尼基塔斯·侯尼亚迪斯《记事》研究
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摘要
尼基塔斯·侯尼亚迪斯是中世纪拜占廷杰出的历史学家。其著作《记事》忠实记载了拜占廷帝国从1118年到1207年间的历史,涉及科穆宁王朝和安苴鲁斯王朝共8位皇帝的治世。尼基塔斯曾官拜帝国宰相,不仅能接触到大量政府公文,还是众多事件的目击者和亲历者。尼基塔斯亲眼目睹1204年君士坦丁堡的陷落和当时拜占廷人以及首都艺术品的劫难,是唯一一位将这些事件记录下来的拜占廷史学家。尼基塔斯认为承载真实是历史的目的,因此《记事》具有较高的可信度和史料价值。
本文立足《记事》原文,借鉴心理学和统计学等方法对《记事》进行较为全面的研究。通过分析《记事》的修纂和内容,解析《记事》古典表象后的神学内核与尼基塔斯的思想观念,确定《记事》的史学价值,揭示其对文艺复兴史学的影响。
首先,本文梳理了尼基塔斯的生平和《记事》的写作背景,阐述拜占廷的著史传统和尼基塔斯自觉担负的史家责任,探讨尼基塔斯同时代的共鸣,分析《记事》诞生的条件和原因。在厘清作家、作品与时代三者之间关系的同时,以心理学知识进行辅助研究,明确1204年君士坦丁堡的陷落对《记事》修纂的促进作用。
接着,本文论述了尼基塔斯笔下的拜占廷帝国。从政治经济、军事外交和社会生活三个方面,考察尼基塔斯眼中的拜占廷。探讨12至13世纪初拜占廷帝国的皇位继承、官僚体制、财政税收、军事力量、对外战争、外交活动、社会风俗、医疗卫生和雕塑建筑等。通过勘误等方式,试图重构这一时期拜占廷的社会面貌。
尼基塔斯的《记事》兼具古典外形和神学内核。其古典表象主要体现在史料选用的广泛性、著作结构的古典性和文字表达的修辞学风格等方面。著作结构主要表现出章节间的不均衡性、内容排列的主题性和时间纪年的模糊性等。尼基塔斯的《记事》不仅具有典型的叙事史特征和修辞学风格,还大量引用了古典著作。《记事》的神学内核主要表现在对《圣经》的释读和引用,道德的说教和劝善,同时上帝决定论贯穿《记事》全篇。
最后,通过《记事》可探知尼基塔斯的思想观念。包括他的历史观、政治观、宗教观和道德观等。如尼基塔斯对历史本源的看法,对历史真实性的看法,对历史的价值和功能的思考,明确地反对暴政与巫术干政,对圣母和圣像的崇拜以及对婚姻家庭的看法等。
《记事》古典表象后的神学核心与尼基塔斯本人是虔诚的东正教信徒有关,也同当时拜占廷的文化宗教氛围有关。《记事》的这一特征同西欧中世纪史学向文艺复兴时期史学的过渡特征类似。1557年《记事》的手稿在西欧整理出版亦迎合了当时基督教人文主义者的需要。
Nicetas Choniates was an outstanding Byzantine historian in the Middle Ages. His work, the Annals, which is attached to high historical importance, trustily covers the historical events from 1118 to 1207 of the Byzantine Empire and relates to the sovereigns of eight emperors of the Comnenian and Angelian Dynasties. Being once the prime minister of the Byzantine empire, Nicetas not only was able to access large mounts of official documents, but was himself a witness or a participant of some events. Nicetas saw with his own eyes the fall of Constantinople in 1204 and the sufferings of the Byzantine people and their artworks, and remained the only Byzantine historian who kept a record of these events. Regarding the objective of history as to holding the truth, Nicetas made his Annals highly credible.
Based on the original texts, this study is guided by historical materialism and dialectic materialism, and provides a comprehensive analysis of the Annals, by borrowing certain psychological and statistical methodologies. Through analyzing the birth, contents and writing characteristics of the Annals and Nicetas' thoughts revealed in it, this study aims to evaluate this work's historical value, to summarize the traits of Byzantine historiography in the 12th century, and to seek its impacts on the Renaissance.
Firstly, putting Nicetas into his personal and historical background, my study begins with the questions "How and why the Annals was written?" by combining macro and micro investigations. The emphasis lies in the relations and interactions of the writer, the work and the era.
Next, a Byzantine empire described by Nicetas is to be examined. A whole chapter is devoted to the rebuilding of the Byzantine empire in the 12th and 13the centuries, from political and economic, military and diplomatic, and social perspective respectively. Topics as imperial inheritance, bureaucracy, finance and taxes, military forces, diplomacy and wars, social customs and medical arts, are also included in this study.
Nicetas' Annals bears a peculiarity in the integration of classical tendency and Christian theological historical style simultaneously. Universitality in source-selecting, classical structure and rhetorical skills are all manifestations of classical tendency. While the Christian theological style makes its presence in the citing of the Bible, moral sermons and preachments, and God's determinism.
Finally, Nicetas' historical views, political views, religious views and moral views can be reflected from his Annals.
Even though bearing intensive classical tendency, the Annals was deeply penetrated by Byzantine theological thoughts. This is both related to the pious orthodox faith of Nicetas himself and the cultural and religious atmosphere at that time. This characteristic may find its counterpart in that of the western European historiography during the passage from medieval times to the Renaissance.
本文立足《记事》原文,借鉴心理学和统计学等方法对《记事》进行较为全面的研究。通过分析《记事》的修纂和内容,解析《记事》古典表象后的神学内核与尼基塔斯的思想观念,确定《记事》的史学价值,揭示其对文艺复兴史学的影响。
首先,本文梳理了尼基塔斯的生平和《记事》的写作背景,阐述拜占廷的著史传统和尼基塔斯自觉担负的史家责任,探讨尼基塔斯同时代的共鸣,分析《记事》诞生的条件和原因。在厘清作家、作品与时代三者之间关系的同时,以心理学知识进行辅助研究,明确1204年君士坦丁堡的陷落对《记事》修纂的促进作用。
接着,本文论述了尼基塔斯笔下的拜占廷帝国。从政治经济、军事外交和社会生活三个方面,考察尼基塔斯眼中的拜占廷。探讨12至13世纪初拜占廷帝国的皇位继承、官僚体制、财政税收、军事力量、对外战争、外交活动、社会风俗、医疗卫生和雕塑建筑等。通过勘误等方式,试图重构这一时期拜占廷的社会面貌。
尼基塔斯的《记事》兼具古典外形和神学内核。其古典表象主要体现在史料选用的广泛性、著作结构的古典性和文字表达的修辞学风格等方面。著作结构主要表现出章节间的不均衡性、内容排列的主题性和时间纪年的模糊性等。尼基塔斯的《记事》不仅具有典型的叙事史特征和修辞学风格,还大量引用了古典著作。《记事》的神学内核主要表现在对《圣经》的释读和引用,道德的说教和劝善,同时上帝决定论贯穿《记事》全篇。
最后,通过《记事》可探知尼基塔斯的思想观念。包括他的历史观、政治观、宗教观和道德观等。如尼基塔斯对历史本源的看法,对历史真实性的看法,对历史的价值和功能的思考,明确地反对暴政与巫术干政,对圣母和圣像的崇拜以及对婚姻家庭的看法等。
《记事》古典表象后的神学核心与尼基塔斯本人是虔诚的东正教信徒有关,也同当时拜占廷的文化宗教氛围有关。《记事》的这一特征同西欧中世纪史学向文艺复兴时期史学的过渡特征类似。1557年《记事》的手稿在西欧整理出版亦迎合了当时基督教人文主义者的需要。
Nicetas Choniates was an outstanding Byzantine historian in the Middle Ages. His work, the Annals, which is attached to high historical importance, trustily covers the historical events from 1118 to 1207 of the Byzantine Empire and relates to the sovereigns of eight emperors of the Comnenian and Angelian Dynasties. Being once the prime minister of the Byzantine empire, Nicetas not only was able to access large mounts of official documents, but was himself a witness or a participant of some events. Nicetas saw with his own eyes the fall of Constantinople in 1204 and the sufferings of the Byzantine people and their artworks, and remained the only Byzantine historian who kept a record of these events. Regarding the objective of history as to holding the truth, Nicetas made his Annals highly credible.
