基于磁记忆参数的焊缝可靠性评价
|
摘要
由于钢材焊接成设备后，焊缝内部总是或多或少的存在着各种缺陷和应力集中等，这会严重降低设备的强度和使用寿命，导致设备失效、断裂、爆炸等严重后果。所以对焊接设备进行安全可靠的评价，具有重大的经济效益和社会效益。
金属磁记忆检测技术作为一门新兴的无损检测方法，不仅能够检测出材料的塑性变形及宏观裂纹，还能有效地评价焊缝的应力集中及微观缺陷，因而在焊缝的质量评定方面有广阔的应用前景。但是各种因素使得磁记忆检测的信号具有一定的分散性和不确定性，客观现象和主观描述或预测之间存在着某些偏差，而这些偏差又表现出某种统计规律性，因此引入近似概率可靠性的统计理论及方法，是解决磁记忆定量评价中参数分散性与不确定性问题的一种较好的途径。
本文通过将金属磁记忆技术和可靠性理论相结合，利用磁记忆技术在早期损伤检测上的优势，全方位地进行基于磁记忆参数的焊缝可靠性评价研究。首先在焊缝静载和疲劳实验数据的基础上，对多种载荷条件下焊缝累积损伤部位的磁记忆信号进行特征提取，分析焊缝临界断裂时的磁记忆信号特征，获得静载和疲劳载荷实验条件下的磁记忆参数变化规律。为验证焊缝磁记忆特征信号对应力分布的表征规律，进一步应用ANSYS有限元软件进行静载和疲劳载荷下焊缝应力分布的仿真计算，对比研究焊缝磁记忆漏磁场平面分布图与应力分布云图的相关性。最后，对疲劳载荷条件下的焊缝可靠性进行分析，在可靠性干涉模型的基础上进行算法优化，建立基于磁记忆参数的焊缝可靠性模型，并对焊缝的可靠度进行计算，为焊缝可靠性研究的实际工程评估提供理论性基础和方法研究。由此可见，本文的研究不仅具有重要的理论价值，而且具有广阔应用前景。
The Steel equipment with welded joint, where more or less exist different variety ofdefects and stress concentration,which will reduce the strength and service life of equipment,lead to serious consequences of equipment failure, rupture, explosion.So it is prone towelding failure.
Magnetic memory testing technology, a new nondestructive testing method, can not onlydiscover the plastic deformation and the macroscopic of material, but also can assess thestress concentration districts and the microcosmic defects of metal endangered state beforethe injury to early diagnosis. However, due to some randomness, there is some dispersion anduncertainty of magnetic memory signals and deviation of the objective phenomena andsubjective description or prediction of phenomena, while these deviations show a statisticalregularity, therefore, introducing statistical theory and methods of the approximateprobability reliability，which is a better way to solve the dispersion and uncertainty of themagnetic memory parameters in the quantitative evaluation.
Combining the magnetic memory testing technology and the theory of reliability, andusing the advantages of the magnetic memory technology in the early damage detection.Thepaper carrys out the weld reliability evaluation based on the magnetic memory parameters.Firstly, extracting the magnetic memory feature signals of welded joint cumulative damageparts on the basis of weld static and fatigue experimental data, and analysing feature ofmagnetic memory parameter in the welded joint critical fracture characteristics, achieving thevariation of the magnetic memory under the static and fatigue loading experiment.In order toverify characterization of the welded joint magnetic memory signal to the stress distribution,applying ANSYS software to simulate the weld stress distribution of the static and fatigueloads, comparing and researching correlation of the welded joint magnetic memory leakageplane distribution fig and the stress distributioncloud image. Lastly, analysing the weldedjoint reliability under fatigue load, making optimization algorithm on the basis of theinterference reliability model, founding the welded joint reliability model based on magneticmemory parameters, computing the welded joint reliability, and providing the theoreticalbasis and methods for the actual welded joint reliability projects of assessment. Thus, thisstudy not only has important theoretical value, but also has broad application prospects.
