a Case for Foreign Missions? New York: John Day,1932.
The Joy of Children. New York: John Day,1964.
The Kennedy Women: A Personal Appraisal. New York: Cowles Book,1970.
Like and Unlike in East and West. Dallas, Texas: Institute of Public Affairs.1935.
My Chinese Childhood. Newton, Iowa: Tamazunchale Press,1982.
The Novel in the Making. New York: John Day,1940.
Of Men and Women. New York: John Day,1941.
On Discovering America. New York: Survey Associates,1937.
Pearl Buck's Oriental Cookbook. New York:Simon & Schuster,1972.③
Pearl Buck Speaks for Democracy. New York: Common Council for American Unity,1942.④
Pearl S. Buck's America. New York: Bartholomew House,1971.⑤
Pearl S. Buck: The Complete Woman. Kansas City: Hallmark,1971. ⑥
People of Japan. New York: Simon & Schuster,1966.
Story Bible: Volume I the Old Testament. New York: Bartholomew House,1971.⑦
Story Bible: Volume Ⅱ the New Testament. New York: Bartholomew House,1971.①
Story Bible. New York: Bartholomew House,1971.②
Story of Dragon Seed. New York: John Day,1944.
Talk about Russia with Masha Sott. New York: John Day,1945.
Tell the People. New York: John Day,1945.③
Through China's Gateway. New York: 1947.④
Tinder for Tomorrow. New York: The Post War World Council,1941.
To My Daughters, with Love. New York: John Day,1967.⑤
What America Means to Me. New York: John Day,1943.
What the Peoples of Asia Want. Chicago: Council on Foreign Relations,1951.
Words of Love. New York: John Day,1974.⑥
"Advice to Unborn Novelist." in W. H. and K. C. Cordell ed., American Points of View. New York: Doubleday,1936, pp.390-401; also in Saturday Review of Literature 2, Mar.1935,513-514.
"Alice Nash." Training School Bulletin, Feb.1950, pp.150-151.
"America's Gunpowder Women." Harper's Magazine, July 1939, pp.126-135; also in Reader's Digest, Aug.1939, pp.10-15.
"America's Medieval Women," in S. F. Anderson et. al. ed., Our Changing World. New York: Harper,1939, pp.324-39; also in Essay Annual,1939, pp.63-75; also in Harper's Magazine, Aug.1938, pp.225-232.
"American Imperialism in the Making." Asia, Aug.1945, pp.365-368.
"Americans in Distress." United Nations World, Apr.1947, pp.26-29.
"American Looks at America." Opportunity, Dec.1937, pp.359-361.
"Appeal to California." Asia, Jan.1944, pp.21-23.
"Arms for China's Democracy." Asia, Sept.1958, pp.534-535.
"Artist in a World of Science." Saturday Review 20, Sept.1958, pp.15-16.
"Asiatic Problems." Vital Speeches 1, Mar.1942, pp.303-305.
"At Home in the World." Child Study Association of America, Our Children Today. New York: Viking Press,1952, pp.334-43; also in S. M. Gruenberg ed., Family in a World at War. New York: Harper,1942, pp.130-42.
"At Home with Pearl Buck." Ladies'Home Journal, July 1965, p.36.
"Atmosphere of Education." National Education Association Journal, Mar.1924, pp.326-336.
"Beauty in China." Forum, Mar.1924, pp.326-336.
"Bomb, Did We Have to Drop It?" Reader's Digest, Aug.1959, pp.11-15; also in American Weekly 15, Mar.1959, pp.10-11,16.
"Books About Americans for People in Asia to Read." Asia, Oct.1942, pp.600-601.
"Breaking the Barriers of Race Prejudice." Journal of Negro Education, Oct.1942, pp.445-453.
"Can England Trust Us?" New York Times Magazine,18 Apr.1943, p.10.
"Can the Church Be Religious?" Christian Century 22, Dec.1943, pp.1499-1501.
"Center of New Life." American Journal of Nursing, May 1943, pp.493-495.
"Child from Nowhere." Ladies'Home Journal, Dec.1963, pp.46-47.
"Child Who Never Grew." Ladies'Home Journal, May 1950, pp.35-35; also in Reader's Digest, Sept.1950, pp.18-25.
"Children America Forgot." Reader's Digest, Sept.1967, pp.108-110.
"Children Are What You Make Them." Forum, Dec.1936, pp.253-255.
"Children Waiting." Woman's Home Companion, Sept.1955, pp.32-33.
"Children's Crusade for Children." Parents'Magazine, May.1940, p.21.
"China against Japan." Asia, Feb.1936, pp.79-80.
"China and the Foreign Chinese." Yale Review, Mar.1932, pp.539-547.
"China and the West." Annals of the American Academy, July 1933, pp.118-131.
"China Front and the Future of Asia: Controversial Viewpoint," Pearl S. Buck et al. Amerasia, Jan.1943, pp.459-470.
"China Lost and Found." National PTA Magazine, Mar.1972, pp.28-31.
"China, Still the Good Earth." Saturday Review of Literature,8 Oct.1949, pp.8-10.
"China the Eternal." Living Age 7, Feb.1925, pp.324-330; also in China Weekly Review,11 Apr.1925, pp.162-164; also in International Review of Missions, Oct.1924, pp.573-584.
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[美]韩德(Michael H. Hunt):《一种特殊关系的形成——1914年前的美国与中国》,项立领、林勇军译,上海：复旦大学出版社,1992年。
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[德]卡尔·曼海姆(Karl Mannheim):《意识形态与乌托邦》,黎鸣、李书崇译,上海：商务印书馆,1999年。
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[美]柯文(Paul A. Cohen):《在中国发现历史——中国中心观在美国的兴起》,林同奇译,北京：中华书局,2002年。
[法]孔多塞：《人类精神进步史表纲要》,何兆武、何冰译,北京：三联书店,1998年。
[美]孔华润(Warren I. Cohen):《美国对中国的反应——中美关系的历史剖析》,张静尔等译,上海：复旦大学出版社,1989年。
[美]刘禾(Lydia Liu):《帝国的话语政治：从近代中西冲突看现代世界秩序的形成》,杨立华等译,北京：三联书店,2009年。
[美]罗斯玛丽·帕特南·童(Rosemarie Putnam Tong):《女性主义思潮导论》,艾晓明等译,武汉：华中师范大学出版社,2002年。
[美]马汉(Alfred Thayer Mahan):《海权论》,北京：中国言实出版社,1997年。
[美]马克·吐温(Mark Twain):《马克·吐温文集》,石家庄：河北教育出版社,2003年。
[美]明恩溥(Arthur H. Smith):《中国人的气质》,佚名译,黄兴涛校注,北京：中华书局,2006年。
[美]明恩溥(Arthur H. Smith):《中国人的特性》,匡雁鹏译,北京：光明日报出版社,1998年。
[美]明恩溥(Arthur H. Smith):《中国乡村生活》,陈午晴、唐军译,北京：中华书局,2006。
[美]帕特里克·韩南(Patrick Hanan):《中国近代小说的兴起》,徐侠译,上海：上海教育出版社,2004年。
[美]赛珍珠(Pearl S. Buck):《我的中国世界》,尚营林译,长沙：湖南文艺出版1991年。
[美]赛珍珠(Pearl S. Buck):《大地》,王逢振等译,桂林：漓江出版社,1998年。
[美]赛珍珠(Pearl S. Buck):《儿子们》,王逢振等译,桂林：漓江出版社,1998年。
[美]赛珍珠(Pearl S. Buck):《分家》,王逢振等译,桂林：漓江出版社,1998年。
[美]赛珍珠(Pearl S. Buck):《流亡者》,林三等译,刘海平主编：《东风·西风》,桂林：漓江出版社,1998年。
[美]赛珍珠(Pearl S. Buck):《战斗的天使：一个灵魂的写真》,陆兴华等译,刘海平主编：《东风·西风》,桂林：漓江出版社,1998年。
[美]赛珍珠(Pearl S. Buck):《群芳亭》,刘海平等译,桂林：漓江出版社,1998年。
[美]赛珍珠(Pearl S. Buck):《龙子》,刘锋等译,桂林：漓江出版社,1998年。
[美]赛珍珠(Pearl S. Buck):《同胞》,吴克明等译,桂林：漓江出版社,1998年。
[美]赛珍珠(Pearl S. Buck):《东风·西风》,钱青等译,桂林：漓江出版社,1998年。
[美]赛珍珠(Pearl S. Buck):《告语人民》,宋恩荣编,桂林：广西师范大学出版社,2003.
[美]史景迁(Jonanthan D. Spence):《文化类同与文化利用》,廖世奇、彭小樵译,北京：北京大学出版社,1990年。
[美]史景迁(Jonanthan D. Spence):《天安门：知识分子与中国革命》,尹庆军等译,北京：中央编译出版社,1998年。
[美]史景迁(Jonanthan D. Spence):《追寻现代中国——1600-1912年的中国历史》,黄纯艳译,上海：上海远东出版社,2005年。
[美]托马斯·博克(Thomas Bork):《大洋彼岸的中国幻梦：美国“精英”的中国观》,丁伯成译,北京：外文出版社,2000年。
[英]维克托·基尔南(Victor Kierman):《人类的主人：欧洲帝国时期对其他文化的态度》,陈正国译,北京：商务印书馆,2006年。
[美]卫三畏(Samuel Wells Williams):《中国总论》,陈俱译,上海：上海古籍出版社,2005年。
[美]沃浓·路易·帕灵顿(Vernon Louis Parrington):《美国思想史：1620-1920》,陈永国等译,长春：吉林人民出版社,2002年。
[美]詹姆斯·克利福德(James Clifford)、乔治·E.马库斯编(George E. Marcus):《写文化——民族志的诗学与政治学》,高炳中等译,北京：商务印书馆,2008年。
[美]詹姆斯·罗宾森(James A. Robinson):《尤金·奥尼尔和东方思想》,郑柏铭译,沈阳：辽宁教育出版社,1997年。
陈超： 《中西宗教观的共融——赛珍珠作品<群芳亭>中的宗教观》, 《长春大学学报》,2008年第2期。
陈独秀：《<新青年>罪恶之答辩书》,《新青年》1919,第六卷第一号。
陈敬： 《论赛珍珠宗教立场的文化内蕴》, 《天津社会科学》,2003年第5期。
陈敬： 《从<告语人民>看晏阳初与赛珍珠的文化共识》, 《南开学报》(哲学社会科学版2002年第5期。
陈敬： 《死亡或超越——(觉醒)与<群芳亭)女性意识之探析》,四川外语学院学报,2002年第6期。
陈思和：《洋女子笔下的中国家庭》,《海南日报》1989年10月25日。
丁则民： 《边疆学说与美国对外政策》, 《世界历史》1980年第3期。
杜林：《寻根王虎：赛珍珠小说男性形象分析之一》,《北京大学学报》(国内访问学者、进修教师专刊),2000年。
杜林： 《论赛珍珠笔下的王虎》, 《外国文学评论》,2001年第1期。
方红：《西方女权评论家为何排斥赛珍珠》,郭英剑主编：《赛珍珠评论集》,桂林：漓江出版社,1999年。
[美]葛兰·华克(Grant Wacker):《赛珍珠与美国的海外传教》,郭英剑、冯元元译,江苏大学学报(社会科学版),2007年第3期。
顾钧：《赛珍珠建构中国形象的写作策略》,《江苏大学学报》(社会科学版),2002年第2期。
郭英剑,于艳平： 《寻求女性个体生命的意义——论赛珍珠的<群芳亭>》, 《镇江师专学报》(社会科学版),2000年第2期。
郭英剑,郝素玲： 《一部真实再现中国人民抗日战争历史的扛鼎之作——论赛珍珠的长篇小说<龙子>》, 《江苏大学学报》(社会科学版),2005年5月第3期。
郭英剑：《抒写“海归派”知识分子的发轫之作——论赛珍珠的长篇小说<同胞>》,《江苏大学学报》(社会科学版),2002年第3期。
郭英剑、姚君伟、张志强、徐清：《赛珍珠研究笔谈》,《江苏大学学报》(社会科学版),2006年第1期。
胡风：《<大地>里的中国》,《文艺笔谈》,上海：上海生活书店,1936。
李蕊： 《浅析赛珍珠大地三部曲与茅盾农村三部曲中中国农民的恋土情结》,湖北教育学院学报,2006年第9期。
李林波： 《对赛珍珠<水浒传>译本文化意义的再思》, 《四川外语学院学报》,2004年第6期。
林小玲： 《我国对赛珍珠研究的起伏》, 《福建教育学院学报》,2008年第1期。
刘海平： 《一位需要重新认识的美国女作家——试论赛珍珠的女性主义特征》, 《当代外国文学》,1996年第3期。
刘海平,沈艳枝： 《赛珍珠传记作品与西方在华基督教传教运动》, 《南京大学学报》(哲学·人文科学·社会科学),2002年第1期。
刘丽霞： 《赛珍珠传记杰作中的清教思想》, 《济南大学学报》,2006年第3期。
刘倩： 《汉文文学史与汉文化整体研究》, 《中国社会科学院院报》,2008年1月29日。
刘晓莉： 《儒家思想与犹太文化的碰撞——读赛珍珠小说<牡丹>有感》, 《安徽工业大学学报》(社会科学版),2006年第2期。
马红军： 《为赛珍珠的“误译”正名》, 《四川外语学院学报》,2002年第3期。
毛立坤：《晚清时期东南沿海通商口岸对外航线与港势地位的变迁》,《史学月刊》2005年第12期。
毛知砺：《生命的关照：赛珍珠与中国生育文化》,《江苏大学学报》,2005年第5期。
[美]赛珍珠：《中国早期小说源流》,张丽萍译,姚君伟：《文化相对主义：赛珍珠的中西文化观》,南京：东南大学出版社,2001年。
[美]赛珍珠：《最后的倾诉》,《当代外国文学》,1996年第3期。
尚营林： 《恋土中国农民的传统价值观——赛珍珠作品主题分析》, 《河南师范大学学报》(哲学社会科学版),1994年第2期。
尚营林：《中国传统家庭模式及其解体——赛珍珠作品主题分析》, 《河南师范大学学报》(哲学社会科学版),1996年第6期。
邵体忠： 《浅论赛珍珠对中国家族制度的赞许》, 《宿州学院学报》,2007年第4期。
史焱赞： 《庭院里的男人和女人——兼论赛珍珠<群芳亭>中的两性自由与平等思想》,《江苏大学学报》(社会科学版),2006年第4期。
史静寰、熊志勇：《文化边缘人物的困惑与思考——中国出生的美国传教士子女与二十世纪前半期的中美关系》,《美国研究》,1994年第4期。
宋莉华：《十九世纪传教士小说的文化解读》,《文学评论》,2005年第1期。
宋莉华： 《第一部传教士中文小说的流传与影响——米怜<张远两友相论>略论》, 《文 学遗产》,2005年第2期。
宋莉华： 《19世纪中国的独特文化存在——郭实腊的小说创作与评论》,[韩]《中国文化研究》,2005年6期。
宋莉华： 《19世纪西人小说中的白话实验》, 《学术月刊》,2006年第4期。
宋莉华：《西方传教士汉学的分支：传教士汉文小说研究现状》,《国外社会科学》,2008年第5期。
孙宗广： 《大地上的性格：循环怪圈与超越之路——读赛珍珠<大地>三部曲》, 《镇江师专学报》(社会科学版),2001年第2期。
孙宗广,陈凤云： 《双焦透视下的中国传统社会品格——试析赛珍珠前期中国题材作品》,《苏州教育学院学报》,2002年第4期。
孙宗广：《从欣赏到决裂——赛珍珠与林语堂文学交流活动当议》,《苏州教育学院学报》,2004年第3期。
孙宗广,陈凤云： 《乡村政治图景与社会品格想象——以赛珍珠的<大地>和<龙子>为例》, 《苏州教育学院学报》,2008年第2期。
王利娜： 《女权主义的先行者——读赛珍珠<大地>》,安徽文学,2008年第3期。
王三庆：《东西交流史上汉文小说所表现的文化冲突》,《成大中文学报》(台湾)第17期(2007年7月)。
汪应果： 《关于赛珍珠研究的几个有待深入的问题》, 《江苏大学学报》,2003年第1期。
王立新： 《“文化侵略”与“文化帝国主义”：美国传教士在华活动两种评价模式辨析》,《历史研究》2002年第3期。
王立新： 《后殖民理论与基督教在华传教史研究》, 《史学理论研究》2003年第1期。
王玉括： 《赛珍珠的中国小说观》, 《四川外语学院学报》,2000年第1期。
吴雷川：《基督教对于中华民族复兴能有什么贡献?》,《真理与生命》(第九卷第二期,1935年4月)
吴庆宏： 《第三世界女性主义视角下的赛珍珠》, 《江苏大学学报》,2009年第3期。
吴松江： 《赛珍珠与<大地>中的土地情结》, 《福州大学学报》,2000年第1期。
熊玉鹏：《赛珍珠与中国小说：读<大地上的房子>》,《文艺理论研究》,1991年第5期。
肖惠荣： 《赛珍珠笔下的“恋土情结”》, 《抚州师专学报》,2003年第4期。
余嘉： 《从<群芳亭>看赛珍珠创作中的后殖民倾向》,江西师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2004年第1期。
徐清： 《赛珍珠家庭题材小说论》, 《福州大学学报》(哲学社会科学版),2000年第3期。
徐清： 《论赛珍珠的宗教观》, 《镇江师专学报》(社会科学版),2001年第1期。
徐清：《赛珍珠小说对乡土中国的发现》,《江苏大学学报》(社会科学版),2005年第4期。
徐清： 《幻象与真相——论赛珍珠小说(同胞)中的中国形象》, 《江苏大学学报》 (社会科学版),2004年第6期。
徐平： 《赛珍珠作品中的中国女性主体意识的发展》, 《作家杂志》,2008年第11期。
闫建华： 《解读赛珍珠(大地>的生态意识》, 《外国语言文学》,2006年第4期。
杨乃乔：《后殖民主义还是新殖民主义?-兼论从殖民主义文学批评到东方主义的崛起》,《人文杂志》,1999年第1期。
姚君伟： 《男权大厦里的怨恨者与反杭者-记赛珍珠笔下的中国妇女群像》, 《当代外国文学》,1995年第3期。
姚君伟： 《赛珍珠文化相对主义思想溯源》, 《南京师大学报》,2005年第6期。
姚君伟：《我们今天怎样研究赛珍珠——从中国赛珍珠研究现状谈起》,《江苏大学学报》(社会科学版),2007年第1期。
姚君伟： 《赛珍珠在中国的接受》, 《江苏大学学报》(社会科学版),2008年第6期。
姚锡佩： 《从赛珍珠谈鲁迅说起》, 《鲁迅研究月刊》,1990年第6期。
于艳平： 《“土地情结”中的“个体卑亢意识”——从(大地)读解赛珍珠》,内江师范学院学报,2005年第1期。
袁进： 《重新审视欧化白话文的起源——试论近代西方传教士对中国文学的影响》, 《文学评论》,2007年第1期。
袁进： 《论西方传教士对中文小说发展所做的贡献》, 《社会科学》,2008年第2期。
张春蕾：《赛珍珠和狄更斯创作中的基督教精神》,《苏州大学学报》(哲学社会科学版),2005年第5期。
张春蕾： 《赛珍珠短篇小说的结构模式及其创作心理》, 《江苏大学学报》(社会科学版),2005年第5期。。
张春蕾：《美国基督教长老会的传教活动对赛珍珠创作的影响》,《镇江高专学报》,2006年第2期。
张春蕾、祝诚： 《赛珍珠对狄更斯小说创作的借鉴——兼论赛珍珠研究中的西方文化因素问题》, 《江苏大学学报》(社会科学版),2006年第1期。
张春蕾： 《文化际会中女性世界的裂变——对赛珍珠作品中女性形象的一种解读》, 《江苏大学学报》(社会科学版),2009年第4期。
张桂玲： 《相同相似岂偶然——中国古典小说对赛珍珠小说女性形象描写的影响》, 《宿州学院学报》,2007年第3期。
张尚信： 《文化边缘人角色的跨文化书写——赛珍珠与汤亭亭比较》, 《四川外语学院学报》,2008年第5期。
张子清：《赛珍珠的跨文化创作和跨文化比较——赛珍珠作品集分序》,桂林：漓江出版社,1998年。
中国近代农业科技史稿编写组： 《中国近代农业科技史事纪要》,《古今农业》,1995年第3期。
周卫京：《赛珍珠女权主义创作意识形成探微》,《江苏大学学报》,2002年第3期。
周宁：《“被别人表述”：国民性批判的西方话语谱系》,《文艺理论与批评》,2003年第5期。
周宁：《想象的疆域：从文学批评到文化批评》,《东南学术》,2004年增刊。
周宁：《中国形象：西方现代性的文化他者》,《粤海风》,2003年第3期。
周宁：《“义和团”与“傅满洲博士”：二十世纪初西方的“黄祸”恐慌》,《书屋》,2003年第4期。
周锡山： 《论赛珍珠在中国现代文学史上的地位和意义》, 《社会科学论坛》,2009年第3期。
朱坤领： 《赛珍珠与后殖民主义》, 《江苏大学学报》(社会科学版),2006年第3期。
朱坤领： 《赛珍珠笔下的中西宗教关系》, 《辽宁大学学报》,2006年第3期。
朱希祥：《赛珍珠作品中的中国民俗审美特质》,《江苏大学学报》,2007年5期。
朱希祥：《简论赛珍珠在国际汉学中的地位与贡献》,《常州工学院学报》,2005年第3期。
②[美]韩德：《一种特殊关系的形成——1914年前的美国与中国》(Michael H. Hunt, The Making of a Special Relationship: The United States and China to 1914, New York: Columbia University Press,1983, p.40.)
③史静寰、熊志勇：《文化边缘人物的困惑与思考——中国出生的美国传教士子女与二十世纪前半期的中美关系》,《美国研究》,1994年第4期,第94-113页。
④[美]哈罗德.伊罗生(Harold Isaacs):《美国的中国形象》(Scratches on Our Minds:American Images of China and India),于殿利、陆日宇译,北京：中华书局,2006，第40页。
⑤“文化侵略”论是1949年以来中国史学界诠释和评估近代西方在华文化和教育事业,特别是传教士在华活动的主要范式,代表著作是顾长声的《传教士与近代中国》(上海：上海人民出版社,1981年。) 费正清：《70年代的任务》(John K. Fairbank, "Assignment for the'70's," The American Historical Review, Vol.74, No.3, Feb.,1969, pp.875-876.)
①费正清在1936年完成了以研究中国沿海贸易与外交为主体的博士论文,并通过了答辩,经过近20年的完善与修正,这篇论文才由哈佛大学出版社正式出版。这部著作奠定了费正清作为晚清外交和制度史方面杰出历史学家的地位。见[美]费正清：《在中国沿海的贸易和外交：通商口岸的开放,1842-1854》(John K. Fairbank, Trade and Diplomacy on the China Coast: The Openinf of the Treaty Ports,1842-1854, Cambridge: Harvard University Press,1953.)
②[美]费正清(John K. Fairbank):《70年代的任务》(John K. Fairbank, "Assignment for the'70's," The American Historical Review, Vol.74, No.3, Feb.,1969, p.877.)
①[美]克利夫顿·J.菲利普：《新教的美国与异教的世界：美部会的前半世纪,1810-1860))(Clifton J. Philips, Protestant America and the Pagan World: The First Half Century of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions,1810-1860, Cambridge: Harvard University Press,1969.)这是一篇被忽视了15年的博士论文,直到1969年才作为哈佛大学的东亚研究丛书之一出版。
②[美]柯文：《中国和基督教：1860-1870年传教活动与中国排外主义的增长》(Paul A. Cohen, The Missionary and the Growth of Chinese Antiforeignism,1860-1870, Cambridge: Harvard University Press,1963.)
③[美]埃尔斯沃斯·卡尔森：《1847-1880年在福州的传教活动》(Ellsworth Carlson, The Fuchow Missionary, 1847-1880, Cambridge: Harvard University Press,1974.)
④主要还有如下几部：(1)[美]刘广京编：《美国传教士在中国》(Kwang-Ching Liu ed., American Missionaries in China, Cambridge, Mass.:Harvard University Press,1966.) (2)[美]班乃德：《傅兰雅：西方科学技术在19世纪中国的介绍人》(Adrian Arthur Bennett, John Fryer: The Introduction of Western Science and Technology into 19th Century China, Cambridge, Mass.:Harvard University Press,1967.) (3)[美]悉尼·A.福赛思：《一个美国传教团在中国的岁月：1895-1905》(Sidney A. Forsythe, An American Missionary Community in China,1895-1905, Cambridge, Mass.:Harvard University Press,1971.) (4)[美]菲利普·韦斯特：《燕京大学和中西关系,1916-1952)) (Philip West, Yenching University and Sino-Western Relations, 1916-1952, Cambridge, Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976.) (5)[美]瓦伦·H.瑞博：《1880-1920美国在华差会的国内基础》(Valentin H. Rabe, The Home Base of American China Mission,1880-1920, Cambridge, Mass.:Harvard University Press,1978.) (6)[美]雪莉·加特勒：《中国城市的社会改革者：1895-1926年间的中国基督教青年会》(Shirley Garrett, Social Reformers in Urban China: The Chinese Y. M. C. A., 1895-1926, Mass.:Harvard University Press,1990.)等。此外值得重视的还有[美]杰西·卢茨：《中国和教会大学,1850-1950》(Jessie Gregory Lutz, China and the Christian Colleges,1850-1950, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press,1971.)等。
⑤1972年1月,由美国历史协会下属的美国与东亚关系委员会(Committee on America-East Asian Relations of the American Historical Association)发起,在墨西哥的库埃纳瓦卡(Cuernavaca)举行了一次研究美国在华新教传教运动的专题研讨会,会后费正清将论文结集出版,题名《传教事业对中美两国的影响》(John K.Fairbank ed., The Missionary Enterprise in China and America, Cambridge: Harvard University Press,1974.)。
①对于是否存在“哈佛学派”,学术界有不同的看法。加拿大历史学家保罗·埃文斯认为,流派或学派必须以方法、论题和观点的某种程度的明确一致性为基础,而费正清的学生们虽然在研究上体现了某种共同的专业特征,但在思想上却极不一致,因此他认为费正清并没有主持一个研究近代中国的“哈佛学派”。([加]保罗·埃文斯：《费正清看中国》,陈同译,上海：上海译文出版社,1995年,第214页。)中国学者陈君静认为埃文斯的观点并不正确,他认为所谓学派是指同一学科由于学说、观点相同而形成的派别,它一般只要求在方法、论题和观点上的“相对一致性”,而不是埃文斯提出的“明确一致性”。在费正清时代的哈佛东亚研究中心,师生之间有着共同感受的专业特性,尽管学生们被鼓励进行开拓性研究,并且可以提出不同的看法,但学生们无不受到费正清学术方法和观点的影响。他具体地从如下三个共性特征指出费正清师生之间在方法、论题和观点上的相对一致性。第一点共性是他们都坚持以史学为主体的区域研究,第二点是他们都推行“官方史学”,第三点是他们都以“冲击-反应”模式为主要的分析框架。(陈君静：《大洋彼岸的回声——美国中国历史研究的历史考察》,北京：中国社会科学出版社,2003年,第118-122页。)我个人基本认同陈君静的观点,在此不展开论述。
②在1970年代之前有一些非研究型的来华传教士个案资料汇编,对后来的研究起了很大的作用,如卫斐列为父亲卫三畏编写的《卫三畏生平和书信》(Frederick Wells Williams, The Life and Letters of Samuel Wells Williams, New York and London: G P. Putnam's Sons,1889.)、史蒂文斯和马维克合编的《医学博士伯驾牧师生平、书信和日记》(George B. Stevens and W. Fisher Marwick, The Life, Letters, and Journals of the Rev. and Hon. Peter Parker, M. D., Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, Inc.,1972.)、裨雅各编的《美国在华传教的先驱：裨治文的生活和工作》(Eliza J. G Bridgman ed., The Pioneer of American Mission in China: The Life and Labors of Elijah Coleman Bridgman, New York:A. D. F. Randolph,1864.),丁韪良自己编写的《花甲记忆》(W. A. P. Martin, A Cycle of Cathay, or China South and North, with Personal Reminiscences, New York: Fleming H.Revell Company,1900.)等。美国“中国学”专家柯饶富撰写的《丁韪良：中国进步事业的先驱》(Ralph Covell, W. A. P. Martin: Pioneer of Progress in China, Washington: Christian University Press,1978.),是对传教士个案研究做得较好的一部专著。
①(1)[美]克莱顿·朱：《在华美国传教士：传教研究图书馆主题目录摘选之书籍、文章和宣传册》(Clayton H. Chu, American Missionaries in China: Books, Articles and Pamphlets Extracted from the Subject Catalogue of the Missionary Research Library, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press,1960.) (2)[美]刘广京：《美国和中国：历史文献和书目》(Kwang-Ching Liu, Americans and Chinese: A Historical Essay and a Bibliography, Cambridge, Mass.:Harvard University Press,1963.)
②从19世纪初到20世纪20年代,传教士们常常把他们用当地语言编印的各种宗教宣传品及其它读物寄回波士顿。1960年,美部会(American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions)将档案移交给哈佛大学。1977年,苏珊娜·威尔逊·巴尼特组织了一批学者到哈佛大学研究这批资料,并于1978年举行了专题学术研讨会,本书就是这次讨论会的论文合集,费正清为本书作了序《新教传教士写作在中国文化史上的地位》("The Place of Protestant Writings in China's Cultural History"),
③[美]费正清：《新教传教士写作在中国文化史上的地位》,见[美]费正清、苏珊娜·威尔逊·巴尼特编：《基督教在中国：早期新教传教士写作研究》(John King Fairbank, "The Place of Protestant Writings in China's Cultural History", in Suzanne Wilson Barnett and John King Fairbank eds., Christianity in China: Early Protestant Missionary Writings, Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press,1985, p.7.)
④[美]费正清：《新教传教士写作在中国文化史上的地位》,见[美]费正清、苏珊娜·威尔逊·巴尼特编：《基督教在中国：早期新教传教士写作研究》(John King Fairbank, "The Place of Protestant Writings in China's Cultural History", in Suzanne Wilson Barnett and John King Fairbank eds., Christianity in China: Early Protestant Missionary Writings, Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press,1985, p.14.)
⑤[美]伊丽莎白·V.安德森：《1927-1950年美国的中国形象：传教士的两难处境》(Elizabeth Vanderzell Anderson, Images of China for Americans,1927-1950: The Missionaries'Dilemma, Diss. Carnegie Mellon University,1990.)
①[美]M.索尔·贝茨：《美国在华传教的神学基础,1900-1950))，载[美]费正清编：《传教事业对中美两国的影响》(M. Searle Bates, "The Theology of American Missionaries in China,1900-1950," in Suzanne Wilson Barnett and John K. Fairbank eds., The Missionary Enterprise in China & America, Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press,1974, p.136.)
②[美]小海亚特：《天命之告解：19世纪胶东的三个美国传教士》(Irvin T. Hyatt, Jr., Our Ordered Lives Confess: Three Nineteenth-Century American Missionaries in East Shandong, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1976.)
③[美]柯文：《1900年以前的基督教传教活动及其影响》,[美]费正清主编：《剑桥晚清中国史,1800-1911》(Paul Cohen, "Christian Missions and Their Impact to 1900", in The Cambridge History of China, vol.10, The Late Ch'ing,1800-1911, eds. Denis Twitchett and John K. Fairbank. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1978, pp.543-590.)
①[美]简·亨特：《文明的福音：世纪之交的美国来华女传教士》(Jane Hunter, The Gospel of Gentility: American Women Missionaries in Turn-of-the-Century China, New Haven and London: Yale University,1984.)
①这些女作家主要有：Alice Tisdale Hobart, Ida Pruitt, Elizabeth Foreman Lewis, Cormelia Spencer (the pseudonym of Pearl. S. Buck's sister Grace Yaukey), Louise Jordan Miln, Pearl S. Buck, Nora Waln, Annalee Jacoby, Sara Pike Conger, Grace M. Boynton, Emily Hahn, Berta Metzger, Dorothy Graham, Mrs Florence Ayscough,, Mrs. L. Adams Beck, Stella Benson, Ann Duffield, Agnes Smedley, Anna Louis Strong, Nym Wales (pen name of Helen Foster Snow), Faith Baldwin, Ann Morrow Lindbergh, Grace Zaring Stone, Margaret Mackprang Mackay, Genevieve Wimsat等。
①[美]R.皮尔斯·比弗：《世界传教运动中的美国新教妇女：北美第一波女性主义运动史》(R. Pierce Beaver, American Protestant Women in World Mission: History of the First Feminist Movement in North America, Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans,1968, preface.)
②汉语界关于“domesticity”的译法并不统一,这是由该词的丰富内涵决定的,汉译时只能依该词出现的上下文确定。台湾学者林美玫在参考了多种美国妇女研究资料后,将“domesticity”译为“爱家”(林美玫：《妇女与差传：十九世纪美国圣公会女传教士在华差传研究》,台北：里仁书局,2005,第106页。)我个人认为这个词有强烈的道德指向,强调对进入家庭的不符合清教道德规范的异质思想或行为进行教化的过程,因此将这一社会学术语译为具有动态含义的“齐家”也许更为适合,但在某些上下文中视该词动态含义的有无,也会将形容词性的domestic译为“家”或“居家的”,不再另注。
①[美]帕特里夏·R.希尔：《以世界为家：1870-1920年美国妇女的海外传教运动与文化转型》(Patricia R. Hill, The World Their Household: The American Woman's Foreign Mission Movement and Cultural Transformation,1870-1920, Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press,1985, p.129.)
②[美]莱斯利·A.弗莱明：《妇女工作为妇女：传教士和亚洲的社会变革》(Leslie A. Flemming ed., Women's Work for Women: Missionary and Social Change in Asia, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press,1989.)
③[美]金敏：《输出女性气质,不是女权主义：19世纪美国女传教士解放中国妇女的努力》,见[美]莱斯利·A.弗莱明：《妇女工作为妇女：传教士和亚洲的社会变革》(Marjorie King, "Exporting Femininity, Not Feminism: Niteteenth-Century U. S. Missionary Women's Effort to Emancipate Chinese Women," in Leslie A. Flemming ed., Women's Work For Women: Missionary and Social Change in Asia, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press,1989, pp.117-135.)
①[美]简·亨特：《家与世界：传教士传递的美国齐家理念》,见[美]莱斯利·A.弗莱明：《妇女工作为妇女：传教士和亚洲的社会变革》(Jane Hunter, "The Home and the World: The Missionary Message of U. S. Domesticity," in Leslie A. Flemming ed., Women's Wok for Women: Missionary and Social Change in Asia, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press,1989, pp.159-160.)
②[英]詹尼特·李：《介于乖顺者和母老虎之间：1905-1930在华白人新教单身女传教士的女性气质之社会建构》,载《女性研究国际论坛》(Janet Lee, "Between Subordination and She-Tiger: Social Constructions of White femininity in the Lives of Single, Protestant Missionaries in China,1905-1930," Women's Studies International Forum 19, No.6,1996, p.627.)
③[英]詹尼特·李：《介于乖顺者和母老虎之间：1905-1930在华新教单身白人女传教士的女性气质之社会构成》,载《女性研究国际论坛》(Janet Lee, "Between Subordination and She-Tiger: Social Constructions of White Femininity in the Lives of Single, Protestant Missionaries in China,1905-1930," Women's Studies International Forum 19, No.6,1996, p.629.)
①[美]卡尔·T.斯密斯：《新教教会和19世纪中国妇女的社会地位改进》,载《清风》(Carl T. Smith, "The Protestant Church and the Improvement of Women's Status in Nineteenth-Century China," Ching Feng, vol.20, no.2,1977, pp.109-115.)
② [美]郭佩兰：《中国妇女与基督教： 1860-1927》(Kwok Pui-lan, Chinese Women and Christianity, 1860-1927, Atlanta, Georgia: Scholars Press,1991, conclusion.)
①[美]保罗·沃宁斯基：《互变：赴华美国新教传教士研究》(Paul Voninski, Reciprocal Change: The Case of American Protestant Missionaries to China, Ph. D. diss., Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York,1975, chapter 5.)
②[美]简·亨特：《文明的福音：世纪之交的美国来华女传教士》(Jane Hunter, The Gospel of Gentility: American Women Missionaries in Turn-of-the-Century China, New Haven and London: Yale University,1984, p.28.)
①[美]菲利斯·本特利：《赛珍珠的艺术》,载《英语学刊》(Phyllis Bentley, "The Art of Pearl S. Buck," The English Journal, Vol.24, No.10, December 1935, pp.791-800.)
