中华绒螯蟹（Eriocheir sinensis）卵巢发育调控技术研究
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摘要
中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)又名河蟹，螃蟹，分类学上隶属于节肢动物门、甲壳纲、十足目，为我国最具增养殖前景的经济蟹类之一。随着河蟹养殖规模的扩大、集约化程度和产量的提高，在实际生产中出现了一系列亟待解决的问题，雌蟹亲体的性腺发育不良、抱卵率下降、胚胎发育死亡率高、幼体育成率低、质优量足的苗种供应不足、河蟹性早熟等问题，都严重制约了河蟹养殖业的健康、稳步发展。究其原因，这些问题均与河蟹生殖神经内分泌研究薄弱、亲蟹培育期未能获取合理的营养素及幼蟹饲养期营养失衡等有直接关系。而这些问题的解决则要求对中华绒螯蟹性腺发育规律、调控性腺发育的因子、亲体性成熟期对各种必需营养素的需求等环节进行深入的研究。为此本实验采用组织学、生物化学、气相色谱法、光学显微镜、电子显微镜、活体注射、器官离体培养等技术对河蟹脑、胸神经团的神经分泌细胞、脑、胸神经团、大颚器、眼柄神经节、大豆异黄酮、黄体酮、GnRH-A、复合中药、β-胡萝卜素、卵磷脂、高度不饱和脂肪酸对卵巢发育的调控作用以及神经递质在卵巢发育调控过程中的作用进行了研究，旨在丰富河蟹生殖神经内分泌方面的资料，提高雌蟹的生殖性能，降低河蟹的性早熟比例，为养殖生产服务。主要结果如下：
1．中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)的脑即食道上神经节，位于两个眼柄基部中的一团海绵状组织内，原由头部前三对神经节发育而成，隶属于原顶节的最前一对神经节发育成前脑，原第一触角节的一对神经节发育成中脑，原第二触角节的一对神经节发育成后脑。脑从背面观察，呈块状，发出4对主要神经，2对触角神经、1对视神经及1对皮肤神经。经光学显微镜和透射电镜观察，河蟹的脑具有3种类型的神经分泌细胞：Ⅰ型细胞最大，胞质中存在许多大小不同的空泡，分泌颗粒数量很少；Ⅱ型细胞中等大小，细胞器发达，分泌颗粒数量较多，形态多样；Ⅲ型细胞最小，分泌颗粒数量最多，细胞器很少。中华绒螯蟹脑的Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型NSC的分泌颗粒形状多样，内含物填充方式不同，直径相差很大，同一类型NSC具有多样化的分泌颗粒，反映了该型细胞可以产生多种神经分泌物，同时也表明中华绒螯蟹NSC形态和功能分化程度较低，即同一类型NSC兼具了多种神经分泌功能。
2．中华绒螯蟹胸神经团呈圆盘状，左右互为镜像，由食道下神经节、胸神经节以及腹神经节全部愈合而成，胸神经团发出多对神经除分布在头胸部及腹肢外还从后端中央发出一条较粗的神经。本实验以卵黄发生期的中华绒螯蟹为对象，应用显微和超显微技术，研究了河蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)胸神经团的神经分泌细胞，描述了神经
The Chinese mitten-handed crab, Eriocheir sinensis belongs to Arthropoda, Crustacea, Decapoda., is one of the most promising and valuable crabs for aquaculture in China. With the amplification of farming scale and increase of yield, a series of problems to be resolved urgently appear in production, for example: Bad ovary development of female crab, inclining egg-holding rate, high mortality of embryo development, low survival rate of juvenile crab, the shortage of good quality juvenile, precociousness of crab etc. They will restrict development of crab farming industry. Analysing reasons, these problems have direct association with weak research of reproduction neurosecretory of crab, acquiring unreasoning nutrition ingredient during broodstock farming and disequilibrium of younger crab nutrition. To resolve these problems, we must study gonad development regularity of Eriocheir sinensis, factors of regulating gonad development, requirement of necessary nutrition ingredient during broodstock farming stage. So with the histological techniques, biochemistry techniques, gas chromatography method, optics microscopy, electron microscopy, in vivo and in vitro techniques, studies were made on the neurosecretory cells of crab brain and thoracic nerve regiment, regulation function of brain, thoracic nerve regiment, mandibular, optical ganglion, daidzein, progesterone, GnRH-A, compound Chinese herbal medicine, β- carotene, lecithin and highly unsaturated fatty acids on ovarian development, and the effects of nerve transmitter upon the ovarian development regulation process. Having conducted this study, we could enrich the data of reproduction neurosecretory of crab, raise reproduction property of female crab, decrease precociousness rate of crab and serve for production. The main results showed as follows: 1. The brain of Eriocheir sinensis, which is nerve ganglion upper esophagus, is located in a sponge organization of two eyestlks base, originating from former three pairs ganglion, the first ganglion developed into protcerebrum , the first antenna ganglion into mesencephalon, the second ganglion into back brain. The brain presents chunk when observed from the back, it sends out four main nerves, two pairs are antenna nerves, one pairis is optical nerve and one pair is skin nerve. Microstructure and ultrastructure of neurosecretory cells in the brain of Eriocheir sinensis were described and three types of