金属磁记忆检测技术作为一门新兴的无损检测方法，不仅能够检测出材料的塑性变形及宏观裂纹，还能有效地评价焊缝的应力集中及微观缺陷，因而在焊缝的质量评定方面有广阔的应用前景。但是各种因素使得磁记忆检测的信号具有一定的分散性和不确定性，客观现象和主观描述或预测之间存在着某些偏差，而这些偏差又表现出某种统计规律性，因此引入近似概率可靠性的统计理论及方法，是解决磁记忆定量评价中参数分散性与不确定性问题的一种较好的途径。
本文通过将金属磁记忆技术和可靠性理论相结合，利用磁记忆技术在早期损伤检测上的优势，全方位地进行基于磁记忆参数的焊缝可靠性评价研究。首先在焊缝静载和疲劳实验数据的基础上，对多种载荷条件下焊缝累积损伤部位的磁记忆信号进行特征提取，分析焊缝临界断裂时的磁记忆信号特征，获得静载和疲劳载荷实验条件下的磁记忆参数变化规律。为验证焊缝磁记忆特征信号对应力分布的表征规律，进一步应用ANSYS有限元软件进行静载和疲劳载荷下焊缝应力分布的仿真计算，对比研究焊缝磁记忆漏磁场平面分布图与应力分布云图的相关性。最后，对疲劳载荷条件下的焊缝可靠性进行分析，在可靠性干涉模型的基础上进行算法优化，建立基于磁记忆参数的焊缝可靠性模型，并对焊缝的可靠度进行计算，为焊缝可靠性研究的实际工程评估提供理论性基础和方法研究。由此可见，本文的研究不仅具有重要的理论价值，而且具有广阔应用前景。
The Steel equipment with welded joint, where more or less exist different variety ofdefects and stress concentration,which will reduce the strength and service life of equipment,lead to serious consequences of equipment failure, rupture, explosion.So it is prone towelding failure.
Magnetic memory testing technology, a new nondestructive testing method, can not onlydiscover the plastic deformation and the macroscopic of material, but also can assess thestress concentration districts and the microcosmic defects of metal endangered state beforethe injury to early diagnosis. However, due to some randomness, there is some dispersion anduncertainty of magnetic memory signals and deviation of the objective phenomena andsubjective description or prediction of phenomena, while these deviations show a statisticalregularity, therefore, introducing statistical theory and methods of the approximateprobability reliability，which is a better way to solve the dispersion and uncertainty of themagnetic memory parameters in the quantitative evaluation.
Combining the magnetic memory testing technology and the theory of reliability, andusing the advantages of the magnetic memory technology in the early damage detection.Thepaper carrys out the weld reliability evaluation based on the magnetic memory parameters.Firstly, extracting the magnetic memory feature signals of welded joint cumulative damageparts on the basis of weld static and fatigue experimental data, and analysing feature ofmagnetic memory parameter in the welded joint critical fracture characteristics, achieving thevariation of the magnetic memory under the static and fatigue loading experiment.In order toverify characterization of the welded joint magnetic memory signal to the stress distribution,applying ANSYS software to simulate the weld stress distribution of the static and fatigueloads, comparing and researching correlation of the welded joint magnetic memory leakageplane distribution fig and the stress distributioncloud image. Lastly, analysing the weldedjoint reliability under fatigue load, making optimization algorithm on the basis of theinterference reliability model, founding the welded joint reliability model based on magneticmemory parameters, computing the welded joint reliability, and providing the theoreticalbasis and methods for the actual welded joint reliability projects of assessment. Thus, thisstudy not only has important theoretical value, but also has broad application prospects.
引文
[1]喻天翔,成刚虎.复杂机械系统可靠性理论研究与应用[D].西安:西安理工大学,2003,3~6.
[2]池永滨,于强,周重回.磁记忆检测技术机理、特点及应用研究[C].全国首届金属磁记忆技术研讨会论文集,2001.
[3]钱其林,高海良,张辉华等.船用钢板焊缝的金属磁记忆检测技术原理与应用[J].造船技术,2002,245(l):25~31.
[4]耿荣生.磁记忆检测技术在飞机结构件早期损伤监测中的应用前景[J].无损检测,2002,24(3):118~122.
[5]高春法,黄昌光,宋凯等.磁记忆检测在压力容器检验中的应用[J].无损检测,2003,25(5):247~249.