②[美]保罗oA.多伊尔：《赛珍珠短篇小说研究》,载《英语学刊》(Paul A. Doyle, "Pearl S. Buck's Short Stories: A Survey," The English Journal, Vol.55, No.1, January 1966, pp.62-68.)
③[美]赛珍珠：《我的几个世界》(Pearl S. Buck, My Several Worlds: A Personal Record, New York: The John Day Company,1954.)、《桥》(Pearl S. Buck, A Bridge for Passing, New York: The John Day Company,1962.)
④[美]彼得·康：《赛珍珠：一本文化传记》(Peter Conn, Pearl S. Buck: A Cultural Biography, New York: Cambridge University Press,1996.)
⑤[美]科妮莉亚·斯宾塞：《流亡者的女儿：赛珍珠传》(Cornelia Spencer, Exile's Daughter: A Biography of Pearl S. Buck, New York: Cowar McCann, Inc. Publishers,1944.科妮莉亚·斯宾塞(Cornelia Spencer)是赛珍珠的妹妹格蕾丝·约基(Grace S. Yaukey)的笔名。这本传记没有文学批评,也过分强调居家生活的琐细,但斯宾塞作为赛珍珠私生活的实际目击者和分享者,她的这本传记最具史料性,从赛珍珠的童年一直写到1944年,内容非常详实。
⑥[美]西奥多·F.哈里斯：《赛珍珠》(Theodore F. Harris, Pearl S. Buck: A Biography, New York: The John DayCo.,1969.)。据哈里斯说,这本传记是与赛珍珠“商量着写出”,里面有不少演讲稿、论文和信函。
⑦[美]欧文·布洛克：《赛珍珠的中美生活》(Irwin Block, The Lives of Pearl Buck: A Tale of China and America, New York: Thomas Y. Crowell,1973.).这本传记专为青少年撰写,简洁明了地概括了赛珍珠一生中最精彩的地方。有趣的是,布洛克对赛珍珠和第一任丈夫卜,第二任丈夫沃尔什,以及晚年与哲学家欧内斯特·霍金(Ernest Hocking)的特殊关系,提供了不少鲜为人知的信息。
⑧[美]诺拉·斯特林：《赛珍珠：矛盾中的女人》(Nora Stirling, Pearl Buck: A Woman in Conflict, Piscataway, NJ: New Century Publishers,1983.)
①[美]保罗·A.多伊尔：《赛珍珠》(Paul A. Doyle, Pearl S. Buck, New York: Twyne Publishers,1980.)
②[美]廖康：《赛珍珠：跨越太平洋的文化之桥》(Kang Liao, Pearl S. Buck: A Cultural Bridge Across the Pacific, Westport Connecticut: Greenwood Press,1997.)
③[美]韩德：《大众的中国通赛珍珠,1931-1949》，载《现代中国》(Michael Hunt, "Pearl Buck-Popular Expert on China,1931-1949," Modern China, Vol.3, January 1977, pp.33-64.)
①[美]高雄亚：《赛珍珠书写的中国女性角色》(Xiongya Gao, Pearl S. Buck's Chinese Women Characters, Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses,2000.)
②[美]真理吉原：《拥抱东方：白人女性和美国东方主义》(Mari Yoshihara, Embracing the East:White Women and American Orientalism, New York: Oxford University Press,2003.)
③[美]卡伦·J.梁：《中国魅力：赛珍珠、黄柳霜、宋美龄和美国东方主义的转型》(Karen J. Leong, The China Mystique: Pearl Buck, Anna May Wong, Mayling Soong and the Transformation of American Orientalism, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press,2005.)
④[美]科琳·赖：《美国的亚洲：种族形式和美国文学,1893-1945》(Colleen Lye, America's Asia:Racial Form and American Literature,1893-1945, Princeton, N.J.:Princeton University Press,2005.)
①这几篇博士论文分别为：(1)徐清：《跨文化视界中的尴尬——赛珍珠和中国》,博士论文,南京大学,1999年。(2)姚君伟：《文化相对主义：赛珍珠和她的东西文化呈现》,博士论文,上海外国语大学,2000年。(Yao Junwei, Cultural Relativism: Pearl S. Buck and Her Presentation of Chinese and Western Cultures, Doctoral Dissertation, Shanghai International Studies University,2000.) (3)顾钧：《在中美之间——对赛珍珠小说的形象学读解》,博士论文,北京大学,2001年。(4)陈敬：《赛珍珠与中国——中西文化冲突与共融》,博士论文,南开大学,2004年。
②(1)姚君伟：《文化相对主义：赛珍珠的中西文化观》,南京：东南大学出版社,2001年。(2)陈敬：《赛珍珠与中国——中西文化冲突与共融》,天津：南开大学出版社,2006年。
③据笔者查阅出版信息,有关赛珍珠的研究文集目前至少已有7部,比较有代表性的有如下5部：(1)王玉国编著：《赛珍珠》,南京：南京大学出版社,1991年。(2)刘龙主编：《赛珍珠研究》,昆明：云南人民出版社,1992年。(3)郭英剑主编：《赛珍珠评论集》,桂林：漓江出版社,1999年。(4)许晓霞、赵珏等主编：《赛珍珠纪年文集》,长春：吉林文史出版社,2003年。(5)许晓霞、赵珏等主编：《赛珍珠纪年文集·第二辑》,桂林：广西师范大学出版社,2006年。
④刘海平：《总序：赛珍珠和她的中国情结》,《赛珍珠作品集》,桂林：漓江出版社,1998年。
⑤这一套9部译著包括：(1)《大地》(The Good Earth,1931),王逢振、马传禧译,(2)《儿子们》(Sons,1932)韩邦凯、姚中、顾丽萍译,(3)《分家》(A House Divided,1935),沈培锠、唐凤楼、王和月译,(4)《东风·西风》(East Wind, West Wind,1930),钱青、赵宇、余宁平译,(5)《异邦客》(The Exile,1936),林三译,(6)《战斗的天使》(Fighting Angel: Portrait of a Soul,1936)陆兴华、陈永祥、丁夏林译,(7)《群芳亭》(Pavilion of Women,1946),刘海平、王守仁、张子清译,(8)《龙子》(Dragon Seed,1942),丁国华、吴银根、刘锋译,(9)《同胞》(Kinfolks,1949),吴克明、赵文书、张俊焕译。其中,《大地》、《儿子们》和《分家》合为一部,题为《大地三部曲》,由王逢振教授做分序《关于赛珍珠和她的<大地)三部曲》；《东风·西风》、《异邦客》和《战斗的天使》合为一部,题为《东风·西风》,由王守仁教授做分序《赛珍珠谈她的父母》：此外,张子清教授为《群芳亭》、《同胞》和《龙子》做了分序《赛珍珠的跨文化创作与跨文化比较》。
⑥[美]彼得·康(Peter Conn):《赛珍珠传》,刘海平等译,桂林：漓江出版社,1998年。
①王玉括： 《赛珍珠的中国小说观》, 《四川外语学院学报》2000年第1期,第7-11页。
②张春蕾： 《赛珍珠对狄更斯小说创作的借鉴》, 《江苏大学学报》2003年第1期,第74-79页。
③周锡山：《论赛珍珠在中国现代文学史上的地位和意义》,《社会科学论坛》2009年第3期第16-31页。
④尚营林： 《恋土中国农民的传统价值观——赛珍珠作品主题分析》, 《河南师范大学学报》(哲学社会科学版)1994年第2期,第70-74页。
⑤徐清：《赛珍珠家庭题材小说论》,《福州大学学报》(哲学社会科学版)2000年第3期,第57-61页。
⑥顾钧：《赛珍珠建构中国形象的写作策略》,《江苏大学学报》(社会科学版)2002年第2期,第41-45页。
⑦杜林： 《论赛珍珠笔下的王虎》, 《外国文学评论》2001年第1期,第24-32页。
⑧马红军： 《为赛珍珠的“误译”正名》, 《四川外语学院学报》2003年第3期,第122-126页。
⑨李林波：《对赛珍珠(水浒传>译本文化意义的再思》,《四川外语学院学报》2004年第6期,第115-119页。
⑩朱希祥,李晓华： 《赛珍珠作品的中国民俗审美特质》, 《江苏大学学报》(社会科学版)2007年第5期,第44-49页。
11“毛知砺： 《生命的关照：赛珍珠与中国生育文化》,《江苏大学学报》(社会科学版)2005年第5期,第42-47页。
12徐清： 《赛珍珠小说对乡土中国的发现》, 《江苏大学学报》(社会科学版)2005年第4期,第16-24页。
①刘海平,沈艳枝： 《赛珍珠传记作品与西方在华基督教传教运动》, 《南京大学学报》(哲学·人文科学·社会科学)2002年第1期,第134-141页。
②朱坤领：《赛珍珠笔下的中西宗教关系》,《辽宁大学学报》(哲学社科版)2006年第3期,第60-63页。
③姚君伟：《文化相对主义：赛珍珠的中西文化观》,南京：东南大学出版社,2001。
④陈敬：《赛珍珠与中国：中西文化冲突与共融》,天津：南开大学出版社,2006年。
⑤刘海平： 《一位需要重新认识的美国女作家——试论赛珍珠的女性主义特征》, 《当代外国文学》1996年第3期,第105-111页。
⑥周卫京： 《赛珍珠女权主义创作意识形成探微》, 《江苏大学学报》(社会科学版)2002年第3期,第66-72页。
⑦吴庆宏：《第三世界女性主义视角下的赛珍珠》,《江苏大学学报》(社会科学版)2009年第2期,第41-45页。
⑧郭英剑：《赛珍珠与后殖民主义理论》,《四川外国语学院学报》1994年第3期,第38-43页。
⑨朱坤领： 《赛珍珠与后殖民主义》, 《江苏大学学报》(社会科学版)2006年第3期,第58-63页。
①姚君伟：《我们今天怎样研究赛珍珠》,《江苏大学学报》(社会科学版),2007年第1期,第62-65页。
②[美]露丝·莫尔：《何巴特作品评论》(Ruth Moore, The Work of Alice Tisdale Hobart. New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1940.)
③[美]芮·提丝黛儿·诺斯：《东西方的阐释者何巴特》,载《著名美国女性》(Key Tyler Nourse, "Interpreter of East and West: Alice Tisdale Hobart," in Anne Stoddart ed., Top Flight: Famous American Women, New York: Tororto,1946, pp.111-130.)
①[美]伊丽莎白·卡洛尔：《在华齐家：公司伴妻与畅销小说家何巴特》,载《海外归来的智慧女儿》(Elisabeth Croll, "Homesteading in China: Company Wife and Best-Selling Novelists, Alice Tisdale Hobart", in Wise Daughters from Foreign Lands: European Women Writers in China, London: Pandora Press,1989.)
②[美]玛丽安·杜威特：《变化的中国形象：赛珍珠和何巴特小说对中国的现实呈现》(Mary Ann Dhuyvetter, China Reoriented: the Realistic Portrayal of China People in the Novels of Pearl.S. Buck and Alice Tisdale Hobart, Diss. San Diego State University,1998.)
③在1930到1939年的美国畅销书榜中,有关中国和中国人的小说和非小说占据突出的位置。赛珍珠的《大地》连续占据1931和1932年的小说类畅销书榜首,她的《儿子们》占据1932年的畅销榜第三；何巴特的《中国灯油》(Oil for the Lamps of China)位列1934年的畅销榜第九,《阳与阴》(Yang and Yin: An American Doctor in China,1936)位列1936年的第二；詹姆士·希尔顿(James Hilton)的《失落的地平线》(Lost Horizon)位列1935年的畅销榜第八；安妮·莫罗·林堡(Anne Morrow Linbergh)的《由北向东》(North to the Orient)位列1935年的榜首,1936年的第五；林语堂的《生活的艺术》(The Importance of Living)位列1938年非小说类榜首；约翰·刚特(John Gunther)的《深入亚洲》(Inside Asia)位列1939年非小说类第三；埃德加·斯诺(Edgar Snow)的《西行漫记》(Red Star Over China)虽然没有进入畅销榜,但无人能否认这本书对西方中国观的巨大影响。
④王鹏：《异乡的美国女人：何巴特和她的中国叙事》(Wang Peng, The American Woman in Exile: Alice Tisdale Hobart and Her China Narrative, Diss. Nanjing University,2007.)
①[美]路易斯·A.蒙特洛斯：《‘狂想之形成’：伊丽莎白时代的性属与权力结构》,载《再现》(Louis A. Montrose,"'Shaping Fantacies':Figurations of Gender and Power in Elizabethan Culture," Representations 2, Spring 1983, pp.61-94.)
①[美]埃米·卡普兰：《天定齐家》,载《美国文学》(Amy Kaplan, "Manifest Domesticity," American Literature, Volume 70, No.3, September 1998, pp.581-606.)
①[美]爱德华·W.赛义德：《东方主义》(Edward W. Said, Orientalism, New York: Vintage Books,1994, p.272.)
②[美]爱德华·W.赛义德：《东方主义》(Edward W. Said, Orientalism, New York: Vintage Books,1994, p.273.)
③[美]爱德华·W.赛义德：《东方主义》(Edward W. Said, Orientalism, New York: Vintage Books,1994, p.156.)
①[美]爱德华·W.赛义德：《东方主义》(Edward W. Said, Orientalism, New York: Vintage Books,1994, p.157.)
②[美]爱德华·W.赛义德：《东方主义》(Edward W. Said, Orientalism, New York: Vintage Books,1994, p.20.)
③[美]爱德华·W.赛义德：《东方主义》(Edward W. Said, Orientalism, New York: Vintage Books,1994, p.20.)
①美国天主教在一战后才开始来华传教,相比于欧洲诸国派遣来华的天主教传教士,其影响力不大,故本文主要讨论美国新教在华传教运动,而且对名目繁多的各新教教派不作详细区分。
②《新约全书·马太福音》,28：19-20。
③杨乃乔：《从殖民主义到后殖民批评的学员谱系追溯——译者序》,[英]巴特·穆尔-吉尔伯特等编撰：《后殖民批评》,杨乃乔等译,北京：北京大学出版社,2001年,第14页。
④“大陆主义”是19世纪早期在美国流行的政治思想,其主要倡导者是亚当斯总统(John Quincy Adams,1767-1848)。这一思想认为,为了和平、繁荣和所有人的幸福,整个北美大陆“天定”成为一个国家,讲同一种语言,秉持同一个总的政治和宗教原则,遵从同一种社会习俗,这个国家就是美国。(Walter A. McDougall, Promised Land, Crusader State: The American Encounter with the World Since 1776, New York: Houghton Mifflin,1997, p.78.)
⑤门罗主义是1823年12月2日美国推出的外交政策。该政策的发布,正值许多拉丁美洲国家将要独立于 西班牙的控制之时,美国担心其它欧洲列强趁机夺取原西班牙的殖民地。门罗主义特别申明,西半球不可以被欧洲国家进一步殖民,美国也不再干涉现有的欧洲殖民地或欧洲国家的内部事务。如果再有任何欧洲国家试图殖民现有美洲国家,或干涉其内政,美国将视之为侵略行为,并对之进行干预。
①“美国例外论”在一般意义上指美国因其独特的国家信条、历史演进、政治体制、宗教体制和人口来源,而在世界民族国家中占有特殊的位置。这一思想源于法国政治家托克维尔,他在19世纪早期论述美国的民主制度时指出,美国在建国50年左右的时间就在世界诸国中占据了特殊的地位,因为这是一个移民国家,第一个现代民主政体。(Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, New York: Vintage Books,1945.)多罗西·罗斯等学者认为,“美国例外论”应该具体从三个方面去理解,即宗教意义上的例外论(Supernaturalist explanations),人种意义上的例外论(Genetic interpretations)和地理环境意义上的例外论(Environmental explanations)。(Dorothy Ross, Origins of American Social Science, New York: Cambridge University Press,1991.)
②约翰·L.奥沙利文：《吞并》,载《美国杂志和民主评论》(John L. O'Sullivan, "Annexation", United States Magazine and Democratic Review, Vol.17, No.1, July-August,1845, pp.5-10.)
③[美]阿尔伯特·温伯格：《天定使命》(Albert Wenberg, Manifest Destiny, Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1935, p.40.)
①[美]怀特·A.麦克道格尔： 《希望之乡与十字军的国家：1776年以来美国的国际关系》(Walter A. McDougall, Promised Land, Crusader State: The American Encounter with the World Since 1776, New York: Houghton Mifflin,1997, pp.112-113.)
②[美]弗雷德里克·默克：《重新阐释天定使命与美国历史中的传教运动》(Frederick Merk, Manifest Destiny and Mission in American History: A Reinterpretation, New York: Knopf,1963, p.257.)
③菲律宾最终在1946年获得独立,关岛和波多黎各的地位直至今天仍然特殊,但其所有居民都拥有美国公民权。
④卡尔霍恩(John Caldwell Calhoun,1782-1850)在1817年担任门罗内阁的陆军部长,是约翰·昆西·亚当斯政府和托马斯·杰斐逊政府时期的副总统,1832年任参议员,成为州权运动的一个领袖和蓄奴州利益的卫士,1844年任国务卿,签订了吞并德克萨斯的条约。他和亨利·克莱(Henry Clay,1777-1852),丹尼尔·韦伯斯特(Daniel Webster,1782-1852)号称为美国政治演说家的“三巨头”。
⑤[美]弗雷德里克·默克：《重释天定使命与美国历史中的传教运动》(Frederick Merk, Manifest Destiny and Mission in American History: A Reinterpretation, New York: Knopf,1963, p.257.)
①[美]约翰·A.格拉提：《亨利·卡伯特·洛奇传记》(John A. Garraty, Henry Cabot Lodge: A Biography, New York: Alfred A. Knopf,1953, pp.204-205.)
②[美]韩德：《一种特殊关系的形成——1914年前的美国与中国》(Michael H. Hunt, Making of a Special Relationship: The United States and China to 1914, New York: Columbia University Press,1983, p.176.)
③[美]韩德：《一种特殊关系的形成——1914年前的美国与中国》(Michael H. Hunt, Making of a Special Relationship: The United States and China to 1914, New York: Columbia University Press,1983, p.193.)
④[美]玛丽琳·杨：《美国在远东的扩张主义1970-1890》(Marilyn Young, "American Expansionism,1970-1890: The Far East", in Marilyn Young ed., American Expansionism: The Critical Issues, Boston:Little Brown,1973, p.96.)
①[美]海约翰等：《海约翰书信与日记选集》(John Hay, Henry Adams, Clara Louise Hay eds., Letters of John Hay and Extracts from Diary, Vol.3, New York: Gordian Press,1969, p.193.)
②[美]弗雷德里克·杰克逊·特纳：《边疆在美国历史上的重要性》,《边疆和区域：弗雷德里克·杰克逊·特纳论文选集》(Frederick Jackson Turner, "The Significance of the Frontier in American History," (1893) in Frontier and Section: Selected Essays of Frederick Jackson Turner, Englewood Cliffs, N. J.:Prentice-Hall, Inc.,1961, p.37.)
①[美]弗雷德里克·杰克逊·特纳：《边疆在美国历史上的重要性》,《边疆和区域：弗雷德里克·杰克逊·特纳论文选集》(Frederick Jackson Turner, "The Significance of the Frontier in American History," (1893) in Frontier and Section: Selected Essays of Frederick Jackson Turner, Englewood Cliffs, N. J.:Prentice-Hall, Inc.,1961, p.39.)
①[美]弗雷德里克·杰克逊·特纳：《边疆在美国历史上的重要性》,《边疆和区域：弗雷德里克·杰克逊·特纳论文选集》(Frederick Jackson Turner, "The Significance of the Frontier in American History," (1893) in Frontier and Section: Selected Essays of Frederick Jackson Turner, Englewood Cliffs, N. J.:Prentice-Hall, Inc.,1961, p.38.)
②阿巴拉契亚山脉流下来的河流,穿过美国大西洋沿岸平原,流向大西洋,经过皮德蒙特阶地(Piedmont)时形成了“瀑布线”。
③[美]弗雷德里克·杰克逊·特纳：《边疆在美国历史上的重要性》,《边疆和区域：弗雷德里克·杰克逊·特纳论文选集》(Frederick Jackson Turner, "The Significance of the Frontier in American History," (1893)in Frontier and Section: Selected Essays of Frederick Jackson Turner, Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc.,1961, p.42.)
④[美]弗雷德里克·杰克逊·特纳：《边疆在美国历史上的重要性》,《边疆和区域：弗雷德里克·杰克逊·特纳论文选集》(Frederick Jackson Turner, "The Significance of the Frontier in American History," (1893) in Frontier and Section: Selected Essays of Frederick Jackson Turner, Englewood Cliffs, N. J.:Prentice-Hall, Inc.,1961, p.42.)
⑤[美]弗雷德里克·杰克逊·特纳：《边疆在美国历史上的重要性》,《边疆和区域：弗雷德里克·杰克逊·特纳论文选集》(Frederick Jackson Turner, "The Significance of the Frontier in American History," (1893) in Frontier and Section: Selected Essays of Frederick Jackson Turner, Englewood Cliffs, N. J.:Prentice-Hall, Inc.,1961, p.39.)
①[美]弗雷德里克·杰克逊·特纳：《边疆在美国历史上的重要性》,《边疆和区域：弗雷德里克·杰克逊·特纳论文选集》(Frederick Jackson Turner, "The Significance of the Frontier in American History," (1893) in Frontier and Section: Selected Essays of Frederick Jackson Turner, Englewood Cliffs, N. J.:Prentice-Hall, Inc.,1961, p.38.)
②[美]弗雷德里克·杰克逊·特纳：《边疆在美国历史上的重要性》,《边疆和区域：弗雷德里克·杰克逊·特纳论文选集》(Frederick Jackson Turner, "The Significance of the Frontier in American History," (1893) in Frontier and Section: Selected Essays of Frederick Jackson Turner, Englewood Cliffs, N. J.:Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1961,p.44.)
①[美]弗雷德里克·杰克逊·特纳：《边疆在美国历史上的重要性》,《边疆和区域：弗雷德里克·杰克逊·特纳论文选集》(Frederick Jackson Turner, "The Significance of the Frontier in American History," in Frontier and Section: Selected Essays of Frederick Jackson Turner, Englewood Cliffs, N. J.:Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1961, p.61.)
①[美]弗雷德里克·杰克逊·特纳：《西部问题》,《边疆和区域：弗雷德里克·杰克逊·特纳论文选集》(Frederick Jackson Turner, "The Problem of the West," (1896)in Frontier and Section: Selected Essays of Frederick Jackson Turner, Englewood Cliffs, N. J.:Prentice-Hall, Inc.,1961, p.74.)
①[美]詹姆斯·O.罗伯逊：《美国神话,美国现实》(James O. Robertson, American Myth, American Reality, New York: Hill & Wang,1980, p.53.)
②[美]吉尔伯特·齐纳德：《托马斯·杰斐逊：美国主义的使徒》(Gilbert Chinard, Thomas Jefferson: The Apostle of Americanism, Boston: Little Brown and company,1939, p.428.)
③[美]小阿瑟·斯莱辛格：《美国历史的循环》(Jr. Arthur Schlesinger, The Cycles of American History, New York: Mariner Books,1986, p.15.)
④《新约全书·马太福音》：“你们是世上的光。城造在山上,是不能隐藏的。人点灯,不放在斗底下,是放在灯台上,就照亮一家的人。你们的光也当这样照在人前,叫他们看见你们的好行为,便将荣耀归给你们在天上的父。”(5：14-16)
⑤[美]莫琳·亨利：《权力的沉醉：从宗教到意识形态》(Maureen Henry, The Intoxication of Power: An Analysis of Civil Religion to Ideology, Dordrecht, Holland, Boston: D. Reidel,1979, p.47.)
①[美]斯特林·约翰逊：《全球利益的寻与得：美国国家利益与国际法》(Sterling Johnson, Global Search and Seizure: The U. S. National Interest v. International Law, Brookfield, Vt.,:Dartmouth Publishing Group, 1994, p.5.)
②[美]爱德华·伯恩斯：(Edward M. Burns, The American Idea of Mission: Concepts of National Purpose and Destiny, New Brunswick, N.J.:Rutgers University Press,1957, pp. vi-vii.)
①[美]W.A.斯温伯格：《亨利·卢斯和他的媒体帝国》(W. A. Swanberg, Luce and His Empire, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons,1972, p.20.)这里需要说明的是,麦金莱总统的话很令人费解,因为他说这话时,菲律宾已经皈依罗马天主教三百多年。他要么当时对此一无所知,以为只要是亚洲国家,就肯定是异教徒,要么他出于清教思想的狭隘,认为天主教不是正宗的基督教。
②[美]小阿瑟·斯莱辛格：《美国历史的循环》(Jr. Arthur Schlesinger, The Cycles of American History, New York: Mariner Books,1986, p.16.)
③[美]阿瑟·s.林克：《威尔逊总统与进步主义时代,1910-1917》(Arthur S. Link, Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era 1910-1917, New York: Harper & Row,1954, p.82.)
④“第二次大觉醒运动”从1798年到1801年在新英格兰城镇间开始发生,此后每隔二到五年就有此类宗教复兴活动,此复兴风潮一直延续到1830年代。
⑤[美]奥利弗·温戴尔·艾力斯布里：《美国传教精神的兴起：1790-1815》(Olive Wendell Elesbree, The Rise of the Missionary Spirit in America: 1790-1815, New York: Williamsport Printing & Binding Co.,1928, p. 87.)
①[美]西德尼·E.阿里斯托龙：《美国宗教史》(Sydney E. Ahlestrom, The Religious History of the American People, New Haven:Yale University Press,1973, p.460.)
②《1877年5月10日-24日在华新教传教大会文集》(Records of the General Conference of the Protestant Missionaries of China held at Shanghai, May 10-24,1877, Shanghai: Presbyterian Mission Press,1878, p. 486.)
③[美]克利夫顿·J.菲利普斯：《学生自愿传教运动对中国传教的影响,1886-1920》(Clifton J. Philips, "The Student Volunteer Movement and Its Role in China Missions,1886-1920," in John K. Fairbank, ed., The Missionary Enterprise in China and America, Cambridge: Harvard University Press,1974, p.105.)
④[美]舍伍德哎迪：《世界传教运动的探路者》(Sherwood Eddy, Pathfinders of the World Missionary Crusade, New York: Abingdon-Cokesburry Press,1945, p.50.)
①[美]阿瑟·T.皮尔森： 《使世界在我们这一代福音化》,载《学生传教事业：学生自愿海外传教运动第二次国际大会演讲与讨论集》(Arthur T. Pierson, "The Evangelization of the World in this Generation," in The Student Missionary Enterprise: Addresses and Discussions of the Second International Convention of the Student Volunteer Movement for Foreign Missions, New York: Fleming H. Revell Company,1894, pp. 105-115.)
②[美]约翰·荷西：《召唤》(John Hersey, The Call, New York:Knopf,1985.)
③本文的三大类划分参考了美国学者保罗·瓦格(Paul Varg)的基要派(fundamentalist)、保守派(conservative)、社会派(socialization wing)和自由派(liberal)四划分(Paul A. Varg, Missionaries, Chinese and Diplomats: American Missionary Movement in China,1890-1952, pp.212-215.)，以及王立新的基要派(fundamentalist)和自由派(liberal)二划分。(王立新：《美国传教士与晚清中国现代化》,天津：天津人民出版社,1997年,第55页。)在瓦格的四划分中,基要派和保守派就神学基础和传教策略而言,并无本质区别,二者之间的不同主要在于对待自由派的态度上。基要派主张与自由派坚决斗争,以捍卫福音传教的纯洁,通过各种手段和渠道攻击自由派。保守派虽然也不赞同自由派传教政策,但不主张在论战中浪费精力,而是力图通过传教活动扩大自己的影响。王立新的二划分主要是基于他所做研究的时间范围,因为侧重于晚清的现代化和美国新教传教士的文化活动的关系,所以并不涉及一战后才广泛兴起的社会福音运动。此外,这里按照传教策略和方法划分的基要派和自由派不等于基督教神学理论发展中的基要主义(fundamentalism)和自由主义(liberalism)。自由主义神学也称现代主义神学(modernism),盛行于19世纪末至20世纪30年代的欧洲和北美,强调上帝的内在性,重视人的理性,主张突破传统神学的束缚,关注社会问题,对后来的社会福音主义影响很大。基要主义是在反对自由主义神学中产生的,恪守通常被称为“五点基本要道”的传统神学教条,反对社会福音论。19世纪来华的基要派传教士所秉持的神学思想与后来的基要主义是一致的。
①[美]费正清(John K. Fairbank):《美国与中国》,张理京译,北京：世界知识出版社,2002年,第292页。
②王立新：《美国传教士与晚清中国现代化》,天津：天津人民出版社,1997年,第26页。
③这些方法包括首先强调讲道,建立教堂,认为传播福音和传播文明的统一性,为了传教的目的实施一定的普通教育,翻译《圣经》,用当地语言编写宣教的读物,招收并培训当地人做牧师和教师,建立传教所,并成立某种程度的基督徒聚居区。见于[美]费正清(John K. Fairbank):《美国与中国》(The United States and China),张理京译,北京：世界知识出版社,2002年,第292页。
④[英]戴德生：《学生传教事业：学生自愿海外传教运动第二次国际大会演讲与讨论集》(Hudson Taylor, The Student Missionary Enterprise: Addresses and Discussions of the Second International Convention of the Student Volunteer Movement for Foreign Missions, New York: Fleming H. Revell Company,1894, p.48.)
⑤陶文钊：《中美关系史》,上海：上海人民出版社,2004年,第4-8页。
⑥基要派对中国文化和风俗采取不妥协态度,深入内地和乡村时常常是各种民教纠纷的制造者。例如李嘉麟在1890年的在华新教传教士大会上警告说：“我辈来华之目的是为了传播基督教。我们传播的是一尽善尽美之宗教,能供给人类心灵的一切需要。......这宗教决不允许妥协和玷污。”(Records of the General Conference of the Protestant Missionaries of China Held at Shanghai, May 7-20,1890, p.698.)另外可参考麦都思(Walter Henry Medhurst,1796-1857)用中文书写的《野客问难记》和倪维思(John Livingston Nevius, 1829-1893)的《祈先辨谬》等。
①[美] T K.汤玛士：《亚洲的基督教：东北亚篇》(T. K. Thomas, Christianity in Asia: Northeast Asia, Christian Conference of Asia,1979, p.14.)
②“耶儒合流”就是将儒家学说与基督教思想相结合,以便更快更有效地传教。最早提出“耶儒合流”思想的是林乐知,他在1869年12月4日至1870年1月8日的《教会新报》上连续发表了《消变明教论》,摘录儒家经典词句与《圣经》中的词句进行比附,得出“耶稣心和孔孟”的结论。当然,他的思想重点是以基督教补儒家思想之不足。丁韪良特别强调“孔子加耶稣”的思想叠加理念,认为“孔子加耶稣这一公式对儒教徒来说已经没有不可逾越的障碍”。(W. A. P. Martin, Lore of Cathay, or the Intellect of China, New York: F. H. Revell Company,1901, p.248.)尽管自由派传教士和明末清初来华的耶稣会士在时代背景和背后的文化支撑力量上大相径庭,但二者的传教策略颇为接近,二者都走“自上而下”的传教路线,热衷于影响中国上层知识分子,甚至各自有不少传教士接受清朝的官衔,例如耶稣会士汤若望和南怀仁出任过钦天监,新教传教士中丁韪良担任同文馆总教习数十年,林乐知在江南制造局工作期间被授予五品顶戴等；二者都热衷于向中国引进“西学”,以学辅教,不断以翻译和办学等手段介绍西方文化知识,利玛窦引进西洋的天文、历法知识,丁韪良翻译《万国公法》,利玛窦以“西儒”自居,林乐知自称“美国进士：此外,二者都提倡“耶儒合流”,利玛窦向明朝万历皇帝讲道时说：“上帝就是你们所指的 天,他曾经启示过你们的孔丘、孟轲和许多古昔之君主,我们的到来,不是否定你们的圣经贤传,只是提出一些补充而已。”(利玛窦：《天学实义》,上卷,第2篇,见于自顾长声：《传教士与近代中国》,上海人民出版社,1991,第5页。)这与林乐知曾经提出的“天者,即上帝也。所惜(孔子)知有上帝而不言报上帝”如出一辙(梁元生：《林乐知在华事业与<万国公报)》,香港：中文大学出版社,1978，第36页。)。
①王立新：《美国传教士与晚清中国现代化》,天津：天津人民出版社,1997年,第19页。
②姚民权、罗伟虹：《中国基督教简史》,上海：宗教文化出版社,2000年,第148页。
①[美]M.索尔·贝茨：《美国在华传教的神学基础：1900-1950》,载[美]费正清编《中美两国的传教事业》(M. Searle Bates, "The Theology of American Missionaries in China,1900-1950," in John K. Fairbank, ed., The Missionary Enterprise in China and America, Cambridge: Harvard University Press,1974, p.150.)
② 《世纪传教大会文集》(China Centenary Mission Conference Records, Shanghai,1907, p.519.) (http://www.archive.org/details/chinacentenarym00yorkgoog,2010年,2月20日)
③[美]简哼特：《文明的福音：世纪之交的美国来华女传教士》(Jane Hunter, The Gospel of Gentility: American Women Missionaries in Turn-of-the-Century China, New Haven and London: Yale University Press,1984, p.7.)
④[美]西奥多·罗斯福：《正在觉醒的中国》,载《瞭望》(Theodore Roosevelt, "The Awakening of China," Outlook, 28 November 1908, pp.665-667.)
①左芙蓉：《社会福音·社会服务·社会改造：北京基督教青年会历史研究,1906-1949》，北京：宗教文化出版社,2005年,第64页。
②[美]伍德罗·威尔逊：《基督教青年会纳什维尔演讲》,[美]阿瑟·S.林克编：《伍德罗·威尔逊总统文集》(Woodrow Wilson, "An Address in Nashville on Behalf of the Y. M. C. A.," in Arthur S. Link, ed., The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, N. J.:Princeton University Press,1978, p.208.)
③陈独秀：《(新青年>罪恶之答辩书》,《新青年》1919,第六卷第一号。
①《宣言》,《先驱》第四号,“非基督教学生同盟”专号,1922年第4期。
②[美]保罗·A.瓦格：《传教士、中国人和外交官：美国新教在华传教运动,1890-1952》 (Paul A. Varg, Missionaries, Chinese and Diplomats: The American Protestant Missionary Movement in China,1890-1952, Princeton: Princeton University Press,1958, p.249.)
③[美]保罗·A.瓦格：《传教士、中国人和外交官：美国新教在华传教运动,1890-1952》 (Paul A. Varg, Missionaries, Chinese and Diplomats: The American Protestant Missionary Movement in China,1890-1952, Princeton: Princeton University Press,1958, pp.248-249.)
①[美]罗伯特·E.里格尔：《年轻的美国,1830-1840》 (Robert E. Riegel, Young America 1830-1840, Norman, OK.:University of Oklahoma Press,1949, p.218.)
②[美]芭芭拉·韦尔特：《纯正女性风范膜拜：1820-1860》 (Barbara Welter, "The Cult of True Womanhood: 1820-1860," American Quarterly, vol.18, no.2, Summer 1966, p.152.)
③[美]芭芭拉·韦尔特：《归属家庭：19世纪的美国妇女》(Barbara Welter, Dimity Convictions: The American Woman in the Nineteenth Century, Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press,1976, p.21.)
④[美]芭芭拉·韦尔特：《归属家庭：19世纪的美国妇女》(Barbara Welter, Dimity Convictions: The American Woman in the Nineteenth Century, Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press,1976, p.22.)
⑤[美]艾丽莎·维尔·法拉：《年轻女性之友》(Eliza Ware Farrar, The Young Lady's Friend, Boston:American Stationers,1836, p.293.)
①《新约全书·以弗所书》,5：22-24.
②[美]萨缪尔·简宁斯：《已婚妇女手册》(Samuel Jennings, The Married Lady's Companion, New York:Arno., 1808.)
③[美]芭芭拉·韦尔特：《归属家庭：19世纪的美国妇女》(Barbara Welter, Dimity Convictions: The American Woman in the Nineteenth Century, Athens: Ohio University Press,1976, p.37.)
④[美]凯特·米丽特：《性政治》(Kate Millett, Sexual Politics, Garden City, NY: Doubleday,1970, pp.43-46.)
①[美]南希·F.科特：《第二次大觉醒运动中的新英格兰年轻妇女》,载《女性主义研究》(Nancy F. Cott, "Young Women in the Second Great Awakening in New England," Feminist Studies, vol.3, no.1/2, Fall 1975, p.15.)
②[美]露丝·鲍丁：《美国妇女与禁酒运动：寻求自由与力量》(Ruth Bordin, Woman and Temperance: The Quest for Power and Liberty,1873-1900, Philadelphia: Temple University Press,1981, Chapter 1.)