1．中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)的脑即食道上神经节，位于两个眼柄基部中的一团海绵状组织内，原由头部前三对神经节发育而成，隶属于原顶节的最前一对神经节发育成前脑，原第一触角节的一对神经节发育成中脑，原第二触角节的一对神经节发育成后脑。脑从背面观察，呈块状，发出4对主要神经，2对触角神经、1对视神经及1对皮肤神经。经光学显微镜和透射电镜观察，河蟹的脑具有3种类型的神经分泌细胞：Ⅰ型细胞最大，胞质中存在许多大小不同的空泡，分泌颗粒数量很少；Ⅱ型细胞中等大小，细胞器发达，分泌颗粒数量较多，形态多样；Ⅲ型细胞最小，分泌颗粒数量最多，细胞器很少。中华绒螯蟹脑的Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型NSC的分泌颗粒形状多样，内含物填充方式不同，直径相差很大，同一类型NSC具有多样化的分泌颗粒，反映了该型细胞可以产生多种神经分泌物，同时也表明中华绒螯蟹NSC形态和功能分化程度较低，即同一类型NSC兼具了多种神经分泌功能。
2．中华绒螯蟹胸神经团呈圆盘状，左右互为镜像，由食道下神经节、胸神经节以及腹神经节全部愈合而成，胸神经团发出多对神经除分布在头胸部及腹肢外还从后端中央发出一条较粗的神经。本实验以卵黄发生期的中华绒螯蟹为对象，应用显微和超显微技术，研究了河蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)胸神经团的神经分泌细胞，描述了神经
The Chinese mitten-handed crab, Eriocheir sinensis belongs to Arthropoda, Crustacea, Decapoda., is one of the most promising and valuable crabs for aquaculture in China. With the amplification of farming scale and increase of yield, a series of problems to be resolved urgently appear in production, for example: Bad ovary development of female crab, inclining egg-holding rate, high mortality of embryo development, low survival rate of juvenile crab, the shortage of good quality juvenile, precociousness of crab etc. They will restrict development of crab farming industry. Analysing reasons, these problems have direct association with weak research of reproduction neurosecretory of crab, acquiring unreasoning nutrition ingredient during broodstock farming and disequilibrium of younger crab nutrition. To resolve these problems, we must study gonad development regularity of Eriocheir sinensis, factors of regulating gonad development, requirement of necessary nutrition ingredient during broodstock farming stage. So with the histological techniques, biochemistry techniques, gas chromatography method, optics microscopy, electron microscopy, in vivo and in vitro techniques, studies were made on the neurosecretory cells of crab brain and thoracic nerve regiment, regulation function of brain, thoracic nerve regiment, mandibular, optical ganglion, daidzein, progesterone, GnRH-A, compound Chinese herbal medicine, β- carotene, lecithin and highly unsaturated fatty acids on ovarian development, and the effects of nerve transmitter upon the ovarian development regulation process. Having conducted this study, we could enrich the data of reproduction neurosecretory of crab, raise reproduction property of female crab, decrease precociousness rate of crab and serve for production. The main results showed as follows: 1. The brain of Eriocheir sinensis, which is nerve ganglion upper esophagus, is located in a sponge organization of two eyestlks base, originating from former three pairs ganglion, the first ganglion developed into protcerebrum , the first antenna ganglion into mesencephalon, the second ganglion into back brain. The brain presents chunk when observed from the back, it sends out four main nerves, two pairs are antenna nerves, one pairis is optical nerve and one pair is skin nerve. Microstructure and ultrastructure of neurosecretory cells in the brain of Eriocheir sinensis were described and three types of
引文
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