[6]池永滨,刘宇哲,胡先龙等.汽轮机叶片金属磁记忆诊断技术[J].无损检测,2002,24(10):440~442.
[7]盛民,林俊明.金属磁记忆诊断技术及其对电站高温高压螺栓的检测[J].山东电力技术,2002,128(6):49~52.
[8]高春法,宋凯,任吉林等.电站铁磁构件早期损伤无损检测方法的研究[J].南昌航空工业学院学报,2002,16(4):77~82.
[9]黄清荣.磁记忆等检测技术在锅炉压力容器焊接残余应力测量中的应用简析[J].锅炉压力容器安全技术,2003(3):44~46.
[10]任吉林,宋凯,邬冠华等.磁记忆检测技术在飞机起落架检测中的应用[J].无损检测,2002,24(8):346~349.
[11]任吉林,李晓刚,宋凯等.典型受载铁磁构件的数值模拟和磁特性[J].北京科技大学学报,2005,27(6),684~687.
[12]任吉林,唐继红,邬冠华.金属的磁记忆检测技术[J].无损检测,2001,23(4):154~156.
[13]任吉林,邬冠华,宋凯.金属磁记忆检测机理的探讨[J].无损检测,2002,24(1):29~31.
[14]仲维畅.金属磁记忆法诊断的理论基础——铁磁件材料的弹塑件应变磁化[J].无损检测,2001,23(10):424~426.
[15]仲维畅.铁磁性材料试棒拉断后的自发磁化[J].无损检测,2003,25(3):169~170.
[16]周俊华,雷银照.正磁致伸缩铁磁材料磁记忆现象的理论探讨[J].郑州大学学报(工学版),2003,24(3):101~105.
[17]黎连修.磁致伸缩和磁记忆问题研究[J].无损检测,2004,26(3):109~112.
[18]林俊明,林发炳,林春景等.EMS-2000金属磁记忆诊断仪的研发[J].无损检测,2002,24(4):168~170.
[19]李路明,胡斌,黄松岭.掌上型金属磁记忆检测仪[J].无损检测,2004,26(5):249~251.
[20]章彬斌,梁斌.基于金属磁记忆方法的压力容器对接焊缝应力检测[J].无损检测,2011(3):31~33.
[21]张卫民,刘红光,孙海涛.中低碳钢静拉伸时磁记忆效应的实验研究[J].北京理工大学学报,2004,24(7):571~574.
[22]张卫民,董韶平,张之敬.金属磁记忆检测技术的现状与发展[J].中国机械工程,2003,14(1):892~897.
[23]张卫民,董韶平,杨煜.磁记忆检测方法及其应用研究[J].北京理工大学学报,2003,23(3):277~280.
[24] Li W S, Di X J, Bai S W,etal. Feature analysis of metal magnetic memory signal forwelding crack based on wavelet energy spectrum[J]. Insight,2006.
[25]邸新杰,李午申,严春妍等.基于金属磁记忆的宏观焊接裂纹识别方法[J],中国机械工,2007:1476~1478.
[26]韩安利,曹晓蕾.磁记忆残余应力无损测量分析研究[J].仪表技术,2011(7):10~12.
[27] Li L M, Huang S L,Wang L F,et a1.Research on magnetic testing method of stressdistribution[J].Transactions of nonferrous metals society of China,2002,12(3):388-391.
[28] Huang S L,Li L M,Shi K R,et al. Magnetic field properties caused by stressconcentration[J].Journal of central south university of technology,2004,11(1):23-26.
[29]黄松岭,李路明,王晓凤等.地磁场在应力致磁畸变产生过程中的影响[J].清华大学学报,2003,42(2):208~210.
[30]黄松岭,李路明,汪来富等.用金属磁记忆方法检测应力分布[J].无损检测,2002,24(5):212~214.
[31]黄松龄,李路明,施克仁等.地磁场激励下残余应力分布的磁检测方法[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版),2002,42(11):1426~1428.
[32]李路明,郑鹏,黄松龄,张家骏.表面裂纹宽度对漏磁场Y分量的影响[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版),1999,39(2),43~45.
[33]李路明,黄松龄,杨海青,刘时风.抽油管壁磨损量检测方法[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版),2002,42(4),509~511.