Based on the original texts, this study is guided by historical materialism and dialectic materialism, and provides a comprehensive analysis of the Annals, by borrowing certain psychological and statistical methodologies. Through analyzing the birth, contents and writing characteristics of the Annals and Nicetas' thoughts revealed in it, this study aims to evaluate this work's historical value, to summarize the traits of Byzantine historiography in the 12th century, and to seek its impacts on the Renaissance.
Firstly, putting Nicetas into his personal and historical background, my study begins with the questions "How and why the Annals was written?" by combining macro and micro investigations. The emphasis lies in the relations and interactions of the writer, the work and the era.
Next, a Byzantine empire described by Nicetas is to be examined. A whole chapter is devoted to the rebuilding of the Byzantine empire in the 12th and 13the centuries, from political and economic, military and diplomatic, and social perspective respectively. Topics as imperial inheritance, bureaucracy, finance and taxes, military forces, diplomacy and wars, social customs and medical arts, are also included in this study.
Nicetas' Annals bears a peculiarity in the integration of classical tendency and Christian theological historical style simultaneously. Universitality in source-selecting, classical structure and rhetorical skills are all manifestations of classical tendency. While the Christian theological style makes its presence in the citing of the Bible, moral sermons and preachments, and God's determinism.
Finally, Nicetas' historical views, political views, religious views and moral views can be reflected from his Annals.
Even though bearing intensive classical tendency, the Annals was deeply penetrated by Byzantine theological thoughts. This is both related to the pious orthodox faith of Nicetas himself and the cultural and religious atmosphere at that time. This characteristic may find its counterpart in that of the western European historiography during the passage from medieval times to the Renaissance.
引文
[1]奥斯特洛格尔斯基:《拜占廷帝国》,第300页。
[2]冻志强:《拜占廷帝国史》,商务印书馆 2006年版,第39页。
[1]Simpson,Alicia J."Before and after 1204:the versions of Niketas Choniates' Historia",Dumbarton Oaks papers,no.60,2006,p.189.
[2]Magdalino,Paul and Maria V.Mavroudi,The Occult Sciences in Byzantium,Geneva:La Pomme d'or,2006,p.121.其余两部著作分别是塞奥法尼斯(Theophancs)的《编年史纪》和安娜·科穆宁(Anna Komnenc)的《阿莱克修斯传》。
[3]Magdalino,Paul."Aspects of Twelfth-Century Byzantine Kaiserkritik",Speculum,Vol.58,No.2,1983,p.326.
[4]Magdalino,Paul."Aspects of Twelfth-Century Byzantine Kaiserkritik",p.329.
[5]Vasiliev,A.A.History of the Byzantine Empire,324-1453,p.494.
[6]J·W·汤普逊:《历史著作史》上卷,商务印书馆 1996年版,第446页。
[7]尼基弗鲁斯·克里索贝尔吉斯(Nicephorus Chrysoberges),12至13世纪拜占廷君士坦丁堡人,曾在阿莱克修斯四世和牧首约翰十世·卡玛特罗斯前发表演说。演说词收录在Nicephorus Chrysobergcs,Nieephmi Chrysobergae Ad Angelos orations,tres,ed.Waximilian Treu,CⅩⅩⅦ中,同时参见 R.Browning,"An Unpublished Address of Nicephorus Chrysoberges to Patriarch John X Kamateros of 1202",Etudes Byzantines,no.5,1978,pp.48-63.
[8]Brand,Charles M."A Byzantine Plan for the Fourth Crusade",Speculum,Vol.43,No.3,1968,p.473.
[9]Byrd,Kimberly.Figures of Heroism and Contempt in the Histories of John Kinnamos and Niketas Choniates,Thesis(M.A.),University of Washington,1993,p.1.
[1]Rexine,John E."Review,Reviewed Work(s):Michel Italikos:Lettres et Discours by Paul Gautier",Speculum,Vol.50,No.3,1975,p.492.
[2]Uspensky,Th.A Byzantine Writer Nicetas Acominatus of Chonae,v,转引自 Vasiliev,A.A.History of the Byzantine Empire,324-1453,the University of Wisconsin Press,1958,p.495.
[3]Treadgold,W.A History of the Byzantine State and Society,Stanford University Press,1997,p.694.
[4]Kazhdan,A.and S.Franklin,Studies on Byzantine Literature of the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries,Cambridge University Press,1984,pp.269-270.
[5]Maguire,Henry.ed.Byzantine Magic,Washington,D.C.:Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection,1995,p.81-82.
[1]Tinnefeld,Franz H.Kategorien der Kaiserkritik in der byzuntznischen Historiographic z'on Prokop bzs Niketas Choniates,Munich,1971,pp.161-62,转引自 Magdalino,Paul."Aspects of Twelfth-Century Byzantine Kaiserkritik",Speculum,Vol.58,No.2,1983,p.327.
[2]Browning,Robert.The Byzantine Empire,New York:Charles Scribner's Sons,1980,pp.150-151.
[3]Ibid.
[4]Browning,Robert.The Byzantine Empire,pp.150-151.
[5]Birkenmeier,J.W.The Development of the Komnenian Army:1081-1180,Brill,2002,p.19.
[6]Birkenmeier,J.W.The Development of the Komnenian Army:1081-1180,p.23.
[7]#12
[1]艾丽西娅·辛普森认为其中一个手稿可能记载了1210年的事件。不过学术界大多倾向于版本(LO)结束于1207年。参见Simpson,Alicia J."Before and after 1204:the versions of Niketas Choniates' Historia",p.193.
[2]参见Choniates,Nicetas.Nicetae Choniatae Historia,rec.Ioannes Aloysius van Dicten,Berolini,Novi Eboraci:de Gruyter,1975,ⅹⅸ-cⅴ,转引自 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.3.
[1]Simpson,Alicia J."Before and after 1204:the versions of Niketas Choniates' Historia",pp.189-230.
[2]Wolf,Hieronymus ed.Nicetae Acominati Choniatoe,Basil(?),apud I.Oporinum,id/bus Augusti,anno 1557.
[3]Wolf,Hieronymus ed.Nicetae Acominati Choniatoe,Parisiis:E.Typographia regia,1647.
[4]Wolf,Hieronymus ed.Nicetae Acominati Choniatoe,Editio glossario graeco-barbaro auctior,& ope mss.reg.emendatior,cura & studio C.A.Fabroti,Venetiis,1729.
[1]Choniates,Nicetas.Nicetae Choniatae Historia/ex recensione Immanuelis,Immanuel Bekker ed.,Bonnae:E.Weber,1835.
[2]Choniates,Nicetas.Nicetae Choniatae Historia,rec.Ioannes Aloysius van Dieten,Berolini,Novi Eboraci:de Gruyter,1975.
[3]Grabler,Franz.Abenteurer auf dem Kaiserthron:die Regierungszeit der Kaiser Alexios Ⅱ,Andronikos und Isaak Angelos(1180-1195) aus dem Geschichtswerk des Niketos Choniates,Graz:Verlag Styria,1958.
[4]Grabler,Franz.Die Krone der Komnenen:die Regierungszeit der Kaiser Joannes und Manuel Komnenos (1118-1180)/aus dem Geschichtswerk des Niketos Choniates,Graz:Verlag Styria,1958.
[5]Grabler,Franz,ed.and tr.Die Kreuzfahrer erobern Konstantinopel;die Regierungszeit der Kaiser Alexios Angelos,Isaak Angelos und Alexios Dukos,die Schicksale der Stadt nach der Einnahme sowie dos "Buch von den Bild(a|¨)ulen"(1195-1206) aus dem Geschichtswerk des Niketos Choniates,Graz,Verlag Styria,1958.
[6]Het'own,Patmich.Historia degli imperatori greci,Venetia,Appresso V.Valgrisi,1562.
[7]Sansovino,Francesco ed.History of the times,Venetia:Appresso Francesco Sansovino,M D LⅩⅡ,1562.
[8]Sansovino,Francesco ed.History of the times,Vinetia:Appresso Gabriel Giolito di Ferrarii,MDLⅩⅤⅢⅠ,1569.
[9]参见Browning,Robert."Review:Byzantine Literature,Reviewed Work(s):Die hochsprachliche profane Literatur der Byzantiner by H.Hunger",The Classical Review,New Ser.,Vol.29,No.2.(1979),p.302.