①[美]简·亨特：《文明的福音：世纪之交的美国来华女传教士》(Jane Hunter, The Gospel of Gentility: American Women Missionaries in Turn-of-the-Century China, New Haven and London: Yale University Press,1984, p. 51.)
②[美]安·道格拉斯：《美国文化的女性化》(Ann Douglas, The Feminization of American Culture, New York: Knopf,1977, p.8.)
③[美]罗莉·D.金斯伯格：《妇女与慈善工作：19世纪美国的道德、政治和阶级》(Lori D. Ginzberg, Women and the Work of Benevolence: Morality, Politics, and Class in the Nineteenth-Century United States, New Haven: Yale University Press,1990, p.22.)
①有影响的相关研究主要有：1.[美]玛丽·P.瑞恩：《殖民时代以来美国的女性特质》(Mary P. Ryan, Womanhood in America: From Colonial Times to the Present, New York: New Viewpoints,1975.); 2.[美]凯思林·K.斯拉尔： 《凯瑟琳·比切尔：美国女性齐家理念研究》(Kathryn K. Sklar, Catharine Beecher: A Study in American Domesticity, New Haven: Yale University Press,1973.); 3.[美]安·道格拉斯：《美国文化的女性化》(Ann Douglas, The Feminization of American Culture, New York: Knopf,1977.); 4.[美]妮娜·拜姆：《美国女性小说研究：1820-1870》(Nina Baym, Women's Fiction: A Guide to Novels by and about Women in America,1820-1870, Ithaca, N. Y.:Cornell University Press,1978.); 5.[美]玛丽·P.瑞恩：《母亲的帝国：美国书写中的齐家观研究,1830-1860》(Mary P. Ryan, Empire of the Mother: American Writing about Domesticity,1830-1860, New York: Institute for Research in History and Haworth Press,1982.); 6.[美]玛丽·凯里：《私密的妇女与公共的舞台：19世纪美国文学中的齐家观》(Mary Kelley, Private Woman, Public Stage: Literary Domesticity in Nineteenth-Century America, New York: Oxford University Press,1984.); 7.[美]格莱娜·马修斯：《妇女公共角色的兴起：1630-1970美国妇女的力量和地位》(Glenna Matthews, The Rise of Public Woman: Woman's Power and Woman's Place in the United States,1630-1970, New York: Oxford University Press,1992.); 8.[美]米歇尔·Z.罗萨尔多等编：《妇女、文化和社会》(Michelle Zimbalist Rosaldo and Louise Lamphere eds., Woman, Culture, and Society, Stanford: Stanford University Press,1974.);9.[美]伊斯特尔·格里德曼：《策略性空间分离：女性体制的建立和美国女权主义,1870-1930》》,载《女性主义研究》(Estelle Greedman, "Separatism as Strategy: Female Institution Building and American Feminism,1870-1930," Feminist Studies, vol.5, no.3, Fall 1979.)
①[美]埃米·卡普兰：《天定齐家》,载《美国文学》(Amy Kaplan, "Manifest Domesticity," American Literature, Volume 70, No.3, September 1998, p.585.)
②[美]埃米·卡普兰：《天定齐家》,载《美国文学》(Amy Kaplan, "Manifest Domesticity," American Literature, Volume 70, No.3, September 1998, p.584.)
③[美]简·汤姆金斯：《轰动效应：美国小说的文化功能,1790-1860》 (Jane Tompkins, Sensational Designs: The Cultural Work of American Fiction,1790-1860, New York: Oxford University Press,1985, pp.143-144.)
④[美]凯瑟琳·比切尔：《论家政》(Catherine Beecher, A Treatise on Domestic Economy, Boston: Marsh, Capen, Lyon, and Webb,1841, p.12.)
⑤[美]凯瑟琳·比切尔：《论家政》(Catherine Beecher, A Treatise on Domestic Economy, Boston: Marsh, Capen, Lyon,and Webb,1841,p.14.)
①[美]凯瑟琳·比切尔：《论家政》(Catherine Beecher, A Treatise on Domestic Economy, Boston: Marsh, Capen, Lyon, and Webb,1841, p.14.)
①[美]约翰·L.奥沙列文：《未来的伟大国家》,载[美]汤玛斯·J.佩特森编：《美国外交政策中的主要问题》(John L. O'Sullivan, "The great Nation of Futurity," in Thomas J. Paterson ed. Major Problems in American Foreign Policy, Lexington, Mass.:D.C. Heath,1995, p.241.)
②[美]凯瑟琳·比切尔、哈丽雅特·比切尔·斯托：《美国女性之家》(Catherine Beecher and Harriet Beecher Stowe, The American Woman's Home, Hartford, Conn.:J. B. Ford,1869, p.455.)
③[美]凯瑟琳·比切尔、哈丽雅特·比切尔·斯托：《美国女性之家》(Catherine Beecher and Harriet Beecher Stowe, The American Woman's Home, Hartford, Conn.:J. B. Ford,1869, pp.458-459.)
④[美]萨拉·J.海尔：《妇女史》(Sarah J. Hale, Woman's Record, New York: Harper & Brothers,1853, p.564, Quoted in Amy Kaplan, "Manifest Domesticity", American Literature, Volume 70, No.3 (September 1998), p. 597.)
①[美]萨拉·J.海尔：《妇女史》(Sarah J. Hale, Woman's Record, New York: Harper & Brothers,1853. p.564, Quoted in Amy Kaplan, "Manifest Domesticity", American Literature, Volume 70, No.3, September 1998, p. 597.)
②[美]埃米·凯普兰：《天定齐家》,载《美国文学》(Amy Kaplan, "Manifest Domesticity," American Literature, Volume 70, No.3, September 1998, p.597.)
③[美]萨拉·J.海尔：《代表妇女医学传教协会向美国基督徒的倡议书》,载《歌地女子杂志》(Sarah J. Hale, "An Appeal to the American Christians on Behalf of the Ladies' Medical Missionary Society," Godey's Lady's Book, March 1852. pp.185-188. Quoted in Amy Kaplan, "Manifest Domesticity", American Literature, Vol.70, No.3, September 1998, p.598.)
①[美]萨拉·J.海尔：《代表妇女医学传教协会向美国基督徒的倡议书》,载《歌地女子杂志》(Sarah J. Hale, "An Appeal to the American Christians on Behalf of the Ladies' Medical Missionary Society," Godey's Lady's Book (March 1852), p.185.)
②“双性同体”(Androgyny)又译为“雌雄同体”,是希腊文"andro"(男性)与"gyny"(女性)融合而成的一个新词,意指同时具有男性和女性特点的人。在生物学上指的是体型构造和生理特征的两性混合,在心理学上“双性同体”指同一个体既有明显的男性人格特征,又具有明显的女性人格特征。“双性同体”是女性主义批评的一个重要概念,这一概念在20世纪60年代末的美国第二波妇女运动中得到重视,将人们从对男性与女性性格本质化的僵化理解中解放出来。也就是说,男性未必非得是强壮、主动、理智和积极等,同样可以是温柔的；而女性也未必非得是软弱、顺服和感情用事,也可以是积极进取的。只有当人从性别两极化的牢笼之中挣脱出来,自由选择自己想要的性别角色与行为模式时,每一个人也才可能去体会更完整的人的经验。
①[美]凯瑟琳·比切尔：《论家政》(Catherine Beecher, A Treatise on Domestic Economy, Boston: Marsh, Capen, Lyon, and Webb,1841, p.14.)
②[美]佩奇·史密斯：《希望之乡的女儿们》(Page Smith, Daughters of the Promised Land, Boston: Little, Brown, 1970, p.181.)
③[美]简·亨特：《文明的福音：世纪之交的美国来华女传教士》(Jane Hunt, The Gospel of Gentility: American Women Missionaries in Turn-of-the Century China, New Haven and London:Yale University Press,1984, p.3. and pp.13-14.)
①在华续行委员会：《中华归主：基督教力量在华地理分布与信徒数调查报告》(China Continuation Committee, The Christian Occupation of China: A General Survey of the Numerical Strength and Geographical Distribution of the Christian Forces in China, Made by the Special Committee on Survey and Occupation, Shanghai,1922, p.346.)
②[美]简·亨特：《文明的福音：世纪之交的美国来华女传教士》(Jane Hunt, The Gospel of Gentility: American Women Missionaries in Turn-of-the Century China, New Haven and London: Yale University Press,1984, p.19.)
③[美]爱丽丝·格里格：《中国与教育自主：新教在华教育事业的变迁,1807-1937》(Alice Gregg, China and Educational Autonomy: The Changing Role of the Protestant Educational Mission in China,1807-1937, New York: Syracuse University Press,1946, pp.45-46.)
①[美]卢爱德：《中国的女子教育》(Ida Belle Lewis, The Education of Girls in China, New York: Teachers College, Columbia University,1919, p.24.)
②这首诗由美国诗人亨利·W.朗费罗(Henry Wadsworth Longfellow)创作,发表于1861年的《大西洋月刊》(The Atlantic Monthly),是关于美国独立战争时期著名的爱国者保罗·利威尔骑马送信的故事。[美]赛珍珠：《龙子》(Pearl S. Buck, Dragon Seed, New York: The John Day Company,1942, p.279.)
③[美]金敏：《输出女性气质不是女权主义：19世纪美国女传教士解放中国妇女的努力》,载[美]莱斯利·A.弗莱明编：《妇女工作为妇女》(Majorie King, "Exporting Femininity, Not Feminism: Nineteenth-Century U. S. Missionary Women's Efforts to Emancipate Chinese Women," in Leslie A. Flemming ed., Women's Wok for Women, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press,1989, p.121.)
①[美]郭佩兰：《中国妇女与基督教,1860-1927》(Kwok Pui-lan, Chinese Women and Christianity,1860-1927, Atlanta, Georgia: Scholars Press,1991, conclusion.)
②[美]卡罗尔·斯密斯-罗森堡：《美女、野兽和女勇士：杰克逊时代美国的性别职责与社会压力分析》,《紊乱行为：维多利亚时代美国的性观念》(Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, "Beauty, the Beast, the Militant Woman: A Case Study in Sex Roles and Social Stress in Jacksonian America," in Disorderly Conduct: Visions of Gender in Victorian America, New York: A. A. Knopf,1985, pp.109-128.)
①[美]简·亨特：《文明的福音：世纪之交的美国来华女传教士》(Jane Hunter, The Gospel of Gentility: American Women Missionaries in Turn-of-the-Century China, New Haven and London: Yale University,1984, p.216.)
②[美]萨拉·J.海尔：《代表妇女医学传教协会向美国基督徒的倡议书》,载《歌地女子杂志》(Sarah J. Hale, "An Appeal to the American Christians on Behalf of the Ladies' Medical Missionary Society," Godey's Lady's Book, March 1852, p.185.)
①[美]约翰·波特·福斯特：《美国文学中的中国与中国人,1850-1950》(John Burt Foster, China and the Chinese in American Literature,1850-1950. Ph. D. Diss. University of Illinois,1952.)
②宋伟杰：《中国·文学·美国：美国小说戏剧的中国形象》,广州：花城出版社,2003年。
③[美]鲍勃·罗伯特·里格尔：《四海之内皆姐妹》(1997年4月4日金陵大学演讲)(Bob Robert Riggle, "Within Four Seas All Women Are Sisters," Speech at Nanking University, Nanking.4 July,1997, quoted from Wang Peng, The American Woman in Exile: Alice Tisdale Hobart and Her China Narrative, Diss. Nanking University,2007, p.27.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《我的几个世界》(Pearl S. Buck, My Several Worlds: A Personal Record, New York: The John Day Company,1954, p.10.)
①[美]彼得·康：《赛珍珠：一本文化传记》(Peter Conn, Pearl S. Buck: A Cultural Biography, New York: Cambridge University Press,1996, pp.49-51.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《中国的灵魂》,载《当代》(Pearl S. Buck, "The Soul of China," Living Age 338 (1 April,1930),p.168-176.)又见[美]赛珍珠：《永恒的中国》,载《当代》(Pearl S. Buck, "China the Eternal," Living Age 324 (7 February,1925), pp.324-330.)
③[美]赛珍珠：《中国学生的思想》,载《民族》(Pearl S. Buck, "Chinese Student Mind," Nation 119(8 October, 1924), pp.358-361.)
1以约翰·赛吉斯(John Sedges)发表的作品如下：1.《小镇人》(The Townsman, New York: John Day,1945);2.《愤怒的妻子》(The Angry Wife, New York: John Day,1947); 3.《天长地久》(The Long Love, New York: John Day,1949); 4.《光明行列》(Bright Procession, New York: John Day,1952); 5.《房子里的声音》(Voices in the House, New York: John Day,1953).
①[美]哈罗德·伊罗生(Harold Isaacs):《美国的中国形象》,于殿利,陆日宇译,北京：中华书局,2006年,第154页。
②[美]史景迁：《寻找现代中国》(Jonathan D. Spence, The Search for Modern China, New York: W. W. Norton, 1990,'p.387.)
①[美]彼得·康：《赛珍珠：一本文化传记》(Peter Conn, "Preface: Rediscovering Pearl Buck", in Pearl S. Buck: A Cultural Biography, New York: Cambridge University Press,1996, p.viii.)
②[美]彼得·康：《赛珍珠：一本文化传记》(Peter Conn, "Preface: Rediscovering Pearl Buck", in Pearl S. Buck: A Cultural Biography. New York: Cambridge University Press,1996, p.viii.)
③[美]韩德：《大众的中国通赛珍珠,1931-1949》，载《现代中国》(Michael H. Hunt, "Pearl Buck-Popular Expert on China 1931-1949," Modern China, Vol.1, No.1 (January 1977), pp.33-64.)
④本文的何巴特生平介绍主要依赖她的个人自传《古斯蒂的孩子》。(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Gusty's Child, New York: Longmans, Green and Co. Inc.,1959.)
①参见《长沙城边》(By the City of Long Sand)等书的封面印章。
②[美]何巴特：《古斯蒂的孩子》(Alice Nourse Tisdale Hobart, Gusty's Child, New York: Longmans, Green and Co. Inc., p.7.)
③[美]何巴特：《古斯蒂的孩子》(Alice Nourse Tisdale Hobart, Gusty's Child, New York: Longmans, Green and Co. Inc., p.29.)
①[美]何巴特：《古斯蒂的孩子》(Alice Nourse Tisdale Hobart, Gusty's Child, New York: Longmans, Green and Co. Inc., p.60.)
②[美]何巴特：《古斯蒂的孩子》(Alice Nourse Tisdale Hobart, Gusty's Child, New York: Longmans, Green and Co. Inc., p.117.)
①原计划四部,但最后一部《天真梦想者》直到1963年才出版。(The Innocent Dreamers, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc.,1963.)
②第一部同名电影由华纳兄弟公司发行于1935年,第二部易名为《雨林法则》(Law of the Tropics)发行于1941年。
③哈里·F.麦克奈尔致鲍勃斯-梅里尔出版公司副总裁D.L.钱伯斯(Harley Farnsworth MacNair's letter to D. L. Chambers, September 3,1933. http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/product-description/1891936085/ref=dp_proddesc_0/103-6132944-66110 64?%5Fencoding=UTF8&n=283155,2007年11月5日。)
④[美]何巴特：《古斯蒂的孩子》(Alice Nourse Tisdale Hobart, Gusty's Child, New York: Longmans, Green and Co. Inc., p.293.)
①《杯与剑》(The Cup and the Sword,1943)在1959年被改编为电影《此地属我》(This Earth is Mine)。
①[美]赛珍珠：《战斗的天使》(Pearl S. Buck, Fighting Angel: Portrait of a Soul, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.101.)
①[美]南希·F.科特：《女性特质的枷锁：新英格兰地区的女性空间,1780-1835》(Nancy F. Cott, The Bonds of Womanhood:'Woman's Sphere'in New England 1780-1835, New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 1977, chapter 5.)
①[美]南希·沃洛奇：《妇女与美国经验》(Nancy Woloch, Women and the American Experience, New York: McGraw-Hill,2nd edition,1994, p.117.)
②[美]米歇尔·Z.罗萨尔多等编：《妇女、文化和社会：理论概览》(Michelle Zimbalist Rosaldo, "Woman, Culture, and Society: A Theoretical Overview," in Michelle Zimbalist Rosaldo and Louise Lamphere eds., Woman, Culture, and Society, Stanford, California: Stanford University Press,1974, pp.17-42.)
③[美]格伦娜·马修斯：《妇女公共角色的兴起：1630-1970美国妇女的力量和地位变化》(Glenna Mathews, The Rise of Public Woman: Woman's Power and Woman's Place in the United States,1630-1970, New York: Oxford University Press,1992, chapters 5,6 and 7.)
④[美]萨拉·M.伊凡斯：《生为自由：美国妇女史》(Sarah M. Evans, Born for Liberty: A History of Women in America, New York: The Free Press,1989, chapter 4,5,6 and 7.)
⑤[美]南希·F.科特：《女性特质的枷锁：新英格兰地区的女性空间,1780-1835》(Nancy F. Cott, The Bonds of Womanhood: 'Woman's Sphere' in New England 1780-1835, New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 1977, p.154.)
⑥[美]罗莎琳德·罗森堡：《追寻妇女的天性：1850-1920》，载《女性主义研究》(Rosalind Rosenberg, "In Search of Woman's Nature,1850-1920" Feminist Studies, vol.3, no.1/2, Fall 1975,pp.142,146,152.)
①[美]简·亨特：《文明的福音：世纪之交的美国来华女传教士》(Jane Hunter, The Gospel of Gentility: American Women Missionaries in Turn-of-the-Century China, New Haven and London: Yale University,1984, p.283.)
②[美]简·亨特：《文明的福音：世纪之交的美国来华女传教士》(Jane Hunter, The Gospel of Gentility: American Women Missionaries in Turn-of-the-Century China, New Haven and London: Yale University,1984, pp.13-14.)
①[美]芭芭拉·维尔特：《纯正女性风范膜拜：1820-1860》,载《美国季刊》(Barbara Welter, "The Cult of True Womanhood: 1820-1860," American Quarterly, vol.18, no.2, Summer 1966, p.152.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《战斗的天使》(Pearl S. Buck, Fighting Angel: Portrait of a Soul, New York: The John Day Company,1936, pp.76-81.)
①[美]简·亨特：《文明的福音：世纪之交的美国来华女传教士》(Jane Hunter, The Gospel of Gentility: American Women Missionaries in Turn-of-the-Century China, New Haven and London: Yale University,1984, p.163.)
②[美]简·亨特：《文明的福音：世纪之交的美国来华女传教士》(Jane Hunter, The Gospel of Gentility: American Women Missionaries in Turn-of-the-Century China, New Haven and London: Yale University,1984, p.205.)
③美国内战后,有抱负的妇女们急切地以主的名义从事“妇女工作为妇女”的海外传教运动。1869年公理 会在美国成立了第一家女性差会“妇女传教差会”(The Woman's Board of Missions),其它宗派也陆续成立了派遣妇女海外传教的组织。截至1900年,美国已经成立了大大小小41家妇女传教差会,其中不少妇女差会在募集资金、组织管理、资金使用、人员派出等方面,都独立于其所属宗派。妇女差会一般只派出单身女传教士。(Jane Hunter, The Gospel of Gentility: American Women Missionaries in Turn-of-the-Century China, New Haven and London: Yale University,1984, p.12.)
①在华传教界对单身女传教士的接受不等于就给予她们相应的参政权利。虽然传教会议的投票制度在不同教派间差别很大,但有一点是共同的,那就是限制女传教士的权利。例如,卫理公会在1927年才为女传教士设立单独的妇女会议,在此之前她们不可以参加传教工作的总体管理,管理权仅限于得到正式任命的男传教士；截至1888年,公理会的女传教士不仅没有投票权,连在一般会议上发言的权利都没有。直到1920年代,各教派差会才陆续在决策委员会中设置象征性的妇女代表。(Jane Hunter, The Gospel of Gentility: American Women Missionaries in Turn-of-the-Century China, New Haven and London:Yale University,1984, pp.83-84.又见Pearl S. Buck, Fighting Angel: Portrait of a Soul, New York: The John Day Company,1936, pp.189-192.)
①[美]简·亨特：《文明的福音：世纪之交的美国来华女传教士》(Jane Hunter, The Gospel of Gentility: American Women Missionaries in Turn-of-the-Century China, New Haven and London: Yale University,1984, p.157.)
①[美]简·亨特：《文明的福音：世纪之交的美国来华女传教士》(Jane Hunter, The Gospel of Gentility: American Women Missionaries in Turn-of-the-Century China, New Haven and London: Yale University,1984, p.165.)
②[美]玛格丽特·伯顿：《东方的女事工》(Margaret Burton, Women Workers of the Orient, West Medford, Mass.,:Central Committee on the United Study of Foreign Mission,1918, p.35.)
①[美]简·亨特：《文明的福音：世纪之交的美国来华女传教士》(Jane Hunter, The Gospel of Gentility: American Women Missionaries in Turn-of-the-Century China, New Haven and London: Yale University,1984, p.134.)
①简·亨特引用了多位女传教士的书信,以此证明女传教士常用的“自我种族隔离”的教育方式。(Jane Hunter, The Gospel of Gentility: American Women Missionaries in Turn-of-the-Century China, New Haven and London: Yale University,1984, p.108.)
②历史学家威廉·R.哈金森认为传教运动不存在向帝国主义政治和经济扩张提供正式的(formal)、体制的(institutional)和功能上的(functional)合作与支持,因此他将传教运动定义为“文化帝国主义”,即“试图把一种思想和文化强加给他国”。(William R. Hutchison, Errand to the World: American Protestant Thought and Foreign Mission, Chicago: University Of Chicago Press,1987, p.204.)美国著名历史学家小阿瑟·施莱辛格在《传教事业与帝国主义理论》一文中指出：“文化帝国主义是一种文化对另一种文化的思想和观念进行有目的的侵略,单纯的思想和价值的跨国界传播本身并不是帝国主义。”(Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., "The Missionary Enterprise and Theories of Imperialism", in John K. Fairbank ed., The Missionary Enterprise in China and America, Cambridge: Harvard University Press,1974, pp.363-364.)
③[美]凯瑟琳·比切尔：《论家政》(Catherine Beecher, A Treatise on Domestic Economy, Boston: Marsh, Capen, Lyon, and Webb,1841, p.24.)
①[美]路易斯·B.吉米列：《翔于信仰之翼：叔何显理的中国苦行,1835-1844》，载《美国早期史研究》(Loius B. Gimelli, "Borne Upon the Wings of Faith: The Chinese Odyssey of Henrietta Hall Shuck, 1835-1844," Journal of the Early Republic 14, Summer 1994, p.232.)
②[美]莱斯利·A.弗莱明编：《妇女工作为妇女》(Leslie A. Flemming ed. Women's Work for Women: Missionaries and Social Change in Asia, Boulder, Colo.:Westview Press,1989, p.3.)
③[美]H.S.坎比：《(大地)、赛珍珠和诺贝尔奖》,载《星期六文学评论》(H. S. Canby, "The Good Earth, Pearl Buck and the Novel Prize," Saturday Review of Literature, November 19,1938, p.8.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《流亡者》(Pearl S. Buck, The Exile, New York: The John Day Company,1936. pp.67-68.)
②安德鲁在两本传记中为赛珍珠父亲赛兆祥(Absalom Sydenstricker,1852-1933)的化名,本文讨论中涉及的人物姓名只和两本传记保持一致,不使用真名。
③[美]赛珍珠：《流亡者》(Pearl S. Buck, The Exile, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.9.)
①[美]简·亨特：《文明的福音：世纪之交的美国来华女传教士》(Jane Hunter, The Gospel of Gentility: American Women Missionaries in Turn-of-the-Century China, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1984, p.129.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《流亡者》(Pearl S. Buck, The Exile, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.194.)
③[美]赛珍珠：《致中国人民的广播讲话》,美国之音、英国BBC电台,1942年3月(Pearl S. Buck, "to Chinese People," speech at Voice of America & BBC, March 1942.)。
④[美]赛珍珠：《流亡者》(Pearl S. Buck, The Exile, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.144.)
⑤[美]赛珍珠：《流亡者》(Pearl S. Buck, The Exile, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.152.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《战斗的天使》(Pearl S. Buck, Fighting Angel: Portrait of a Soul, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.88.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《流亡者》(Pearl S. Buck, The Exile, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.260.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《流亡者》(Pearl S. Buck, The Exile, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.139.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《流亡者》(Pearl S. Buck, The Exile, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.222.)
③[美]赛珍珠：《流亡者》(Pearl S. Buck, The Exile, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.139.)
④[美]赛珍珠：《流亡者》(Pearl S. Buck, The Exile, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.184.)
①[美]朗达·A.赛普尔：《女传教士：性属、职业精神与维多利亚时代的基督教使命》(Rhonda A. Semple, Missionary Women: Gender, Professionalism and the Victorian Idea of Christian Mission, Suffolk, Great Britain: The Boydell Press,2003, p.12.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《流亡者》(Pearl S. Buck, The Exile, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.185.)
①美国在《中国望厦条约》之后就能进入中国的五个通商口岸,根据这一条约以及后来所签署的多项条约,美国公民在中国享有治外法权。和英法等国由政府派遣领事不一样,很多美国领事只是在华美商从同行中推举出来的代表,如果本身未受牵连,很少过问美国人的劣迹。由于没有由本国政府维持的监狱,这些领事即使执法也无能为力,因此美国水手的不轨行为臭名昭著,美国国旗“成为每一个英格兰、爱尔兰或是苏格兰流氓无赖的保护伞”,每一个白人妓女都自称是美国人。([美]孔华润(Warren I. Cohen):《美国对中国的反应——中美关系的历史剖析》,张静尔、周敦仁译,上海：复旦大学出版社,1989年,第13页。)
②[美]赛珍珠：《流亡者》(Pearl S. Buck, The Exile, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.146.)
③[美]赛珍珠：《流亡者》(Pearl S. Buck, The Exile, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.201.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《流亡者》(Pearl S. Buck, The Exile, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.212.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《流亡者》(Pearl S. Buck, The Exile, New York: The John Day Company,1936, pp.212-213.)
③[美]赛珍珠：《流亡者》(Pearl S. Buck, The Exile, New York: The John Day Company,1936, pp.314-315.)
①[美]卡洛琳·G.海尔布伦： 《朝向双性同体之认同》(Carolyn G. Heilbrun, Toward a Recognition of Androgyny, New York: Norton,1973, pp.10-11.)
②[美]桑德拉·L.贝姆：《探寻雌雄同体的前景》,载[美]亚历山德拉·G.卡普兰和琼·P.比恩合编：《超越性别刻板形象：对雌雄同体心理学的解读》(Sandra L. Bem, "Probing the Promise of Androgyny," in Alexandra G. Kaplan and Joan P. Bean eds., Beyond Sex-Role Stereotypes:Reading Toward a Psychology of Androguny, Boston: Little, Brown,1976, p.51.)
③[美]伊莱恩·肖瓦尔特：《她们自己的文学：从勃朗特到莱辛的英国妇女小说家》(Elaine Showalter, A literature of their own: British women novelists from Bronte to Lessing, Princeton, N.J.:Princeton University Press,1977.)
④[美]凯特·米丽特：《性政治》(Kate Millett, Sexual Politics, Garden City, NY: Doubleday,1970.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《大地》(Pearl S. Buck, The Good Earth, New York: The John Day Company,1931, pp.95-96.)
①[美]何巴特：《拓疆在古老的世界：满洲札记》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Pioneering Where the World Is Old, New York: Henry Holt and Company,1917, p.123.)
②[奥]西格蒙·弗洛伊德：《性论》(Sigmund Freud, On Sexuality, London:Penguin Books,1991.)
①[美]劳拉·马尔维：《视觉快感和叙事电影》,载[美]里奥·布劳迪等编：《电影理论与批评入门》(Laura Mulvey, "Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema," in Leo Braudy and Marshall Cohen eds., Film Theory and Criticism: Introductory Readings, New York: Oxford University Press,1999, pp.835-836.)
②[美]劳拉·马尔维：《视觉快感和叙事电影》,载[美]里奥·布劳迪、马歇尔·柯恩编：《电影理论与批评入门》(Laura Mulvey, "Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema," in Leo Braudy and Marshall Cohen eds., Film Theory and Criticism: Introductory Readings, New York: Oxford University Press,1999, p.840.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《流亡者》(Pearl S. Buck, The Exile, New York: The John Day Company,1936, pp.64-65.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《流亡者》(Pearl S. Buck, The Exile, New York: The John Day Company,1936, pp.67-68.)
③[美]赛珍珠：《流亡者》(Pearl S. Buck, The Exile, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.70.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《流亡者》(Pearl S. Buck, The Exile, New York: The John Day Company,1936, pp.183-184.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《流亡者》(Pearl S. Buck, The Exile, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.154.)
③[美]赛珍珠：《流亡者》(Pearl S. Buck, The Exile, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.309.)
④[美]赛珍珠：《流亡者》(Pearl S. Buck, The Exile, New York: The John Day Company,1936. p.310.)
⑤[美]赛珍珠：《流亡者》(Pearl S. Buck, The Exile, New York: The John Day Company,1936. p.311.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《流亡者》(Pearl S. Buck, The Exile, New York: The John Day Company,1936. pp.314-315.)
② "Angel-one of an order of spiritual beings, attendants and messengers of God, usually spoken of as employed by him in ordering the affairs of the universe, and particularly of mankind. They are commonly regarded as bodiless intelligences.)[美]赛珍珠：《战斗的天使》(Pearl S. Buck, Fighting Angel: Portrait of a Soul, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.1.)
③[美]赛珍珠：《战斗的天使》(Pearl S. Buck, Fighting Angel: Portrait of a Soul, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.263.)
④[美]赛兆祥：《我们在中国的生活与工作》(Absalom Sydenstricker, Our Life and Work in China, Parson, WV: McClaim Printing Company,1978.)
⑤[美]赛珍珠：《战斗的天使》(Pearl S. Buck, Fighting Angel: Portrait of a Soul, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.11.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《战斗的天使》(Pearl S. Buck, Fighting Angel: Portrait of a Soul, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.12.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《战斗的天使》(Pearl S. Buck, Fighting Angel: Portrait of a Soul, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.129.)
③[美]赛珍珠：《战斗的天使》(Pearl S. Buck, Fighting Angel: Portrait of a Soul, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.9.)
④[美]赛珍珠：《战斗的天使》(Pearl S. Buck, Fighting Angel: Portrait of a Soul, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.109.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《战斗的天使》(Pearl S. Buck, Fighting Angel: Portrait of a Soul, New York: The John Day Company,1936, pp.74-75.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《流亡者》(Pearl S. Buck, The Exile, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.9.)
③[美]赛珍珠：《流亡者》(Pearl S. Buck, The Exile, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.265.)
④[美]赛珍珠：《流亡者》(Pearl S. Buck, The Exile, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.122.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《战斗的天使》(Pearl S. Buck, Fighting Angel: Portrait of a Soul, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.100.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《战斗的天使》(Pearl S. Buck, Fighting Angel: Portrait of a Soul, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.100.)
③[美]赛珍珠：《战斗的天使》(Pearl S. Buck, Fighting Angel: Portrait of a Soul, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.247.)
④[美]赛珍珠：《战斗的天使》(Pearl S. Buck, Fighting Angel: Portrait of a Soul, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.248.)
⑤[美]赛珍珠：《战斗的天使》(Pearl S. Buck, Fighting Angel: Portrait of a Soul, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.250.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《战斗的天使》(Pearl S. Buck, Fighting Angel: Portrait of a Soul, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.302.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《战斗的天使》(Pearl S. Buck, Fighting Angel: Portrait of a Soul, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.302.)
③[美]玛丽·路易·普拉特：《文化接触地带的艺术》(Mary Louise Pratt, "Arts of the Contact Zone", Profession 91, New York: MLA,1991, p.33.)
①[美]哈罗德伊罗生(Harold Isaacs):《美国的中国形象》(Scratches on Our Minds: American Images oc China and India),于殿利、陆日宇译,中华书局,2006年,第40页。
②[美]费正清编《传教事业对中美两国的影响》(John K. Fairbank ed., The Missionary Enterprise in China and America, Cambridge: Harvard University Press,1974. p.7.)
①“广学会”(The Society for the Diffusion of Christian and General Knowledge among the Chinese),初名“同文书会”,成立于1887年,1892年改称“广学会”,1905年英文名改为“The Christian Literature Society"。参加者主要为英美传教士,此外包括相当数量的商人和在华外交人员,由总税务司赫德(Robert Hart)任会长,英国传教士韦廉臣(Alexander Williamson)为督办,后由李提摩太(Tomothy Richard)继任,整个会务由督办承担。该会的主旨是通过传播基督教和西学知识改造中国社会,并最终达到使中国基督教化的目的,由此出版了大量西学译著和传教士的中文著述,《万国公报》为其代表出版物,对晚清的社会转型起了一定的作用。
②[美]倪维思：《中国和中国人：总论》(John L. Nevius, China and the Chinese: A General Description of the Country and Its Inhabitants; Its Civilization and Form of Government; Its Religious and Social Institutions; Its Intercourse with Other Nations; and Its Present Condition and Prospects, Chicago: Missionary Campaign Library Number Two,1882.)
③传教士书写的其它比较重要的作品还有：1.马礼逊的《中国一瞥》(Robert Marrison, A View of China, for Philological Purpose,1817); 2.郭实腊的《中国简史》(Charles Gutzlaff, A Sketch of Chinese History,1834);3.麦都思的《中国：现状与未来》(Walter Henry Medhurst, China: its state and prospects,1838)等。
①[美]爱德华·W.赛义德：《东方主义》(Edward W. Said, Orientalism, New York: Vintage Books,1994, p.255.)
②早期来华传教士为了在中国宣讲福音,留下来大量汉语写作,主要包括：1.宣教手册(如卢公明的《劝善良言》、《醒世良规》等)、《圣经》的摘译(如《以弗所书》、《路加福音》、《使徒行传》等)；2.中文期刊(如郭实腊于1833年创办的《东西洋考每月统纪传》等)；3.中文学术著述(如裨治文的《美理哥国志略》等)；4.与传教有关的中文文学创作(如米怜的《张远两友相论》、杨格非的《引家当道》、郭实腊的《大英国统志》、《是非略论》等),这其中尤其以白话文的文学创作对中国近代的文化发展影响最大,目前对传教士的中文著述所做的研究主要有：(1)[美]苏珊·威尔逊·巴尼特、费正清编：《基督教在中国：早期新教传教士写作》(Suzanne Wilson Barnett and John King Fairbank eds., Christianity in China: Early Protestant Missionary Writings, Cambridge, Mass.:Harvard University Press,1985.) (2)[美]帕特里克·韩南：《19世纪中国的传教士小说》,载《哈佛亚洲研究杂志》(Patrick Hanan, "The Missionary Novels of Nineteenth-Century China," Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, Vol.60, No.1&2,2000, pp.413-443.)(3)[美]帕特里克·韩南(Patrick Hanan):《中国近代小说的兴起》,徐侠译,上海：上海教育出版社,2004年。 (4)江苏省社会科学院：《中国通俗小说总目提要》,北京：中国文联出版公司,1990。(5)王继权、夏生元：《中国近代小说目录》,南昌：百花洲文艺出版社,1998。(6)宋莉华：《十九世纪传教士小说的文化解读》,《文学评论》,2005年第1期。(7)宋莉华： 《第一部传教士中文小说的流传与影响——米怜(张远两友相论)略论》, 《文学遗产》,2005年第2期。 (8)宋莉华： 《19世纪中国的独特文化存在——郭实腊的小说创作与评论》,[韩]《中国文化研究》,2005年6期。(9)宋莉华：《19世纪西人小说中的白话实验》,《学术月刊》,2006年第4期。(10)宋莉华：《西方传教士汉学的分支：传教士汉文小说研究现状》,《国外社会科学》,2008年第5期。(11)王三庆：《东西交流史上汉文小说所表现的文化冲突》,《成大中文学报》(台湾)第17期(2007年7月)。 (12)袁进：《论西方传教士对中文小说发展所做的贡献》,《社会科学》,2008年第2期。(13)袁进：《重新审视欧化白话文的起源——试论近代西方传教士对中国文学的影响》, 《文学评论》,2007年第1期。 (14)刘倩： 《汉文文学史与汉文化整体研究》, 《中国社会科学院院报》,2008年1月29日。
①[美]默里·A.罗宾斯坦：《美国传教差会和美国的中国观之形成,1830-1860))，载[美]乔纳森·戈尔登斯坦等编： 《美国看中国：美国的中国形象之今昔》(Murray A. Rubinstein, "American Board Missionaries and the Formation of American Opinion toward China,1830-1860," in Jonathan Goldstein et al eds., America Views China: American Images of China Then and Now, Bethlehem: Lehigh University Press, 1991, p.73.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《战斗的天使》(Pearl S. Buck, Fighting Angel: Portrait of a Soul, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.206.)
