安徽省淮北平原地下水水化学变化特征与源解析
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摘要
安徽省淮北平原位于安徽省北部、黄淮海平原的南端,是我国重要的商品粮食、农副产品基地。由于该地区地表水污染严重,地下水便成为该地区人们生活工作用水的重要来源,因此对于地下水的研究显得尤为重要。论文利用淮北平原已有的国家级或省级监测点(44眼)地下水水质监测资料,系统地分析了淮北平原浅层地下水主要化学特征,总结了该地区地下水水化学成分随着深度和时间以及降雨量的变化特征;查明主要污染组分,研究主要污染离子与其相关的离子之间的相关关系,揭示研究区浅层地下水污染的主要来源和影响因素,得出主要结论如下:
1)研究区内常规水化学成分变化特征表现为,浅层地下水中的碱土金属含量大于碱金属,多数中深层和深层地下水样中则碱金属含量大于碱土金属。地下水水化学类型由浅到深从HCO_3型向HCO_3-Cl型转变。Na~+、Cl~-、HCO_3-和SO_4~(2-)随深度增加呈现递增趋势,Ca~(2+)则在浅层较高,Mg~(2+)分布均匀。随时间变化方面,pH值在雨季时候的检测值比非雨季时候更接近中性,常规离子(Na~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Cl~-、SO4~(2+)、HCO_3-)含量雨季时候比非雨季时候高。
2)通过对检测离子的分析,发现研究区内的主要污染离子为F-、NO_3—N、Fe、和Mn。主要污染离子中,除了Fe以外,在研究区北部的含量均比南部高,尤其是东北部地区的含量通常为其他部分的几倍甚至十几倍。在所有城镇中,灵璧县娄庄镇受污染最严重,除Mn外的其它三种主要污染离子最高含量均出现在该镇周边地区。另外,F-和Fe在地下水中含量分布随着深度而增加。NO_3—N含量随深度递减。Mn表现为一半地下水样随深度而增加,另一半则相反。随时间变化方面,多数离子呈现出随时间变化而上升趋势,且除Mn外,最大值均出现在2008年。对比雨季和非雨季时候检测的主要污染离子浓度也发现其浓度在雨季时候的检测值比非雨季高。
3)通过F-与Cl~-、Ca~(2+)、(K~++Na~+)/Ca~(2+)比值和pH值之间的相互关系发现,研究区内F-主要来源于含氟矿物的溶解,且主要为萤石(CaF2),碱性的环境对于其释放F-提供了有利条件,当研究区内(K~++Na~+)/Ca~(2+)比值大于2.2137时,出现高氟水的几率较大。由于NO_3—N与Cl~-呈现一定同步增长现象,部分样品中PO_4~(3-)和NH_4~+浓度较高,因此其来源于农业氮肥和动物排泄物的量比来源于人类生活污物稍多,且受生活污水和动物排泄物的氮直接影响的水井不多,生活污水可能是通过地下水道等排水管渗入地层。
4)通过因子分析确定研究区内浅层地下水污染主要来源于水-岩相互作用、地下水混合作用和人类活动作用三个方面,其贡献率分别为33%、32%和25%且人为因素对于来源于自然过程的离子释放也有一定的影响。
Huaibei Plain, which lies in the north of the Anhui Province and the south of the Huanghuaihai Plain, is the important foundation of food and agricultural bypriducts commodity of our country. Because of the temporal and spatial maldistrubution of precipitation and evaporation, and the serious contamination of the runoffs in this plain, groundwater has become an important source for local residents, and it’s necessary to study the condition of the groundwater. Based on the investigation of the groundwater geochemical data from the available 44 national or provincial surveillance sites, the characteristics of the shallow groundwater in Huaibei Plain was analyzesed systematically, the variation characteristics of the hydrochemical components with the depth, time and rainfall was clarified; the main pollutants were identified, then the correlation between the main pollutants and their correlative ions were studied, and the main source and influent factors of the contamination in the shallow groundwater of the study area were revealed. The main conclusions were as follows:
1) the concentrations of alkaline earth metals were higher than that of alkaline metals in shallow groundwater, but situations in medium-deep and deep groundwater were opposite. The water type changed from HCO_3 to HCO_3-Cl as the depths increased. Na~+, Cl~-, HCO_3- and SO_4~(2-) concentrations showed the increasing trend as the depths increased, Ca~(2+) concentration was higher in shallow water, and Mg~(2+) distributed well. The pH values were more close to neutrality during the rainy season than those during dry season, the conventional ions contents were higher during the rainy seasons than those during the dry seasons.