[34]李路明,王晓凤,黄松龄.磁记忆现象和地磁场的关系[J].无损检测,2003,25(8):387~390.
[35]黄松龄,李路明,王晓凤等.地磁场在应力致磁畸变产生过程中的影响[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版),2003,43(2):208~210.
[36]黄松龄,李路明,鲍晓宇等.管道漏磁检测中的信号处理[J].无损检测,2000,22(2):55~57.
[37]李路明,黄松龄,杨海青等.缺陷长度对漏磁场的影响[J].科学技术与工程、工业技术,2002,2(4):52~53.
[38]陈铆,王晓凤,杨恩,李路明.铁磁构件拉压试验中的磁记忆效应研究[J].无损检测,2007,29(5):247~250.
[39]李路明,张家骏,李振星,卲晓燕.用有限元方法优化漏磁检测[J].无损检测,1997(6):154~158.
[40]黄松龄,李路明,张家骏.在用管道漏磁检测装置的研制[J].无损检测,1999,21(8):344~346.
[41] Lu-ming Li, Song-ling Huang, Lai-fu Wang. Research on magnetic testing method ofstress distribution[J].Trans.Nonferro.Met, Soc, China.Jun,2002,12(3).
[42]金信鸿,吴伟,卢超等.16MnR钢板焊接对接接头残余应力磁记忆检测研究[J].无损检测,2006,28(10):538~540.
[43]惠纪庄,孙德仕,邹亚科.Miner线性累计损伤理论在汽车试验场可靠性试验强化系数研究中的应用[J].工程设计学报,2008,15(4):264~268.
[44]倪向贵,李新亮,王秀喜.疲劳裂纹扩展规律Paris公式的一般修正及应用[J].压力容器,2006,23(12):8~11.
[45]高镇同,熊峻江.疲劳/断裂可靠性研究现状与展望[J].机械强度,1995,17(3):61~65.
[46]高镇同,凌静,李卫东,孙之钊.结构可靠性定寿技术途径[J].机械强度,1987(1),38~40.
[47]徐人平,李淑兰,段小建.随时间变化的应变疲劳可靠性模型[J].强度与环境,1996(3):8~13.
[48]罗毅,黄培彦,刘文铤等.裂纹扩展寿命安全可靠性分析模型[J].疲劳与断裂,2000:501~503.
[49]宋天民.焊接残余应力的产生与消除[M].北京:中国石化出版社,2010:8~20.
[50] Kaule W. Magnetostrictive ultrasonic testing of materials[J]. In Proceedings of the4thInternational Conference on Non-destructive Testing, London,1964:291-294.
[51] Mohr W,Holler P.On inspection of thin walled tubes for transverse and longitudinalflaws by guided ultrasonic waves[J].IEEE Trans.Sonics.Ultrasonics,1976,23(5):369~374.
[52] Kwun H, Holt A E. Feasibility of under-lagging corrosion detection in steel pipe usingthe magnetostrictive sensor technique[J]. NDT&E International,1995,28(4):211~214.
[53] Kwun H, Bartels K A. Magnetostrictive Sensor Technology and Its Applications[J].Ultrasonics,1998,36(1-5):171~178.
[54] Kwun H, Dynes C.Long Range Guided Wave Inspection of Pipe Using theMagnetostrictive Sensor Technology-Feasibility of Defect Characterization[C].Proceedings of SPIE-The International Society for Optical Engineering onNondestructive Evaluation of Utilities and Pipelines II, San Antonio, TX, United states,April1,1998.SPIE,1998,3398:28~34.
[55] Kwun H, Light M G. Magnetostrictive sensor technology proven in processapplications[J]. Oil&Gas Journal,2000:77~79.
[56] Laguerre L, Aime J C, Brissaud M.Magnetostrictive pulse-echo device fornon-destructive evaluation of cylindrical steel materials using longitudinal guidedwaves[J].Ultrasonics,2002,39(7):503~514.
[57]张俊哲.无损检测技术及其应用[M].北京:科学出版社,1993,15~38.
[58]刘福顺,汤明.无损检测文化概论[J].无损探伤,2002(2):34~37.