[10]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketos Choniates,translated by Harry J.Magoulias,Wayne State University Press,1984.
[1]Grabler,Franz tr.Kaisertaten und Menschenschicksale im Spiegel der sch(o|¨)nen Rede:Reden und Briefe des Niketas Choniates,Graz:Styria,1966.
[2]Dieten,Jan Louis van.Zur Uberlieferung und Ver(o|¨)ffentlichung der Panoplia Dogmatike des Niketas Choniates,Amsterdam,Hakkert,1970.
[3]Choniates,Nicetas.Nicetae Choniatae orationes et epistulae,rec.Joannes Aloysius van Dieten,Berolini,Novi Eboraci,Berlin,New York:de Gruyter,1972,c1973.
[4]Cutler,Anthony."The De Signis of Nicetas Choniates:A Reappraisal",American Journal of Archaeology,Vol.72,No.2,1968,pp.113-118.
[5]Katsaros,Vassilis."A Contribution to the Exact Dating of the Death of the Byzantine Historian Nicetas Choniates",Jahrbuch der(O|¨)sterreichischen Byzantinistik,32,1982,p.88.
[1]Madden,Thomas F.Enrico Dandolo:His Life,His Family,and His Venice before the Fourth Crusade,Thesis (Ph.D.),University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,1993.
[1]Byrd,Kimberly.Figures of Heroism and Contempt in the Histories of John Kinnamos and Niketas Choniates,Thesis(M.A.),University of Washington,1993.
[2]Kazhdan,Alexander."Terminology of War in Niketas Choniates' Historian",in Timothy S.Miller,John Nesbitt eds.,Peace and War in Byzantium:Essays in Honor of George T Dentzis,S.J.Washington,D.C.:Catholic University of America Press,1995.
[3]Harris,Jonathan."Distortion,Divine Providence and Genre in Nicetas Choniates's Account of the Collapse of Byzantium 1180-1204",Journal of Medieval History,Vol.26,No.1,2000,pp.19-31.
[1]Harris,Jonathan."Distortion,Divine Providence and Genre in Nicetas Choniates's Account of the Collapse of Byzantium 1180-1204",p.25.
[1]Scott,R."The Classical Tradition in Byzantine Historiography",in M.Mullet and R.Scott ed.,Byzantium and the Classical Tradition,Birmingham,1981,pp.61-75.
[2]Simpson,Alicia J."Before and after 1204:the versions of Niketas Choniates' Historia",Dumbarton Oaks papers,no.60,2006.
[1]郭小凌:《西方史学史》,北京师范大学出版社 1995年版,第169页。
[2]张广智:《西方史学史》,复旦大学出版社 2000年版,第87页。
[3]陈志强:《拜占廷帝国史》,第39-40页。
[4]徐家玲:《拜占庭文明》,人民出版社 2006年版,第474页。
[1]如马克里迪斯在其论文中指出,anastathmos一词是指在圣索菲亚大教堂外,罪犯向进出教堂的人坦诚罪行的地方,不应翻译为讲坛(pulpit),马古里亚斯这样翻译容易将anastathmos同教堂内牧师布道的讲坛混淆。参见 Macrides.R.J."Killing,Asylum,and the Law in Byzantium",Speculum,Vol.63,No.3,1988,p.515.
[2]Vasiliev,A.A.History of the Byzantine Empire,324-1453,the University of Wisconsin Press,1958,p.495.
[1]参见van Dieten,Jan-Louis.Niketas Choniates:Erl(a|¨)uterungen zu den Reden und Briefen Nebst Biographie,Berlin,1971,p.4-8,
转引自 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.2.
[2]Simpson,Alicia Josephine.Studies on the Composition of Niketas Choniates'Historia,Thesis(Ph.D.),King's College(University of London),2004,
转引自 Magdalino,Paul and Maria V.Mavroudi,The Occult Sciences in Byzantium,Geneva:La Pomme d'or,2006,p.121.
[3]Birkenmeier,J.W.The Development of the Komnenian Army:1081-1180,Brili,2002,p.19.
[4]Byrd,Kimberly.Figures of Heroism and Contempt in the Histories of John Kinnamos and Niketas Choniates,Thesis(M.A.),University of Washington,1993,p.2.
[5]Eastmond,Antony."An Intentional Error? Imperial Art and 'Mis'-Interpretation under Andronikos I Komnenos",The Art Bulletin,Vol.76,No.3,1994,p.502.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,translated by Harry J.Magoulias,Wayne State University Press,1984,p.4.
[2]Uspensky,Th.A Byzentine Writer Nicetas Acominatus of Chonea,128,转引自 Vasiliev,A.A.History of the Byzantine Empire,324-1453,p.494.
[1]参见 Ramsay.W.M.The Church in the Roman Empire before A.D.170,New York;London:G.P.Putnam's Sons,1895,pp.465-480.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.ⅸ-ⅹ.
[2]Choniates,Michael.Monodia,347.In Michael Akominatou tou Choniatou ta sozomena[The preserved works of Michael Akominatos Choniates],edited by Spyridon p.Lambros,vol.1,Athens,1879-80,pp.345-366,
转引自Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.6.
[3]Choniates,Nicetas.Nicetae Choniatae orationes et epistulae,rec.Joannes Aloysius van Dieten,Berolini,Novi Eboraci,Berlin,New York:de Gruyter,1972,c1973,Oration8,pp.21-22,
转引自 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.5.
[4]Choniates,Nicetas.Nicetae Choniatae orationes et epistulae,pp.21-22,
转引自 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.5.
[1]Choniates,Michael.Monodia,347.13-17,
转引自 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.10.
[2]Choniates,Michael.Monodia,347-348,
转引自 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.23.
[3]Choniates,Michael.Monodia,348.11-25,
转引自 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.24.
[4]Choniates,Michael.Monodia,357.3-7,
转引自 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.9.
[5]珀涅罗珀是奥德赛忠贞的妻子,丈夫远征20年间她拒绝了无数求婚者。
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.ⅹ.
[1]Choniates,Michael.Monodia,350.22-24,
转引自 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.33.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.291.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.ⅹ-ⅹⅰ.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.14.
[5]参见Beck,H.G.Kirche und theologische Literatur im byzantinischen Reich,Munich,1959,p.702,
转引自Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.14.
[6]参见Papadopoulos-Kerameus.Harmonia 3,1902,288-290,
转引自 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.14.
[7]参见 Lambros,Spyridon P.ed.Michael Akominatou tou choniatou ta sozomena,vol.2,Athens,1880,letter 100,pp.162-175,
转引自 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.14.
[8]参见 Lambros,Spyridon P.ed.Michael Akominatou tou choniatou ta sozomena,vol.2,Letters 88,89,116,121,164,p.139-140,141-142,237-240,248-249,324-326,
转引自 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.14.
[9]参见 Lambros,Spyridon P.ed.Michael Akominatou tou choniatou ta sozomena,vol.2,Letter 116,240.21,
转引自 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.14.
[10]参见Lambros,Spyridon P.ed.Michael Akominatou tou choniatou ta sozomena,vol.2,Letter 164,324.12,
转引自 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.14.
[1]参见Lambros,Spyridon P.ed.Michael Akominatou tou choniatou ta sozomena,vol.2,Letter 95,155.17-20,
转引自Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.14.
[2]参见Lambros,Spyridon P.ed.Michael Akominatou tou choniatou ta sozomena,vol.2,Letter 132,267-271,
转引自Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.14.
[3]参见Papadopouios-Kerameus.Harmonia,273-284,
转引自 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.14.
[4]参见Lambros,Spyridon P.ed.Michael Akominatou tou choniatou ta sozomena,vol.2,Letter 95,155.20,
转引自Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.14.
[5]参见Lambros,Spyridon P.ed.Michael Akominatou tou choniatou ta sozomena,vol.2,Letter 121,248-249,
转引自 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.14.
[6]参见Lambros,Spyridon P.ed.Michael Akominatou tou choniatou ta sozomena,vol.2,Letters 162,163,320-323,
转引自Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.14.
[1]陈志强:《拜占廷学研究》,人民出版社 2001年版,第213页。
[2]参见陈志强:《拜占廷学研究》,第214页。
[3]参见 Runciman,Steven.Byzantine Civilisation,Cambridge University Press,1951,pp.224-225.