2) Fluoride, nitrate nitrogen, iron, manganese were found to the main pollutants of the study area, through the analysis on the detected ions. The concentrations of all the main pollutants except Fe, were higher in the north of the study area than those in the south,especially those in the northeast, which were usually several or even multiple times as the concentrations in other districts. Of all the towns in the study area, Louzhuang Town in Lingbi County is the most seriously polluted town. Moreover, the F~- and Fe contents in groundwater increased as the depth increasing, while the NO_3—N content decreased as the depth increasing. The concentrations of Mn in half of the groundwater samples increased as the depth, but showed the opposite trend in the other half of the samples. Most of the study ions showed the increasing trend with the time. The highest concentrations of all the study ions except Mn, were found in 2008. According to the comparison of the main pollutants contents during the dry seasons and rainy seasons, the higher contents were found during the rainy season.
3) Through the analysis on the correlations between F~- and Cl~-, Ca~(2+),( K~++Na~+)/Ca~(2+) ratio and pH value, the fluoride was found to derived from the solution of fluorine minerals, which is probably fluorite (CaF2), and the alkaline environment provided advantage to the release of fluoride. High fluoride groundwater is probably exist, when the (K~++Na~+)/Ca~(2+) ratio reaches 2.2137. NO_3—N was believed mainly derived from nitrogenous fertilizer and animal excrement rather than from human living filth, and there were not many wells that effected by the living filth and animal excrement directly, based on the some synchronized growth of NO_3—N and Cl~-, and the high concentrations of PO_4~(3-) and NH_4~+ in some wells. So the domestic sewage may penetrate into the stratum from drainpipes such as cloaceas.
4) According to the results of the factor analysis, the pollutants in the groundwater of the study area were affected by water-rock interaction, groundwater mixture process and anthropologic activities, the contribution ratio of which were 33%, 32% and 25%, respectively, and anthropologic activities also influenced the release of the ions in nature process.
1)研究区内常规水化学成分变化特征表现为,浅层地下水中的碱土金属含量大于碱金属,多数中深层和深层地下水样中则碱金属含量大于碱土金属。地下水水化学类型由浅到深从HCO_3型向HCO_3-Cl型转变。Na~+、Cl~-、HCO_3-和SO_4~(2-)随深度增加呈现递增趋势,Ca~(2+)则在浅层较高,Mg~(2+)分布均匀。随时间变化方面,pH值在雨季时候的检测值比非雨季时候更接近中性,常规离子(Na~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Cl~-、SO4~(2+)、HCO_3-)含量雨季时候比非雨季时候高。
2)通过对检测离子的分析,发现研究区内的主要污染离子为F-、NO_3—N、Fe、和Mn。主要污染离子中,除了Fe以外,在研究区北部的含量均比南部高,尤其是东北部地区的含量通常为其他部分的几倍甚至十几倍。在所有城镇中,灵璧县娄庄镇受污染最严重,除Mn外的其它三种主要污染离子最高含量均出现在该镇周边地区。另外,F-和Fe在地下水中含量分布随着深度而增加。NO_3—N含量随深度递减。Mn表现为一半地下水样随深度而增加,另一半则相反。随时间变化方面,多数离子呈现出随时间变化而上升趋势,且除Mn外,最大值均出现在2008年。对比雨季和非雨季时候检测的主要污染离子浓度也发现其浓度在雨季时候的检测值比非雨季高。
3)通过F-与Cl~-、Ca~(2+)、(K~++Na~+)/Ca~(2+)比值和pH值之间的相互关系发现,研究区内F-主要来源于含氟矿物的溶解,且主要为萤石(CaF2),碱性的环境对于其释放F-提供了有利条件,当研究区内(K~++Na~+)/Ca~(2+)比值大于2.2137时,出现高氟水的几率较大。由于NO_3—N与Cl~-呈现一定同步增长现象,部分样品中PO_4~(3-)和NH_4~+浓度较高,因此其来源于农业氮肥和动物排泄物的量比来源于人类生活污物稍多,且受生活污水和动物排泄物的氮直接影响的水井不多,生活污水可能是通过地下水道等排水管渗入地层。
4)通过因子分析确定研究区内浅层地下水污染主要来源于水-岩相互作用、地下水混合作用和人类活动作用三个方面,其贡献率分别为33%、32%和25%且人为因素对于来源于自然过程的离子释放也有一定的影响。