[59]李生田,刘志远.焊接结构现代无损检测技术[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2000,34~50.
[60]王占森.SA213-T91与12Cr1MoV异种刚焊接分析[J].内蒙古电力技术(21增刊),2003.
[61]李建文,徐彦霖,王增勇.焊缝无损检测技术进展[J].中国核科学报告,2002(00):24~32.
[62] Doubov AA.Screening of Weld Quality Using the Metal Magnetic Memory[J]. Weidingin the World,1998,41(3).
[63]郑慕林,刘富君,孔帅等.裂纹漏磁场的数值模拟[J].2011年远东无损检测论坛论文集精选,33(9),43~47.
[64]任吉林,林俊明.金属磁记忆检测技术[M].北京:中国电力出版社,2000,3~21.
[65]任吉林,林俊明,宋凯等.金属磁记忆检测机理的探讨[J].无损检测.2002,24:l29~31.
[66]吴世伟等.结构可靠度分析[M].北京:人民交通出版社,1990,17~28.
[67]鄂英子,郝兆朋.基于ANSYS仿真的焊缝截面形状研究[J].制造业信息化,2010(12):44~45.
[68]杨锋平,孙秦.薄板搅拌摩擦焊焊缝区应力集中的有限元分析[J].焊接学报,2007,28(12):109~112.
[69]黄兴棣等.工程结构可靠性设计[M].北京:人民交通出版社,1989,3~54.
[70] Miner,M.A.Cumulative Damage in Fatigue[J]. Journa of Applied Mechanics,1945,12(3):159~164.
[71]李锋,孟广伟,周立明等.复杂载荷作用下结构的可靠性研究[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报,2011,42(1):295~298.
[72]李波,张大伟.工程结构可靠度分析与计算[J].东北公路,2002,25(4):83~100.
[2]池永滨,于强,周重回.磁记忆检测技术机理、特点及应用研究[C].全国首届金属磁记忆技术研讨会论文集,2001.
[3]钱其林,高海良,张辉华等.船用钢板焊缝的金属磁记忆检测技术原理与应用[J].造船技术,2002,245(l):25~31.
[4]耿荣生.磁记忆检测技术在飞机结构件早期损伤监测中的应用前景[J].无损检测,2002,24(3):118~122.
[5]高春法,黄昌光,宋凯等.磁记忆检测在压力容器检验中的应用[J].无损检测,2003,25(5):247~249.
[6]池永滨,刘宇哲,胡先龙等.汽轮机叶片金属磁记忆诊断技术[J].无损检测,2002,24(10):440~442.
[7]盛民,林俊明.金属磁记忆诊断技术及其对电站高温高压螺栓的检测[J].山东电力技术,2002,128(6):49~52.
[8]高春法,宋凯,任吉林等.电站铁磁构件早期损伤无损检测方法的研究[J].南昌航空工业学院学报,2002,16(4):77~82.
[9]黄清荣.磁记忆等检测技术在锅炉压力容器焊接残余应力测量中的应用简析[J].锅炉压力容器安全技术,2003(3):44~46.
[10]任吉林,宋凯,邬冠华等.磁记忆检测技术在飞机起落架检测中的应用[J].无损检测,2002,24(8):346~349.
[11]任吉林,李晓刚,宋凯等.典型受载铁磁构件的数值模拟和磁特性[J].北京科技大学学报,2005,27(6),684~687.
[12]任吉林,唐继红,邬冠华.金属的磁记忆检测技术[J].无损检测,2001,23(4):154~156.
[13]任吉林,邬冠华,宋凯.金属磁记忆检测机理的探讨[J].无损检测,2002,24(1):29~31.
[14]仲维畅.金属磁记忆法诊断的理论基础——铁磁件材料的弹塑件应变磁化[J].无损检测,2001,23(10):424~426.
[15]仲维畅.铁磁性材料试棒拉断后的自发磁化[J].无损检测,2003,25(3):169~170.
[16]周俊华,雷银照.正磁致伸缩铁磁材料磁记忆现象的理论探讨[J].郑州大学学报(工学版),2003,24(3):101~105.
[17]黎连修.磁致伸缩和磁记忆问题研究[J].无损检测,2004,26(3):109~112.