[4]参见 Cavallo,Guglielmo.The Byzantines,The University of Chicago Press,1992,pp.96-97.
[5]芬利:《希腊的遗产》,张强等译,上海人民出版社 2004年版,第209页。
[6]参见陈志强:《拜占廷学研究》,第215页。
[1]芬利:《希腊的遗产》,序言第3页。
[2]Choniates,Michael.Monodia,348.11-25,
转引自Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.22.
[3]Choniates,Michael.Monodia,350.4-9,
转引自 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.31,
[4]#12
[5]Migne,Paul Migne.Patrologia cursus completus.Series graeco-latia.Parisiis:Excudebat Migne,139,pp. 1101-1444,转引自 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.69.
[1]Ibid.
[2]Choniates,Nicetas.Nicetae Choniatae orationes et epistulae,letter 11,216-217,
转引自 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.70.
[3]滂图斯:黑海的南海岸地区。参见Kazhdan,A.P.the Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium,Oxford University Press,1991,p.1697.
[4]帕弗拉贡尼亚:安那托利亚北部的黑海沿岸地区,在滂图斯以东,比西尼亚(Bithynia)以西,为一个多山国家,是小亚细亚最古老的国家之一。该地区于公元前333年臣服于亚历山大大帝,公元前6年左右被并入罗马的加拉提亚省,不过内陆地区仍在当地统治者手中。帕弗拉贡尼亚曾是拜占廷帝国的一部分,但在曼茨科特战役(1071年)后拜占廷失去了该地区除沿海地区以外的所有领地。
[1]Choniates,Michael.Monodia,349-350,
转引自 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.30.
[2]Choniates,Nicetas.Nicetae Choniatae orationes et epistulae,Oration 3.13-25,
转引自 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.35.
[3]参见Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.224-225.
[1]维勒姆是帷幔的意思,这些法官组成了拜占廷的最高法庭,详见本文第二章第一节。
[2]政务官指古代斯巴达的地方法官或是监督官,于11世纪时恢复。1044至1088年皇帝的政务官监管了整个帝国的皇室领地(kouratoreiai)。政务官有时也是修道院的世俗的管理者,主要负责经济管理。政务官的属下包括公证员和低级公务员。12世纪后期尼基塔斯担任过这个职务。在1204年后这个职位消失。参见Kazhdan,A.P.the Oxford Dictionary of Byzanaum,p.707.
[3]奥斯特洛格尔斯基:《拜占廷帝国》,第312-313页。
[1]参见Kinnamos,John.Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus,translated by Charles M.Brand,Columbia University Press,1976,p.14.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.4.
[1]陈志强:《拜占廷帝国》,第302页。
[2]徐家玲:《拜占庭文明》,第495-696页。
[1]陈志强:《拜占廷军区制和农兵》,载《历史研究》,1996年第5期,第114页。
[2]陈志强:《拜占廷帝国》,第179页。
[3]同上。
[4]Ostrogorsky,George.History of the Byzantine State,translated by Joan Hussey,Oxford,1956,p.133-134.
[5]参见安德里亚德斯:“拜占廷帝国的经济生活:人口、农业、工商业”,载贝恩斯和莫斯主编:《拜占庭:东罗马文明导论》,牛津,1953年,第55-56页,
转引自厉以宁:《罗马-拜占庭经济史》,商务印书馆 2006年版,第518页。
[6]陈志强:《拜占廷军区制和农兵》,第127页。
[7]陈志强:《拜占廷帝国》,第179页。
[8]Kazhdan,A.and A.W.Epstein,Change in Byzantine Culture in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries,Berkeley,Los Angeles,London,1985,p.58.
[9]陈志强:《拜占廷帝国》,第271页。
[10]奥斯特洛格尔斯基:《拜占廷帝国》,第312页。
[1]奥斯特洛格尔斯基:《拜占廷帝国》,第311页。
[2]参见:Birkenmeier,J.W.The Development of the Komnenian Army:1081-1180,Brill,2002,p.153.
[3]奥斯特洛格尔斯基:《拜占廷帝国》,第311页。
[4]Hussey,J.M.The Cambridge Medieval History,Vol.Ⅳ,Part Ⅱ,Cambridge University Press,1967,p.76.
[5]奥斯特洛格尔斯基:《拜占廷帝国》,第312页。
[6]同上。
[7]同上。
[8]白玉:《十至十二世纪拜占庭封建大地产的几点考察》,载《宁波大学学报》,1990年第4期,第41页。
[1]陈志强:《拜占廷帝国》,第271页。
[2]参见:Blaum,P.A.The Days of the Warlords:A History of the Byzantine Empire,AD 969-991,Lanham,1994,p.57.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.207.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.219-220.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.234.
[6]陈志强:《拜占廷帝国》,第271页。
[7]陈志强:《拜占廷帝国》,第284页。
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.249.
[2]Ibid.
[1]陈志强:《巴尔干古代史》,中华书局 2007年版,第267页。
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.11.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.53.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.239.
[2]撒尔迪卡:又被称为特里亚迪查(Triaditza),现为保加利亚首都索非亚。
[3]赫拉蒙:即现在塞尔维亚的新帕兰卡(Nova Palanka)。
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.12.
[5]参见Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.54.
[6]参见Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.72.
[7]参见Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.76.
[8]参见Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.86-87.
[9]达尔马提亚:现克罗地亚的一个地区,包括中部沿海地带和沿亚得里亚海的一系列岛屿。该地区于公元前4世纪被希腊人殖民化,公元2～5世纪被罗马人控制,10世纪时被塞尔维亚王国和克罗地亚王国分成两半各自控制,1420年受威尼斯人统治,拿破仑垮台后,落入奥地利人手中。1920年达尔马提亚的大部分划归南斯拉夫,但在第二次世界大战期间,为意大利人吞并。1947年作为克罗地亚共和国,全部归属南斯拉夫。
[10]奥斯特洛格尔斯基:《拜占廷帝国》,第329页。
11 陈志强:《巴尔千古代史》,第336页。
[1]卡扎尔人是半游牧民族,7至10世纪占据了黑海附近草原和北高加索地区。
[2]陈志强:《巴尔干古代史》,第428页。
[3]参见Birkenmeier,John W.The Development of the Komnenian Army:1081-1180,p.45.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.12.
[5]或译为徐西亚人。
[1]Angold,Michael.The Byzantine Empire,1025-1204,Longman,p.188.
[2]Mutafciev,P.Izbrani proizvedenija 2,Sofia,1973,pp.162-168,
转引自Kazhdan,A.P.the Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium,p.563.
[3]参见Kazhdan,A.P.the Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium,p.563.
[4]参见Friendly,Alfred.The Dreadful Day:The Battle of Manzikert,1071,The University Press of Virginia,1981,pp.114-123.
[1]Kazhdan,A.P.the Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium,p.1493.
[2]布林迪西:意大利东南部港口城市。
[3]塔兰托:意大利东南部海港城市,位于普利亚地区,濒临多伦多湾。该市包括位于一个小岛上的老城区和位于临近陆地上的新城区。由斯巴达人建于公元前8世纪,当时称塔拉斯,是意大利南部希腊殖民区的主要城市之一。公元前4世纪该镇的经济和军事实力达到顶峰。公元前272年该城为罗马人统治,公元5～11世纪又在哥特人、拜占廷人、伦巴第人和阿拉伯人之间反复易手。到15世纪成为那不勒斯王国的一部分。1815年起归两西西里王国所有,1861年加入意大利王国。在第一次和第二次世界大战中成为意大利海军基地之一。
[4]参见Stephenson,Paul.Byzantium's Balkan Frontier:a Political Study of the Northern Balkans,900-1204,Cambridge University Press,2000,p.157.
[1]Brand,Charls M."The Byzantines and Saladin,1185-1192:Opponents of the Third Crusade",Speculum,vol.37,No.2,1962,pp.168-188.
[2]Vasiliev,A.A.History of the Byzantine Empire,324-1453,the University of Wisconsin Press,1958,p.487.
[3]Treadgold,W.A History of the Byzantine State and Society,Stanford University Press,1997,p.691.
[1]Vasiliev,A.A.History of the Byzantine Empire,324-1453,p.487.
[1]#12
[2]参见Bury,John B.The Ancient Greek Historians,Dover Publications,1958,p.42,转引自Vasiliev,A.A.History of the Byzantine Empire,324-1453,p.499.