③[美]亨利·吴：《考量东方人：现代美国的迁移、接触和异域情调》(Henry Yu, Thinking Orientals: Migration, Contact, and Exoticism in Modern America, New York: Oxford University Press,2001, pp.19-30.)
④[美]苏珊·威尔逊·巴尼特、费正清：《基督教在中国：早期新教传教士写作》(Suzanne Wilson Barnett and John King Fairbank eds., Christianity in China: Early Protestant Missionary Writings, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press,1985, p.12.)
⑤此书影响较大,版本较多,主要有1838年新加坡版,名为《美理哥国志略》,1844年香港版改名为《亚美利格合省国志略》,1861年上海版定名为《联邦志略》,增加了大量地图和统计表。此书旨在传播美国文明,打破中国的闭塞无知。内容主要有4个部分：第一部分介绍美洲的发现；第二部分叙述欧洲各国在北美的殖民史,美国独立的过程,以及独立后至19世纪初的美国发展；第三部分介绍当时18个州的地理、气候、物产和文化等；第四部分介绍总体介绍美国的国体、政体、人口、工农业、社会发展、民风等情况。
①[美]苏珊·威尔逊·巴尼特、费正清：《基督教在中国：早期新教传教士写作》(Suzanne Wilson Barnett and John King Fairbank eds., Christianity in China: Early Protestant Missionary Writings, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press,1985, p.14.)
②吴义雄：《在宗教与世俗之间：基督教新教传教士在华南沿海的早期活动研究》,广州：广东教育出版社,2000年,第462页。
③[美]卫三畏(Samuel Wells Williams):《中国总论》(The Middle Kindom),陈俱译,上海：上海古籍出版社,2005年,第748-749页。
④[美]娄礼华：《来华传教士娄礼华回忆录》(Walter M. Lowrie ed., Memoirs of the Rev. Walter M. Lowrie, Missionary to China, Philadelphia: Presbyterian Board of Publication,1854, pp.382-383.)
①[美]查尔斯·亨利·福勒：《传教演讲集》(Charles Henry Fowler, Missionary Addresses, Cincinnati: Jennings and Graham,1906, pp.32-33.)
②[美]帕特里克·韩南： 《19世纪中国的传教士小说》,载《哈佛亚洲研究杂志》(Patrick Hanan, "The Missionary Novels of Nineteenth-Century China," Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, Vol.60, No.1&2,2000, p.421.)
③[美]雅裨理：《中国丛报》(David Abeel, Chinese Repository, vol.12, p.548.)
①[美]裨治文：《中国人的思维特征》,载《中国丛报》(E. C. Bridgman, "Intellectual Character of the Chinese," Chinese Repository, vol.7, p.7.)
②[美]米伶：《中国的民族性格》,载《中国丛报》(William Milne, "National Character of the Chinese," Chinese Repository, vol.1, p.327.)
③[英]郭实腊： 《中国丛报》(Charles Gutzlaff, Chinese Repository, vol.11, p.483.)
④[美]保罗·A.瓦格：《传教士、中国人和外交官：美国新教在华传教运动,1890-1952》(Paul A. Varg, Missionaries, Chinese and Diplomats: The American Protestant Missionary Movement in China,1890-1952, Princeton: Princeton University Press,1958, p.114.)
⑤1890年上海北华捷报社出第一版时有40章,约三分之一内容因争议大而在1894年的美国版中删除。被
①[美]明恩溥(Arthur H. Smith):《中国人的特性》(Chinese Characteristics),匡雁鹏译,北京：光明日报出版社,1998年,第129-130页。
①[美]明恩溥(Arthur H. Smith):《中国人的特性》(Chinese Characteristics),匡雁鹏译,北京：光明日报出版社,1998年,第285页。
②[美]明恩溥(Arthur H. Smith):《中国人的特性》(Chinese Characteristics),匡雁鹏译,北京：光明日报出版社,1998年,第297页。
③[美]爱德华·W.赛义德：《东方学》(Edward W. Said, Orientalism, New York: Vintage Books,1994, p.227.)
④周宁：《第二人类》,北京：学苑出版社,2004年,第137页。
⑤周宁：《“被别人表述”：国民性批判的西方话语谱系》,《文艺理论与批评》,2003年第5期。
①[美]赛珍珠：《我的几个世界》(Pearl S. Buck, My Several Worlds: A Personal Record, New York: The John Day Company,1954, p.10.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《战斗的天使》(Pearl S. Buck, Fighting Angel: Portrait of a Soul, New York: The John Day Company,1936. p.187.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《给中国完整的耶稣》,载《教务杂志》(Pearl S. Buck, "A Whole Jesus to China," China Recorder (July 1932), p.451.)
② [美]赛珍珠：《海外传教有必要吗?》,载《哈勃杂志》(Pearl S. Buck, "Is There a Case for Foreign Missions?" Harper (January 1933), p.143.)
③[美]赛珍珠：《流亡者》(Pearl S. Buck, The Exile, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.278.)
④[美]赛珍珠：《战斗的天使》(Pearl S. Buck, Fighting Angel: Portrait of a Soul, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.232.)
⑤[美]赛珍珠：《战斗的天使》(Pearl S. Buck, Fighting Angel: Portrait of a Soul, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.131.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《中国人的思想与印度》,载《美国团结与亚洲》(Pearl S. Buck, "The Chinese Mind and India," in Pearl S. Buck, American Unity and Asia, New York: The John Day Company,1942, p.75.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《海外传教有必要吗?》,载《哈勃杂志》(Pearl S. Buck, "Is There a Case for Foreign Missions?" Harper (January 1933), p.143.)
③[美]海外传教评估委员会：《重新审视海外传教运动》(The Commission of Appraisal (William Ernest Hocking as Chairman), Re-thinking Missions: A Laymen's Inquiry after One Hundred Years, New York and London:Harper & Brothers Publishers,1932.)
④[美]海外传教评估委员会：《重新审视海外传教运动》(The Commission of Appraisal (William Ernest Hocking as Chairman), Re-thinking Missions: A Laymen's Inquiry after One Hundred Years, New York and London:Harper & Brothers Publishers,1932, p.31.)
⑤[美]赛珍珠：《非神职人员的海外传教调查团报告》(Pearl S. Buck, "Laymen's Mission Report", Christian Century 23, Nov.1932, pp.1434-1437.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《最后的倾诉》,《当代外国文学》,1996年第3期。
②[美]赛珍珠：《海外传教有必要吗?》,载《哈勃杂志》(Pearl S. Buck, "Is There a Case for Foreign Missions?" Harper (January 1933), p.145.)
③刘小枫主编：《道与言：华夏文化与基督文化相遇——编者序》,北京：三联书店,1995年,第3页。
①[美]赛珍珠：《分家》(Pearl. S. Buck, A House Divided, New York: The John Day Company,1935, p.188.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《分家》(Pearl. S. Buck, A House Divided, New York: The John Day Company,1935, p.189.)
③[美]阿奇博尔德·G贝克：《基督教使命与新的世界文化》(Archibald G. Baker, Christian Missions and a New World Culture, Chicago: Willett, Clark & Co.,1934, p.29.)
①[美]阿奇博尔德·G.贝克：《基督教使命与新的世界文化》(Archibald G. Baker, Christian Missions and a New World Culture, Chicago: Willett, Clark & Co.,1934, p.175,262.)
②[美]阿奇博尔德·G.贝克：《基督教使命与新的世界文化》(Archibald G. Baker, Christian Missions and a New World Culture, Chicago: Willett, Clark & Co.,1934, chapters ⅩⅢ and ⅤⅣ.)
③[美]阿奇博尔德·G.贝克：《基督教使命与新的世界文化》(Archibald G. Baker, Christian Missions and a New World Culture, Chicago: Willett, Clark & Co.,1934, pp.293-294.)
④[美]查尔斯·T.霍尔曼：《我不想让世界基督教化》,载《基督教世纪》(Charles T. Holman, "I Don't Want to Christianize the World!", The Christian Century, November 20,1935, p.1484.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《群芳亭》(Pearl. S. Buck, Pavilion of Women, New York: The John Day Company,1946, p.114.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《群芳亭》(Pearl. S. Buck, Pavilion of Women, New York: The John Day Company,1946, p.154.)
③[美]赛珍珠：《群芳亭》(Pearl. S. Buck, Pavilion of Women, New York: The John Day Company,1946, p.154.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《群芳亭》(Pearl. S. Buck, Pavilion of Women, New York: The John Day Company,1946, p.206.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《群芳亭》(Pearl. S. Buck, Pavilion of Women, New York: The John Day Company,1946, p.153.)
③[美]赛珍珠：《群芳亭》(Pearl. S. Buck, Pavilion of Women, New York: The John Day Company,1946, pp. 122-123.)
④[美]赛珍珠：《群芳亭》(Pearl. S. Buck, Pavilion of Women, New York: The John Day Company,1946, pp. 155-158.)
①(1)[美]何巴特：《古斯蒂的孩子》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Gusty's Child, New York: Longmans, Green and Co.,1959, pp.226-231.);
(2)[美]露丝·莫尔：《何巴特作品研究》(Ruth Moore, The Work of Alice Tisdale Hobart, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1940, p.17.)
①[美]何巴特：《阳与阴》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Yang and Yin: An American Doctor in China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1936, p.9.)
②[美]何巴特：《阳与阴》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Yang and Yin: An American Doctor in China, New York:The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1936, p.81.)
③[美]何巴特：《阳与阴》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Yang and Yin: An American Doctor in China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1936, p.81.)
①[美]何巴特：《阳与阴》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Yang and Yin: An American Doctor in China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1936, p.47.)
②[美]何巴特：《阳与阴》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Yang and Yin: An American Doctor in China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1936, p.76.)
③[美]何巴特：《阳与阴》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Yang and Yin: An American Doctor in China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1936, p.83.)
④[美]何巴特：《阳与阴》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Yang and Yin: An American Doctor in China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1936, p.121.)
①[美]何巴特：《阳与阴》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Yang and Yin, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1936, p.160.)
②[美]何巴特：《阳与阴》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Yang and Yin, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1936, p.217.)
③[美]何巴特：《阳与阴》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Yang and Yin, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1936, p.116.)
①[美]何巴特：《阳与阴》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Yang and Yin, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1936, pp.309-310.)
②[美]何巴特：《阳与阴》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Yang and Yin: An American Doctor in China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1936,p.325.)
③[美]何巴特：《阳与阴》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Yang and Yin: An American Doctor in China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1936, p.283.)
①[美]何巴特：《阳与阴》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Yang and Yin: An American Doctor in China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1936, p,46.)
②[美]何巴特：《阳与阴》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Yang and Yin: An American Doctor in China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1936, p.250.)
③[美]何巴特：《阳与阴》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Yang and Yin: An American Doctor in China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1936, p.194.)
①[美]何巴特：《阳与阴》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Yang and Yin: An American Doctor in China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1936, p.190.)
②[美]何巴特：《阳与阴》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Yang and Yin: An American Doctor in China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1936, p.191.)
①[美]格里菲斯·约翰：《罪孽的拯救：中国人之大需》,见《1877年5月10-24日上海新教传教士大会文集》(Griffith John, "Salvation from Sin: The Great Need of the Chinese," in Records of the General Conference of the Protestant Missionaries of China Held at Shanghai, May 10-24,1877, p.32.)
②[美]J.A.霍布森：《上帝与玛门：宗教与经济关系研究》(J. A. Hobson, God and Mammon: The Relations of Religion and Economics, New York: Macmillan,1931.)
③ T.克里斯托弗·杰斯珀森：《美国的中国形象,1931-1949))'(T. Christopher Jespersen, American Images of China,1931-1949, Stanford: Stanford University Press,1996, p.1.)
①王立新：《美国传教士与晚清中国现代化》,天津：天津人民出版社,1997，第97-114页。
②[英]慕稼谷：《基督教使命与外籍居民的关系》,见《1890年5月4-17日上海传教大会文集》(Archdeacon Moule, "The Relation of Christian Missions to the Foreign Residents," in General Missionary Conference, Shanghai: Collected Essays of Papers Submitted to the General Missionary Conference Held at Union Church, Shanghai,6th-17th May,1890, p.4.)
③[美]何巴特：《长沙城边》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, By the City of the Long Sand, New York: The Macmillan Company,1926, p.16.)
④[美]何巴特：《长沙城边》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, By the City of the Long Sand, New York: The Macmillan Company,1926, p.22.)
①[美]何巴特：《长沙城边》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, By the City of the Long Sand, New York: The Macmillan Company,1926, pp.17-18.)
②[美]何巴特：《长沙城边》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, By the City of the Long Sand, New York: The Macmillan Company,1926, p.19.)
①[美]何巴特：《长沙城边》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, By the City of the Long Sand, New York: The Macmillan Company,1926, pp.17-18.)
①[美]何巴特：《满洲札记》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Pioneering Where the World Is Old: Leaves from a Manchurian Note-Book, New York: Henry Holt and Company,1917, p.40.)
②[美]何巴特：《满洲札记》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Pioneering Where the World Is Old: Leaves from a Manchurian Note-Book, New York: Henry Holt and Company,1917, p.172.)
③[美]何巴特：《满洲札记》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Pioneering Where the World Is Old: Leaves from a Manchurian Note-Book, New York: Henry Holt and Company,1917, p.126.)
①例如《满洲札记》中有一个中国仆人说了一段类似于美国西海岸华人的洋泾浜英语,带有广东话语音和语法特点,甚至使用西海岸华人的一些变体西班牙语：Just now can talkee. Proper Chinaman wait long time. Savee, white no can wait. He talkee wait, wait; perhaps master no likee wait, pay big money so can catchee temple chop, chop. Very bad, master lose face……(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Pioneering Where the World Is Old, New York: Henry Holt and Company,1917, p.165)(译文大致如下：刚才搭上了话。体面的中国人很有耐心等,你知道的,白人总等不及。他说等等,再等等,也许老爷不喜欢等,花大钱就能找到一家寺庙吃点东西。太糟了,让老爷这么没面子。)
②林乐知著,任保罗述：《全地五大洲女俗通考》,光绪二十九年(1903)排印本,第10集,下卷,第54页。
③[美]何巴特：《长沙城边》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, By the City of the Long Sand, New York: The Macmillan Company,1926, p.209.)
①[美]何巴特：《满洲札记》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Pioneering Where the World Is Old, New York: Henry Holt and Company,1917, p.34.)
②[美]何巴特：《满洲札记》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Pioneering Where the World Is Old, New York: Henry Holt and Company,1917, p.41.)
③[美]何巴特：《长沙城边》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, By the City of the Long Sand, New York: The Macmillan Company,1926, p.170.)
④“没有法子”(mei yu fatzu)作为中国人表达听天由命的口头禅,在何巴特的各类文本中频繁出现,一般是先用拼音写出来,紧跟着又用英语释义重述一遍。见[美]何巴特：《长沙城边》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, By the City of the Long Sand, New York: The Macmillan Company,1926, p.271.)
⑤[美]何巴特：《长沙城边》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, By the City of the Long Sand, New York: The Macmillan Company,1926, p.269.)
①[美]何巴特：《长沙城边》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, River Supreme, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1934, p.299.)
①[美]何巴特：《长沙城边》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, By the City of the Long Sand, New York: The Macmillan Company,1926, pp.15-16.)
②[美]何巴特：《长沙城边》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, By the City of the Long Sand, New York: The Macmillan Company,1926, p.252.)
①《新约全书·马太福音》：你们是世上的光。城造在山上,是不能隐藏的。人点灯,不放在斗底下,是放在灯台上,就照亮一家的人。你们的光也当这样照在人前,叫他们看见你们的好行为,便将荣耀归给你们在天上的父。(5：14-16)
②[英]慕稼谷：《基督教使命与外籍居民的关系》,见《1890年5月4-17日上海传教大会文集》(Archdeacon Moule, "The Relation of Christian Missions to the Foreign Residents," in General Missionary Conference, Shanghai: Collected Essays of Papers Submitted to the General Missionary Conference Held at Union Church, Shanghai,6th-17th May,1890, p.4.)
③[美]何巴特：《长沙城边》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, By the City of the Long Sand, New York: The Macmillan Company,1926, p.7.)
①[美]何巴特：《长沙城边》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, By the City of the Long Sand, New York: The Macmillan Company,1926, p.25.)
②[美]简·亨特：《文明的福音：世纪之交的美国来华女传教士》(Jane Hunter, The Gospel of Gentility: American Women Missionary in Turn-of-the Century China, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, p. 157.)
①[美]何巴特：《长沙城边》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, By the City of the Long Sand, New York: The Macmillan Company,1926, pp.55-56.)
②[美]凯瑟琳·比切尔：《论家政》(Catherine Beecher, A Treatise on Domestic Economy, Boston:Marsh, Capen, Lyon, and Webb,1841, p.24.)
①[美]何巴特：《满洲札记》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Pioneering Where the World Is Old: Leaves from a Manchurian Note-Book, New York: Henry Holt and Company,1917, pp.142-143.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《流亡者》(Pearl S. Buck, The Exile, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.242.)
②[美]何巴特：《长沙城边》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, By the City of the Long Sand, New York: The Macmillan Company,1926, pp.150-151.)
③[美]埃米·卡普兰：《天定齐家》,载《美国文学》(Amy Kaplan, "Manifest Domesticity", American Literature, Vol.70, No.3, September 1998, p.586.)
①[美]威廉·福克纳：《致爱丽丝的玫瑰》,见《美国文学选集》(William Faulkner, "A Rose for Emily", in George McMichael et al. eds., Anthology of American Literature, Vol.2: Realism to the Present, Upper Saddle River, NJ:Prentice-Hall, Inc.,1997, p.1432.)
①[美]何巴特：《南京城内》Alice Tisdale Hobart, Within the Walls of Nanking, London: Butler & Tanner LTD, 1927, p.172.
①[美]何巴特：《南京城内》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Within the Walls of Nanking, London: Butler & Tanner LTD, 1927, p.150.)
②[美]费正清：《美国与中国》(John K. Fairbank, The United States and China, Cambridge: Harvard University Press,1976, p.170.)
①[美]何巴特：《南京城内》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Within the Walls of Nanking, London: Butler & Tanner LTD, 1927, p.113.)
①[美]何巴特：《不羁之江》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, River Supreme, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1934, p.28.)
②[美]何巴特：《不羁之江》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, River Supreme, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1934, p.61.)
③[美]何巴特：《不羁之江》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, River Supreme, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1934, p.61.)
①[美]何巴特：《不羁之江》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, River Supreme, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1934, p.171.)
②[美]何巴特：《不羁之江》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, River Supreme, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1934, pp.157-158.)
①[美]库玛丽·贾亚沃德纳：《白人女性的另一种负担：西方妇女和英国殖民统治下的南亚》(Kumari Jayawardena, The White Woman's Other Burden: Western Women and South Asia During British Colonial Rule. New York: Routledge,1995, p.4.)
②[美]何巴特：《长沙城边》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, By the City of the Long Sand, New York: The Macmillan Company,1926, p.12.)
③[美]赛珍珠：《流亡者》(Pearl S. Buck, The Exile, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.172.)
④[美]赛珍珠：《流亡者》(Pearl S. Buck, The Exile, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.241.)
①[美]何巴特：《不羁之江》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, River Supreme, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1934, p.116.
②[美]何巴特：《长沙城边》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, By the City of the Long Sand, New York: The Macmillan Company,1926, pp.225-226.)
③[美]何巴特：《不羁之江》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, River Supreme, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1934, P.22.)
④[美]何巴特：《不羁之江》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, River Supreme, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1934, p.216.)
⑤[美]何巴特：《不羁之江》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, River Supreme, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1934, p.253.)
①[美]何巴特：《不羁之江》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, River Supreme, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1934, pp.253-254.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《战斗的天使》(Pearl S. Buck, Fighting Angel: Portrait of a Soul, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.75.)
②[美]弗雷德里克·杰克逊·特纳：《拓荒者理想和州立大学》,见于杨生茂编： 《美国历史学家特纳及 其学派》,北京：商务印书馆,1984年,第71页。
①[美]弗雷德里克·杰克逊·特纳：《拓荒者理想和州立大学》,见于杨生茂编： 《美国历史学家特纳及其学派》,北京：商务印书馆,1984年,第72页。
②[美]弗雷德里克·杰克逊·特纳：《边疆在美国历史上的重要性》,《边疆和区域：弗雷德里克·杰克逊·特纳论文选集》(Frederick Jackson Turner, "The Significance of the Frontier in American History," in Frederick Jackson Turner, Frontier and Section, Englewood Cliffs, N. J.:Prentice-Hall, Inc.,1961, P.56.)
③[美]何巴特：《不羁之江》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, River Supreme, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1934, pp.276-277.)
①[美]何巴特：《长沙城边》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, By the City of the Long Sand, New York: The Macmillan Company,1926, p.20.)
②[美]何巴特：《长沙城边》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, By the City of the Long Sand, New York: The Macmillan Company,1926, p.20.)
③据“中国学”专家孔华润的研究,尽管美国在对华贸易方面此时尚不如英国等列强,但美国的造船能力是欧洲国家无法比拟的,因此其运输业一枝独秀,中国对西方的贸易的三分之一是由美国承运的,上海口岸的货物一半以上由美国承运。([美]孔华润(Warren I. Cohen):《美国对中国的反应——中美关系的历史剖析》,张静尔、周敦仁译,上海：复旦大学出版社,1989年,第12页。)由此可以看出,何巴特所塑造的开发长江上游汽轮航线的埃本船长,是有坚实的历史事实支撑的。有关美国在华航运业的开发,可以参考如下一些代表性的研究：(1)毛立坤：《晚清时期东南沿海通商口岸对外航线与港势地位的变迁》,《史学月刊》2005年第12期；(2)[美]刘广京：《1862-1876年英美轮船在华的竞争》(Kwang-ching Liu, Anglo-American Steamship Rivalry in China,1862-1876, Cambridge, Mass.:Harvard University Press,1962.)；(3)[美]爱德华·哈维兰：《美国轮船在中国航行,1845-1878》(Edward Kenneth Haviland, "American
①[美]何巴特：《古斯蒂的孩子》(Alice Nourse Tisdale Hobart, Gusty's Child, New York: Longmans, Green and Co. Inc., p.270.)
②有关美孚石油公司(American Standard Oil Company)在华经营的历史,可参考如下一些研究：(1)[美]诺埃尔·H.普加奇：《美孚石油公司和民国初年的石油开发》,载《商业历史评论》(Noel H. Pugach, "Standard Oil and Petroleum Development in Early Republican China," The Business History Review, Vol.45, No.4, Winter 1971, pp.452-473.); (2)[美]韩德：《中国市场的美国人》,载《商业历史评论》(Michael H. Hunt, "Americans in China Market: Economic Opportunities and Economic Nationalism,1890s-1931," The Business History Review, Vol.51, No.3, Autumn 1977, pp.277-307.)
①[美]伊丽莎白·谢普利·萨金特：《在华美国人：评何巴特之<中国灯油>》(Elizabeth Shepley Sergeant, "Americans in China: Review of Oil for the Lamps of China by Alice Tisdale Hobart", Nation,27 December, 1933, pp.740-741.)
①[美]玛丽·罗斯：《发生在现代中国的生动故事：评<中国灯油>》,载《纽约先驱论坛报·书评》(Mary Ross, "A Provocative, Modem Story Set in China: Review of Oil for the Lamps of China, by Alice Tisdale Hobart". New York Herald Tribune Books (8, October 1933), p.5.)
②[美]何巴特：《长沙城边》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, By the City of the Long Sand, New York: The Macmillan Company,1926, p.23.)
③[美]何巴特：《中国灯油》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Oil for the Lamps of China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1933, p.68.)
①[美]何巴特：《中国灯油》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Oil for the Lamps of China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1933, p.79.)
②[美]何巴特：《中国灯油》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Oil for the Lamps of China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1933, p.87.)
③[美]何巴特：《中国灯油》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Oil for the Lamps of China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1933, p.84.)
④[美]何巴特：《中国灯油》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Oil for the Lamps of China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1933, p.145.)
①[美]何巴特：《中国灯油》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Oil for the Lamps of China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1933, p.386.)
②[美]何巴特：《中国灯油》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Oil for the Lamps of China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1933, p.398.)
①[美]何巴特：《古斯蒂的孩子》(Alice Nourse Tisdale Hobart, Gusty's Child, New York: Longmans, Green and Co. Inc., p.246.)
②[英]卡尔·皮尔逊：《科学视野中的民族生活》(Karl Pearson, National Life from the Standpoint of Science, London: A. & C. Black,1901, p.309.)
①英国作家马修·P.希尔(Matthew Phipps Shiel)首先在英语中使用“Yellow Peril”(黄祸)这个名词,他在1898年发表了一系列短篇小说,后集成《黄祸》(The Yellow Peril)出版,希尔小说的背景是1897年两个德国传教士在胶州被杀,当时德国以此为借口获得了在山东的殖民地。希尔本在这些小说里面他强烈地表达了对中国的反感,因而成名。
②[美]丁韪良：《北京之围：中国对抗世界》(W. A. P. Martin, The Siege in Peking: China Against the World, New York: Fleming H. Revell Company,1900.)
③[英]维克托·基尔南(Victor Kierman):《人类的主人：欧洲帝国时期对其他文化的态度》(The Lords of Human Kind: European Attitudes to Other Cultures in the Imperial Age),陈正国译,北京：商务印书馆,2006年,第186页。
①[美]尹晓煌：《1850年之后的华裔美国文学》(Xiao-huang Yin, Chinese American Literature Since the 1850s, Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, p.15.)
②[美]陈依范：《美国华人》,北京：工人出版社,1984年,第161页。
③[美]亨利·乔治：《中国移民》,载[美]约翰·拉博编《美国政治科学、政治经济和政治历史百科知识》(Henry George, "Chinese Immigration," in John Labor ed., Cyclopedia of Political Science, Political Economy and of the Political History of the United States, New York: Maynard, Merrill, & Co.,1899, pp. 409-414.)
①[美]亨利·乔治：《太平洋海岸的中国人》,载《纽约先驱论坛报》(Henry George, "The Chinese on the Pacific Coast," New York Tribune, May 1,1869.)
②[美]詹姆斯·P.德美隆：《证词》,见《中国移民问题特别调查联委会报告》(James P. Dameron, "Testimony," Report of the Joint Special Committee to Investigate Chinese Immigration, Washington: Government Printing House,1877, pp.1047-1049.)
③“中国入侵”小说主要有：(1)惠特尼(Atwell Whitney)的《杏眼：了不起的煽动者,当代故事》(Almond-Eyed: The Great Agitator; A Story of the Day,1878); (2)杜纳(Pierton W. Dooner)的《共和国的最后岁月》(Last Days of the Republic,1880); (3)沃尔特(Robert Wolter)的《中国人在公元1899年占领俄勒冈和加利福尼亚的简短而真实的历史》(A Short and Truthful History of the Taking of Oregon and California by the Chinese in the Year A. D.1899,1882); (4)奥托·蒙多(Oto E. Mundo)的《失而复得的大陆：中国入侵的故事》(The Recovered Continent: A Tale of the Chinese Invasion,1898); (5)罗伯特·钱伯斯的中篇《造月者》(The Maker of Moons,1896); (6)杰克·伦敦在20世纪初创作的短篇《空前的入侵》(Unparalleled Invasion,1906)等。参见[美]威廉·伍：《黄祸：1850-1940美国小说中的华裔美国人》(William Wu, The Yellow Peril: Chinese Americans in American Fiction,1850-1940. Hamden: Archon Book,1982, pp.31-43.)
①杰克·伦敦所写的此类短篇小说作品很多,如小说集《渔警传奇》(Tales of the Fish Patrol)中的《黄与白》(White and Yellow)、《突袭牡蛎贼》(A Raid on the Oyster Pirates)、《黄手帕》(Yellow Handkerchief)等多个短篇,以及各种杂文。
②[美]罗伯特·杜鲁斯：《异教徒中国佬和黄祸》,载[美]C.C.贝尔福特等编：《东方的前景：西方文学与东方的诱惑》(Robert Druce, "The'Heathen Chinee' and the 'Yellow Peril'," in C. C. Barfoot and Theo Dhaen eds., Oriental Prospects: Western Literature and the Lure of the East, Atlanta: Rodopi,1998, p.133.)
①[美]何巴特：《不羁之江》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, River Supreme, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1934, p.49.)
②[美]何巴特：《不羁之江》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, River Supreme, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1934, p.221.)
③[美]何巴特：《不羁之江》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, River Supreme, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1934, p.125.)
④[美]何巴特：《不羁之江》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, River Supreme, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1934, p.190.)
⑤[美]何巴特：《不羁之江》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, River Supreme, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1934, p.276.)
①[美]何巴特：《不羁之江》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, River Supreme, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1934, p.172.)
②[美]何巴特：《不羁之江》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, River Supreme, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1934, p.312.)
③[美]何巴特：《不羁之江》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, River Supreme, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1934, p.285.)
①[美]多萝西娅·霍西：《给中国带去光明：评何巴特的<中国灯油>》,载《星期六文学评论》(Lady Dorothea Hosie, "Bringing Light to China: Review of Oil for the Lamps of China, by Alice Tisdale Hobart," Saturday Review of Literature,21 October 1933, p.201.)
②[美]玛格丽特·华莱士：《评<中国灯油>》,载《纽约时报》(Margaret Wallace, "Review of Oil for the Lamps of China," New York Times (8 October,1933), p.6.)
③[美]玛丽安·杜威特：《赛珍珠与何巴特小说对中国人的现实呈现》(Mary Ann Dhuyvetter, China Reoriented: the Realistic Portrayal of China People in the Novels of Pearl .S. Buck and Alice Tisdale Hobart, Diss. San Diego State University,1998.)
④[美]何巴特：《中国灯油》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Oil for the Lamps of China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1933, p.16.)
①[美]何巴特：《中国灯油》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Oil for the Lamps of China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1933, p.34.)
②[美]何巴特：《中国灯油》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Oil for the Lamps of China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1933, p.26.)
③[美]何巴特：《中国灯油》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Oil for the Lamps of China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1933, p.28.)
④[美]何巴特：《中国灯油》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Oil for the Lamps of China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1933, p.55.)
①[美]何巴特：《中国灯油》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Oil for the Lamps of China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1933, p.111.)
②[美]何巴特：《中国灯油》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Oil for the Lamps of China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1933, p.169.)
③[美]何巴特：《中国灯油》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Oil for the Lamps of China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1933, p.198.)
①[美]何巴特：《中国灯油》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Oil for the Lamps of China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1933, p.198.)
②[美]何巴特：《中国灯油》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Oil for the Lamps of China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1933, p.193.)
③[美]何巴特：《中国灯油》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Oil for the Lamps of China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1933, p.198.)
④[美]何巴特：《中国灯油》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Oil for the Lamps of China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1933, p.203.)
①[美]何巴特：《古斯蒂的孩子》(Alice Nourse Tisdale Hobart, Gusty's Child, New York: Longmans, Green and Co. Inc., p.277.)
①[美]乔尔·费恩伯格：《对自我的伤害：刑法的道德限度》(Joel Feinberg, Harm to Self: The Moral Limits of Criminal Law, New York: Oxford University Press,1986, pp.3-8.)
②[美]T克里斯托弗·杰斯珀森：《美国的中国形象：1931-1949》(T. Christopher Jespersen, American Images of China,1931-1949, Stanford: Stanford University Press,1996, p. xvii.)
③[美]卡罗尔·C.秦：《慈善帝国主义者：20世纪初美国在华女传教士研究》,载《外交史研究》(Carol C. Chin, "Beneficent Imperialists: American Women Missionaries in China at the Turn of the Twentieth Century," Diplomatic History, Vol.27, No.3, June,2003, pp.342-345.)
①[美]迈克尔·R.戈德利：《来自南洋的华商：晚清现代化中的华侨兴业,1893-1911》(Michael R. Godley, The Mandarin-Capitalists from Nanyang: Overseas Chinese Enterprise in the Modernization of China, 1893-1911, New York: Cambridge University Press,1981.)
②[美]明恩溥：《深化中国人精神生活的最佳策略》(Arthur H. Smith, "On the Best Means of Deepening the Spiritual Life of the Chinese," Chinese Recorder,30 August,1889, p.376.)
①[美]詹姆斯·里德： 《传教思想和美国的东亚政策,1911-1915》(James Reed, The Missionary Mind and American East Asia Policy,1911-1915, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press,1983, p.100.)
②[美]韩德：《一种特殊关系的形成——1914年前的美国与中国》(Michael H. Hunt, Making of a Special Relationship: The United States and China to 1914, New York: Columbia University Press,1983, p.303.)
③[美]韩德：《一种特殊关系的形成——1914年前的美国与中国》(Michael H. Hunt, Making of a Special Relationship: The United States and China to 1914, New York: Columbia University Press,1983, p.299.)
④[美]爱德华·M.伯恩斯：《美国的使命意识》(Edward M. Burns, The American Idea of Mission, New Jersey, 1957. Chapter 1,9,10.)
⑤[美]艾米丽·S.卢森堡：《散布美国梦：美国的经济与文化扩张,1890-1945》(Emily S. Rosenberg, Spreading the American Dream: American Economic and Cultural Expansion,1890-1945, New York: Hill and Wang, 1982, p.229.)
①[美]亨利·R.卢斯：《美国世纪》,载《生活》(Henry R. Luce, "The American Century," Life (Feb.17,1941), reprinted in John K. Jessup ed., The Ideas of Henry Luce, New York:Atheneum,1969, p.120.)
②[美]小阿瑟·斯莱辛格：《美国历史的循环》(Jr. Arthur Schlesinger, The Cycles of American History, Boston: Houghton Mifflin,1986, pp.19-21.)
③[美]埃米·卡普兰：《天定齐家》,载《美国文学》(Amy Kaplan, "Manifest Domesticity," American Literature, Vol.70, No.3, September 1998, p.586.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《中国民主的武器》,载《亚洲》(Pearl S. Buck, "Arms for China's Democracy," Asia 38, September 1938, pp.534-535.)
②[美]何巴特：《长沙城边》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, By the City of the Long Sand, New York: The Macmillan Company,1926, p.252.)
①[美]葛兰·华克(Grant Wacker):《赛珍珠与美国的海外传教》(Pearl S. Buck and American Foreign Missions),郭英剑、冯元元译,江苏大学学报(社会科学版),2007年第3期。
①1918年4月8日赛珍珠致格蕾丝和维森特·卜凯函(Pear S. Buck to Grace and Vincent Buck,8 April,1918, Randolph-Macon Woman's College Archives.)
②卜凯(John Lossing Buck,1891-1975) 1915年来华,1921年创建了中国第一个农业经济系——金陵大学农业经济系,开创并极大推动了我国近代农业经济学的教学与研究。他写出在美国的中国学中颇具影响的《中国农家经济》(Chinese Farm Economy,1930)和《中国土地利用》(Land Utilization in China,1937)。前者和《大地》同一年出版,因而“(卜凯)广泛被尊为世界上关于中国农业经济最优秀、最权威的学者…(不仅)划时代地建立起了中国近代农业经济的一套最完善的调查资料,并且他对中国农业经济的看法一直影响着后来的学者”(见中国近代农业科技史稿编写组： 《中国近代农业科技史事纪要》, 《古今农业》,1995年第3期,第77页)。卜凯的其它研究专著包括：《中国的土地所有制和地租体系》(Farm Ownership and Tenancy in China,1924)。《中国农业的根本问题》(Some Basic Agricultural Problems of China,1947)和《社会主义中国的粮食和农业》(Food and Agriculture in Communist China,1966)等。1944年卜凯担任美国国务院中国农业顾问、财政部驻中国官员、联合国远东救济总署长,对中国农业经济研究界有相当大的影响。他和妻子赛珍珠突出小农经济的道德与文化价值不同,他对中国的小农经济持否定态度,希望在中国农村引进美国的现代耕作模式,不过他的试验在南宿州农村没有取得成功。
③“社会福音”(Social Gospel)既是一种神学,也是一项运动。“社会福音”这个词在1900年之后才被普遍使用,此前最广为使用的名称是“社会基督教”(Social Christianity)。社会福音神学首先出现在美国,20世纪前20年,其影响在美国达到顶峰,一战后社会福音受挫,1930-1940年代,社会福音的影响日渐式微。“社会福音”是基督教对西方城市化和工业化带来的社会问题的积极回应,试图通过基督教的道德慈善力量缓和劳资冲突,改善城市穷人生活状况,提供必要的健康娱乐和帮助个体实现其潜能发展等。归纳起来“社会福音”思想主要有如下几个特点：(1)强调耶稣基督的慈善精神,并试图将此精神应用于社会的发展变化。社会福音虽然也关注个人灵魂的拯救,但更关注社会整体的改良。(2)受19世纪的社会主义学说的影响,社会福音不仅观察社会弊端,而且予以抨击,主张和平,反对战争,强调全社会的团结和全人类利益的一致性。(3)社会福音的思想核心是在现实世界建立“上帝国”,相信社会秩序的基督教化是解决社会问题的最佳途径,主张基督教对人类生活的全面介入,用基督教去影响社会政治、经济、军事、文化和教育等诸方面。(4)社会福音论反对将宗教和科学对立的做法,试图把科学与信仰、文化与教会、民主与基督教、伦理与神学、教义与社会福音之间的对立化解,使之达到一种整体一致、有机共存。(左芙蓉：《社会福音·社会服务·社会改造：北京基督教青年会历史研究,1906-1949》,北京：宗教文化出版社,2005,第19页。)在美国福音神学的代表人物主要有华盛顿·格莱顿(Washington Gladden,1836-1918).理查德·T伊利(Richard T. Ely,1854-1943)和怀特·饶申布什(Walter Raushenbusch,1861-1918)等。
①[美]赛珍珠：《复活节,1933》,载《世界主义者》(Pearl S. Buck, "Easter,1933," Cosmopolitan, May,1933, p.170.)