[18]林俊明,林发炳,林春景等.EMS-2000金属磁记忆诊断仪的研发[J].无损检测,2002,24(4):168~170.
[19]李路明,胡斌,黄松岭.掌上型金属磁记忆检测仪[J].无损检测,2004,26(5):249~251.
[20]章彬斌,梁斌.基于金属磁记忆方法的压力容器对接焊缝应力检测[J].无损检测,2011(3):31~33.
[21]张卫民,刘红光,孙海涛.中低碳钢静拉伸时磁记忆效应的实验研究[J].北京理工大学学报,2004,24(7):571~574.
[22]张卫民,董韶平,张之敬.金属磁记忆检测技术的现状与发展[J].中国机械工程,2003,14(1):892~897.
[23]张卫民,董韶平,杨煜.磁记忆检测方法及其应用研究[J].北京理工大学学报,2003,23(3):277~280.
[24] Li W S, Di X J, Bai S W,etal. Feature analysis of metal magnetic memory signal forwelding crack based on wavelet energy spectrum[J]. Insight,2006.
[25]邸新杰,李午申,严春妍等.基于金属磁记忆的宏观焊接裂纹识别方法[J],中国机械工,2007:1476~1478.
[26]韩安利,曹晓蕾.磁记忆残余应力无损测量分析研究[J].仪表技术,2011(7):10~12.
[27] Li L M, Huang S L,Wang L F,et a1.Research on magnetic testing method of stressdistribution[J].Transactions of nonferrous metals society of China,2002,12(3):388-391.
[28] Huang S L,Li L M,Shi K R,et al. Magnetic field properties caused by stressconcentration[J].Journal of central south university of technology,2004,11(1):23-26.
[29]黄松岭,李路明,王晓凤等.地磁场在应力致磁畸变产生过程中的影响[J].清华大学学报,2003,42(2):208~210.
[30]黄松岭,李路明,汪来富等.用金属磁记忆方法检测应力分布[J].无损检测,2002,24(5):212~214.
[31]黄松龄,李路明,施克仁等.地磁场激励下残余应力分布的磁检测方法[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版),2002,42(11):1426~1428.
[32]李路明,郑鹏,黄松龄,张家骏.表面裂纹宽度对漏磁场Y分量的影响[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版),1999,39(2),43~45.
[33]李路明,黄松龄,杨海青,刘时风.抽油管壁磨损量检测方法[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版),2002,42(4),509~511.
[34]李路明,王晓凤,黄松龄.磁记忆现象和地磁场的关系[J].无损检测,2003,25(8):387~390.
[35]黄松龄,李路明,王晓凤等.地磁场在应力致磁畸变产生过程中的影响[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版),2003,43(2):208~210.
[36]黄松龄,李路明,鲍晓宇等.管道漏磁检测中的信号处理[J].无损检测,2000,22(2):55~57.
[37]李路明,黄松龄,杨海青等.缺陷长度对漏磁场的影响[J].科学技术与工程、工业技术,2002,2(4):52~53.
[38]陈铆,王晓凤,杨恩,李路明.铁磁构件拉压试验中的磁记忆效应研究[J].无损检测,2007,29(5):247~250.
[39]李路明,张家骏,李振星,卲晓燕.用有限元方法优化漏磁检测[J].无损检测,1997(6):154~158.
[40]黄松龄,李路明,张家骏.在用管道漏磁检测装置的研制[J].无损检测,1999,21(8):344~346.
[41] Lu-ming Li, Song-ling Huang, Lai-fu Wang. Research on magnetic testing method ofstress distribution[J].Trans.Nonferro.Met, Soc, China.Jun,2002,12(3).
[42]金信鸿,吴伟,卢超等.16MnR钢板焊接对接接头残余应力磁记忆检测研究[J].无损检测,2006,28(10):538~540.
[43]惠纪庄,孙德仕,邹亚科.Miner线性累计损伤理论在汽车试验场可靠性试验强化系数研究中的应用[J].工程设计学报,2008,15(4):264~268.
[44]倪向贵,李新亮,王秀喜.疲劳裂纹扩展规律Paris公式的一般修正及应用[J].压力容器,2006,23(12):8~11.