[3]Tzetzis,Johannis.Allegoriae,promium,vss,1-4,28;ed.Matranga,Anecdota Graeca,I,1,2,转引自Vasiliev,A.A.History of the Byzantine Empire,324-1453,p.499.
[4]Gregorovius.Geschichte der Stadt Athen im Mittelalter,I,p.243,转引自Vasiliev,A.A.History of the Byzantine Empire,324-1453,p.493.
[5]Dalton,O.M.Byzantine Art and Archaeology,Constable,1961,p.18.
[6]Treadgold,W.A History of the Byzantine State and Society,p.698.
[7]参见Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.183.
[8]参见 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.242.
[9]Vasiliev,A.A.History of the Byzantine Empire,324-1453,p.488.
[1]Vasiliev,A.A.History of the Byzantine Empire,324-1453,p.498.
[2]陈志强:《拜占廷帝国史》,第38页。
[3]品达:古希腊诗人,有“抒情诗人之魁”之称。他的诗风格庄重,形式谨严,词藻华丽。欧洲古典主义时代的诗人把他的诗看作“崇高的颂歌”的典范,弥尔顿、歌德等人都曾模仿他的风格。
[4]Vasiliev,A.A.History of the Byzantine Empire.324-1453,p.496.
[5]参见Browning,Robert."A Fourteenth-Century Prose Version of the 'Odyssey'",Dumbarton Oaks Papers,Vol.46,Homo Byzantinus:Papers in Honor of Alexander Kazhdan,1992,pp.27-36.
[6]Vasiliev,A.A.History of the Byzantine Empire,324-1453,p.494.
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.4.
[8]Bury,J.B.Romances of Chivalry on Greek Soil,Oxford University,1911,p.3.
[1]Treadgoid,W.A History of the Byzantine State and Society,p.698.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.215.
[3]Vasiliev,A.A.History of the Byzantine Empire,324-1453,pp.504-505.
[4]参见Treadgold,W.A History of the Byzantine State and Society,图159.
[5]Vasiliev,A.A.History of the Byzantine Empire,324-1453,p.504.
[6]Comnena,Anna.The Alexiad of Anna Comnena,translated by E.R.A.Sewter,Penguin Books Inc.,1969,pp.181-182.
[1]Haskins.Studies in mediaeval Science,Harvard University Press,1924,pp.194-195.
[2]参见Haskins."The Greek Element in the Renaissance of the Twelfth Century",American Historical Review,ⅩⅩⅤ 1920,p.603-605.
同时参见哈斯金斯:《12世纪文艺复兴》,夏继果译,上海人民出版社2005年版,第225页。
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.218.
[2]Ibid.
[3]Ibid.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.225.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.225.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.221.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.234.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.313-314.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.315.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.323-324.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.337-338.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.348.
[4]参见Dieten and Jan-Louis.Niketas Choniates:Erl(a|¨)uterungen zu den Reden und Briefen Nebst Biographie,p.45,转引自Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.60.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.325.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.317.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.353-354.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.290. 做了生动的刻画,该作品被后人称作拜占廷人的“百态图”。参见陈志强:《拜占廷帝国史》,第39页。
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.4.
[2]Ibid.
[3]参见Kinnamos,John.Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus,p.13.Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.3
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.3.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.3.
[2]Ibid.
[3]Ibid.
[4]Ibid.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.347.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.3.
[7]Ibid.
[8]Ibid.
[9]Ibid.
[10]Ibid.
11 Ibid.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.290.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.32-33.
[3]参见Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.265.
[4]参见《约伯记》5.18.本文所使用《圣经》译文版本为:中国基督教三自爱国运动委员会和中国基督教协会的简化字和合本,之后的引用将不再注明版本。另《圣经》各卷名按新教习惯译出,部分译名参照《七十士本》。
[5]参见《耶利米书》14.20-21。
[6]参见《耶利米书》10.24-25。
[7]参见《以赛亚书》64.8。
[8]参见《耶利米哀歌》5.1-2。
[1]参见《耶利米哀歌》5.21。
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.318.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.321.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.348.
[5]参见Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.322.
[6]《约珥书》2.3。
[7]《以赛亚书》60.16。
[8]参见《创世纪》3.7,3.21。
[9]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.325
[1]对创伤后应激障碍的研究可追溯到上世纪第一次世界大战期间,由于英军中有7%～10%的军官和3%～4%的士兵出现“精神崩溃”,约20万士兵由于“精神症状”无法继续服役而引起重视。但是对创伤后应激障碍的系统研究则到本世纪六、七十年代美国越战后才开展。1980年,美国精神病协会制定的《精神疾病诊断和统计手册》第三版(DSM-Ⅲ)中将其正式命名为创伤后应激障碍(PTSD),并将其确立为可单独诊断的疾病。中国精神疾病分类方案与诊断标准(第3版)(CCMD-3)对PTSD的界定同DSM-Ⅲ大致相同,仅个别诊断标准有异。
[2]参见American Psychiatric Association.Diagnostic and statistic manual of mental disorders,4th edition (DSM-Ⅳ),Washington DC:American Psychiatric Association,1994,pp.424-429.
[3]郭阳,陈爱敏:《“5.12”汶川大地震伤员心理应激状况调查》,载《南方医科大学学报》,2008年第28卷第7期。
[4]张本等:《30年后唐山地震所致孤儿创伤后应激障碍现患率调查》,载《中国心理卫生杂志》,2008年第22卷第6期。
[1]Mollica,R.F."Longitudinal study of psychiatric symptoms,disability,mortality,and emigration among Bosnian refugees",the Journal of the American Medical Association,286(5),2001,pp.546-554.
[2]汪向东,姜经纬:《创伤后应激障碍的流行病学特点及危险因素》,载《中华流行病学杂志》,2002年10月第23卷第5期。
[3]参见Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.318.
[4]《尼基塔斯演讲与书信集》收录了尼基塔斯现存的11封书信。其中有6封信件确认写于1189年前,剩下5封首次公开的信件中,有3封信收信人不详或是无法确定信件时间,有2封是写给皇亲国戚瓦西里·卡玛特罗斯(Basil Kamateros)的,但其中只有一封信提及了13世纪早期的情况,主要是关于拜占廷帝国同亚美尼亚地区的关系。因此尼基塔斯的绝大部分书信无法用于对1204年后尼基塔斯心理状况的分析。参见Nicol,D.M."Review,Reviewed Work(s):Orationes et epistulae by Nit,eras Choniates",The Journal of Hellenic Studies,Vol.94,1974,pp.260-261.
[1]参见R.,Suzanna,Jonathan B.and Simon W."Psychological debriefing for preventing post traumatic stress disorder(PTSD)",Cochrane Database System Review,2000(2),CD000560.S.,Rose and Bisson J."Brief early psychological interventions following trauma:a systematic review of the literature",Journal of Trauma Stress,1998,11(4),pp.697-710.
[2]参见S.,Rose and Bisson J."Brief early psychological interventions following trauma:a systematic review of the literature",pp.697-710.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.357.
[4]参见B.,Krakow,Hollifield M.and Johnston L."Imagery rehearsal therapy for chronic nightmares in sexual assault survivors with posttraumatic stress disorder:a randomized controlled trial",the Journal of the American Medical Association,2001,286(5),pp.537-545.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.4.
[2]参见Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.63.
[3]创伤后应激障碍的干预认为:单次的一般心理疏泄不能有效预防和治疗创伤后应激障碍;应当制止强制受害者在事后接受心理疏泄;“情景处理”模式或许对部分患者比较有效。参见S.,Rose and Bisson J.,"Brief early psychological interventions following trauma:a systematic review of the literature",pp.697-710.
[1]尼古拉斯·卡纳沃斯于1204年1月27日被推举为皇帝,在1204年2月2日或6日被赶下皇位,其在位时间不过6至10日,因此本文将其忽略不计。参见Chonistes,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.307-309.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.11.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.25.
[1]参见《创世纪》21。
[2]《创世纪》25.26。
[3]《出埃及记》4.14-16。
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.26.
[5]陈志强:《拜占廷皇帝继承制度特点研究》,载《中国社会科学》,1999年第1期,第183页。
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.78.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.231.
[2]Ibid.
[3]安娜的丈夫布林尼乌斯来自马其顿地区最大和最繁华的城市奥列斯提阿斯(Orestias)。
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.5.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.78.