Huaibei Plain, which lies in the north of the Anhui Province and the south of the Huanghuaihai Plain, is the important foundation of food and agricultural bypriducts commodity of our country. Because of the temporal and spatial maldistrubution of precipitation and evaporation, and the serious contamination of the runoffs in this plain, groundwater has become an important source for local residents, and it’s necessary to study the condition of the groundwater. Based on the investigation of the groundwater geochemical data from the available 44 national or provincial surveillance sites, the characteristics of the shallow groundwater in Huaibei Plain was analyzesed systematically, the variation characteristics of the hydrochemical components with the depth, time and rainfall was clarified; the main pollutants were identified, then the correlation between the main pollutants and their correlative ions were studied, and the main source and influent factors of the contamination in the shallow groundwater of the study area were revealed. The main conclusions were as follows:
1) the concentrations of alkaline earth metals were higher than that of alkaline metals in shallow groundwater, but situations in medium-deep and deep groundwater were opposite. The water type changed from HCO_3 to HCO_3-Cl as the depths increased. Na~+, Cl~-, HCO_3- and SO_4~(2-) concentrations showed the increasing trend as the depths increased, Ca~(2+) concentration was higher in shallow water, and Mg~(2+) distributed well. The pH values were more close to neutrality during the rainy season than those during dry season, the conventional ions contents were higher during the rainy seasons than those during the dry seasons.
2) Fluoride, nitrate nitrogen, iron, manganese were found to the main pollutants of the study area, through the analysis on the detected ions. The concentrations of all the main pollutants except Fe, were higher in the north of the study area than those in the south,especially those in the northeast, which were usually several or even multiple times as the concentrations in other districts. Of all the towns in the study area, Louzhuang Town in Lingbi County is the most seriously polluted town. Moreover, the F~- and Fe contents in groundwater increased as the depth increasing, while the NO_3—N content decreased as the depth increasing. The concentrations of Mn in half of the groundwater samples increased as the depth, but showed the opposite trend in the other half of the samples. Most of the study ions showed the increasing trend with the time. The highest concentrations of all the study ions except Mn, were found in 2008. According to the comparison of the main pollutants contents during the dry seasons and rainy seasons, the higher contents were found during the rainy season.
3) Through the analysis on the correlations between F~- and Cl~-, Ca~(2+),( K~++Na~+)/Ca~(2+) ratio and pH value, the fluoride was found to derived from the solution of fluorine minerals, which is probably fluorite (CaF2), and the alkaline environment provided advantage to the release of fluoride. High fluoride groundwater is probably exist, when the (K~++Na~+)/Ca~(2+) ratio reaches 2.2137. NO_3—N was believed mainly derived from nitrogenous fertilizer and animal excrement rather than from human living filth, and there were not many wells that effected by the living filth and animal excrement directly, based on the some synchronized growth of NO_3—N and Cl~-, and the high concentrations of PO_4~(3-) and NH_4~+ in some wells. So the domestic sewage may penetrate into the stratum from drainpipes such as cloaceas.
4) According to the results of the factor analysis, the pollutants in the groundwater of the study area were affected by water-rock interaction, groundwater mixture process and anthropologic activities, the contribution ratio of which were 33%, 32% and 25%, respectively, and anthropologic activities also influenced the release of the ions in nature process.
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