②[美]彼得·康：《赛珍珠：一本文化传记》(Peter Conn, Pearl S. Buck: A Cultural Biography, New York: Cambridge University Press,1996, p.140.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《青年革命者》(Pearl S. Buck, The Young Revolutionist, New York: G. Q. Le Sourd,1932, p.182.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《青年革命者》(Pearl S. Buck, The Young Revolutionist, New York: G. Q. Le Sourd,1932, p.91.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《青年革命者》(Pearl S. Buck, The Young Revolutionist, New York: G. Q. Le Sourd,1932, pp. 52-53.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《大地》(Pearl S. Buck, The Good Earth, New York: The John Day Company,1931, p.130.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《永恒的中国》,载《当代》(Pearl S. Buck, "China the Eternal," Living Age 7,February,1925, pp.325-326.)
②[美]保罗·A.瓦格：《传教士、中国人和外交官：美国新教在华传教运动,1890-1952》 (Paul A. Varg, Missionaries, Chinese and Diplomats: The American Protestant Missionary Movement in China,1890-1952, Princeton:Princeton University Press,1958, p.234.)
①[美]博晨光：《中国对基督教的挑战》(Lucius Chapin Porter, China's Challenge to Christianity, New York: Missionary Education Movement of the United States and Canada,1924, p.102.)
②[美]保罗·A.瓦格：《传教士、中国人和外交官：美国新教在华传教运动,1890-1952》(Paul A.Varg, Missionaries, Chinese and Diplomats: The American Protestant Missionary Movement in China,1890-1952, Princeton: Princeton University Press,1958, p.235.)
③巴特菲尔德提出的这7个目标归纳如下：(1)农民拥有他所耕作的土地,这样才能确保他的个人自由和经济上的动力,丰富的产品和土壤肥料的维护能保障社会的稳定；(2)从农民到消费者之间的市场销售成本必须降至最低,不管农民还是消费者都能从中获利；(3)鼓励农民们为了经济目的成立一些组织,尤其是联合起来购销产品；(4)为生活在农村的年轻人和成人提供一个有效的普通和职业教育体系；(5)一定要付出特别努力,以确保农民们身边有充足的社会机构,包括教堂、学校、图书馆、娱乐设施、良好的地方政府,尤其是尽可能完善的农舍；(6)发展广泛有组织的农村社区,完全民主,完全合作,为了公共福利而努力；(7)在农村和城市劳动者之间建立友好而充分的互惠合作。参见《传教和农村问题的关系》,载《国际传教大会1928年耶路撒冷会议》第6卷,第15页。(Kenyon Butterfield, "The Christian Mission in Relation to Rural Problems", in The Jerusalem Meeting of the International Missionary Council, 1928, Vol. Ⅵ, New York: International Missionary Council,1928, p.15.)
④党美瑞编,刘廷芳校订：《基督教与农村生活》,上海：广学会,1935年,第22页。
① (Frank W. Price, "The Kingdom of God in a Rural Community," in The Christian Rural Fellowship Bulletin, No.33, June,1938, p.2.)
②[美]毕范宇：《教会和乡村重建：定县乡建专题讨论会1933》(G. W. Shepherd, The Church and Rural Reconstruction: A Symposium on the Tinghsien Rural Institute 1933, Shanghai:Christian Literature Society, 1933, p.23.)
③吴雷川：《基督教对于中华民族复兴能有什么贡献?》,《真理与生命》(第九卷第二期,1935年4月),第66页。
④[美]赛珍珠：《青年革命者》(Pearl S. Buck, The Young Revolutionist, New York: G. Q. Le Sourd,1932, p.179.)
①[美]贾娜·C.考奇：《19世纪末以来文学中被神化的中国人》(Gianna Canh-Ty Quach, The Myth of the Chinese in the Literature of the Late Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, Diss. Columbia University,1993, p. 56.)
①[美]何巴特：《阳与阴》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Yang and Yin: An American Doctor in China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1936, p.7.)
①[美]何巴特：《阳与阴》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Yang and Yin: An American Doctor in China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1936, p.366.)
②[美]何巴特：《阳与阴》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Yang and Yin: An American Doctor in China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1936, p.175.)
③[美]何巴特：《阳与阴》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Yang and Yin: An American Doctor in China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1936, p.175.)
①[美]何巴特：《中国灯油》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Oil for the Lamps of China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1933, p.203.)
①[美]何巴特：《阳与阴》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Yang and Yin: An American Doctor in China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1936, p.283.)
②“广学会年报,1897”,载《出版史料》1991年第2期,第78页。
①[美]科琳·赖：《美国的亚洲：美国文学的种族形式,1893-1945》(Colleen Lye, America's Asia: Racial Form and American Literature,1893-1945, Princeton, N.J.:Princeton University Press,2005, p.207.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《战斗的天使》(Pearl S. Buck, Fighting Angel: Portrait of a Soul, New York: The John Day Company,1936, pp.217-218.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《中国的统治者》,载《亚洲》(Pearl S. Buck, "Rulers of China," Asia 35 (February,1935), p. 74.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《中国年轻人发现中国》,载[美]赛珍珠：《我所看到的中国》(Pearl S. Buck, "The Young Chinese Discover China," (1935) in Pearl S. Buck, China As 1 See It, New York: The John Day Company,1970, p.52.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《中国年轻人发现中国》,载[美]赛珍珠：《我所看到的中国》(Pearl S. Buck, "The Young Chinese Discover China," (1935) in Pearl S. Buck, China As I See It, New York: The John Day Company,1970, pp.55-56.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《中国年轻人发现中国》,载[美]赛珍珠：《我所看到的中国》(Pearl S. Buck, "The Young Chinese Discover China,"(1935) in Pearl S. Buck, China As I See It, New York: The John Day Company,1970, pp.55-56.)
①陈思和：《洋女子笔下的中国家庭》,《海南日报》,1989年10月25日。
①[美]史景迁(Jonanthan D. Spence):《天安门：知识分子与中国革命》(The Gate of Heavenly Peace: the Chinese and Their Revolution,1895-1980),尹庆军等译,北京：中央编译出版社,1998年,第243页。
①[美]赛珍珠：《儿子们》(Pearl S. Buck, Sons, Kingston, Rhode Island: Moyer Bell,2006, p.313.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《群芳亭》(Pearl. S. Buck, Pavilion of Women, New York: The John Day Company,1946, p.312.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《同胞》(Pearl. S. Buck, Kinfolks, New York: The John Day Company,1949, p.29.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《同胞》(Pearl. S. Buck, Kinfolks, New York: The John Day Company,1949, p.185.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《同胞》(Pearl. S. Buck, Kinfolks, New York: The John Day Company,1949, p.253.)
③[美]赛珍珠：《同胞》(Pearl. S. Buck, Kinfolks, New York: The John Day Company,1949, p.297.)
④[美]赛珍珠：《同胞》(Pearl. S. Buck, Kinfolks, New York: The John Day Company,1949, p.297.)
⑤[美]赛珍珠：《同胞》(Pearl. S. Buck, Kinfolks, New York: The John Day Company,1949, p.297.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《同胞》(Pearl. S. Buck, Kinfolks, New York: The John Day Company,1949, p.290.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《同胞》(Pearl. S. Buck, Kinfolks, New York: The John Day Company,1949, p.312.)
③[美]赛珍珠：《同胞》(Pearl. S. Buck, Kinfolks, New York: The John Day Company,1949, p.41.)
④[美]赛珍珠：《同胞》(Pearl. S. Buck, Kinfolks, New York: The John Day Company,1949, p.41.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《同胞》(Pearl. S. Buck, Kinfolks, New York: The John Day Company,1949, p.40.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《同胞》(Pearl. S. Buck, Kinfolks, New York: The John Day Company,1949, p.274.)
③[美]赛珍珠：《同胞》(Pearl. S. Buck, Kinfolks, New York: The John Day Company,1949, p.274.)
④[美]赛珍珠：《同胞》(Pearl. S. Buck, Kinfolks, New York: The John Day Company,1949, p.322.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《同胞》(Pearl. S. Buck, Kinfolks, New York: The John Day Company,1949, p.326.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《同胞》(Pearl. S. Buck, Kinfolks, New York: The John Day Company,1949, p.251.)
③[美]赛珍珠：《同胞》(Pearl. S. Buck, Kinfolks, New York: The John Day Company,1949, p.122.)
④[美]赛珍珠：《同胞》(Pearl. S. Buck, Kinfolks, New York: The John Day Company,1949, p.122.)
⑤[美]赛珍珠：《同胞》(Pearl. S. Buck, Kinfolks, New York: The John Day Company,1949, p.122.)
①[美]T.克里斯托弗·杰斯珀森：《美国的中国形象：1931-1949》(T. Christopher Jesperson, American Images of China,1931-1949, Sranford: Stanford University Press,1996, p.39.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《中国年轻人发现中国》,载[美]赛珍珠：《我所看到的中国》(Pearl S. Buck, "The Young Chinese Discover China,"(1835) in Pearl S. Buck, China As l See It. New York: The John Day Company,1970, pp.52-53.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《我的多个世界》(My Several Worlds: a Personal Record, New York: John Day,1954, p.154)
③[美]赛珍珠：《也在中国》("In China, Too," Atlantic, Jan 1924, pp.68-72.)
④[美]赛珍珠：《中国学生的思想》("Chinese Student Mind," Nation 8, Oct.1924, pp.358-361.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《青年革命者》(Pearl S. Buck, The Young Revolutionist, New York: G Q. Le Sourd,1932, p.63.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《战斗的天使》(Pearl S. Buck, Fighting Angel: Portrait of a Soul, New York: The John Day Company,1936, p.275.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《战斗的天使》(Pearl S. Buck, Fighting Angel: Portrait of a Soul, New York: The John Day Company,1936, pp.279-280.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《战斗的天使》(Pearl S. Buck, Fighting Angel: Portrait of a Soul, New York: The John Day Company,1936, pp.282-283.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《爱国者》(Pearl S. Buck, The Patriot, New York: The John Day Company,1939, p.325.)
①[美]何巴特：《长沙城边》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, By the City of the Long Sand, New York: The Macmillan Company,1926, p.175.)
②[美]何巴特：《中国灯油》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Oil for the Lamps of China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1933, p.341.)
①[美]何巴特：《中国灯油》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Oil for the Lamps of China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1933, p.380.)
①[美]何巴特：《中国灯油》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Oil for the Lamps of China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1933, p.350.)
②[美]何巴特：《中国灯油》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Oil for the Lamps of China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1933,p.357.)
③[美]何巴特：《中国灯油》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Oil for the Lamps of China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1933, p.357.)
①[美]何巴特：《天真梦想者》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, The Innocent Dreamers, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, INC.,1963, p.212.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《大地》(Pearl S. Buck, The Good Earth, New York: The John Day Company,1931, p.4.)
②[美]弗雷德里克·杰克逊·特纳：《边疆在美国历史上的重要性》,《边疆和区域：弗雷德里克·杰克逊·特纳论文选集》(Frederick Jackson Turner, "The Significance of the Frontier in American History," (1893) in Frederick Jackson Turner, Frontier and Section: Selected Essays of Frederick Jackson Turner, Englewood Cliffs, N. J.:Prentice-Hall, Inc.,1961, p.50.)
③[美]A.欧文·奥尔德里奇：《龙与鹰：美国启蒙思想中的中国》(A. Owen Aldridge, The Dragon and the Eagle: The Presence of China in the American Enlightenment, Detroit: Wayne State University Press,1993, pp. 23-46.)
①[美]韩德：《一种特殊关系的形成——1914年前的美国与中国》(Michael H. Hunt, The Making of a Special Relationship: The United States and China to 1914, New York: Colombia University Press,1983, pp.32-33.)
②[美]韩德：《一种特殊关系的形成——1914年前的美国与中国》(Michael H. Hunt, The Making of a Special Relationship: The United States and China to 1914, New York: Colombia University Press,1983, pp.32-33.)
③[美]沃浓·路易·帕灵顿(Vernon Louis Parrington):《美国思想史：1620-1920》(Main Currents in American Thoughts,1927),陈永国等译,长春：吉林人民出版社,2002年,第153页。
④[美]赛珍珠：《分家》(Pearl S. Buck, A House Divided, Wakefield, Rhode Island & London:Moyer Bell,1994, p.192.)
⑤[美]沃浓·路易·帕灵顿(Vernon Louis Parrington):《美国思想史：1620-1920》(Main Currents in American Thoughts,1927),陈永国等译,长春：吉林人民出版社,2002年,第309页。
①[美]沃浓·路易·帕灵顿(Vernon Louis Parrington):《美国思想史：1620-1920》(Main Currents in American Thoughts,1927),陈永国等译,长春：吉林人民出版社,2002年,第302页。
②[美]赛珍珠：《大地》(Pearl S. Buck, The Good Earth, New York: The John Day Company,1931, p.126.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《大地》(Pearl S. Buck, The Good Earth, New York: The John Day Company,1931, pp.220-221.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《中国年轻人发现中国》,[美]赛珍珠：《我所看到的中国》(Pearl S. Buck, "The Young Chinese Discover China,"(1935) in Pearl S. Buck, China As I See It, New York: The John Day Company,1970, p.55.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《分家》(Pearl S. Buck, A House Divided, Wakefield, Rhode Island & London: Moyer Bell,1994, p.136.)
①[美]杰拉尔德·D.纳什：《创造西部：历史的诠释,1890-1990》(Gerald D. Nash, Creating the West: Historical Interpretations 1890-1990, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press,1991, p.5.)
②[美]沃尔特·拉夫伯：《新帝国的诞生：1860-1898年的美国扩张》(Walter Lafeber, The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansion 1860-1898, New York: American Historical Association Cornell University Press,1963, p.16.)
①[美]弗雷德里克·杰克逊·特纳：《美国历史中的社会力量》,《边疆和区域：弗雷德里克·杰克逊·特纳论文选集》(Frederick Jackson Turner, "Social Forces in American History," (1910) in Frontier and Section: Selected Essays of Frederick Jackson Turner, Englewood Cliffs, N. J.:Prentice-Hall, Inc.,1961, p.157.)
②[美]罗伯特·麦克莱伦：《异教徒中国佬：1890-1905年美国对华态度研究》(Robert McClellan, Heathen Chinese: A Study of American Attitudes Toward China,1890-1905, Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1971, p.176.)
③[美]W.A.布朗：《1920-1937年在华新教乡村运动》,刘广京编：《在华美国传教士》(W. A. Brown, "The Protestant Rural Movement in China,1920-1937," in K. C. Liu ed., American Missionary in China. Cambridge, Mass.:Harvard East Asian Research Center,1966, p.223.)
④[美]W.A.布朗：《1920-1937年在华新教乡村运动》,刘广京编：《在华美国传教士》(W. A. Brown, "The Protestant Rural Movement in China,1920-1937," in K. C. Liu ed., American Missionary in China. Cambridge, Mass.:Harvard East Asian Research Center,1966, p.227.)
⑤[美]韩德：《赛珍珠：大众的中国通,1931-1949》)，《现代中国》,1977年1月(Michael H. Hunt, "Pearl Buck--Popular Expert on China,1931-1949," Modern China, vol.3, No.1, January 1977, p.51.)
①[美]丹尼尔·阿伦：《左翼作家：美国共产主义文学轶事》(Daniel Aaron, Writers on the Left: Episodes in American Literary Communism, New York: Columbia University Press,1992, p.152.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《我的几个世界》(Pearl S. Buck, My Several Worlds: A Personal Record, New York: John Day, 1954, p.139.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《我的几个世界》(Pearl S. Buck, My Several Worlds: A Personal Record, New York: John Day, 1954, p.146.)
③[美]迈克尔·谢勒：《1938-1945年美国在华的改造运动》(Michael Shaller, The U. S. Crusade in China 1938-1945, New York: Columbia University Press,1979, p.3.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《大地》(Pearl S. Buck, The Good Earth, New York: The John Day Company,1931, p.143; p. 16; p.139.)
②[美]佩里·安德森：《专制国家之世系》(Perry Anderson, Lineages of the Absolutist State, London: Verso, 1974, pp.472-483.)
③魏复光：《东方专制主义：对极权的比较研究》(Karl Wittfogel, Oriental Despotism: A Comparative Study of Total Power, New York: Vintage,1981.)
④[美]赛珍珠：《大地》(Pearl S. Buck, The Good Earth, New York: The John Day Company,1931, p.126.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《龙子》(Pearl. S. Buck, Dragon Seed, New York: The John Day Company,1942, pp.116-117.)
①[美]明恩溥(Arthur H. Smith):《中国人的特性》(Chinese Characteristics,1894),匡雁鹏译,北京：光明日报出版社,1998年,第297页。
②赛珍珠1928年1月4日致大学好友爱玛·埃德蒙·怀特的信,见于科琳·赖：《美国的亚洲：种族形式和美国文学,1839-1945》(Pear S. Buck to Emma Edmunds White,4 Jan 1928, Shanghai, China, Edmunds White Collection. Quoted from Colleen Lye, America's Asia:Racial Form and American Literature, 1893-1945, Princeton, N.J.:Princeton University Press,2005, p.22.)
③[美]费正清：《美国与中国》(John K. Fairbank, The United States and China, Cambridge, Mass.:Harvard University Press,1971, p.35.)
④[美]爱德华·W.赛义德：《东方主义》(Edward W. Said, Orientalism, New York: Vintage Books,1994, p.11.)
①[美]阿里夫·德里克(Arif Dirlik):《中国历史与东方主义问题》(Chinese History and the Question of Orientalism,1996),罗钢、刘象愚主编：《后殖民主义文化理论》,北京：中国社会科学出版社,1999年,第78页。
②[美]爱德华·W.赛义德：《东方主义》(Edward W. Said, Orientalism, London and New York: Penguin,1978, p.273.)
③[美]何巴特：《古斯蒂的孩子》(Alice Tidale Hobart, Gusty's Child, New York, London, Toronto: Longmans, Green and Co.,1959, p.7.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《我的几个世界》(Pearl S. Buck, My Several Worlds: A Personal record, New York: The John Day Company,1954, p.382.)
②[美]何巴特：《古斯蒂的孩子》(Alice Tidale Hobart, Gusty's Child, New York, London, Toronto: Longmans, Green and Co.,1959, p.217.)
③[美]何巴特：《古斯蒂的孩子》(Alice Tidale Hobart, Gusty's Child, New York, London, Toronto: Longmans, Green and Co.,1959, p.216.)
①[美]何巴特：《拓疆在古老的世界：满洲札记》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Pioneering Where the World Is Old: Leaves from a Manchurian Note-Book, New York: Henry Holt and Company,1917, p.153.)
①[美]沃尔特·拉夫伯、理查德·伯伦堡、南希·沃洛奇编：《美国的世纪：1890年以后的美国历史》(Walter Lafeber, Richard Polenberg, and Nancy Woloch ed., The American Century: A History of the United States since the 1890s, New York: Mcgraw-Hill Inc.,1992, p.78.)
②[美]沃尔特·拉夫伯、理查德·伯伦堡、南希·沃洛奇编：《美国的世纪：1890年以后的美国历史》(Walter Lafeber, Richard Polenberg, and Nancy Woloch. The American Century: A History of the United States since the 1890s, New York: Mcgraw-Hill, Inc.,1992, p.79.)
③[美]哈罗德·伊罗生：《心影录：美国的中国和印度形象》(Harold R. Isaacs, Scratches on Our Minds: American Images of China and India, New York: The John Day Company,1958, p.42.)
④[美]费正清：《美国与中国》(John K. Fairbank, The United States and China, Cambridge: Harvard University Press,1976, p.310.)
①[美]何巴特：《拓疆在古老的世界：满洲札记》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Pioneering Where the World Is Old: Leaves from a Manchurian Note-Book, New York: Henry Holt and Company,1917, p.3.)
②[美]何巴特：《拓疆在古老的世界：满洲札记》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Pioneering Where the World Is Old: Leaves from a Manchurian Note-Book, New York: Henry Holt and Company,1917, p.6.)
③[美]何巴特：《拓疆在古老的世界：满洲札记》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Pioneering Where the World Is Old: Leaves from a Manchurian Note-Book, New York: Henry Holt and Company,1917, p.5.)
①[美]何巴特：《拓疆在古老的世界：满洲札记》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Pioneering Where the World Is Old: Leaves from a Manchurian Note-Book, New York: Henry Holt and Company,1917, p.11.)
②[美]何巴特：《拓疆在古老的世界：满洲札记》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Pioneering Where the World Is Old: Leaves from a Manchurian Note-Book, New York: Henry Holt and Company,1917, p.12.)
①[美]何巴特：《拓疆在古老的世界：满洲札记》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Pioneering Where the World Is Old: Leaves from a Manchurian Note-Book, New York: Henry Holt and Company,1917, p.47.)
①[美]何巴特：《拓疆在古老的世界：满洲札记》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Pioneering Where the World Is Old: Leaves from a Manchurian Note-Book, New York: Henry Holt and Company,1917, pp.41-42.)
①[美]何巴特：《拓疆在古老的世界：满洲札记》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Pioneering Where the World Is Old: Leaves from a Manchurian Note-Book,New York: Henry Holt and Company,1917, p.113.)
②[美]何巴特：《拓疆在古老的世界：满洲札记》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Pioneering Where the World Is Old: Leaves from a Manchurian Note-Book, New York: Henry Holt and Company,1917, pp.24-25.)
①[美]何巴特：《拓疆在古老的世界：满洲札记》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Pioneering Where the World Is Old: Leaves from a Manchurian Note-Book, New York: Henry Holt and Company,1917, pp.49-50.)
①钱满素：《爱默生和中国：对个人主义的反思》,三联书店,1996，第50页。
②[美]拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生：《爱默生文集》(Ralph Waldo Emerson, The Journals and Miscellaneous Notebooks, Cambridge, Mass.:Harvard University Press,1960-1970, vol.7, p.104)
③[美]拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生：《爱默生文集》(Ralph Waldo Emerson, The Journals and Miscellaneous Notebooks, Cambridge, Mass.:Harvard University Press,1960-1970, vol.2, p.228-229.)
④国内有不少研究者归纳出爱默生的超验主义理论体系和儒家思想在“超灵”、“人性”、“修身”、“自然”、“中庸道”等方面的契合点,(刘岩：《中国文化对美国文学的影响》,河北人民出版社,第20-45页。)我个人认为,不管在那一点上,这只是一种表面的相似。爱默生的学说首先是宗教的,尽管他认为基督教同其它宗教一样都是“道德法”的一个不完善版本, (张弘主编：《跨越太平洋的雨虹》,宁夏人民出版社,2002，第118页。)但无处不再,无所不能的“超灵”(supersoul),作为一种思想的“存在”,贯穿于他的整个学说体系。。他认为超灵的存在不仅是真实的,而且是可以感知的,任何人只要 虔诚专心,就能够同超灵融为一体,感知其存在,从而凭借超灵的力量实现自我完善。这似乎与儒家的“天人合一”相契合。然而,孔子的“天”并不指另一个世界,也不是一个人格化的上帝,而是冥冥之中的一种神秘无形的力量,独立于人的意志而起作用。孟子把“天”称为“浩然之气”,也是指一种冥冥之中类似宇宙力的、能主宰世间一切的力量。“天”与“超灵”分别是儒家学说和超验主义理论的根基,理解间的差异也必然导致对天与人、超灵与人的关系的理解。在孔子看来,人是要遵从上天的意志的,上天的存在是不以人的意志为转移的，它在控制着世间的一切。爱默生心目中的超灵虽然也不以人的意志为转移,但超灵要保护和帮助人类,其力量和权威需要通过人的存在而发挥作用,没有了人,就没有超灵。人不必服从超灵,而是要自力更生,自我奋斗。超灵和人是共存的,这是爱默生的思想区别于孔子思想的一个重要方面。
①张弘主编：《跨越太平洋的雨虹》,宁夏人民出版社,2002,第113页。
①张弘主编：《跨越太平洋的雨虹》,宁夏人民出版社,2002，第172页。
②“新诗运动”是美国现代诗歌的起点,既反对绅士风范的美国诗歌传统,也反对沿袭英国风范的美国诗歌传统,许多诗人试图以“它山之石可以攻玉”的方法,从外国诗歌传统中吸收思想与表达方法,中国诗的影响在其中占有特别重要的地位,大量中国诗在这期间译介进英语文学。
③赵毅衡：《诗神远游：中国如何改变了美国现代诗》,上海译文出版社,第15页。
④[美]詹姆斯·克拉夫特：《维特·宾纳作品集》(James Craft ed., The Works of Witter Bynner, Vol. IV, Charlotte, NC: Baker & Taylor Books,1981, p.225.)
⑤[美]路易斯·昂忒迈耶：《1900年之后的美国诗歌》(Louis Untermeyer, American Poetry Since 1900, New York: H. Holt and Company,1925, p.239.)
⑥[美]马里奥·普拉兹：《浪漫的痛苦》(Mario Praz, The Romantic Agony, London:Humphrey Milford,1933, p.200.)
①[美]康拉德·艾肯：《随心点彩》,载《日晷》(Conrad Aiken, "A Pointless Pointillist", The Dial, Oct.1918, p.230.)
②一直被中国现代诗人视为陈旧保守的中国古典诗歌,为何能被二十世纪美国诗人看作是批判主流文化的武器?对于这一问题,当代研究英语诗歌的资深学者赵毅衡约略提出三个原因：一是“文化地理学”问题,以东方文化对抗欧洲中心主义的西方文化；二是流传畸变问题,即用英语自由诗翻译的中国诗,已在相当的程度上摆脱了“旧诗”形式上过于沉重的文化积累；三是模仿中国诗中的“点化”,对中国诗取其一点,为我所用。 (赵毅衡：《诗神远游：中国如何改变了美国现代诗》,上海译文出版社,第201页。)
③赵毅衡：《诗神远游：中国如何改变了美国现代诗》,上海译文出版社,第101页。
④都文伟： 《百老汇的中国题材与中国戏曲》,上海：三联书店,2002年。
①[美]何巴特：《拓疆在古老的世界：满洲札记》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Pioneering Where the World Is Old: Leaves from a Manchurian Note-Book, New York: Henry Holt and Company,1917, p.122.)
①[美]何巴特：《长沙城边：新中国的故事》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, By the City of the Long Sand: A Tale of New China, New York: The Macmillan Company,1926, pp.3-4.)
①[美]何巴特：《长沙城边：新中国的故事》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, By the City of the Long Sand: A Tale of New China, New York: The Macmillan Company,1926, p.5.)
②[美]何巴特：《长沙城边：新中国的故事》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, By the City of the Long Sand: A Tale of New China, New York: The Macmillan Company,1926, p.6.)
①[法]孔多塞：《人类精神进步史表纲要》,何兆武、何冰译,北京：三联书店,1998年,第36页。
②[美]史景迁：《可汗的大陆：西方人意识中的中国》(Jonanthan D. Spence, The Chan's Great Continent: China in Western Minds, New York, London: W. W. Norton & Company,1998, p.146.)
①“中国风格”(Chinoiserie)是17-18世纪间流行于西方社会文化生活中的一种泛中国崇拜的思潮,它既指一般意义上西方人对中国事物的热情,又特指艺术生活中对所谓的“中国风格”的追摹和模仿。这股潮流开始与1650年前后,1750年前后达到高潮后衰退。从孔夫子的道德哲学和成熟完善的政治体制,到瓷器、丝织品、茶叶、中国的装饰风格、园林艺术、诗歌、戏剧等等,一时都进入西方人的生活,成为他们谈论的话题、模仿的对象与创造的灵感。参见周宁： 《世纪中国潮》,北京：学苑出版社,2004年,第1页。
②周宁：《想象的疆域：从文学批评到文化批评》,《东南学术》,2004年增刊。
③[德]卡尔·曼海姆(Karl Mannheim):《意识形态与乌托邦》,黎鸣、李书崇译，上海：商务印书馆,1999年,第四章。
④[法]保罗俐科：《意识形态和乌托邦》,乔治·H.泰勒译(Paul Ricoeur ed., Lectures on Ideology and Utopia, trans., George H. Taylor, New York: Columbia University Press,1985, pp.194-197.)
①周宁：《想象的疆域：从文学批评到文化批评》,《东南学术》,2004年增刊。
②[加]诺斯罗普·弗莱伊：《各种类型乌托邦在文学中的呈现》,弗兰克·E.曼纽尔编：《乌托邦和乌托邦思想》(Northrop Frye, "Varieties of Literary Utopias" in Frank E. Manuel ed., Utopias and Utopian Thought, Boston: Houghton Mifflin,1966. p.31.)
③周宁：《中国形象：西方现代性的文化他者》,《粤海风》,2003年第3期。
①[美]赛珍珠：《大地》(Pearl S. Buck, The Good Earth, New York: The John Day Company,1931, p.1.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《母亲》(Pearl S. Buck, Mother, New York: The John Day Company,1934, p.1.)
③[美]赛珍珠：《龙子》(Pearl S. Buck, Dragon Seeds, New York: The John Day Company,1942, p.1.)
④辛弃疾：《清平乐·村居》——“茅檐低小,溪上青青草。醉里吴音相媚好,白发谁家翁媪?大儿锄豆溪东,中儿正织鸡笼；最喜小儿无赖,溪头卧剥莲蓬。”
⑤[美]赛珍珠：《儿子们》(Pearl S. Buck, Sons, New York: The John Day Company,1932, p.1.)
⑥王龙的大儿子虽然仍然主要依靠地租生活,但搬进了沿海大城市(上海),成为彻底脱离土地的大地主；二儿子在城里经商和放高利贷；三儿子占山为王做了小军阀。
①[美]赛珍珠：《分家》(Pearl S. Buck, A House Divided, Wakefiled, Rhode Island & London: Moyer Bell,1994, p.l.)
②[美]爱德华·W.赛义德：《东方主义》(Edward W. Said, Orientalism, New York: Vintage Books,1994, p.170.)
③[美]爱德华·W.赛义德：《东方主义》(Edward W. Said, Orientalism, New York: Vintage Books,1994, p.185.)
①[美]哈里·莱文：《角门：五位法国现实主义作家研究》(Harry Levin, The Gates of Horn: A Study of Five French Realists, Oxford: Oxford University Press,1963, p.271.)
②[德]康德：《判断力批判》(上),宗白华、韦卓民译,上海：商务印书馆,1964,第43-44页。
③[德]康德：《判断力批判》(上),宗白华、韦卓民译,上海：商务印书馆,1964,第47页。
①[日]柄谷行人：《美学的功用：东方主义之后》(Karatani Kojin, Uses of Aesthetics: After Orientalism, trans. Sabu Kohso, Boundary 2, vol.25, no.2, Edward Said, Summer,1998, p.151.)
①[日]柄谷行人：《美学的功用：东方主义之后》(Karatani Kojin, Uses of Aesthetics: After Orientalism, trans. Sabu Kohso, Boundary 2, vol.25, no.2, Edward Said,Summer,1998, p.153.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《永恒的中国》,《现世》,1925年2月7日。(Pearl S. Buck, "China the Eternal," Living Age, 7 February,1925, pp.325-326.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《大地》(Pear S. Buck, The Good Earth, New York: The John Day Company,1931, pp.33-34.)
①[美]何巴特：《拓疆在古老的世界：满洲札记》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Pioneering Where the World Is Old: Leaves from a Manchurian Note-Book, New York: Henry Holt and Company,1917, pp.120-121.)
②费孝通：《费孝通自选集》,天津：天津人民出版社,1998年,第161页。
③赫尔曼·凯塞林伯爵是二十世纪初著名的作家和哲学家,他曾是爱沙尼亚地主,在德国受教育,用德语写作。1911年开始环球旅行,同年底来到中国。受启蒙哲学的影响,认为中国是和平和秩序的化身,是一个儒家乌托邦。他不相信充满暴力和混乱的革命能为人民带来幸福,更不相信革命会发生在中国。1918年俄国革命后,他成了流亡者。《一个哲学家的旅行日记》是一部地理坐标上的心灵之旅,在当时影响很大。
①[俄]赫尔曼·凯塞林伯爵：《一个哲学家的旅行日记》(Count Herman Keyserling, The Travel Diary of a Philosopher, Trans. by J. Holroyd Reece, New York: Harcourt, Brace & Company,1925, pp.70-71.译文参考了周宁：《龙的幻象》,北京：学苑出版社,2004年,第111页。)
①[美]何巴特：《拓疆在古老的世界：满洲札记》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Pioneering Where the World Is Old: Leaves from a Manchurian Note-Book, New York: Henry Holt and Company,1917, pp.226-227.)
②[美]博晨光： 《中国对基督教的挑战》(Lucius C. Porter, China's Challenge to Christianity, New York: Missionary Education Movement,1924, pp.68-69.)
①[美]里纳多·罗萨尔多：《文化与真相：社会分析的重建》(Renato Rosaldo, Culture and Truth: The Remaking of Social Analysis, Boston:Beacon,1989, p.70.)
①[美]里纳多·罗萨尔多：《文化与真相：社会分析的重建》(Renato Rosaldo, Culture and Truth: The Remaking of Social Analysis, Boston: Beacon,1989, p.71.)
②[美]理查德嘶洛特金：《通过暴力再生：美国边疆神话,1600-1860》(Richard Slotkin, Regeneration Through Violence: The Mythology of American Frontier,1600-1860, Middletown Conn.:Wesleyan University Press, 1973, p.551.)
③[英]布罗尼斯拉夫·马林诺夫斯基：《西太平洋的航海者·序言》(Bronislaw Malinowski, Argonauts of the Western Pacific, New York: E. P. Dutton,1961, p.xv.)
④[美]迈克尔·M.J.费希尔：《族裔性和后现代作为回忆的艺术》,詹姆斯·克利福德、乔治·E.马库斯编：《写文化：人类学的诗学与政治学》(Michael M. J. Fischer, "Ethnicity and the Post-Modern Arts of Memory," in James Clifford and George E. Marcus ed., Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography, Berkley: The University of California Press,1986, p.195.)
①杨乃乔：《后殖民主义还是新殖民主义?-兼论从殖民主义文学批评到东方主义的崛起》,《人文杂志》,1999年第1期。
①[美]韩德：《一种特殊关系的形成——1914年前的美国与中国》(Michael H. Hunt, The Making of a Special Relationship: The United States and China to 1914, New York: Colombia University Press,1983, pp.32-33.)
②[美]乔纳森·哥尔登斯坦：《费城与中国贸易,1682-1846》(Jonathan Goldstein, Philadelphia and the China Trade,1682-1846, Philadelphia: Pennsylvania University Press,1978, p.19.)
③ [美]斯图亚特·克雷顿·米勒：《不受欢迎的移民：美国的华人形象,1785-1882》(Stuart Creighton Miller, The Unwelcome Immigrant: The American Image of the Chinese,1785-1882, Berkeley and Angeles: University of California Press,1969, pp.3-82.)
④[美]斯图亚特·克雷顿·米勒：《不受欢迎的移民：美国的华人形象,1785-1882》(Stuart Creighton Miller, The Unwelcome Immigrant: The American Image of the Chinese,1785-1882, Berkeley and Angeles: University of California Press,1969, p.201.)
①[美]默里·A.罗宾斯坦：《美国传教差会和美国的中国观形成,1830-1860》,见[美]乔纳森·哥尔登斯坦等编：《美国看中国：美国的中国形象之今昔》(Murray A. Rubinstein, "American Board Missionaries and the Formation of American Opinion toward China,1830-1860," in Jonathan Goldstein et al. eds., America Views China: American Images of China Then and Now, Bethlehem: Lehigh University Press, pp.73-76.)