[1]该数据参照陈志强《拜占廷皇帝继承制度特点研究》表三计算。
[2]参见陈志强:《拜占廷学研究》,第133页。
[3]参见陈志强:《拜占廷学研究》,第135页。
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.5.
[2]科穆宁皇帝创建了过多的宫廷头衔,导致中世纪拜占廷官僚体系的崩溃。旧有的头衔要么被抛弃要么变得毫无意义。通过合并头衔和附加各种宫廷术语,很多新的职位被创造出来取代了旧有的。小心地遵循固有贵族阶位已经是过去的事情了。头衔panhypersebastos就是这一过程中的最好例子。参见Ostrogorsky,George.History of the Byzantine State,pp.367-368.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.173.
[1]Kazhdan,A.P.the Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium,p.1570.
[2]Kazhdan,A.P.the Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium,p.1747.
[3]阿莱克修斯·科穆宁是曼努埃尔的哥哥安德罗尼库斯的儿子。他的生平参见Brand,Charles M.Byzantium Confronts the West 1180-1204,Harvard University Press,1968,pp.32-34,73-74.
[4]Kazhdan,A.P.the Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium,p.1584.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.175.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.7.
[7]Kazhdan,A.P.the Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium,p.1749.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.279.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.7.
[3]约翰·科穆宁是曼努埃尔亲兄安德罗尼库斯的儿子,深受曼努埃尔一世宠爱。他在1170至1176年拥有首席大贵族这一最高头衔,之前他曾是塞浦路斯的统治者。参见Kinnamos,John.Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus,pp.47,99,102-103,137,179.
Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.59.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.301.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.116.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.164.
[7]阿莱克修斯二世是曼努埃尔一世和第二任妻子安条克的玛丽亚-克塞娜的儿子,出生于1169年9月10日,1171年3月4日成为共治皇帝。参见Brand,CharlesM.Byzantium Confronts the West 1180-1204,p.14.
[8]Kazhdan,A.P.the Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium,p.1294.
[9]塞奥多利·卡斯塔莫尼特斯是依沙克二世的母亲尤夫洛希妮·卡斯塔莫尼特斯的兄弟。参见Brand,Charles M.Byzantium Confronts the West 1180-1204,pp.78,98.
[10]奥斯特洛格尔斯基:《拜占庭帝国》,第310页。
11 Kazhdan,A.P.the Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium,p.662.
12 约翰·杜卡斯·卡马特罗斯是安德罗尼库斯·杜卡斯·卡马特罗斯的儿子,参见Polemis,D.I.The Doukai:A Contribution to Byzantine Prosopography,London,1968,pp.127-130.
13 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.221.
[1]Kazhdan,A.P.the Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium,p.416.
[2]Kinnamos,John.Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus,p.241,n.51.
Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.58.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.175.
[4]参见Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.182.
[5]Kazhdan,A.P.the Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium,p.1710.
[6]他是我的哥哥,我的亲哥哥;我为我们的血缘关系感到骄傲,我为亲人中有这样的一个人而感到高兴,即使我的情操和学问只能对他望其项背。参见Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.332.
[7]在实际战斗中,拜占廷军队遵守命令的先后顺序依次为:1、皇帝,2、首席大贵族,3、凯撒,4、最高军事统帅,5、海军总司令(megas doux),6、西部陆军统帅……等。参见伪科迪诺斯(Pseudo-Kodinos)约1355年编撰的《官职大全》(Book of Offices),转引自Heath,Ian.Byzantine Armies,AD 1118-1461,Angus McBride,1995,pp.18-19.
[8]参见Brand,Charles M.Byzantium Confronts the West 1180-1204,p.39.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.239.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.220.
[3]Kazhdan,A.P.the Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium,p.1748.
[4]阿莱克修斯是约翰·阿库赫的儿子。Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.56.Kinnamos,John.Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus,pp.130-132.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.221-224.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.170.
参见Eustathios.The Capture of Thessaloniki,110.16-17.
[7]Kazhdan,A.P.the Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium,p.1964.
[8]奥斯特洛格尔斯基:《拜占廷帝国》,第310页。
[9]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.198.
[10]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.239.
[1]Kazhdan,A.P.the Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium,p.925.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.136
[3]Kazhdan,A.P.the Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium,p.2157.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.148.
[5]Kazhdan,A.P.the Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium,p.724.
[6]#12
[7]Kazhdan,A.P.the Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium,p.1742.
[8]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.32.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.224.
[2]Kazhdan,A.P.the Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium,p.416.Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.271.
[3]Kazhdan,A.P.the Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium,p.623.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.182.
[5]参见Lambros,Spyridon P.ed.Michael Akominatou tou choniatou ta sozomena,vol.2,Letters 44,70.24-25,转引自Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.47.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.265.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.253.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.175.
[4]Kazhdan,A.P.the Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium,p.416.
[5]Kinnamos,John.Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus,p.241,n.51.
Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.58.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.29.
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.152.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.301,
[2]Runeiman,Steven.Byzatine Civilization,Edward Arnold.1933.p.85.
[3]奥斯特洛格尔斯基:《拜占廷帝国》,第325页。
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.11.
[5]Ibid.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annuls of Niketas Choniates,p.11.
[2]参见Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annuls of Niketas Choniates,p.17.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annuls of Niketas Choniates,p.11.
[4]Ibid.
[5]Kinnamos,John.Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus,p.83.
[6]Kinnamos,John.Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus,p.95.
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annuls of Niketas Choniates,p.54.
[8]Ibid.
[9]奥斯特洛格尔斯基:《拜占廷帝国》,第325页。
[10]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annuls of Niketas Choniates,p.273.
[1]《路加福音》10.41。
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.117.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.118.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.117.
[5]奥斯特洛格尔斯基:《拜占廷帝国》,第325页。
[6]陈志强:《拜占廷帝国史》,第470页。
[7]参见波斯坦等编:《剑桥欧洲经济史》,第三卷,周荣国等译,经济科学出版社2002年版,第51页。
[8]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.321.
[9]Ibid.
[10]伊比利亚人即格鲁吉亚人(Georgians)。
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.211.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.11.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.12.
[4]陈志强:《拜占庭帝国史》,第467页。
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.290.
[6]帕加马:古希腊城市,现为土耳其伊兹密尔省贝尔加马镇。
[7]阿特拉米提翁:现为土耳其共和国的埃德米特(Edremit)。
[8]《诗篇》108.35。
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.85.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.18.
[3]尼基塔斯所指的乃是拜占廷人1071年8月19日在曼茨科特的惨败。参见Choniates,Michael.Monodia,151.8 sqq,
转引自Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.47.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.111.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.54.
[6]参见Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.53.
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.96.
[8]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.244.
[9]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.265.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.263.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.302.
[3]参见《马太福音》25.26。
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.97.
[5]Ibid.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.131.
[7]圣周:复活节前的一周。
[8]参见Brand,Charles M.Byzantium Confronts the West 1180-1204,pp.104,343,n.68.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.244.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.129.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.65.
[4]参见Kinnamos,John.Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus,p.35.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates pp.29-30.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates p.244.
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates p.68.
[8]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates p.226.
[9]Choniates,Nikeas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates pp.115-116.
[10]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates p.56.
11 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.58.
12 Vasiliev,A.A.,History of the Byzantine Empire,324-1453,Vol.2,p.484.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates pp.210-211.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates.p.245.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates p.304.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates p.80.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates p.108.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates p.198.
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates p.203.
[8]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates p.261.
[9]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates p.197.
[10]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates p.98.
11 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.54.
[1]Villehardouin and De Joinville.Memoirs of the Crusades,translated by Sir F.Marziais,London & New York,1911,p.65.
[2]尼基塔斯所用的词katapetasma原始含义为“面纱”或是“窗帘”,后来具有“祭坛上的天盖”或是“神龛”的意思。参见Mesarites,Nikolaos."Description of the Church of the Holy Apostles at Constantinople",Glanville Gowney ed.,with English translation,Transactions of the American Philosophical Society,n.s.,vol.47,pt.6(Philadelphia,1957),p.891,n.17.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.357.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.191.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.182.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.244.
[1]波斯坦等编:《剑桥欧洲经济史》,第二卷,钟和等译,经济科学出版社2004年版,第721页。
[2]陈志强:《拜占廷帝国史》,第477页。
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.115.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.244.