[45]高镇同,熊峻江.疲劳/断裂可靠性研究现状与展望[J].机械强度,1995,17(3):61~65.
[46]高镇同,凌静,李卫东,孙之钊.结构可靠性定寿技术途径[J].机械强度,1987(1),38~40.
[47]徐人平,李淑兰,段小建.随时间变化的应变疲劳可靠性模型[J].强度与环境,1996(3):8~13.
[48]罗毅,黄培彦,刘文铤等.裂纹扩展寿命安全可靠性分析模型[J].疲劳与断裂,2000:501~503.
[49]宋天民.焊接残余应力的产生与消除[M].北京:中国石化出版社,2010:8~20.
[50] Kaule W. Magnetostrictive ultrasonic testing of materials[J]. In Proceedings of the4thInternational Conference on Non-destructive Testing, London,1964:291-294.
[51] Mohr W,Holler P.On inspection of thin walled tubes for transverse and longitudinalflaws by guided ultrasonic waves[J].IEEE Trans.Sonics.Ultrasonics,1976,23(5):369~374.
[52] Kwun H, Holt A E. Feasibility of under-lagging corrosion detection in steel pipe usingthe magnetostrictive sensor technique[J]. NDT&E International,1995,28(4):211~214.
[53] Kwun H, Bartels K A. Magnetostrictive Sensor Technology and Its Applications[J].Ultrasonics,1998,36(1-5):171~178.
[54] Kwun H, Dynes C.Long Range Guided Wave Inspection of Pipe Using theMagnetostrictive Sensor Technology-Feasibility of Defect Characterization[C].Proceedings of SPIE-The International Society for Optical Engineering onNondestructive Evaluation of Utilities and Pipelines II, San Antonio, TX, United states,April1,1998.SPIE,1998,3398:28~34.
[55] Kwun H, Light M G. Magnetostrictive sensor technology proven in processapplications[J]. Oil&Gas Journal,2000:77~79.
[56] Laguerre L, Aime J C, Brissaud M.Magnetostrictive pulse-echo device fornon-destructive evaluation of cylindrical steel materials using longitudinal guidedwaves[J].Ultrasonics,2002,39(7):503~514.
[57]张俊哲.无损检测技术及其应用[M].北京:科学出版社,1993,15~38.
[58]刘福顺,汤明.无损检测文化概论[J].无损探伤,2002(2):34~37.
[59]李生田,刘志远.焊接结构现代无损检测技术[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2000,34~50.
[60]王占森.SA213-T91与12Cr1MoV异种刚焊接分析[J].内蒙古电力技术(21增刊),2003.
[61]李建文,徐彦霖,王增勇.焊缝无损检测技术进展[J].中国核科学报告,2002(00):24~32.
[62] Doubov AA.Screening of Weld Quality Using the Metal Magnetic Memory[J]. Weidingin the World,1998,41(3).
[63]郑慕林,刘富君,孔帅等.裂纹漏磁场的数值模拟[J].2011年远东无损检测论坛论文集精选,33(9),43~47.
[64]任吉林,林俊明.金属磁记忆检测技术[M].北京:中国电力出版社,2000,3~21.
[65]任吉林,林俊明,宋凯等.金属磁记忆检测机理的探讨[J].无损检测.2002,24:l29~31.
[66]吴世伟等.结构可靠度分析[M].北京:人民交通出版社,1990,17~28.
[67]鄂英子,郝兆朋.基于ANSYS仿真的焊缝截面形状研究[J].制造业信息化,2010(12):44~45.
[68]杨锋平,孙秦.薄板搅拌摩擦焊焊缝区应力集中的有限元分析[J].焊接学报,2007,28(12):109~112.
[69]黄兴棣等.工程结构可靠性设计[M].北京:人民交通出版社,1989,3~54.
[70] Miner,M.A.Cumulative Damage in Fatigue[J]. Journa of Applied Mechanics,1945,12(3):159~164.
[71]李锋,孟广伟,周立明等.复杂载荷作用下结构的可靠性研究[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报,2011,42(1):295~298.
[72]李波,张大伟.工程结构可靠度分析与计算[J].东北公路,2002,25(4):83~100.