②周宁： 《中国形象：西方现代性的文化他者》, 《粤海风》,2003年第3期。
③[美]史景迁(Jonanthan D. Spence):《文化类同与文化利用》,北京：北京大学出版社,1990年。
④赛珍珠也创作了多部以在华美国人为主角的小说,如《异邦客》(The Exile,1936)、《战斗的天使：灵魂的写真》(Fighting Angel: Portrait of a Soul,1936)、《中国天空》(China Sky,1942)和《中国飞行》(China Flight,1945)等,但她最出色的作品还是有关中国内部的中国人。 all your after,/John to get it as you can.
①[美]大卫·里斯·威廉斯：《1925年之前美国戏剧中的中国人形象》(David Rhys Williams, The Image of the Chinese in American Drama to 1925, Diss. Cornell University,1994, pp.129-130.)
②[美]金惠经：《亚裔美国文学与社会语境》(Elaine H. Kim, Asian American Literature: An Introduction to the Writings and Their Social Context, Philadelphia: Temple University Press,1982, p.12.)
③《中国歌》(Chinese Song,1885):Ki, Ki, Ki, Ching, Ching, Ching/Hung a rung, a chickel neckey/Suppe, fatte hung/Eno Posa keno Posey, keno John/Chinese manee goode manee from Hong Kong
④《狡猾的中国佬》(The Artful Chinee,1870s):Chingaring chi, and chingaring chee,/Chingaring chi for the young Chinee/
⑤ Ching a Ring Chaw:Chinger ringer, ring ching, ching/Ho ah, Dinah ding kom darkee,/Chinger ringer, ring ching chaw,/Ho ah ding cum darkey.见：[美]艾里克·罗特：《爱与盗：“黑脸”歌谣和美国工人阶级》(Eric Lott, Love and Theft: Blackface Minstrelsy and the American Working Class, New York, Oxford University Press,1993, p.119)
⑥[美]克里斯坦因·R.穆恩：《黄脸戏：美国流行音乐与演出中的中国人形象》(Krystyn R. Moon, Yellowface: Creating the Chinese in American Popular Music and Performance,1850s-1920s, New Brunswick, New Jersey and London: Rutgers University Press,2005, p.34.)
⑦[美]罗纳德·高木：《铁笼子：19世纪美国的种族与文化》(Ronald Takaki, Iron Cages: Race and Culture in 19th-Century America, New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press,1990, p.217.)
① "Pidgin"这个词的来源不详,有学者认为该词原来指东非和大洋洲一带的殖民地英语,也有学者认为这是广东和南洋一带华商将"business"(生意)这个英语单词发音本土化的结果,后来专指受教育不足的华人所说的特殊英语,以当地方言语法为基础,英汉词汇夹杂,发音也相当本地化。将“pidgin English"翻译成”洋泾浜英语”其实不妥,因为“洋泾浜”本是上海十六铺码头附近的一条河,这里的居民最早接触西方人,成为商人或仆人的上海人为应付日常事务,逐渐发明了上海话和欧系语言混杂的特殊语言,所以“洋泾浜英语”只能指上海话式的英语。如果用“pidgin English”指代所有华人使用的非标准英语,也应该包括南洋式、上海式和唐人街式,三者之间在发音和语法上差别很大,但目前汉语界用“洋泾浜英语”统指所有这些三类英语。像何巴特这样的在华美国人既不会去区分,也区别不了。有关“洋泾浜英语”的研究文献,读者可以参考1975年《大洋洲语言学专刊》所登载的研究书目《中国的洋泾浜英语》,这是一份迄今最完整的有关“洋泾浜英语”的文章清单。("Chinese Pidgin English," Oceanic Linguistic Special Publications, No.14, A Bibliography of Pidgin and Creole Languages,1975, pp.540-545.)
②[美]罗伯特·G李：《东方人：流行文化中的亚裔美国人》(Robert G. Lee, Orientals: Asian Americans in Popular Culture, Philadelphia: Temple University Press.1999, p.239.)
①[美]玛格丽特·达科特：《马克·吐温和布莱特·哈特》(Margaret Duckett, Mark Twain and Bret Harte, Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press,1964, p.153.)
②演员巴斯娄先生是当时扮演华人苦力最出名的“黄脸”。当时的主要报纸对巴斯娄所扮演的阿辛作了高度评价：“在接近自然,不着痕迹方面,巴斯娄先生的中国佬无人能超越。”(New York Times,1 August 1877, p.5, and The World: New York,1 August 1877, p.5.又可参见James S. Moy, Marginal Sights: Staging the Chinese in America, Iowa City: University of Iowa Press,1993, p.24.)
③[美]布莱特·哈特、马克·吐温：《阿辛》(Bret Harte and Mark Twain, Ah Sin, Frederick Anderson ed., San Francisco: Book Club of California,1961, p.52.)
④[美]布莱特·哈特、马克·吐温：《阿辛》(Bret Harte and Mark Twain, Ah Sin, Frederick Anderson ed., San Francisco: Book Club of California,1961, pp.52-53.
⑤[美]布莱特·哈特、马克·吐温：《阿辛》(Bret Harte and Mark Twain, Ah Sin, Frederick Anderson ed., San Francisco: Book Club of California,1961, p.97.)
⑥[美]罗纳德·高木：《铁笼子：19世纪美国的种族与文化》(Ronald Takaki, Iron Cages: Race and Culture in 19th-Century America, New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press,1990, p.224.)
①布莱特·哈特的其它内含中国角色的作品还有十几篇,如Gabreil Conroy (1875), The Christmas Gift That Came to Rupert: A Story for Little Soldiers (1864), N. N.:Being a Novel in the French Paragraphic Style (1865), An Episode of Fiddletown (1873)等。
②[美]马克·吐温：《苦行记》(Mark Twain, Roughing It, New York: New American Library,1962, p.293.)
③[美]威廉·伍：《黄祸：1850-1940美国小说中的华裔美国人》(William Wu, The Yellow Peril: Chinese Americans in American Fiction,1850-1940, Hamden: Archon Book,1982, p.65.)
①“中国入侵”小说主要有：1.惠特尼(Atwell Whitney)的《杏眼：了不起的煽动者,当代故事》(Almond-Eyed: The Great Agitator; A Story of the Day,1878) 2杜纳(Pierton W. Dooner)的《共和国的最后岁月》(Last Days of the Republic,1880)3.沃尔特(Robert Wolter)的《中国人在公元1899年占领俄勒冈和加利福尼亚的简短而真实的历史》(A Short and Truthful History of the Taking of Oregon and California by the Chinese in the Year A. D.1899,1882)4.奥托嚎多(Oto E. Mundo)的《失而复得的大陆：中国入侵的故事》(The Recovered Continent: A Tale of the Chinese Invasion,1898) 5.罗伯特·钱伯斯(Robert Chambers)的中篇《造月者》(TheMaker of Moons,1896)6.杰克·伦敦(Jack London)的短篇《空前的入侵》(Unparalleled Invasion,1906)等,以及在西海岸各类杂志上刊发的数量庞大的短篇小说。
②[美]弗兰克·诺里斯：《莱蒂夫人号的莫兰》(Frank Norris, Moran of the Lady Letty, New York: P. F. Collier & Son,1898.)
③[美]科琳·赖：《美国的亚洲：美国文学的种族形式,1893-1945》(Colleen Lye, America's Asia: Racial Form and American Literature,1893-1945, Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press,2005.)
④[美]爱德华·W.赛义德：《东方主义》(Edward W. Said, Orientalism, New York: Vintage Books,1994, p.207.)
①13部长篇按时间顺序,依次为：(1)《邪恶的傅满洲博士》(The Insidious Dr. Fu-Manchu,1913), (2)《傅满洲博士归来》(The Return of Dr. Fu Manchu,1916), (3)《傅满洲的手》(The Hand of Fu Manchu,1917),(4)《傅满洲的女儿》(Daughter of Fu Manchu,1931), (5)《傅满洲的面具》(Tha Mask of Fu Manchu,1932),(6)《傅满洲的新娘》(The Bride of Fu Manchu,1933), (7)傅满洲的踪迹》(The Trail of Fu Manchu,1934),(8)《傅满洲总统》(President Fu Manchu,1936), (9)《傅满洲的鼓》(The Drums of Fu Manchu,1939), (10)《傅满洲的岛屿》(The Island of Fu Manchu,1941), (11)《傅满洲的影子》(The Shadow of Fu Manchu,1948),(12)《傅满洲重现江湖》(Re-Enter Dr. Fu Manchu,1957), (13)《傅满洲皇帝》(Emperor Fu Manchu,1959);1个中篇《傅满洲的愤怒》(The Wrath of Fu Manchu,1952); 3个短篇：(1)《傅满洲的眼睛》(The Eyes of Fu Manchu,1957), (2)《傅满洲的命令》(The Word of Fu Manchu,1958), (3)《傅满洲的头脑》(The Mind of Fu Manchu,1959).以小说为原型,美国共拍摄了14部电影,全部沿袭“黄脸戏”传统,由白人扮演傅满洲。
②周宁：《“义和团”与“傅满洲博士”：20世纪初西方的“黄祸”恐慌》,《书屋》,2003年第4期。
③[美]凯·凡·阿什：《邪恶的大师：萨克斯·洛莫尔传》(Cay Van Ash, Master of Villainy: A Biography of Sax Rohmer, Bowling Green, Ohio: Bowling Green University Popular Press.1972, p.73.)
④这6部作品分别为：(1)《没有钥匙的房间》(The House Without a Key,1925), (2)《中国鹦鹉》(The Chinese Parrot,1926), (3)《幕后》(Behind that Certain,1928), (4)《黑骆驼》(The Black Camel,1929), (5)《陈查理接手》(Charlie Chan Carries On,1930), (6)《守护神》(Keeper of the Keys,1932).以小说为原型,美国共拍摄了48部电影和39集电视连续剧,沿袭“黄脸戏”传统,全部由白人扮演陈查理。
①[美]林涧：《语言的铁幕：汤亭亭和美国东方主义》(Jennie Wang, The Iron Curtain of Language: Maxine Hong Kingston and American Orientalism, Shanghai:Fudan University Press,2007, p.211.)
①[美]韩德：《一种特殊关系的形成——1914年前的美国与中国》(Michael H. Hunt, The Making of a Special Relationship, New York: Columbia University Press,1983, p.300.)
①[美]詹姆斯·S.莫：《边缘视角：美国文化展示的中国人》(James S. Moy, Marginal Sights: Staging the Chinese in America, Iowa City: University of Iowa Press,1993, p.8.)
②[美]詹姆斯·S.莫：《边缘视角：美国文化展示的中国人》(James S. Moy, Marginal Sights: Staging the Chinese in America, Iowa City: University of Iowa Press,1993, p.17.)
①[美]马尔科姆·考利：《普通好人》,载[美]亨利·丹·派珀编：《回溯美国：1930年代当下史》(Malcolm Cowley, "The Good Earthling," (1935) reprinted in Henry Dan Piper ed. Think Back On US: A Contemporary Chronicle of the 1930's, Carbondale: Southern Illibois University Press,1967, pp.251-252.)
②[美]普罗提厄斯：《评(大地>》,载《国家与新政治家》(Proteus, "Review of the Good Earth," New Statesman and Nation (May 16,1931), p.430.)
①[美]G A.赛凡思科：《赛珍珠和中国小说》,载《亚洲研究》(G. A. Cevasco, "Pearl S. Buck and the Chinese Novel," Asian Studies 5, December 1967, p.447.)
②[瑞典]佩尔·哈尔斯特龙：《授奖词》,裕康译,《大地三部曲》,桂林：漓江出版社,1998,第953页。
③[美]史景迁：《追寻现代中国》(Jonathan D. Spence, The Search for Modern China, New York: W. W. Norton, 1990, p.387.)
①[美]海伦·斯诺：《时间中的岛》,载《新共和》(Helen Snow, "An Island in Time," New Republic 24, March 1973, p.28.)
②日本著名华裔人类学家韩敏,曾以安徽宿州的李村为“田野作业”的点,研究中国乡村的社会变迁与延续。她在说明该地的总体环境时,指出这里的生产力水平不高,生活水平低下,不时有洪水泛滥和蝗灾,而且特别指出这里的环境和赛珍珠在《大地》中所描写的情形完全相同。([日]韩敏：《回应革命与改革：皖北李村的社会变迁与延续》,陆益龙、徐新玉译,南京：江苏人民出版社,2007年,第2页。)
①[美]赛珍珠：《大地》(Pearl S. Buck, The Good Earth, New York: The John Day Company,1931, pp.3-4.)
②徐清：《赛珍珠小说对乡土中国的发现》,《江苏大学学报》(社会科学版),2005年第4期,第17页。
③[美]赛珍珠：《大地》(Pearl S. Buck, The Good Earth. New York: The John Day Company,1931, p.90.)
④徐清：《赛珍珠小说对乡土中国的发现》,《江苏大学学报》(社会科学版),2005年第4期,第18页。
①[美]赛珍珠：《大地》(Pearl S. Buck, The Good Earth, New York: The John Day Company,1931, p.11.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《大地》(Pearl S. Buck, The Good Earth, New York: The John Day Company,1931, p.22.)
③[美]赛珍珠：《大地》(Pearl S. Buck, The Good Earth, New York: The John Day Company,1931, p.24.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《大地》(Pearl S. Buck, The Good Earth, New York: The John Day Company,1931, p.208.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《大地》(Pearl S. Buck, The Good Earth, New York: The John Day Company,1931, p.274.)
②[美]亨利·吴：《想象东方人：现代美国的迁移、接触和异域情调》(Henry Yu, Thinking Orientals: Migration, Contact, and Exoticism in Modern America, New York: Oxford University Press,1984, p.19.)
③这里需要说明的是,不是所有游客都是走马观花型的,有些人长期生活在中国,足迹遍布中国各处,其 游记写作虽然在呈现中国知识方面不系统,但因其反映的地理空间的广袤与书写体验的直观,很多还配以大量图片,因此这些游记作品有相当强的史料性,对于书斋人类学来说,也是不可多得的资料来源。例如英国的阿奇伯德·立德夫人(Archibald Little,1845-1926)是著名在华英商的妻子,曾随夫在华生活20年,留下很多有价值的游记,如《穿蓝色长袍的国度》(The Land of the Blue Gown,1901)、《在中国的婚事》(A Marriage in China,1899)、《熟悉的中国》(Intimate China: The Chinese As I Have Konown Them,1899)、《北京指南》(Guide to Peking,1904)、《我的北京花园的周围》(Round My Peking Garden,1905)等,这些游记对中国人的生活、习俗、家庭和社会组织有深入的描写。何巴特的早期书写,如《满洲札记》,其实也属于这类游记型写作,属于非自觉型人类学书写,在今天往往被归为旅游人类学的一部分。
①[美]亨利·吴：《想象东方人：现代美国的迁移、接触和异域情调》Henry Yu, Thinking Orientals: Migration, Contact, and Exoticism in Modern America, New York: Oxford University Press,1984, pp.19-30.
①此前有传教士明恩溥的非叙事类写作《中国乡村生活》等有限的几部,但流传不是很广。
②[美]真理吉原：《拥抱东方：白人女性和美国东方主义》(Mari Yoshihara, Embracing the East: White Women and American Orientalism, N. Y:Oxford University Press,2003, pp.154-155.)
③[美]J.B.福斯特：《1850-1950美国文学中的中国与中国人》(J. B. Foster, China and Chinese in American Literature,1850-1950, Ph. D. Diss. Urbana: University of Illinois,1952, p.491.)
①对于人类学写作客观性的争议由来已久。在有关中国的人类学研究史上,林耀华(Lin Yaohua)这位曾在哈佛大学师从人类学家弗思(Raymond Firth)、豪顿(E. A. Hooton)和克拉克洪(Kluckohn)的华裔人类学家,曾在1947年出版了一本关于福建省一个村庄的半小说式的人类学报告《金翼：中国家族制的社会学研究》(Lin Yaohua, The Golden Wing: A Sociological Study of Chinese Familism, New York: Oxford University Press,1947.)，这本著作在世界人类学界也被广为认可,并深得好评。在西方人类学界,从八十年代开始,“文化研究”所引起的学术自我反思也同样受到重视。人类学家玛丽·路易斯·普拉特曾专门著文讨论人类学书写的客观性问题,认为个人化写作也同样是人类学资料的重要一部分,而消除主体性的写作也未必客观。(Mary Louise Pratt, "Fieldwork in Common Places" in James Clifford and George E. Marcus ed., Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography, Berkeley: University of California Press,1986. pp.27-50；又见James Clifford, "On Ethnography Allegory", pp.98-121.)对于这人类学客观性的论述,评述最全面,也最有影响力是当数美国人类学家詹姆斯·克利福德,他所撰写的如下文章尤其值得参考。1.《论民族志的超现实主义》,载《社会与历史比较研究》("On Ethnographic Surrealism," Comparative Studies in Society and History, Vol.19, No.2,1981, pp.204-223.) 2.《论民族志的权威性》,载《再现》(“OnEthnographic Authority," Representations, Vol.1, No.2,1983, pp.118-146.) 3.《论民族志的自我形成：康拉德和马林诺夫斯基》,载[美]詹姆斯·克利福德：《重建个人主义》("On Ethnographic Self-Fashioning: Conrad and Malinowski," in Thomas C. Heller, Morton Sosna, and David E. Wellbery eds., Reconstructing Individualism: Autonomy, Individuality and the Self in Western Thought, Standford: Standford University Press, 1986, pp.140-162.)4.《论民族志寓言》,载[美]詹姆斯·克利福德、乔治·E.马库斯合编：《民族志的诗学与政治学》("On Ethnographic Allegory, " in James Clifford and George E. Marcus eds., Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography, Berkeley: University of California Press,1986.)
②[美]玛丽·路易斯·普拉特：《常见领域的田野工作》,载[美]詹姆斯·克利福德、乔治·E.马库斯合编：《民族志的诗学与政治学》(Mary Louise Pratt, "Fieldwork in Common Places" in James Clifford and George E. Marcus eds., Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography, Berkeley: University of California Press,1986, p.32.)
①[美]詹姆斯·克利福德：《民族志寓言》,载[美]詹姆斯·克利福德、乔治·E.马库斯合编：《民族志的诗学与政治学》(James Clifford, "On Ethnography Allegory," in James Clifford and George E. Marcus eds., Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography, Berkeley: University of California Press,1986, pp.98-121.)
②很多评论家,例如菲利斯·本特利,认为赛珍珠的《大地》使用了《圣经》体的语言。(Phyllis Bentley, "The Art of Pearl S. Buck," English Journal,24 December 1935, p.794.)赛珍珠本人开始时认为自己的风格受汉语和钦定本《圣经》的双重影响,(Pearl S. Buck, "Pearl S. Buck Talks of Her Life in China," China Weekly Review,24 Sept.1932, pp.145-146.)但后来当她的英译《水浒传》出版,她开始不断宣传中国传统白话小说,并且将自己定位于中国文学传统之中时,她认为自己的风格只是受汉语和中国小说传统的影响,和《圣经》无关。("Advice to Unborn Novelist," Saturday Review of Literature,2 Mar.1935, p.520.)
③[美]赛珍珠：《中国小说》(Pearl S. Buck, The Chinese Novel, New York: The John Day Company,1938, p. 22.)
④[美]董曹丽：《赛珍珠小说中的中国家庭形象》(Cao-Ly Doan, The Images of the Chinese Family in Pearl Buck's Novels, Ph. D. Diss., St. John's University,1964, p.78.)
①顾钧：《论赛珍珠建构中国形象的写作策略》,《江苏大学学报》(社会科学版),2002年第6期,第43-44页。
②[美]彼得·康：《赛珍珠：一本文化传记》(Peter Conn, Pearl S. Buck: A Cultural Biography, New York: Cambridge University Press,1996, p.113.)
③庄台公司：《(大地)作者简介》("About the Author" in Pearl S. Buck, The Good Earth, New York: The John Day Company,1931, p.1.)
①江亢虎：《评<大地)》,载《纽约时报书评》(Kiang Kang-hu, "Review of The Good Earth," The New York Times Book Review, Jan.15,1933, p.2.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《答复江亢虎之评(大地)》,载《纽约时报书评》(Pearl Buck, "Response to Kiang Kang-hu's review of The Good Earth," The New York Times Book Review. (Jan.15,1933), p.2.)
③胡风：《(大地)里的中国》,《文艺笔谈》,上海：上海生活书店,1936，第87页。
①[美]赛珍珠：《儿子们》(Pearl S. Buck, Sons, New York: The John Day Company,1932, p.4.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《儿子们》(Pearl S. Buck, Sons, New York: The John Day Company,1932, pp.5.)
①[美]米凯拉·蒂·列奥拉多：《国内的派来品：人类学、他者与美国现代性》(Micaela di Leonardo, Exotics at Home: Anthropologies, Others, American Modernity, Chicago: University of Chicago Press,1998.)
①熊玉鹏：《赛珍珠与中国小说：读<大地上的房子)》,《文艺理论研究》,1991年第5期,第42-43页。
②[美]真理吉原：《拥抱东方：白人女性和美国东方主义》(Mari Yoshihara, Embracing the East: White Women and American Orientalism, N. Y:Oxford University Press,2003, p.158.)
③陈思和：《洋女子笔下的中国家庭》,《海南日报》1989年10月25日。
①[美]赛珍珠：《大地》(Pearl S. Buck, The Good Earth, New York: The John Day Company,1931, pp.4-5.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《大地》(Pearl S. Buck, The Good Earth, New York: The John Day Company,1931, p.5.)
③[美]赛珍珠：《大地》(Pearl S. Buck, The Good Earth, New York: The John Day Company,1931, pp.9-10.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《大地》(Pearl S. Buck, The Good Earth, New York: The John Day Company,1931, p.140.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《大地》(Pearl S. Buck, The Good Earth, New York: The John Day Company,1931, p.150.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《大地》(Pearl S. Buck, The Good Earth, New York: The John Day Comapny,1931, p.100.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《大地》(Pearl S. Buck, The Good Earth, New York: The John Day Company,1931, p.92.)
③[美]赛珍珠：《大地》(Pearl S. Buck, The Good Earth, New York: The John Day Company,1931, p.232.)
①[美]韩德：《一种特殊关系的形成——1914年前的美国与中国》(Michael H. Hunt, "Pearl Buck---Popular Expert on China,1931-1949," Modern China, Vol.3 No.1, January 1977, p.57.)
②[美]A.T.斯蒂尔：《美国人民和中国》(A. T. Steele, The American People and China, New York: McGraw-Hill,1966, p.171.)
①[美]马尔科姆·考利：《王龙的子女们》,载《新共和》(Malcom Cowley, "Wang Lung's Children," New Republic, May 10,1939, p.24.)
②[美]保罗·A.多伊尔：《赛珍珠》(Paul A. Doyle, Pearl S. Buck, Boston: Twayne Publishers,1980, p.55-56.)
③[美]爱德华·W.赛义德：《东方主义》(Edward W. Said, Orientalism, London and New York: Penguin,1978, p.273.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《中国人的情感特质》,载《民族》(Pearl S. Buck, "The Emotional Nature of the Chinese", Nation 123,22 September,1926, p.269.)
②英国汉学家翟林奈(Lionel Giles,1875-1958)在评论赛氏译本《水浒传》时顺便提及中国古典小说在西方的译介史,根据他提供的数据,截至1933年,中国传统上所说的“才子书”白话小说,除了汉学家邓罗(Charles Henry Brewitt-Taylor,1857-1938) 1925年出版了全译本《三国演义》,其余还没有一部翻译完整的,当时只有英国汉学家周骊(Bencraft Joly)翻译的不到一半的《红楼梦》,德国汉学家格鲁伯(Wilhelm Grube,1855-1908)翻译的近一半的德语《封神演义》,李提摩太(Timothy Richards,1845-1919)节译的《西游记》(前面几章是全译,其余的概述),埃杰顿(Clement Egerton)尚未完成的全译本《金瓶梅》。翟林奈 认为赛珍珠的全译本对西方了解中国文化作出了很大贡献,但他也从语言学和文本的角度指出赛珍珠译本的一些误译,抑或过度直译。(Lionel Giles, "Review of All Men Are Brothers by Pearl S. Buck," Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London, Vol.7, No.3,1934, pp.629-636.)这里有必要补充说明,汉学家沙博理(Sidney Shapiro)于1988年将《水浒传》一百二十回本译成英文,译名为Outlaws Of the Marsh,赛氏的七十回译本和沙氏的一百二十回译本采用的翻译策略有别,译文各有特色,有助于西方多方位了解这部中国名著。
①陈敬：《赛珍珠与中国：中西文化冲突与共融》,天津：南开大学出版社,2006年,第99页。
①江亢虎当年曾就此不无讥讽地批判赛珍珠的无知。“我发现她在《大地》里将《水浒传》这本书译作Bandits of Shuei Lake(水湖之盗)。按：‘浒’的意思是指河畔,‘水浒’两字连接起来,当作‘河滨’解。中国单字中与‘浒’音类似者,有‘湖’与‘壶’。卜凯夫人将《水浒传》译作《水湖之盗》,比哥温教授在他所著《中国史大纲》内译成Water Bottle Record要进步多了!”(Kiang Kang-hu, "Essays on The Good Earth" in On Chinese Studies. Shanghai:Commercial Press,1934.转引自郭英剑主编：《赛珍珠评论集》,桂林：漓江出版社,1999年,第15页。)赛珍珠就此反驳道,“这‘浒’字在英文中实在是没有意义的,这或将近似margins(边缘)一字,但Waterly Margins又怎能传达到西方人的心里?这个可以用英文Swei, Shui, Shue以及江教授目下所加上的Shuei等拼音的字,无疑地是‘水’。但依我想,江教授用River -字来联缀成语,是完全错误,这些著名强盗盘踞之区,决不是一条河,而是濒近叶芦掩映的大湖,在其中还有许多喽哕啸聚的支流水道。”(Pearl S. Buck, "Mr. Buck Replies to Her Chinese Critic," New York Times, January 15,1933, p.17.)虽然是简单的译名之辩,但透露出赛珍珠对中国古典文学的把握能力,以及和中国男性精英知识分子竞争表述中国的话语权的努力。
②“四海之内皆兄弟”出自《论语·颜渊篇第十二》。司马牛忧曰：“人皆有兄弟,我独亡。”子夏曰：“商闻之矣：死生有命,富贵在天。君子敬而无失,与人恭而有礼,四海之内,皆兄弟也。君子何患无兄弟也?”
③[美]赛珍珠：《中国小说》(Pearl. S. Buck, The Chinese Novel: Nobel Lecture Delivered Before the Swedish Academy at Stockholm December 12,1938, New York: The John Day Company,1938, p.44.)
④[美]彼得·康：《赛珍珠：一本文化传记》(Peter Conn, Pearl S. Buck: A Cultural Biography, New York: Cambridge University Press,1996, p.139.)
①[美]理查德·格里戈·欧文：《中国小说的演进：水浒传》(Richard Gregg Irwin, The Evolution of a Chinese Novel: Shui-hu-chuan, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press,1953, p.94.)
②钱歌川： 《翻译的基本知识》,长沙：湖南科学技术出版社,1981年,第10页。
③陈敬：《赛珍珠与中国：中西文化冲突与共融》,天津：南开大学出版社,2006年,第99页。
④马红军： 《为赛珍珠的“误译”正名》, 《四川外语学院学报》,2002年第3期,第125页。
⑤姚锡佩：《从赛珍珠谈鲁迅说起》, 《鲁迅研究月刊》,1990年第6期,第41页。
①李林波： 《对赛珍珠(水浒传>译本文化意义的再思》, 《四川外语学院学报》,2004年第6期,第116页。
②李林波： 《对赛珍珠(水浒传)译本文化意义的再思》, 《四川外语学院学报》,2004年第6期,第116页。
③[美]赛珍珠：《评(活的中国)》,载《亚洲》(Pearl S. Buck, "Book Review of Living China," Asia, March 1937.)
④1.鲁迅：《药》,姚莘农译,埃德加嘶诺序(Lu Hsun, The Medicine, trans. Yao Hsin-nung, with an introduction by Edgar Snow, Asia, Feb.,1935.) 2.鲁迅：《风筝》,姚莘农译,埃德加·斯诺序(Lu Hsun, The Skykite, trans. Yao Hsin-nung and Edgar Snow, Asia, Sept.,1936.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《小说反映的中国》,载《太平洋事务》(Pearl S. Buck, "China in the Mirror of Her Fiction," Pacific Affairs, February 1930, reprinted in "The Week in China," Vol. ⅩⅢ, No.257, March 1,1930, pp. 227-236.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《中国早期小说源流》,张丽萍译,姚君伟：《文化相对主义：赛珍珠的中西文化观》,南京：东南大学出版社,2001年,第211页。
②[美]赛珍珠：《中国早期小说源流》,张丽萍译,姚君伟：《文化相对主义：赛珍珠的中西文化观》,南京：东南大学出版社,2001年,第200-201页。
③[美]赛珍珠：《中国早期小说源流》,张丽萍译,姚君伟：《文化相对主义：赛珍珠的中西文化观》,南京：东南大学出版社,2001年,第200-201页。
①福克纳(William Faulkner)曾明确声称：“我不想要这个奖。我宁愿与德莱赛、舍伍德·安德森这样的人为伍,也不屑与辛克莱·刘易斯和中国通赛女士为伍。”("I had rather be in the same pigeon hole with Dreiser and Sherwood Anderson, than with Sinclair Lewis and Mrs. Chinahand Buck." see Joseph Blotner, ed. Selected Letters of William Faulkner, New York: Random House,1977, p.299.)在这种被美国文坛排斥的情况下,赛珍珠创造性地利用了自己跨文化的双重身份,将这种批评转变为巩固自己权威身份的手段。她在来自美国和中国的男性知识精英的批评中成功转型为言说中国文学的权威,从现代主义文学的纷争中抽身而出。
②[美]赛珍珠：《中国小说》(Pearl. S. Buck, The Chinese Novel: Nobel Lecture Delivered Before the Swedish Academy at Stockholm December 12,1938, New York: The John Day Company,1938, p.41.)
③[美]赛珍珠：《中国小说》(Pearl. S. Buck, The Chinese Novel: Nobel Lecture Delivered Before the Swedish Academy at Stockholm December 12,1938, New York: The John Day Company,1938, pp.58-59.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《中国年轻人发现中国》,载[美]赛珍珠：《我所看到的中国》(Pearl S. Buck, "The Young Chinese Discover China,"(1935) in Pearl S. Buck, China As I See It, New York: The John Day Company,1970, p.55.)
①朱希祥：《简论赛珍珠在国际汉学中的地位与贡献》,《常州工学院学报》,2005年第1期,第65页。
②[美]赛珍珠：《中国小说》(Pearl. S. Buck, The Chinese Novel: Nobel Lecture Delivered Before the Swedish Academy at Stockholm December 12,1938, New York:The John Day Company,1938, p.11.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《中国小说》(Pearl. S. Buck, The Chinese Novel: Nobel Lecture Delivered Before the Swedish Academy at Stockholm December 12,1938, New York: The John Day Company,1938, pp.58-59.)
②[美]保罗·A.多伊尔：《赛珍珠》,张晓胜等译,沈阳：春风文艺出版社,1991年,第97页。
③[美]赛珍珠：《中国小说》(Pearl. S. Buck, The Chinese Novel: Nobel Lecture Delivered Before the Swedish Academy at Stockholm December 12,1938, New York: The John Day Company,1938, p.55.)
④[美]科妮莉亚·斯潘塞：《流亡者的女儿：赛珍珠传》(Cornelia Spencer, The Exile's Daughter: A Biography of Pearl S. Buck, New York: Coward Mccann, Inc.,1944, p.194.)
①熊玉鹏：赛珍珠与世界文学,http://www.pearlsbcn.org/c/default.asp, 2008年10月6日。
②(1)顾钧：《论赛珍珠建构中国形象的写作策略》,《江苏大学学报》(社会科学版),2002年第6期,第41-45页；(2)杜林：《寻根王虎：赛珍珠小说男性形象分析之一》,《北京大学学报》(国内访问学者、进修教师专刊),2000年,第202-210页。
③[美]赛珍珠：《中国军阀》,载《星期六晚邮报》(Pearl S. Buck, "Chinese Warlords", Saturday Evening Post, April 22,1933.)
①[美]科妮莉亚·斯潘塞：《流亡者的女儿：赛珍珠传》(Cornelia Spencer, The Exile's Daughter: A Biography of Pearl S. Buck, New York:Coward Mccann, Inc.,1944, p.172.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《儿子们》(Pearl S. Buck, Sons, New York: The John Day Company,1932, p.118.)
①[美]保罗·A.多伊尔：《赛珍珠》,张晓胜等译,沈阳：春风文艺出版社,1991年,第126页。
①[美]何巴特：《中国灯油》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Oil for the Lamps of China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1933, p.315.)
②[美]何巴特：《不羁之江》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, River Supreme, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1934, p.40.)
①[美]何巴特：《中国灯油》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Oil for the Lamps of China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1933, p.273.)
②[美]何巴特：《中国灯油》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Oil for the Lamps of China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1933, p.216.)
①[美]何巴特：《中国灯油》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Oil for the Lamps of China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1933, p.196.)
①[美]何巴特：《不羁之江》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, River Supreme, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1934, p.315.)
①[美]何巴特：《中国灯油》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Oil for the Lamps of China, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1933,p.378.)
②[美]威廉·伍：《黄祸：1850-1940美国小说中的华裔美国人》(Williom Wu, The Yellow Peril: Chinese Americans in American Fiction,1850-1940. Hamden:Archon Book,1982, p.208.)
③周宁：《鸦片帝国》,北京：学苑出版社,2004年,第75页。
①[美]迈耶·艾布拉姆斯：《天堂的乳汁：鸦片幻觉对德昆西、克拉布、汤普森和柯勒律治创造的影响》(Meyer H. Abrams, The Milk of Paradise:The Effect of Opium Visions on the Works of DeQuincey, Crabbe, Francis Thompson, and Coleridge, Boston:Harvard University Press,1934, p.46.)
①[美]史景迁：《可汗的大陆：西方人意识中的中国》(Jonanthan D. Spence, The Chan's Great Continent:China in Western Minds, New York, London: W. W. Norton & Company,1998, p.146.)
②[美]布莱特·哈特(Bret Harte):《扑克滩放逐的人们》,主万译,上海：上海译文出版社,1992年,第258页。
③[美]马克·吐温：《苦行记》(Mark Twain, Roughing It, New York:New American Library,1962, p.294.)
④[美]玛丽·格特鲁德·梅森：《西方思想中的中国和中国人,1840-1876》(Mary Gertrude Mason, Western Concepts of China and the Chinese,1840-1876, New York: Seeman Printery, Inc.,1939, p.114.)
①[美]何巴特：《阳与阴》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Yang and Tin, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1936, p.177.)
②[美]何巴特：《阳与阴》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Yang and Yin, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1936, p.122.)
①[美]何巴特：《不羁之江》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, River Supreme, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1934, p.190.)
②[美]何巴特：《阳与阴》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Yang and Yin, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1936, p.177.)
③[美]何巴特：《天真梦想者》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, The Innocent Dreamers, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1963, p.181.)
①[美]何巴特：《阳与阴》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Yang and Yin, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1936, p.179.)
①[美]爱德华·W.赛义德：《东方主义》(Edward W. Said, Orientalism, New York: Vintage Books,1994, p.20.)
②[美]爱德华·W.赛义德：《东方主义》(Edward W. Said, Orientalism, New York: Vintage Books,1994, p.273.)
③[法]蒂费纳·萨莫瓦约(Tiphaine Samoyault):《互文性研究》(L'Intertextualite: Memoire de la Literature),绍炜译,天津：天津人民出版社,2003年,第19页。
④王瑾：《互文性》,桂林：广西师大出版社,2005年,第114-118页。
①[法]蒂费纳·萨莫瓦约：《互文性研究》,绍炜译,天津：天津人民出版社,2003年,第14页。
②[美]何巴特：《满洲札记》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Pioneering Where the World Is Old, New York: Henry Holt and Company,1917, p.170.)
①[美]何巴特：《中国灯油》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, Oil for the Lamps of China, New York: Grosset & Dunlap Publishers,1933, pp.262-265.)
②[美]爱德华·W.赛义德：《东方主义》(Edward W. Said, Orientalism, New York: Vintage Books,1994, p.42.)
①[美]何巴特：《不羁之江》(Alice Tisdale Hobart, River Supreme, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company,1934, p.49.)
①[美]卡伦·J.梁：《中国魅力：赛珍珠、黄柳霜、宋美龄和美国东方主义的转型》(Karen J. Leong, The China Mystique: Pearl Buck, Anna May Wong, Mayling Soong and the Transformation of American Orientalism, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press,2005, p.55.)