[5]参见Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.272-273.
[6]参见陈志强:《拜占廷帝国史》,第477页。
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.115.
[8]参见Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.56.
[9]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.244-245.
[10]1英担=112磅=50.8千克
11 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.631.
12 德国税参见奥斯特洛格尔斯基:《拜占庭帝国》,第338页。
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.262.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.295.
[3]波斯坦:《剑桥欧洲经济史》,第二卷,第197页。
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.7.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.116.
[6]Ibid.
[7]Ibid.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.182.
[2]《马太福音》22.21。
[3]《马太福音》25.15等。
[4]《马太福音》5.40。
[5]参见《诗篇》107.35。
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.179.
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.244.
[8]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.118-119.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.272-273.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.97.
[1]Birkenmeier,J.W.The Development of the Komenian Army:1081-1180,Leiden,Boston,K(o|¨)ln:Brill,2002,p.139.
[2]参见Birkenmeier,J.W.The Development of the Komenian Army:1081-1180,pp.174-175.
[1]参见Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.17.
[2]凯尔特人是古罗马帝国对不列颠居民的称呼,这一称呼沿用到尼基塔斯的时代。
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.17.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.21.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.48-49.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.100.
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.139.
[8]贝内特,吉姆·布拉德伯里等:《图解世界战争战法:中世纪500～1500年》,徐淼译,宁夏人民出版社2008年版,第13页。
[9]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.140.
[10]参见Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.228-229.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.211.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.110-111.
[3]陈志强:《拜占廷帝国史》,第446页。
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.14.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.106-107.
[1]荷马:《荷马史诗·伊利亚特》,罗念生、王焕生译,人民文学出版社1994年版,第124页。
[2]西蒙·安格里姆,菲莉斯·杰斯蒂斯等:《图解世界战争战法:古代公元前3000年～公元500年》,周桂银等译,宁夏人民出版社2008年版,第15页。
[3]陈志强:《拜占廷帝国史》,第466—167页。
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.12.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.78.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.36.
[7]参见:陈志强《拜占廷产帝国史》,第447页。
[8]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.51.
[9]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.10.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.314.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.311.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.87-88.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.36.
[5]康拉德是蒙费拉侯爵博尼法斯的兄弟。他于1187年春迎娶伊萨克二世的妹妹塞奥多拉,获得凯撒的头衔。
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.212.
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.78.
[1]马修·贝内特,吉姆·布拉德伯里等:《图解世界战争战法:中世纪500～1500年》,第4,75页。
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.103.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.20.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.85.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.208.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.104.
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.106-107.
[8]Ibid.
[9]希罗多德:《历史》,下册,王以铸译,商务印书馆1985年版,第485页。
[10]参见Goldman,Bernard and A.M.G.Little,"he Beginnings of Sasanian Painting and Dura-Europos",Iranica Antique,15,1980,p.289,n.10.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.76.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.16.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.156.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.341.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.341.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.91.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.98.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.31.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.91.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.229.
[2]马修·贝内特,吉姆·布拉德伯里等:《图解世界战争战法:中世纪500～1500年》,第222页。
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.45.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.209.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.215.
[6]石脑油是一种轻质油品,该词源于波斯语,指易挥发的石油产品。石脑油由原油蒸馏或石油二次加工切取馏分而得,又称为轻油。其沸点高于汽油而低于煤油,可分为轻石油脑与重石油脑两种。
[7]贝内特,吉姆·布拉德伯里等:《图解世界战争战法:中世纪500～1500年》,第169页。
[1]贝内特,吉姆·布拉德伯里等:《图解世界战争战法:中世纪500～1500年》,第211—222页。
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.58.
[3]陈志强:《拜占廷帝国史》,第446页。
[1]瓦兰吉卫队在拜占廷中央军队中具有特殊地位。在约翰二世或曼努埃尔一世时期,瓦兰吉卫队除了普通的作战功能还具有类似于现代警察的职能。瓦兰吉卫队于1272年退出历史舞台。参见Heath,Ian.Byzantine Armies,AD 1118-1461,Angus McBride,1995,p.14.
[2]参见:马修·贝内特,吉姆·布拉德伯里等:《图解世界战争战法:中世纪500～1500年》,第13页。
[3]参见荷马:《荷马史诗·伊利亚特》,第39页。
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.17.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.102.
[6]西里西亚:托鲁斯山脉的南部、地中海沿岸、小亚细亚东南的古老地区。该地区曾被亚历山大大帝征服,后来成为罗马帝国的一部分,曾是1080到1375年独立的亚美尼亚的领土。
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.14.
[8]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.54.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.87-89.
[2]贝内特,吉姆·布拉德伯里等:《图解世界战争战法:中世纪500～1500年》,第13页。
[3]新凯撒利亚:现土耳其东北部的尼克萨(Niksar),黑海沿岸的一个城市。
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.20.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.227.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.209.
[2]Ibid.
[3]Ibid.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.11-12.
[1]银雀山汉墓竹简整理小组编:《孙子兵法》,文物出版社1976年版,第126页。
[2]拜占廷人称自己为罗马人。
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.77.
[4]索佐波利斯:现在土耳其伊斯帕尔塔省的乌鲁博尔鲁(Uluborlu)。
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.9.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.109.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.20-21.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.10.
[4]陈志强:《拜占廷帝国史》,第444页。
[1]Heath,Ian.Byzantine Armies,AD 1118-1461,Angus McBride,1995,p.42.
[2]对重式抛石机出现在南宋时期,又称为回回炮,可安装在战船上用于海战。1044年的《武经总要》中保存了一副宋朝海军战舰上重式抛石机的图片。另可参见Chevedden,Paul E.“The Invention of the Counterweight Trebuchet:A Study in Cultural Diffusion",Dumbarton Oaks Papers,Vol.54,2000,p.77.
[3]Chevedden,Paul E."The Invention of the Counterweight Trebuchet:A Study in Cultural Diffusion",p.77.
[4]Magdalino,Paul.The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos,Cambridge,1993,pp.9-10.
[1]Heath,Ian.Byzantine Armies,AD 1118-1461,p.10.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.9.
[3]参见Kinnamos,John.Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus,p.15.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.9.
[5]一说为1122年8月15日至1123年8月14日。
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.10.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.11.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.12.
[3]参见Kinnamos,John.Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus,pp.20,235,n.14.珀萨尔梅尼安人是达尼什曼迪兹人(Danishmendids)卡斯塔蒙为科莫尼翁堡(Kastra Kmenenon),位于土耳其北部黑海沿岸,是现在土耳其共和国帕弗拉贡尼亚地区卡斯塔莫努省(Kastamonu)的首府。
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.12.
[5]干格拉:现在被称为堪基里(Cankiri),位于土耳其共和国境内。
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.12.
[7]安达纳:土耳其南部一城市,位于塞亚河旁,临地中海,公元前66年成为罗马殖民地。
[8]塔尔苏斯:土耳其南部城市,圣保罗的出生地。
[9]阿纳扎尔巴:又名~cAin Zarb(?),在西里西亚·亚美尼亚的西斯(Sis)的南边,曾在1137年7月17日的战斗中被包围。参见Kinnamos,John.Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus,pp.22-23.
[10]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.17.
[11]撒加里奥斯河:现在土耳其境内的萨卡亚(Sakarya)河。
[12]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.19.
[13]金泰:又名昆都(Kundu),在小亚新凯撒利亚城东。参见Chalandon,Ferdinand.Jean Ⅱ Comnene(1183-1143)et Manuel I Comnene(1143-1180).Les Comnene:Etudes sur l'empire byzantin au Xle et au XIIe siecles,vol.2,Paris,1912,reprint ed.,New York,1960,p.178,n.1,
转引自Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.81.
[14]庞提克:位于黑海之南。
[1]参见Vryonis,Speros Jr.The Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor and the Prpcess of Islamization from the Eleventh through the Fifteenth Century,Berkeley:American Historical Association,p.14 map.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.20.
[3]Ibid.
[4]皮斯古汇湖战役可参见 Kirmarnos,John.Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus,p.236,n.23.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.21-22.
[6]Birkenmeier,J.W.The Development of the Komnenian Army:1081-1180,p.85.
[7]Birkenmeier,J.W.The Development of the Komenian Army:1081-1180,p.86.