②庄台出版公司广告：“《大地》上市了!”("The Good Earth Is Coming!" John Day advertisement, Quoted in Karen J. Leong, The China Mystique: Pearl Buck, Anna May Wong, Mayling Soong and the Transformation of American Orientalism, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London:University of California Press,2005, p.26.)
③1932年4月22日赛珍珠致理查德·J.沃尔什函(Pearl S. Buck to Richard J. Walsh,22 July 1931, Nanking, box 36, folder 3, John Day Archives.)
④江亢虎：《(大地)之我见》,载《中国研究》(Kiang Kang-hu, "Essays on The Good Earth" (1933), in On Chinese Studies. Shanghai: Commercial Press,1934.又见于自郭英剑主编：《赛珍珠评论集》,桂林：漓江出版社,1999年,第15页。)
①[美]赛珍珠：《卜凯夫人答中国的批评者》,载《纽约时报》(Pearl S. Buck, "Mrs. Buck Replies to Her Chinese Critic," New York Times, January 15,1933, p.12.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《卜凯夫人答中国的批评者》,载《纽约时报》(Pearl S. Buck, "Mrs. Buck Replies to Her Chinese Critic," New York Times, January 15,1933, p.13.)
③[美]赛珍珠：《卜凯夫人答中国的批评者》,载《纽约时报》(Pearl S. Buck, "Mrs. Buck Replies to Her Chinese Critic," New York Times, January 15,1933, p.15.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《新民族主义》,载《国际文摘》(Pearl S. Buck, "The New Nationalism," International Digest 1, September,1931, p.51.)
①[美]詹姆士·汤姆森：《赛珍珠与美国对中国的探求》,载[美]伊丽莎白·J.利普斯科姆等编：《赛珍珠的几个世界》(James Thomson, "Pearl S. Buck and the American Quest for China," in Elizabeth J. Lipscomb, Frances E. Webb, and Peter Conn eds., The Several Worlds of Pearl S. Buck, Westport, Conn.:Greenwood Press,1994, p.13.)
①[美]卡伦·J.梁：《中国魅力：赛珍珠、黄柳霜、宋美龄和美国东方主义的转型》(Karen J. Leong, The China Mystique: Pearl Buck, Anna May Wong, Mayling Soong and the Transformation of American Orientalism, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London:University of California Press,2005, p.18.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《全面胜利》,载《新共和》(Pearl S. Buck, "Total Victory," New Republic 106,1 June,1942, p.761.)
②赛珍珠1942年8月5日致罗斯福总统夫人函(Pearl S. Buck, to Eleanor Roosevelt,5 August 1942, Roosevelt Library.)
③[美]彼得·康：《赛珍珠：一本文化传记》(Peter Conn, Peal S. Buck: A Cultural Biography, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press,1996, p.245.)
④[美]赛珍珠：《东方是东方,西方是西方——它们能相遇》(Pearl S. Buck, "East Is East, West Is West,--Can Meet," box 167, folder 43, John Day Archives.)
⑤严仁颖：《旅美鳞爪》,(台)近代中国史料丛刊续编第50辑,文海出版社1974年影印本,第22页。
⑥除了赛珍珠夫妇外,董事会成员还包括：露丝·本尼迪克特(Ruth Benedict)和玛格丽特·桑格(Margaret Sanger)。此外还有一个顾问委员会,包括小说家路易斯·布鲁姆菲尔德(Louis Bromfield)、艺术家米格尔·康瓦鲁比厄斯(Miguel Covarrubias)、哲学家约翰·杜威(John Dewey)和厄尼斯特·霍金(Earnest Hocking)、《时代》等杂志的总裁亨利·卢斯(Henry Luce)、IBM公司总裁托马斯·蓝蒙特(Thomas Lamont),以及泛美航空公司主席璜·特里普(Juan Trippe)。
①赛珍珠1942年8月26日致F.C.奥弗布里函(Pearl S. Buck to F. C. Overbury,26 Aug 1942, Pearl S. Buck correspondence with Overbury family, file Ⅰ, Overbury Collection, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《致信中国》(Pearl S. Buck, Asia, Feb.1942, p.121.)
①“太平洋关系学会”(Institute of Pacific Relations)始建于1925年,它最初是一个由夏威夷一些关心太平洋地区社会经济问题的教育界、商界和宗教界人士发起并组成的区域性团体,其宗旨是研究太平洋各民族状况,找到太平洋地区各国之间的共同点,以求改进各民族间的相互关系。后来学会经过扩充,发展成为一个国际性学术团体,总部迁至纽约。学会有会刊《太平洋事务》(Pacific Affairs)、《太平洋评论》(Pacific Review)、《远东观察》(Far Eastern Survey)。成员包括来自世界不同地区的专家、学者和政府官员,在很长一段时间内得到美国、英国等政府和洛克菲勒等大财团的支持。
②赛珍珠1942年2月3日致爱德华·卡特函(Pearl S. Buck to Edward Carter, February 3,1942, Institute of Pacific Relations Papers, Butler Library, Columbia University. Quoted in Mari Yoshihara, Embracing the East: White Women and American Orientalism, N. Y:Oxford University Press,2003, p.169.)
③[美]韩德：《大众的中国通赛珍珠,1931-1949》,载《现代中国》(Michael H. Hunt, "Pearl Buck--Popular Expert on China,1931-1949," Modern China, Vol.3 No.1, January 1977, p.58.)
①[美]切斯特·科尔1942年7月20日致克拉伦斯·B.鲍特尔函(Chester Kerr to Clarence B. Boutell, G. P. Putnam's Sons,20 July 1942, box 174, folder 2, John Day Archives.)
②[美]《评<美国团结与亚洲>》,载《新领袖》("Review of American Unity and Asia, New Leader",15 August 1942, box 3, Stirling Collection.)
③据彼得·康的研究,赛珍珠在《大地》成功后,和学术团体及其它各界加强了联系。1934年4月“政治与社会科学学会”在费城召开的年会上赛珍珠以《美国对华政策》为题发表演说。同年5月,应爱德华·卡特之邀,答应在“太平洋关系研究所”的美国理事会任职。(Peter Conn, Pearl S. Buck: A Cultural Biography, New York: Cambridge University Press,1996, p.155.)因此,赛珍珠的中国研究并不完全是民间的和业余的。她的研究和严格意义上的中国学研究的主要区别在于,赛珍珠的诉求对象偏向大众,因此发表研究结果的载体是大众性的杂志而不是专业会刊,写作风格也远离严谨的学术体例,表现出强烈的个人情感张力。
④在来华传教士裨治文、卫三畏等人努力下,1842年美国成立了“东方学会”(American Oriental Society),以传播关于东方的知识,促进对东方语言和文学的研究为宗旨,1851年开始出版《美国东方学杂志》(Journal of the American Oriental Society)。19世纪七八十年代,美国一些大学如耶鲁、哈佛、哥伦比亚等,开始设立关于东方或中国的教研机构,教职多由曾来华的传教士担任,如卫三畏在耶鲁大学开中文 课程。与中国研究相关的一些学术团体在这一时期相继建立起来,如：美国现代语言学会(American Modern Language Association,1883)、美国历史协会(American Historical Association,1884)、国外传教联谊会(Overseas Missionary Fellowship,1888)、美国亚洲协会(Association for Asian Studies,1898)等。这些学术团体的成立,都直接或间接推动了美国的中国研究逐渐进入科学和职业化阶段。但这些研究受传统汉学影响较深,主要从事有关中国语言、哲学和典籍的研究。一战改变了这种状况。成立于1911、1913和1936年的纽约卡内基基金会、洛克菲勒基金会、福特基金会,与美国学术团体理事会一起,开始提出促进远东研究的长期计划,成立了一些后来很有影响的研究组织,如太平洋关系学会(Institute of Pacific Relation)、哈佛-燕京学社(The Harvard-Yenching Institute for Chinese Studies)和远东协会(TheAssociation for Eastern) (1956年更名为亚洲研究协会"Asia Society")。冷战促成了系统中国学研究的成熟和完善。
①[美]柯文：《在中国发现历史》(Paul Cohen, Discovering History in China: American Historical Writing on the Recent Chinese Past, New York: Columbia University Press,1984, pp.2-7.)
②学术界一般将海外中国研究分为两种类型。一是以法国和德国为代表的以研究中国古代文化为主要内容的学院式研究和以美国为代表的侧重近现代中国的区域性综合研究,涉及政治、经济、历史、宗教、社会等诸多方面。美国类型的中国研究直接和来华新教传教士的中国研究相关,他们的研究从一开始就将兴趣从“纯粹文化”转到致力于了解和认识近现代中国,完全不同于促成欧洲汉学的早期耶稣会士的中国书写。以传教士裨治文创立的英文《中国丛报》(The Chinese Repository)为例,其创刊的宗旨除了宗教因素,更主要是为了搜集关于中国的各方面信息,翻译和介绍有关中国的历史、地理、宗教、农业、儒家典籍、民俗、文学艺术等方面的情况,供西方各国参考。再如卫三畏那本影响了美国的中国研究一百多年的《中国总论》(The Middle Kingdom: A Survey of the Geography, Government, Literature, Social Life, Arts and History of the Chinese Empire and Its Inhabitants,1848),其副标题“中华帝国的地理、政府、文学、社会生活、艺术、历史及其居民概览”就表明这是一本关注现实中国的百科全书,费正清在其《70年代的任务》中评价这本专著认为,仅仅书的副标题就像是一门区域研究课程的教学大纲。(John K. Fairbank, "Assignment for the'70's," The American Historical Review, Vol.74, No.3, Feb.,1969, p.866.)其他传教士所做的中国研究著作还有很多,如明恩溥的《中国人的特性》(Chinese Characteristics,1892)、丁韪良的《中国人：教育、哲学、文学》(Chinese: Their Education, Philosophy and Letters,1876)、卢公明(Justus Doolittle,1824-1880)的《中国人的社会生活》(Social Life the Chinese,1865)、何天爵(Holcombe Chester,1842-1912)的《真正的中国佬》(The Real Chinaman,1895)、倪维思的《中国和中国人：总论》(China and the Chinese: A General Description of the Country and Its Inhabitants; Its Civilization and Form of Government; Its Religious and Social Institutions; Its Intercourse with Other Nations; and Its Present Condition and Prospects,1882)、郭实腊的《中国简史》(A Sketch of Chinese History,1834)和《打开中国的大门》(China Opened: A Display of the Topography, History, Customs, Manners, Arts, Jurisprudence, Etc., of the Chinese Empire,1838)、麦都思(Walter Henry Medhurst)的《中国：现状与未来》(China: Its State and Prospects,1838)等。直至1920年代,美国有关中国研究的书籍,具有一定学术价值的几乎全部是传教士撰写,正如美国历史学家丹涅特所说,在19世纪的大部分时间里,美国人是通过传教士的眼睛观察亚洲的。([美]泰勒·丹涅特(Tyler Dennett):《美国人在东亚》,姚曾堽译,上海：商务印书馆,1959年,第474页。)虽然后来不少传教士回国后登上了大学讲台,但总体上中国研究具有非职业化的特点。1925 年成立的“太平洋关系学会”标志着正式的区域研究在美国学术界的确立,1928年成立的“哈佛-燕京学社”(Havard-Yenching Institute for Chinese Studies)更偏向于以研究中国古代文化和历史为主的汉学传统,美国正式的中国研究直到1950年代后期才在费正清等人的领导下逐渐繁荣。即使在不很发达的研究状态下,1920年代至1950年代的“中国研究”方面的成果也局限于精英知识分子阶层,和普通大众无缘,这在前文所引的赛珍珠致爱德华·卡特的信函就可以看出。赛珍珠所主持的《亚洲》杂志,正好填充了官方的亚洲知识和民众希望获得并能理解的亚洲知识之间的沟堑。《亚洲》的撰稿人比当时著名的几个研究会的成员更熟悉亚洲,是来自美国和亚洲各国的知识精英,他们的观点更具有时效性,甚至具有新闻报道性,突出情感张力和趣味性,具有一般大众刊物的语言特点和行文风格,但在实际的思想表达方面与正式的学会并没有什么本质不同。如果说费正清的《美国与中国》这样一本没有脚注和参考书目的专著被公认为中国研究的经典,为什么《亚洲》就不能被看作是与《太平洋事务》(Pacific Affairs)和《哈佛亚洲学报》(Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies)一样的区域研究的期刊呢?
①[美]理查德·J.沃尔什：《编者按》,载《亚洲》(Richard J. Walsh, "Editor's Note," Asia, January 1934, p. 64.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《我的几个世界》(Pearl S. Buck, My Several Worlds: A Personal Record. New York: The John Day Company,1954, p.372.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《现代中国的创新精神》,载《亚洲》(Pearl S. Buck, "Creative Spirit in Modern China," Asia, August and September,1934.)
②在《亚洲》上发表的这几篇连续的有关抗战的文章如下：(1)《狂妄东方人手中的西式武器》("Western Weapons in the Hands of the Reckless East", Asia, October 1937.) (2)《炮火下的外国人》("Foreigners under Fire", Asia, November 1937.) (3)《军国主义者的思想》("Mind of the Militarist", Asia, January 1938.) (4)《致中国人民的公开信》("An Open Letter to the Chinese People", Asia, February 1938.) (5)《感谢日本》("Thanks to Japan", Asia, May 1938.) (6)《世界和赢家》("World and the Victor", Asia, July 1938.) (7)《中国民主的武器》("Arms for China's Democracy", Asia September 1938.) (8)《自由中国行动起来》("Free China Gets to Work", Asia, April 1939.)
③[美]赛珍珠：《感谢日本》,载《亚洲》(Pearl S. Buck, "Thanks to Japan," Asia, May 1938.)
④[美]赛珍珠：《自由中国行动起来》,载《亚洲》(Pearl S. Buck, "Free China Gets to Work," Asia, April 1939.)
⑤这几本书主要包括：(1)[美]纳撒尼尔·佩弗：《我们必须在亚洲作战吗?》(Nathaniel Peffer, Must We Fight in Asia? New York and London: Harper & Bros.,1935.)(2)[美]德鲁·皮尔森：《美国的外交博弈》(Drew Pearson, The American Diplomatic Game, Garden City, N.Y.:Doubleday, Doran & company, Inc.,1935.)(3)[美]雷金纳德·约翰逊：《孔子思想和现代中国》(Reginald Johnson, Confucianism and Modern China, London: Victor Gollancz Ltd,1934.)(4)[美]维森特·希恩：《个人史》(Vincent Sheean, Personal History, New York: Literary Guild,1935.)另可参阅[美]彼得·康：《赛珍珠：一本文化传记》(Peter Conn, Pearl S. Buck: A Cultural Biography. New York: Cambridge University Press,1996, p.181.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《(亚洲>书架》(Pearl S. Buck, "Asia Book-Shelf," Asia, November 1937, p.782.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《(亚洲)书架》(Pearl S. Buck, "Asia Book-Shelf," Asia, November 1937, p.782.)
③林语堂的文章主要包括：《丢失的普通话》(1934年7月)、《中国人的思维品性》(1934年12月)、《古老民族的美德》(1935年2月)、《中国人的出路问题》(1935年10月)、《我们同享世界文化遗产》(1936年5月)、《美国的初次印象》(1936年11月)、《天堂的污染》(1938年6月)、《躲避中国的现实》(1940年3月)、《自美国回故乡》(1940年4月)、《歌唱中国的爱国者》(1941年2月)、《四年战争回顾》(1941年7月)、《自相矛盾的战争》(1942年5月)、《老子对我们的启示》(1942年11月)、《鲁迅警言》(1942年12月)、《亚洲的未来》(1943年7月)、《为暴民一辩》(1943年8月)、《与日本战俘的谈话》(1944 年11月)、《古老的成都》(1945年1月)、《中国人的幽默》(1946年10月)。参见：陈敬：《赛珍珠与中国：中西文化冲突与共融》,天津：南开大学出版社,2006年,第194页。
①[美]赛珍珠：《(吾国吾民)书评》,载《亚洲》(Pearl S. Buck, "Book Review of My Country My People," Asia, October 1935.)
②胡适致《亚洲》25周年贺电(Hu Shi's congratulation telegram to the 25th anniversary of Asia. January 16, 1942.)
③[美]赛珍珠：《(西行漫记>书评》,载《亚洲》(Pearl S. Buck, "Book Review of The Red Star over China," Asia Book-shelf, March 1938, p.264.)
①[美]彼得·康：《赛珍珠：一本文化传记》(Peter Conn, Pearl S. Buck: A Cultural Biography, New York: Cambridge University Press,1996, p.262.)
②[美]玛格丽特·米德：《不要让你的权利发霉：人类学视野看美国》(Margaret Mead, And Keep your Powder Dry: An Anthropologist Looks at America, New York: William Morrow.1942, p.5.)
③[美]玛格丽特·米德：《不要让你的权利发霉：人类学视野看美国》(Margaret Mead, And Keep your Powder Dry: An Anthropologist Looks at America, New York: William Morrow.1942, p.11.)
④[美]彼得·康：《赛珍珠：一本文化传记》(Peter Conn, Pearl S. Buck: A Cultural Biography, New York: Cambridge University Press,1996, p.263.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《我的几个世界》(Pearl S. Buck, My Several Worlds: A Personal Record, New York: John Day, 1954, p.5.)
②[美]彼得·康：《赛珍珠：一本文化传记》(Peter Conn, Pearl S. Buck: A Cultural Biography, New York: Cambridge University Press,1996, p.238.)
③[美]赛珍珠：《龃龉》,载[美]赛珍珠：《男人女人面面观》(Pearl S. Buck, "The Discord," in Pearl S. Buck, Of Men and Women, New York: The John Day Company,1941, pp.23-28.)
①[美]保罗·A.多伊尔：《赛珍珠》(Paul A. Doyle, Pearl S. Buck, Boston: Twayne Publishers,1980, p.89.)
②张子清：《赛珍珠的跨文化创作和跨文化比较——赛珍珠作品集分序》,赛珍珠：《群芳亭》,刘海平等译,桂林：漓江出版社,1998年,第40页。
③ 周卫京：《赛珍珠女权主义创作意识形成探微》,《江苏大学学报》(社会科学版),2002年第3期,第72页。
④[美]赛珍珠：《桥》(Pearl S. Buck, A Bridge for Passing, New York: The John Day Company,1962.)
⑤[美]彼得·康：《赛珍珠：一本文化传记》(Peter Conn, Pearl S. Buck: A Cultural Biography, New York: Cambridge University Press,1996, p.26.)
①[美]彼得·康：《赛珍珠：一本文化传记》(Peter Conn, Pearl S. Buck: A Cultural Biography, New York: Cambridge University Press,1996, p.51.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《中世纪的美国妇女》,载《哈勃杂志》(Pearl S. Buck, "America's Medieval Women," Harper's Magazine, August 1938, pp.225-232.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《火药式美国妇女》,载《哈勃杂志》(Pearl S. Buck, "America's Gunpowder Women," Harper's Magazine, July 1939, pp.126-135.)
③[美]赛珍珠：《美国和中国的家庭》,载[美]赛珍珠：《男人女人面面观》(Pearl S. Buck, "The Home in China and America," in Of Men and Women, New York: The John Day Company,1941, p.88.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《妇女：一个少数群体》,载《机遇》(Pearl S. Buck, "Women: A Minority Group," Opportunity, Vol. XVIII, No.7, July,1940, p.201)
②[美]赛珍珠：《妇女：一个少数群体》,载《机遇》(Pearl S. Buck, "Women: A Minority Group," Opportunity, Vol. XVIII, No.7, July,1940, pp.201-202)
③[美]凯瑟琳·伍兹：《赛珍珠眼中的男人和女人》,载《纽约时报》(Katherine Woods, "Pearl Buck on Men and Women," New York Times, June 22,1941, p.5.)
④这9篇文章包括：(1)《龃龉》(The Discord); (2)《美国和中国的家庭》(The Home in China and America);(3)《美国男人》(The American Man); (4)《美国女人》(The American Woman); (5)《一夫一妻制》(Monogamy; (6)《被当作天使的妇女》(Women as Angels); (7)《妇女和战争》(Women and War); (8)《学会彼此理解的男性与女性》(The Education of Men and Women for Each Other); (9)《妇女和自由》(Women and Freedom)
①[美]赛珍珠：《美国和中国的家庭》,载[美]赛珍珠：《男人女人面面观》(Pearl S. Buck, "The Home in China and America," in Of Men and Women, New York: The John Day Company,1941, p.46.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《美国和中国的家庭》,载[美]赛珍珠：《男人女人面面观》(Pearl S. Buck, "The Home in China and America," in Of Men and Women, New York: The John Day Company,1941, pp.42-45.)
②[美]彼得·康：《赛珍珠：一本文化传记》(Peter Conn, Pearl S. Buck: A Cultural Biography, New York: Cambridge University Press,1996, p.173.)
③[美]彼得·康：《赛珍珠：一本文化传记》(Peter Conn, Pearl S. Buck: A Cultural Biography, New York: Cambridge University Press,1996, p.83.)
①刘海平： 《一位需要重新认识的美国女作家——试论赛珍珠的女性主义特征》,郭英剑主编： 《赛珍珠评论集》,桂林：漓江出版社,1999年,第260页。
②[美]桑德拉·吉伯特和苏珊·古柏：《诺顿妇女文学选读》(Sandra Gilbert & Susan Gubar, Norton Anthology of Literature by Women, New York: W. W. Norton & Co Inc,1996.)
③方红：《西方女权评论家为何排斥赛珍珠》,郭英剑主编：《赛珍珠评论集》,桂林：漓江出版社,1999年,第229-231页。
①吴庆宏： 《第三世界女性主义视角下的赛珍珠》, 《江苏大学学报》(社会科学版),2009年第3期,第41页。
②佩尔·哈尔斯特龙：授奖词,[美]赛珍珠：《大地三部曲·附录》,王逢振译,桂林：漓江出版社,1998年,第950页。
①[美]斯蒂芬·杰伊·古德：《熊猫的拇指：自然史再思考》(Stephen Jay Gould, The Panda's Thumb: More Reflections in Natural History, New York:W. W. Norton,1980, pp.160-168.)
②[美]詹姆斯·P.德美隆：《证词》,见《华人移民特别调查联委会报告》(James P. Dameron, "Testimony," in Report of the Joint Special Committee to Investigate Chinese Immigration, Washington: Government Printing House,1877, pp.1047-1049.)
③对于19世纪和20世纪初用“科学”伪装起来的种族主义,目前欧美已经有很多研究。主要有：(1)[美]罗伯特·C.班尼斯特：《社会达尔文主义：盎格鲁·撒克逊社会思想中的科学与神话》(Robert C. Bannister, Social Darvinism: Science and Myth in Anglo-American Social Thought, Philadelphia: Temple University Press,1979.)(2)[美]乔治·M.弗雷德里克森：《白人思想中的黑人形象：1817-1914非裔美国人性格与天命之辩》(George M. Frederickson, The Black Image in the White Mind: The Debate on Afro-American Character and Destiny,1817-1914, New York: Harper & Row,1971.) (3)[美]詹恩·布莱曼：《帝国的猴子事务：社会达尔文主义理论和殖民实践中的种族优越论》(Jan Breman, ed., Imperial Monkey Business: Racial Supremacy in Social Darvinist Theory and Colonial Practice, Amsterdam: VU University Press,1990.) (4)[美]卡尔·N.德格勒：《追寻人类本质：美国社会思想中达尔文主义的衰退和复兴》(Carl N. Degler, In Search of Human Nature: The Decline and Revival of Darvinism in American Social Thought, New York: Oxford University Press,1991.)
①[美]诺拉·斯特林：《赛珍珠：矛盾中的女人》(Nora B. Stirling, Pearl S. Buck: A Woman in Conflict, Piscatawny, N. J.: New Century,1983, p.134.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《种族关系与种族自豪》,载《机会：黑人生活杂志》(Pearl S. Buck, "Race Relations and Race Pride," Opportunity: Journal of Negro Life, January 1933, pp.1-2.)
③[美]埃拉扎·巴肯：《科学种族主义的退潮：两次世界大战之间英美种族观的变化》(Elazar Barkan, The Retreat of Scientific Racism: Changing Concepts of Race in Britain and the United States Between the World Wars. New York: Cambridge University Press,1992.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《评<种族：现代迷信研究>》,载《亚洲书架》(Pearl S. Buck, "Review of Race: A Study in Modern Superstition," in "Asia Book-Shelf," Asia, November,1937, p.782.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《评(背义的种族观)》,载《亚洲书架》(Pearl S. Buck, "Review of Race Against Man" in "Asia Book-Shelf," Asia, November,1939, p.665.)
③[美]赛珍珠：《评(种族：科学和政治)》,载《亚洲书架》(Pearl S. Buck, "Review of Race: Science and Politics," in "Asia Book-Shelf," Asia, November,1940, p.613.)
④[美]赛珍珠：《未来的火种》,载[美]赛珍珠：《美国团结与亚洲》(Pearl S. Buck, "Tinder for Tomorrow," Asia, March 1942, in Pearl S. Buck, American Unity and Asia, New York: The John Day Company,1942, P.31.)
①[美]埃莉诺·罗斯福：《赛珍珠捍卫民主——前言》(Eleanor Roosevelt, "Forward," Pearl Buck Speaks for Democracy, New York: Common Council for American Unity, n.d. December,1941, unpaged.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《致(纽约时报)的一封信》,载[美]赛珍珠：《美国团结与亚洲》(Pearl S. Buck, "Letter to the Times," New York Times, Nov.15,1941, in Pearl S. Buck, American Unity and Asia, New York: The John Day Company,1942. p.14.)
③[美]赛珍珠：《致(纽约时报>的一封信》,载[美]赛珍珠：《美国团结与亚洲》(Pearl S. Buck, "Letter to the Times," New York Times, Nov.15,1941, in Pearl S. Buck, American Unity and Asia, New York: The John Day Company,1942, p.11.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《致(纽约时报>的一封信》,载[美]赛珍珠：《美国团结与亚洲》(Pearl S. Buck, "Letter to the Times," New York Times,Nov.15,1941, in Pearl S. Buck, American Unity and Asia, New York: The John Day Company,1942, p.16.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《致(纽约时报)的一封信》,载[美]赛珍珠：《美国团结与亚洲》(Pearl S. Buck, "Letter to the Times," New York Times, Nov.15,1941, in Pearl S. Buck, American Unity and Asia, New York: The John Day Company,1942, pp.19-20.)
③[美]亨利·乔治：《中国移民》,载[美]约翰·拉博编：《美国政治科学、政治经济和政治历史百科知识》(Henry George, "Chinese Immigration," in John Labor ed. Cyclopedia of Political Science, Political Economy and of the Political History of the United States, New York: Maynard, Merrill, & Co.,1899, pp. 409-414.)
①[美]亨利·乔治：《太平洋海岸的中国人》,载《纽约论坛》(Henry George, "The Chinese on the Pacific Coast," New York Tribune, May 1,1869.)
②[美]A.B.斯陶特：《证词》, 《中国移民问题特别调查联委会报告》(A. B. Stout, "Testimony," Report of the Joint Special Committee to Investigate Chinese Immigration, Washington: Government Printing House, 1877,pp.864-869.)
③[美]赛珍珠：《亚洲书架》(Pearl S. Buck, "Asia Book-Shelf," Asia, (November 1936), p.755.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《日裔美国人》,载[美]赛珍珠：《美国团结与亚洲》(Pearl S. Buck, "Japanese Americans," in Pearl S. Buck, American Unity and Asia, New York: The John Day Company,1942, p.99.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《日裔美国人》,载[美]赛珍珠：《美国团结与亚洲》(Pearl S. Buck, "Japanese Americans," in Pearl S. Buck, American Unity and Asia, New York: The John Day Company,1942, p.96.)
③[美]赛珍珠：《日裔美国人》,载[美]赛珍珠：《美国团结与亚洲》(Pearl S. Buck, "Japanese Americans," in Pearl S. Buck, American Unity and Asia, New York: The John Day Company,1942, p.97.)
④[美]赛珍珠：《日裔美国人》,载[美]赛珍珠：《美国团结与亚洲》(Pearl S. Buck, "Japanese Americans," in Pearl S. Buck, American Unity and Asia, New York: The John Day Company,1942, p.103.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《未来的火种》,载[美]赛珍珠：《美国团结与亚洲》(Pearl S. Buck, "Tinder for Tomorrow," in Pearl S. Buck, American Unity and Asia, New York: The John Day Company,1942, p.29.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《未来的火种》,载[美]赛珍珠：《美国团结与亚洲》(Pearl S. Buck, "Tinder for Tomorrow," in Pearl S. Buck, American Unity and Asia, New York: The John Day Company,1942, p.23.)
③[美]赛珍珠：《未来的火种》,载[美]赛珍珠：《美国团结与亚洲》(Pearl S. Buck, "Tinder for Tomorrow," in Pearl S. Buck, American Unity and Asia, New York: The John Day Company,1942, p.25.)
①[美]赛珍珠：《未来的火种》,载[美]赛珍珠：《美国团结与亚洲》(Pearl S. Buck, "Tinder for Tomorrow," in Pearl S. Buck, American Unity and Asia, New York: The John Day Company,1942, p.33.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《向西方解释中国》,载[美]赛珍珠：《我眼中的中国》(Pearl S. Buck, "Interpretation of China to the West", in Pearl S. Buck, China As I See It, New York: The John Day Company,1970, p.10.)
①[美]爱德华·W.赛义德：《东方主义》(Edward W. Said, Orientalism, New York: Vintage Books,1994, p.21.)
②[美]卡伦·J.梁：《中国魅力：赛珍珠、黄柳霜、宋美龄和美国东方主义的转型》(Karen J. Leong, The China Mystique: Pearl Buck, Anna May Wong, Mayling Soong and the Transformation of American Orientalism, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London:University of California Press,2005, p.51.)
③[美]埃拉·肖汉特、罗伯特·斯塔姆：《去除欧洲中心主义：多元文化主义与媒体》(Ella Shohat and Robert Stam, Unthinking Eurocentrism: Multiculturalism and the Media, New York: Routledge,1994, p.224, p.226.)
①[美]卡伦·J.梁：《中国魅力：赛珍珠、黄柳霜、宋美龄和美国东方主义的转型》(Karen J. Leong, The China Mystique: Pearl Buck, Anna May Wong, Mayling Soong and the Transformation of American Orientalism, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press,2005, p.53.)
①[美]韩德：《一种特殊关系的形成——1914年前的美国与中国》(Michael H. Hunt, The Making of a Special Relationship: The United States and China to 1914, New York: Columbia University Press,1983, pp.299-300.)
②[美]赛珍珠：《中国民主的武器》,载《亚洲》(Pearl S. Buck, "Arms for China's Democracy", Asia 38, September 1938, pp.534-535.)
③[美]韩德：《大众的中国通赛珍珠,1931-1949》,载《现代中国》(Michael H. Hunt, "Pearl Buck-Popular Expert on China,1931-1949," Modern China, Vol.3, No.1, January 1977, p.54.)
④[美]赛珍珠：《中国必胜》,《我眼中的中国》(Pearl S. Buck, "China Wins" (originally written in 1938), in Pearl S. Buck, China As I See It, New York: The John Day Company,1970, p.114.)
①出版于1933年的赛珍珠短篇小说集《结发妻和其它故事》(The First Wife and Other Stories,1933),内含多篇有关长江流域饥荒的故事,例如《荒春》(Barren Spring)、《难民》(Refugees)、《父母们》(Fathers and Mothers)、《长江》(The Good River)等。
②[美]赛珍珠：《告语人民》,载《亚洲》(Pearl S. Buck, "Tell the People," Asia 45, January 1945, pp.49-71.)
③[美]韩德：《大众的中国通赛珍珠,1931-1949》，载《现代中国》(Michael H. Hunt, "Pearl Buck-Popular Expert on China,1931-1949," Modern China, Vol.3, No.1, January 1977, p.55.) 程式,不变的因素是农民对地主的反抗。尽管在赛珍珠的《大地》三部曲中,读者可以直接看到成为地主的王龙的道德退化,隐约觉察到雇农们对以王大和王二为代表的大地主和高利贷者的不满,但这种紧张关系似乎只是自然环境恶化的一部分结果,似乎可以通过风调雨顺的天气条件的优化得以缓解。唯一的民众暴动发生在城市中,通过地理空间的切换,赛珍珠将农民和士绅的冲突置换为停滞的中国传统社会对工商业文明发展的质疑。在被赛珍珠做了审美化处理的中国农村,各阶层间具有很强的流动性,这一点和拉铁摩尔等专业中国学家的观点截然相反。
①[美]A.T.斯蒂尔：《美国人民与中国》(A. T. Steele, The American People and China, New York: McGraw-Hill,1966, p.171.)
②[美]P.S.哈金森：《生命的发起人》,载《基督教世纪》(P. S. Hutchinson, "Breeder of Life", Christian Century 48,20 May,1931, p.683.)
All Under Heaven. New York: John Day,1973.
American Triptych. John Sedges [pseud]. New York: John Day,1985.②
The Angry Wife. John Sedges [pseud]. New York: John Day,1947.
Bondmaid. London: Methuen,1949.
Bright Procession. John Sedges, [pseud]. New York: John Day,1952.
China Flight. Philadelphia: Triangle Books,1945.
China Gold. Serialized in Collier's,7 Feb.-18 Apr.1942.
China Sky. Philadelphia: Triangle Books,1942.
Come, My Beloved. New York: John Day,1953.
Command the Morning. New York: John Day,1959.
Death in the Castle. New York: John Day,1965.
Dragon Seed. New York: John Day,1942.
East Wind, West Wind. New York: John Day,1930.
The Goddess Abides. New York: John Day,1972.
God's Men. New York: John Day,1951.
The Good Earth. New York: John Day,1931.
The Hidden Flower. New York: John Day,1952.
A House Divided. New York: Reynal,1935.
House of Earth: The Good Earth; Sons; A House Divided. New York: Reynal,1935.
Imperial Woman. New York: John Day,1956.
Kinfolk. New York: John Day,1949.
Letter From Peking. New York: John Day,1957.
The Living Reed. New York: John Day,1963.
The Long love. John Sedges [pseud] New York: John Day,1949.
Mandala. New York: John Day,1970.
The Mother. New York: John Day,1934.
The New Year. New York: John Day,1968.
Now and Forever. Serialized in the Woman's Home Companion, Oct.1936-Mar.1937.
Other Gods. New York: John Day,1940.
The Patriot. New York: John Day,1939.
Pavilion of Women. New York: John Day,1946.
Pearl Buck Reader. Pleasantville, N.Y.:Reader's Association,1958 (Selection of novels).
Peony. New York: John Day,1948.
Portrait of a Marriage. New York: John Day,1945.
The Promise. New York: John Day,1943.
The Rainbow. New York: John Day,1974.
Satan Never Sleeps, New York:Pocket Books,1962.
Sons. New York: John Day,1932.
This Proud Heart. New York: Reynal,1938.
The Three Daughters of Madame Liang. New York: John Day,1969.
The Time is Noon. New York: John Day,1966,1967.
The Townsman. John Sedges [pseud]. New York: John Day,1945.
Voices in the House. New York: John Day,1953.
Young Revolutionist. New York: Friendship Press,1932.
"The Big Wave," television play,1956. ①
"China Speaks to America," radio play,1934.②
"Chinese Incident," radio play,1942.③
"Christine," 1960.④
"A Desert Incident," 1959.⑤
"The Empress," 1937. ⑥
"The Enemy," television play.⑦
"The First Wife," 1945.⑧
"Flight into China," 1939. ⑨
"The No.1 Christmas Tree in All the World," 1970.
"Satan Never Sleeps," movie script⑩
"Sun Yat-sen," 1944. 11
"Will This Earth Hold?" Radio play,1944.12
The Beech Tree. New York: John Day,1954.
The Beech Tree & Johnny Jack and His Beginning. New York: Dell,1967.
The Big Flight. New York: John Day,1964.
The Big Wave. New York: John Day,1948.
The Chinese Children Next Door. New York: John Day,1942.
The Chinese Story Teller. New York: John Day,1971.
The Christmas Ghost. New York: John Day,1960.
The Christmas Miniature. New York: John Day,1957.
The Dragon Fish. New York: John Day,1944.
Fairy Tales of Orient. New York: Simon,1965.
A Gift for the Children. New York: John Day,1971.
Johnny Jack and His Beginning. New York: John Day,1954.
The Little Fox in the Middle. New York: Macmillan,1966.
The Man Who Changed China: the Story of Sun Yat-sen. New York: Random House,1953.
Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. New York: John Day,1966.
Mrs. Starling's Problem. New York: John Day,1973.
One Bright Day. New York: John Day,1950.
One Bright Day and Other Stories for Children. New York: John Day,1950.
Stories for Little Children. New York: John Day,1940. ①
The Water-Buffalo Children. New York: John Day,1943.
Welcome Child. New York: John Day,1963.
The Young Revolutionist. New York: Friendship Press,1932.
Yu Lan, Flying Boy of China. New York: John Day,1945.
All Men Are Brothers(《水浒传》)，2 Vols. New York: John Day,1943.
East and West. New York: John Day,1975. (7 stories)
Escape at Midnight and Other Stories. Hong Kong: Dragonily Books,1963. (10 stories)
Far and Near. New York: John Day,1947. (14 stories)
The First Wife and Other Stories. New York: John Day,1933. (14 stories)
Fourteen Stories. New York: John Day,1961.①
The Good Deed and Other Stories of Asia, Past and Present. New York: John Day,1969. (9 Stories)
Hearts Come Home and Other stories. New York: Pocket Books,1962. (14 stories)
The Lovers and Other Stories. New York: John Day,1977. (6 stories and 1 novella)
Mrs. Stoner and the Sea and Other Works. New York: Ace Books Paperback,1977. (9 stories and 3 other writings)
My Mother's House. Richwood, W.Va.:Appalachian Press,1965.②
Once upon a Christmas. New York: John Day,1972. (14 stories and articles)
Pearl S. Buck's Book of Christmas. New York: Simon & Schuster,1974. (39 stories)③
Secrets of the Heart. New York: John Day,1976. (4 short stories and I novella)
Stories of China. New York: John Day,1964. ④
Today and Forever. New York: John Day,1941. (13 stories)⑤
Twenty-Seven Stories. Garden City, N.Y.:The Sun Press,1943. ⑥
The Woman Who Was Changed and Other Stories. New York: Thomas Y. Cromwell,1979. (5 stories and novella)
A Bridge for Passing. New York: John Day,1962.
The Exile. New York: Reynal & Hitchcock,1936.
Fighting Angel: Portrait of a Soul. New York: Reynal,1936.
My Chinese Childhood. Newton, Iowa: Tamazunchale,1982.
My Several Worlds: a Personal Record. New York: John Day,1954.
The Spirit and the Flesh. New York: John Day,1944.①
American Argument: with Eslanda Goods Robeson. New York: John Day,1949.
American Unity and Asia. New York: John Day,1942.②
Can the Church Lead? New York: 1946.③
A Certain Star. New York: Hearst,1957.
Children for Adoption. New York: Random House,1964.
Children Who Never Grew. New York: John Day,1950.
China as I See It. New York: John Day,1970.
China in Black and White. New York: John Day,1945.④
China Past and Present. New York: John Day,1972.
The Chinese Novel. New York: John Day,1939.⑤
A Community Success Story: the Founding of the Pearl Buck Center. New York: John Day,1972.
Delights of Learning. Pittsburgh:University of Pittsburgh Press,1960.⑥
East and West and the Novel: Sources of the early Chinese Novel.1932. ⑦
Essay on Myself. New York: John Day,1966.①
For Spacious Skies: Journal in Dialogue. New York: John Day,1966.②
Freedom for All. New York: The Post War World Council,1942.
Freedom for India Now! New York: The Post War World Council,1941.
Friend to Friend: a Candid Exchange Between Pearl Buck and P. Romulo. New York: John Day, 1958.
The Gifts They Bring: Our Debt to the Mentally Retarded. New York: John Day,1965.
How it Happens. New York: John Day,1947.
Illustrated Story Bible. New York: New American Library,1980.
Insecurity Breeds Hatred. Labor Reports,1945.
Is There a Case for Foreign Missions? New York: John Day,1932.
The Joy of Children. New York: John Day,1964.
The Kennedy Women: A Personal Appraisal. New York: Cowles Book,1970.
Like and Unlike in East and West. Dallas, Texas: Institute of Public Affairs.1935.
My Chinese Childhood. Newton, Iowa: Tamazunchale Press,1982.
The Novel in the Making. New York: John Day,1940.
Of Men and Women. New York: John Day,1941.
On Discovering America. New York: Survey Associates,1937.
Pearl Buck's Oriental Cookbook. New York:Simon & Schuster,1972.③
Pearl Buck Speaks for Democracy. New York: Common Council for American Unity,1942.④
Pearl S. Buck's America. New York: Bartholomew House,1971.⑤
Pearl S. Buck: The Complete Woman. Kansas City: Hallmark,1971. ⑥
People of Japan. New York: Simon & Schuster,1966.
Story Bible: Volume I the Old Testament. New York: Bartholomew House,1971.⑦
Story Bible: Volume Ⅱ the New Testament. New York: Bartholomew House,1971.①
Story Bible. New York: Bartholomew House,1971.②
Story of Dragon Seed. New York: John Day,1944.
Talk about Russia with Masha Sott. New York: John Day,1945.
Tell the People. New York: John Day,1945.③
Through China's Gateway. New York: 1947.④
Tinder for Tomorrow. New York: The Post War World Council,1941.
To My Daughters, with Love. New York: John Day,1967.⑤
What America Means to Me. New York: John Day,1943.
What the Peoples of Asia Want. Chicago: Council on Foreign Relations,1951.
Words of Love. New York: John Day,1974.⑥
"Advice to Unborn Novelist." in W. H. and K. C. Cordell ed., American Points of View. New York: Doubleday,1936, pp.390-401; also in Saturday Review of Literature 2, Mar.1935,513-514.
"Alice Nash." Training School Bulletin, Feb.1950, pp.150-151.
"America's Gunpowder Women." Harper's Magazine, July 1939, pp.126-135; also in Reader's Digest, Aug.1939, pp.10-15.
"America's Medieval Women," in S. F. Anderson et. al. ed., Our Changing World. New York: Harper,1939, pp.324-39; also in Essay Annual,1939, pp.63-75; also in Harper's Magazine, Aug.1938, pp.225-232.
"American Imperialism in the Making." Asia, Aug.1945, pp.365-368.
"Americans in Distress." United Nations World, Apr.1947, pp.26-29.
"American Looks at America." Opportunity, Dec.1937, pp.359-361.
"Appeal to California." Asia, Jan.1944, pp.21-23.
"Arms for China's Democracy." Asia, Sept.1958, pp.534-535.
"Artist in a World of Science." Saturday Review 20, Sept.1958, pp.15-16.
"Asiatic Problems." Vital Speeches 1, Mar.1942, pp.303-305.
"At Home in the World." Child Study Association of America, Our Children Today. New York: Viking Press,1952, pp.334-43; also in S. M. Gruenberg ed., Family in a World at War. New York: Harper,1942, pp.130-42.
"At Home with Pearl Buck." Ladies'Home Journal, July 1965, p.36.
"Atmosphere of Education." National Education Association Journal, Mar.1924, pp.326-336.
"Beauty in China." Forum, Mar.1924, pp.326-336.
"Bomb, Did We Have to Drop It?" Reader's Digest, Aug.1959, pp.11-15; also in American Weekly 15, Mar.1959, pp.10-11,16.
"Books About Americans for People in Asia to Read." Asia, Oct.1942, pp.600-601.
"Breaking the Barriers of Race Prejudice." Journal of Negro Education, Oct.1942, pp.445-453.
"Can England Trust Us?" New York Times Magazine,18 Apr.1943, p.10.
"Can the Church Be Religious?" Christian Century 22, Dec.1943, pp.1499-1501.
"Center of New Life." American Journal of Nursing, May 1943, pp.493-495.
"Child from Nowhere." Ladies'Home Journal, Dec.1963, pp.46-47.
"Child Who Never Grew." Ladies'Home Journal, May 1950, pp.35-35; also in Reader's Digest, Sept.1950, pp.18-25.
"Children America Forgot." Reader's Digest, Sept.1967, pp.108-110.
"Children Are What You Make Them." Forum, Dec.1936, pp.253-255.
"Children Waiting." Woman's Home Companion, Sept.1955, pp.32-33.
"Children's Crusade for Children." Parents'Magazine, May.1940, p.21.
"China against Japan." Asia, Feb.1936, pp.79-80.
"China and the Foreign Chinese." Yale Review, Mar.1932, pp.539-547.
"China and the West." Annals of the American Academy, July 1933, pp.118-131.
"China Front and the Future of Asia: Controversial Viewpoint," Pearl S. Buck et al. Amerasia, Jan.1943, pp.459-470.
"China Lost and Found." National PTA Magazine, Mar.1972, pp.28-31.
"China, Still the Good Earth." Saturday Review of Literature,8 Oct.1949, pp.8-10.
"China the Eternal." Living Age 7, Feb.1925, pp.324-330; also in China Weekly Review,11 Apr.1925, pp.162-164; also in International Review of Missions, Oct.1924, pp.573-584.
"China to America." Arch Oholer. Free World Theater. New York: Random House,1944, pp. 140-50.
"Chinese Attitude Toward Graft." Harper's Magazine, Jan.1935, pp.190-98.
"Chinese Literature in Today's World." in H. F. MaeNair ed., China. Berkeley: University of California Press,1946, pp.397-405.
"Chinese Student Mind." Nation 8, Oct.1924, pp.358-361.
"Chinese War Lords." Saturday Evening Post 22, Apr.1933, pp.3-5.
"Chinese Weapon." Pacific Affairs, Oct.1931, pp.905-909.
"Come in, Mary." Reader's Digest, Nov.1965, pp.229-301.
"Coming of Jesus." Ladies' Home Journal, Dec.1971, p.34.
"Communism in China." Nation 25, July.1928, pp.97-98.
"Conclusion: East and West." in A. E. Christy ed., Asia Legacy and American Life. New York: John Day,1943, pp.231-235.
"Conflict and Cooperation across the Pacific Today." Opportunity, Sept.1935, pp.264-266.
"Creative Spirit in Modern China." Asia, Sept.-Oct.1934, pp.526-529, pp.601-605.
"Darkest House in China's History." New York Times Magazine,17 Dec.1944, p.9.
"Does World Government Mean More Government?" United Nations World, Feb.1947, pp.22-25.
"Don't Throw Away the Best Part." Collier's,1 Aug.1942, p.11.
"Do You Want Your Children to be Tolerant?" Better Homes and Gardens, Feb.1947, p.33.
"Dream for Danby." Yankee Magazine, July 1971.
"Early Chinese Novel." Saturday Review of Literature,6 June 1931, pp.873-874.
"East and West." American Mercury, May 1945, pp.526-529.
"Easter 1933."Cosmopolitan, May 1933, pp.16-17.
"Education for Victory." Nebraska Education Journal, May 1944, p.153; Also in Texas Outlooks, Nov.1944, p.29.
"Elementary Teacher is a Champion for the Less Fortunate Child." Instructor, Jan.1952, p.11.
"Elements of Democracy in the Chinese Traditional Culture." Jamaica, N.Y. Center of Asian Studies, St. John's University,1969. St. John's paper in Asian Studies, No.5.
"Emotional Chinese." Trans-Pacific,30 Oct.1926, p.3.
"Emotional Nature of the Chinese." Nation 22, Sept.1926, pp.269-270.
"Exile's Gift." Saturday Review of Literature 19, Oct.1940, p.9.
"Fiction and the Front Page." Yale Review, Mar.1936, p.477-487.
"Fifty Years in the Training School is an Honorable Record." Training-School Bulletin, Dec.1948, pp.143-146.
"Films for Neighbors." in C. Starr ed., Ideas on Film. New York: Funk and Wagnalls,1951, p. 82-86; Also in Saturday Review of Literature.14 Jan.1950: 38.
"Food for China." Survey Graphic, July 1947, pp.377-379.
"For a People's Peace." Progressive Education, Nov.1942, p.367.
"Foreigners under Fire." Asia, Nov.1937, pp.806-807; Mar.1938, p.208.
"Free China Gets to Work." Asia, Apr.1939, pp.199-202.
"Freedom, East and West." Common Sense, Sept.1942, pp.291-294.
"Freedom for All." Asia, May 1942, pp.324-326.
"Freedom to be Free." New York Times Magazine 28, Feb.1943, p.14.
"Friendly Homes of Bucks County." American Home, Oct.1961, pp.38-43.
"Friends and Enemies of China. "Asia, Apr.1936, pp.279-280.
"Future of the White Man in the Far East." Foreign Affairs, Oct.1940, pp.22-23.
"Giants Are Gone." Asia, Nov.1936, pp.710-14.
"God Becomes a Convenience." Forum, Sept.1936, pp.99-105.
"Good People of Japan." United Nations World, Feb.1949, pp.14-16.
"Heart of Democracy." Vital Speeches 15, April 1942, pp.395-397.
"He Who Lives, Wins." Asia, Nov.1939, pp.635-636.
"Higher Nationalism." World Tomorrow 7, Dec.1933, pp.658-659.
"Historic Basis of Friendship." Current, June 1971, pp.3-5.
"How I Feel about America." Pittsburgh Press 7, June 1970 (none paged).
"I Am the Better Woman for Having My Two Black Children." Today's Health, Jan.1972, pp. 20-23.
"In China, Too." Atlantic, Jan 1924, pp.68-72.
"In Search of a New Book." Wilson Bulletin, May 1935, pp.469-470.
"In Search of Readers." in H. R. Hull ed., Writer's Book. New York: Harper,1950, pp.2-5.
"In Search of Teachers." Schoolman's Week Proctor. Pennsylvania University Press,1956, pp. 17-27.
"Interview with My Adopted Daughter." Reader's Digest, June 1946, pp.4-8.
"Introduction." Lin, Yu-tang, My Country and My People. New York: Reynal and Hitchcock, 1935, pp. vii-xii.
"Introduction." Lin, Adet and Lin, Anor. Our Family. New York: Reynal and Hitchcock,1935, pp. vii-xii.
"Introduction to the United States." Saturday Review of Literature 27, May 1939, pp.12-13.
"Is There a Case for Foreign Missions?" Harper's Magazine, Jan.1933, pp.143-55.
"It Takes Courage." National Education Association Journal, Apr.1948, p.246.
"Japan Loses the War." Reader's Digest, Aug.1938, pp.38-40.
"Japanese Children." Catholic World, Jan.1953, p.5.
"Joy of Children." Reader's Digest, July 1965, pp.145-153.
"Laymen's Mission Report." Christian Century 23, Nov.1932, pp.1434-1437.
"Legend of Tchi-Nie: Adaptation." McCall's, May 1964, pp.114-115.
"Let Them Have Reality." Child Study, May 1949, p.74.
"Letters to the Editor." Christian Observer 5, Apr.1899.①
"Letter to Germany." Common Ground, Winter 1946, pp.3-9.
"Like and Unlike in East and West." Vital Speeches 12, Aug.1935, pp.718-720.
"Listen to the People, United Nations!" United Nations World, Oct.1947, pp.27-31.
"Literature and Life." in A. L. Bader and C. F. Wells eds., Essay for Our Time. New York: Harper, 1947, pp.201-210; Also in I. E. Taylor et al. eds., Reading for Writing. New York: Ronald,1952, pp.98-108; Also in National Education Association Journal, Sept.1938, pp.171-176; Also in Saturday Review of Literature 13, Aug.1938, pp.3-4.
"Make it Freedom's War." New Republic,21 Dec.1942, pp.824-825.②
"Man Who Showed China the Vision." New York Times Magazine 12, Mar.1944, p.9.
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"Message to Randolph-Macon." Randolph-Macon Woman's College Alumnae Bulletin 1943, pp. 13-16.
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"Missionaries of Empire." in J. Barnes ed., Empire in the East. New York: Doubleday,1934, pp. 241-66.
"Most Unforgettable Character I've Met." Reader's Digest, Oct.1946, pp.69-73.
"Mr. Clinton Stops Starvation." United Nations World, Dec.1949, pp.25-28.
"Must We Have Orphanages?" Reader's Digest, Nov.1955, pp.57-60.
"My Debt to Dickens." English Review, Apr.1936, pp.408-412; Also in Saturday Review of Literature 4, Apr.1936, pp.114-119.
"My World." Ladies'Home Journal, Nov.1964, p.36; Jan.1965, p.18; Mar.1965, p.36.
"New Education for a New Day." Progressive Education, May 1944, p.219; Also in Texas Outlook Mar.1944, p.25; Also in Virginia Journal of Education, Jan.1944, p.181.
"New Modes of Chinese Marriages." Asia, Aug.1927, pp.650-653.
"New Nationalism." International Digest, Sept.1931, pp.50-52.
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"New Tools for Rebounds." The Eastern Survey, 11,Jun.1943, pp.10-11.
"New Traveler in China." Asia, Oct.1946, pp.473-476.
"Nineteen Stockings by the Chimney Piece." Reader's Digest, Dec.1963, pp.49-52.
"No Union without China!" Asia, Sept.1941, p.524.
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"Old Trick of the West." Asia, Aug.1939, p.456.
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"On writing Novels." Randolph-Macon Woman's College Alumnae Bulletin, June 1933, pp.3-10.
"Open Letter to the Chinese People." Asia, Feb.1938, pp.126-28.
"Our Dangerous Myths about China." New York Times Magazine 23, Oct.,1949, p.9; Also in Reader's Digest, Jan.1950, pp.69-72.
"Our Last Chance in China." Common Sense, Aug.1944, pp.265-268.
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"Pearl Buck's Cookbook." Pearl S. Buck and L. K. Engel. Ladies'Home Journal, Apr.1973, pp. 104-105.
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"President Truman's Point 4." Fortnightly, Feb.1950, pp.69-75.
"Protestant among the Presbyterians." America,29 Apr.1933, p.77.
"Protesting an Unfavorable Review of Lillian Smith's 'Killers of the Dream.'" New York Times 4, Dec.1949, p.2.
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"Sexual Revolution." Ladies' Home Journal, Sept.1964.
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周宁：《第二人类》,北京：学苑出版社,2004年。
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周宁： 《世纪中国潮》,北京：学苑出版社,2004年。
周宁： 《孔教乌托邦》,北京：学苑出版社,2004年。
周宁： 《鸦片帝国》,北京：学苑出版社,2004年。
左芙蓉：《社会福音·社会服务·社会改造：北京基督教青年会历史研究,1906-1949》，北京：宗教文化出版社,2005年。
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[美]爱德华·C.斯图尔特、密尔顿·J.贝内特(Edward C. Steward & Milton J. Bennett):《美国文化模式》,卫景宜译,天津：百花文艺出版社,2000年。
[美]爱德华·W赛义德(Edward W. Said):《东方学》,王宇根译,北京：三联书店,1999。
[美]爱德华·W.赛义德(Edward W.Said):《文化与帝国主义》,李琨译,北京：三联书店,2003年。
[英]巴特·穆尔-吉尔伯特(Bart Morre-gilbert):《后殖民批评》,杨乃乔等译,北京：北京大学出版社,2001年。
[美]保罗·鲍威(Paul Bower):《向权力说真话：赛义德和批评家的工作》,王丽亚译,北京：中国社会科学出版社,2003年。
[美]保罗·A.多伊尔(Paul A. Doyle):《赛珍珠》,张晓胜等译,沈阳：春风文艺出版社,1991年。
[美]保罗·塔格特(Paul Taggart):《民粹主义》,袁明旭译,长春：吉林人民出版社,2005。
[美]彼得·康(Peter Conn):《赛珍珠传》,刘海平等译,桂林：漓江出版社,1998年。
[英]彼得·狄肯斯(Peter Dickens):《社会达尔文主义》,涂骏译,长春：吉林人民出版社,2005年。
[美]布莱特·哈特(Brett Harte):《扑克滩放逐的人们》,万主译,上海：上海译文出版社,1992年。
[法]蒂费纳·萨莫瓦约(Tiphaine Samoyault):《互文性研究》,绍炜译,天津：天津人民出版社,2003年。
[法]弗朗兹·法农(Frantz Fanon):《黑皮肤,白面具》,万冰译,南京：译林出版社,2005。
[美]费正清(John K. Fairbank):《费正清集》,陶文钊编选,天津：天津人民出版社,1992。
[美]费正清(John K. Fairbank):《美国与中国》,张理京译,北京：世界知识出版社,2002。
[美]费正清(John K. Fairbank):《中国：传统与变迁》张沛译,北京：世界知识出版社, 2002年。
[美]费正清(John K. Fairbank):《观察中国》,傅光明译,北京：世界知识出版社,2002年。
[美]费正清(John K. Fairbank):《伟大的中国革命》,刘尊棋译,北京：世界知识出版社,2001年。
[美]韩德(Michael H. Hunt):《一种特殊关系的形成——1914年前的美国与中国》,项立领、林勇军译,上海：复旦大学出版社,1992年。
[美]哈罗德.伊罗生(Harold Isaacs):《美国的中国形象》,于殿利、陆日宇译,北京：中华书局,2006。
[德]卡尔·曼海姆(Karl Mannheim):《意识形态与乌托邦》,黎鸣、李书崇译,上海：商务印书馆,1999年。
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[美]柯文(Paul A. Cohen):《在中国发现历史——中国中心观在美国的兴起》,林同奇译,北京：中华书局,2002年。
[法]孔多塞：《人类精神进步史表纲要》,何兆武、何冰译,北京：三联书店,1998年。
[美]孔华润(Warren I. Cohen):《美国对中国的反应——中美关系的历史剖析》,张静尔等译,上海：复旦大学出版社,1989年。
[美]刘禾(Lydia Liu):《帝国的话语政治：从近代中西冲突看现代世界秩序的形成》,杨立华等译,北京：三联书店,2009年。
[美]罗斯玛丽·帕特南·童(Rosemarie Putnam Tong):《女性主义思潮导论》,艾晓明等译,武汉：华中师范大学出版社,2002年。
[美]马汉(Alfred Thayer Mahan):《海权论》,北京：中国言实出版社,1997年。
[美]马克·吐温(Mark Twain):《马克·吐温文集》,石家庄：河北教育出版社,2003年。
[美]明恩溥(Arthur H. Smith):《中国人的气质》,佚名译,黄兴涛校注,北京：中华书局,2006年。
[美]明恩溥(Arthur H. Smith):《中国人的特性》,匡雁鹏译,北京：光明日报出版社,1998年。
[美]明恩溥(Arthur H. Smith):《中国乡村生活》,陈午晴、唐军译,北京：中华书局,2006。
[美]帕特里克·韩南(Patrick Hanan):《中国近代小说的兴起》,徐侠译,上海：上海教育出版社,2004年。
[美]赛珍珠(Pearl S. Buck):《我的中国世界》,尚营林译,长沙：湖南文艺出版1991年。
[美]赛珍珠(Pearl S. Buck):《大地》,王逢振等译,桂林：漓江出版社,1998年。
[美]赛珍珠(Pearl S. Buck):《儿子们》,王逢振等译,桂林：漓江出版社,1998年。
[美]赛珍珠(Pearl S. Buck):《分家》,王逢振等译,桂林：漓江出版社,1998年。
[美]赛珍珠(Pearl S. Buck):《流亡者》,林三等译,刘海平主编：《东风·西风》,桂林：漓江出版社,1998年。
[美]赛珍珠(Pearl S. Buck):《战斗的天使：一个灵魂的写真》,陆兴华等译,刘海平主编：《东风·西风》,桂林：漓江出版社,1998年。
[美]赛珍珠(Pearl S. Buck):《群芳亭》,刘海平等译,桂林：漓江出版社,1998年。
[美]赛珍珠(Pearl S. Buck):《龙子》,刘锋等译,桂林：漓江出版社,1998年。
[美]赛珍珠(Pearl S. Buck):《同胞》,吴克明等译,桂林：漓江出版社,1998年。
[美]赛珍珠(Pearl S. Buck):《东风·西风》,钱青等译,桂林：漓江出版社,1998年。
[美]赛珍珠(Pearl S. Buck):《告语人民》,宋恩荣编,桂林：广西师范大学出版社,2003.
[美]史景迁(Jonanthan D. Spence):《文化类同与文化利用》,廖世奇、彭小樵译,北京：北京大学出版社,1990年。
[美]史景迁(Jonanthan D. Spence):《天安门：知识分子与中国革命》,尹庆军等译,北京：中央编译出版社,1998年。
[美]史景迁(Jonanthan D. Spence):《追寻现代中国——1600-1912年的中国历史》,黄纯艳译,上海：上海远东出版社,2005年。
[美]托马斯·博克(Thomas Bork):《大洋彼岸的中国幻梦：美国“精英”的中国观》,丁伯成译,北京：外文出版社,2000年。
[英]维克托·基尔南(Victor Kierman):《人类的主人：欧洲帝国时期对其他文化的态度》,陈正国译,北京：商务印书馆,2006年。
[美]卫三畏(Samuel Wells Williams):《中国总论》,陈俱译,上海：上海古籍出版社,2005年。
[美]沃浓·路易·帕灵顿(Vernon Louis Parrington):《美国思想史：1620-1920》,陈永国等译,长春：吉林人民出版社,2002年。
[美]詹姆斯·克利福德(James Clifford)、乔治·E.马库斯编(George E. Marcus):《写文化——民族志的诗学与政治学》,高炳中等译,北京：商务印书馆,2008年。
[美]詹姆斯·罗宾森(James A. Robinson):《尤金·奥尼尔和东方思想》,郑柏铭译,沈阳：辽宁教育出版社,1997年。
陈超： 《中西宗教观的共融——赛珍珠作品<群芳亭>中的宗教观》, 《长春大学学报》,2008年第2期。
陈独秀：《<新青年>罪恶之答辩书》,《新青年》1919,第六卷第一号。
陈敬： 《论赛珍珠宗教立场的文化内蕴》, 《天津社会科学》,2003年第5期。
陈敬： 《从<告语人民>看晏阳初与赛珍珠的文化共识》, 《南开学报》(哲学社会科学版2002年第5期。
陈敬： 《死亡或超越——(觉醒)与<群芳亭)女性意识之探析》,四川外语学院学报,2002年第6期。
陈思和：《洋女子笔下的中国家庭》,《海南日报》1989年10月25日。
丁则民： 《边疆学说与美国对外政策》, 《世界历史》1980年第3期。
杜林：《寻根王虎：赛珍珠小说男性形象分析之一》,《北京大学学报》(国内访问学者、进修教师专刊),2000年。
杜林： 《论赛珍珠笔下的王虎》, 《外国文学评论》,2001年第1期。
方红：《西方女权评论家为何排斥赛珍珠》,郭英剑主编：《赛珍珠评论集》,桂林：漓江出版社,1999年。
[美]葛兰·华克(Grant Wacker):《赛珍珠与美国的海外传教》,郭英剑、冯元元译,江苏大学学报(社会科学版),2007年第3期。
顾钧：《赛珍珠建构中国形象的写作策略》,《江苏大学学报》(社会科学版),2002年第2期。
郭英剑,于艳平： 《寻求女性个体生命的意义——论赛珍珠的<群芳亭>》, 《镇江师专学报》(社会科学版),2000年第2期。
郭英剑,郝素玲： 《一部真实再现中国人民抗日战争历史的扛鼎之作——论赛珍珠的长篇小说<龙子>》, 《江苏大学学报》(社会科学版),2005年5月第3期。
郭英剑：《抒写“海归派”知识分子的发轫之作——论赛珍珠的长篇小说<同胞>》,《江苏大学学报》(社会科学版),2002年第3期。
郭英剑、姚君伟、张志强、徐清：《赛珍珠研究笔谈》,《江苏大学学报》(社会科学版),2006年第1期。
胡风：《<大地>里的中国》,《文艺笔谈》,上海：上海生活书店,1936。
李蕊： 《浅析赛珍珠大地三部曲与茅盾农村三部曲中中国农民的恋土情结》,湖北教育学院学报,2006年第9期。
李林波： 《对赛珍珠<水浒传>译本文化意义的再思》, 《四川外语学院学报》,2004年第6期。
林小玲： 《我国对赛珍珠研究的起伏》, 《福建教育学院学报》,2008年第1期。
刘海平： 《一位需要重新认识的美国女作家——试论赛珍珠的女性主义特征》, 《当代外国文学》,1996年第3期。
刘海平,沈艳枝： 《赛珍珠传记作品与西方在华基督教传教运动》, 《南京大学学报》(哲学·人文科学·社会科学),2002年第1期。
刘丽霞： 《赛珍珠传记杰作中的清教思想》, 《济南大学学报》,2006年第3期。
刘倩： 《汉文文学史与汉文化整体研究》, 《中国社会科学院院报》,2008年1月29日。
刘晓莉： 《儒家思想与犹太文化的碰撞——读赛珍珠小说<牡丹>有感》, 《安徽工业大学学报》(社会科学版),2006年第2期。
马红军： 《为赛珍珠的“误译”正名》, 《四川外语学院学报》,2002年第3期。
毛立坤：《晚清时期东南沿海通商口岸对外航线与港势地位的变迁》,《史学月刊》2005年第12期。
毛知砺：《生命的关照：赛珍珠与中国生育文化》,《江苏大学学报》,2005年第5期。
[美]赛珍珠：《中国早期小说源流》,张丽萍译,姚君伟：《文化相对主义：赛珍珠的中西文化观》,南京：东南大学出版社,2001年。
[美]赛珍珠：《最后的倾诉》,《当代外国文学》,1996年第3期。
尚营林： 《恋土中国农民的传统价值观——赛珍珠作品主题分析》, 《河南师范大学学报》(哲学社会科学版),1994年第2期。
尚营林：《中国传统家庭模式及其解体——赛珍珠作品主题分析》, 《河南师范大学学报》(哲学社会科学版),1996年第6期。
邵体忠： 《浅论赛珍珠对中国家族制度的赞许》, 《宿州学院学报》,2007年第4期。
史焱赞： 《庭院里的男人和女人——兼论赛珍珠<群芳亭>中的两性自由与平等思想》,《江苏大学学报》(社会科学版),2006年第4期。
史静寰、熊志勇：《文化边缘人物的困惑与思考——中国出生的美国传教士子女与二十世纪前半期的中美关系》,《美国研究》,1994年第4期。
宋莉华：《十九世纪传教士小说的文化解读》,《文学评论》,2005年第1期。
宋莉华： 《第一部传教士中文小说的流传与影响——米怜<张远两友相论>略论》, 《文 学遗产》,2005年第2期。
宋莉华： 《19世纪中国的独特文化存在——郭实腊的小说创作与评论》,[韩]《中国文化研究》,2005年6期。
宋莉华： 《19世纪西人小说中的白话实验》, 《学术月刊》,2006年第4期。
宋莉华：《西方传教士汉学的分支：传教士汉文小说研究现状》,《国外社会科学》,2008年第5期。
孙宗广： 《大地上的性格：循环怪圈与超越之路——读赛珍珠<大地>三部曲》, 《镇江师专学报》(社会科学版),2001年第2期。
孙宗广,陈凤云： 《双焦透视下的中国传统社会品格——试析赛珍珠前期中国题材作品》,《苏州教育学院学报》,2002年第4期。
孙宗广：《从欣赏到决裂——赛珍珠与林语堂文学交流活动当议》,《苏州教育学院学报》,2004年第3期。
孙宗广,陈凤云： 《乡村政治图景与社会品格想象——以赛珍珠的<大地>和<龙子>为例》, 《苏州教育学院学报》,2008年第2期。
王利娜： 《女权主义的先行者——读赛珍珠<大地>》,安徽文学,2008年第3期。
王三庆：《东西交流史上汉文小说所表现的文化冲突》,《成大中文学报》(台湾)第17期(2007年7月)。
汪应果： 《关于赛珍珠研究的几个有待深入的问题》, 《江苏大学学报》,2003年第1期。
王立新： 《“文化侵略”与“文化帝国主义”：美国传教士在华活动两种评价模式辨析》,《历史研究》2002年第3期。
王立新： 《后殖民理论与基督教在华传教史研究》, 《史学理论研究》2003年第1期。
王玉括： 《赛珍珠的中国小说观》, 《四川外语学院学报》,2000年第1期。
吴雷川：《基督教对于中华民族复兴能有什么贡献?》,《真理与生命》(第九卷第二期,1935年4月)
吴庆宏： 《第三世界女性主义视角下的赛珍珠》, 《江苏大学学报》,2009年第3期。
吴松江： 《赛珍珠与<大地>中的土地情结》, 《福州大学学报》,2000年第1期。
熊玉鹏：《赛珍珠与中国小说：读<大地上的房子>》,《文艺理论研究》,1991年第5期。
肖惠荣： 《赛珍珠笔下的“恋土情结”》, 《抚州师专学报》,2003年第4期。
余嘉： 《从<群芳亭>看赛珍珠创作中的后殖民倾向》,江西师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2004年第1期。
徐清： 《赛珍珠家庭题材小说论》, 《福州大学学报》(哲学社会科学版),2000年第3期。
徐清： 《论赛珍珠的宗教观》, 《镇江师专学报》(社会科学版),2001年第1期。
徐清：《赛珍珠小说对乡土中国的发现》,《江苏大学学报》(社会科学版),2005年第4期。
徐清： 《幻象与真相——论赛珍珠小说(同胞)中的中国形象》, 《江苏大学学报》 (社会科学版),2004年第6期。
徐平： 《赛珍珠作品中的中国女性主体意识的发展》, 《作家杂志》,2008年第11期。
闫建华： 《解读赛珍珠(大地>的生态意识》, 《外国语言文学》,2006年第4期。
杨乃乔：《后殖民主义还是新殖民主义?-兼论从殖民主义文学批评到东方主义的崛起》,《人文杂志》,1999年第1期。
姚君伟： 《男权大厦里的怨恨者与反杭者-记赛珍珠笔下的中国妇女群像》, 《当代外国文学》,1995年第3期。
姚君伟： 《赛珍珠文化相对主义思想溯源》, 《南京师大学报》,2005年第6期。
姚君伟：《我们今天怎样研究赛珍珠——从中国赛珍珠研究现状谈起》,《江苏大学学报》(社会科学版),2007年第1期。
姚君伟： 《赛珍珠在中国的接受》, 《江苏大学学报》(社会科学版),2008年第6期。
姚锡佩： 《从赛珍珠谈鲁迅说起》, 《鲁迅研究月刊》,1990年第6期。
于艳平： 《“土地情结”中的“个体卑亢意识”——从(大地)读解赛珍珠》,内江师范学院学报,2005年第1期。
袁进： 《重新审视欧化白话文的起源——试论近代西方传教士对中国文学的影响》, 《文学评论》,2007年第1期。
袁进： 《论西方传教士对中文小说发展所做的贡献》, 《社会科学》,2008年第2期。
张春蕾：《赛珍珠和狄更斯创作中的基督教精神》,《苏州大学学报》(哲学社会科学版),2005年第5期。
张春蕾： 《赛珍珠短篇小说的结构模式及其创作心理》, 《江苏大学学报》(社会科学版),2005年第5期。。
张春蕾：《美国基督教长老会的传教活动对赛珍珠创作的影响》,《镇江高专学报》,2006年第2期。
张春蕾、祝诚： 《赛珍珠对狄更斯小说创作的借鉴——兼论赛珍珠研究中的西方文化因素问题》, 《江苏大学学报》(社会科学版),2006年第1期。
张春蕾： 《文化际会中女性世界的裂变——对赛珍珠作品中女性形象的一种解读》, 《江苏大学学报》(社会科学版),2009年第4期。
张桂玲： 《相同相似岂偶然——中国古典小说对赛珍珠小说女性形象描写的影响》, 《宿州学院学报》,2007年第3期。
张尚信： 《文化边缘人角色的跨文化书写——赛珍珠与汤亭亭比较》, 《四川外语学院学报》,2008年第5期。
张子清：《赛珍珠的跨文化创作和跨文化比较——赛珍珠作品集分序》,桂林：漓江出版社,1998年。
中国近代农业科技史稿编写组： 《中国近代农业科技史事纪要》,《古今农业》,1995年第3期。
周卫京：《赛珍珠女权主义创作意识形成探微》,《江苏大学学报》,2002年第3期。
周宁：《“被别人表述”：国民性批判的西方话语谱系》,《文艺理论与批评》,2003年第5期。
周宁：《想象的疆域：从文学批评到文化批评》,《东南学术》,2004年增刊。
周宁：《中国形象：西方现代性的文化他者》,《粤海风》,2003年第3期。
周宁：《“义和团”与“傅满洲博士”：二十世纪初西方的“黄祸”恐慌》,《书屋》,2003年第4期。
周锡山： 《论赛珍珠在中国现代文学史上的地位和意义》, 《社会科学论坛》,2009年第3期。
朱坤领： 《赛珍珠与后殖民主义》, 《江苏大学学报》(社会科学版),2006年第3期。
朱坤领： 《赛珍珠笔下的中西宗教关系》, 《辽宁大学学报》,2006年第3期。
朱希祥：《赛珍珠作品中的中国民俗审美特质》,《江苏大学学报》,2007年5期。
朱希祥：《简论赛珍珠在国际汉学中的地位与贡献》,《常州工学院学报》,2005年第3期。
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