[8]埃维亚:爱琴海岛屿,为希腊最大岛之一,长180千米,宽6～48千米。该岛多山,山岭之间有利拉斯河流经的肥沃平原,在古代是著名的养马区。公元前5世纪埃维亚被雅典人侵占,两个主要城市哈尔基斯和埃雷特里亚卷入波斯和伯罗奔尼撒之间的战争。从公元前146年起埃维亚成为罗马马其顿行省的一部分,1366年受威尼斯人统治,1470年又被土耳其人征服,1830年归属希腊。
[1]参见Heath,Ian.Byzantine Armies,AD 1118-1461,p.4.
[2]达米亚特:即迪米雅特(Dimyat),现埃及的重要港口之一。
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.92.
[4]埃弗里普斯:优卑亚岛上的一个城镇,以观潮闻名,后来被称为内格罗庞蒂(Negroponte),现在名为加尔西斯(Chalkis)。
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.98.
[6]希俄斯岛:希腊东部岛屿。
[7]参见Heath,lan.Byzantine Armies,AD 1118-1461,p.4.Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.98.
[1]Birkenmeier,J.W.The Development of the Komenian Army:1081-1180,pp.99-103.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.163.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.175.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.203.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.279.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.91.
[2]Heath,Ian.Byzantine Armies,AD 1118-1461,p.17.
[3]参见陈志强:《拜占廷学研究》,第292页。
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.12.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.106.
[2]参见Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.107.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.261.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.253.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.260.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.262.
[7]普罗萨科斯现位于马其顿共和国境内。
[8]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.279.
[9]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.70.
[1]Kinnamos,John.Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus,p.158.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.69.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.290.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.10.
[5]安科纳:意大利中部一城市,邻亚得里亚海,是重要的港口和工商业中心。
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.113.
[7]达尼什曼迪兹是土库曼朝代之一,于11和12世纪统治安纳托利亚东部,是罗姆苏丹(Sultanate of Rum)的头号竞争对手。
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.13.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.113.
[3]Ibid.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.70.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.70-71.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.279.
[7]陈志强:《拜占廷学研究》,第293页。
[1]奥斯特洛格尔斯基:《拜占廷帝国》,第25页。
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.201-202.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.225-226.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.164.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.250.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.142.
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.153.
[8]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.302.
[9]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.141.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.7.
[2]阿利埃斯和乔治·杜比:《私人生活史》,第一卷,李群等译,三环出版社,北方文艺出版社2007年版,第524页。
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.96.
[4]Ibid.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.26-27.
[6]哈尔克的救世主基督教堂在美塞(Mese)大街的尽头,索玛伊特斯(Thomaites)的西南方,在皮塔基亚(Pittakia)和休西波斯(Zeuxippos)的公共浴室之间。由罗曼努斯一世·利卡潘努斯(Romanus I Lekapenos,920～944年在位)修建。约翰一世·基米斯基(John I Tzimiskes,969～976年)扩建教堂并用大量金银装饰,他的坟墓也在这里。教堂有众多珍贵的遗迹,比如贝来图斯(Berytus)的圣像和基督神圣的凉鞋。参见Patria Constantinoupoleos III,in Scriptores Originum Constantinopolitanarum,Edited by T.Preger,Leipzig,1901,reprint ed.,Leipzig,1975,pp.282-283,
转引自 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.754.
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.151.
[8]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.30.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.126.
[2]Ibid.
[3]Ibid.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.7.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.29.
同时参见Kinnamos,John.Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus,p.35.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.80.
[7]时为924年11月19日。参见Gregoire,H."The Amorians and Macedonians 842-1025",The Cambridge Medieval History,vol.4,The Byzantine Empire,Edited by J.M.Hussey et al.,pt.1,Cambridge,England,1966,pp.154-155;
Charanis,P."The Monastic Properties and the State in the Byzantine Empire",Dumbarton Oaks Papers,4(1948),55sqq.
[8]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.117.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.180.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.100.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.241.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.130.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.79.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.262-263.
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.299.
[8]参见Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.67,79,269.
[9]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.249.
[10]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.29.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.262.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.191.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.239.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.5.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.11.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.343.
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.208.
[8]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.279.
[9]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.308.
[10]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.165.
同时参见Eustathios,The Capture of Thessaloniki,82.6-12.
[11]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.8.
[1]参见Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.8-9.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.268.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.292.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.101.
[5]Ibid.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.127.
同时参见Eustathios,The Capture of Thessaloniki,18.25-28.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.242.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.243.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.341-342.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.357.
[5]Ibid.
[6]参见陈志强:《拜占廷帝国史》,第459页。
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.53.
[8]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.129.
[9]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.160.
[10]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.219.
同时参见Brand,Charles M.Byzantium Confronts the West 1180-1204,pp.91,338,n.39.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.280-281.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.160.
[3]参见Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.23.
[4]西普塞:现在色雷斯地区的伊普萨拉(Ipsala)。
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.155.
[6]沙提勇(Chatillon)的雷金纳德是安条克的君主(1153～1160年),尼基塔斯称他为杰拉尔多斯(Geraldos),雷金纳德是安条克的康斯坦丝的第二任丈夫。参见Baldwin,Marshall W."The Latiin States under Baldwin III and Amalric I,1143-1174",A History of the Crusades,Edited by Kenneth M.Setton,vol.1,Masison,Wisc.,1969,554.539-540.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.62.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.79.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.177.
[4]皮西亚:在查尔西顿(Chalcedon)的南边,现在位于土耳其境内,被称为亚洛瓦(Yalova)。现存自君士坦丁时代遗留下来的诸多公共澡堂遗迹。
[5]阿斯塔克诺斯:得名于古代城市阿斯塔科斯(Astakos)。
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.291.
[7]参见Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.137.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.242.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.262.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.155.
[4]圣灰星期三这天,人们将灰洒于头顶或衣服上,以示悔改或懊悔。自第10世纪始,洒在身上的灰要经过祝福,因而被称为圣灰。
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.291.
[6]这一天是大斋节的第一个星期六,是圣塞奥多利·提诺(Tiro)的节日。小麦种子煮熟后被称为kollyva,人们在这天将它们带到教堂里来纪念死亡和坚信基督的复活。参见Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.131.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.24.
[2]莱德斯托斯:又被称为罗多斯托(Rodosto),现名为泰基尔达(Tekirdagh),是一个在马尔马拉海边的港口,在赫拉克雷亚(Heraldeia)和潘尼多斯(Panidos)之间。
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.246.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.162.
[5]Ibid.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.340.
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.11.
[8]东大门也被称为皇帝的大门,又名圣巴巴拉门或是圣迪米特里(Demetrios)门,现被称为托普卡匹(Topkapi)。在1126年约翰二世和1168年曼努埃尔一世的凯旋仪式中取代了黄金大门成为最重要的入口,参见Guilland,Roddolphe.Etudes de topographie de Constantinople Byzantine,2vols,Amstersam,1969,pp.135-136,
转引自Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.435.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.12.
[2]参见陈志强:《拜占庭帝国史》,第464页。
[3]安条海亚:塞琉西王国安条克一世(Antiochus I,公元前281～前261年在位)在近东地区修建或是修复的多座城市皆被称为安条海亚。尼基塔斯记载的这个安条海亚现今位置不详。
[4]拜占廷人的铙钹以响铜制造,可能有手柄,与我国古代铙钹不同,其手柄在中央。参见陈志强:《拜占庭帝国史》,第496页。
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.272.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.169.
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.193.
[8]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.213.
[9]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.248.
[10]巴斯鱼是许多食用和游钓鱼类的统称。大部分巴斯鱼属于属鲈形目(Perciformes)的3个科:鮨科(Serranidae,包括海鲈、石斑鱼等约400多种)、石鮨科(Moronidac,约12种,如欧洲石鮨和条纹石鮨)、日鲈科(Ccntrarchidac,包括太阳鱼、黑鲈)。其它许多鱼类也被称巴斯鱼,如海峡巴斯鱼和黑莓鲈。
[11]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.33.
[12]参见Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.193-194.
[13]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.235.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.242.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.326-329.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.327.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.352.
[5]卤水是拜占廷人用来保存和腌制食物的一种液体。
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.33-34.
[7]古希腊和罗马男女穿着一种宽松的有袖或无袖的长袍。袍子长及膝盖。
[8]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.65.
[9]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.339.
[10]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.93.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.64.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.85.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.100.
参见Kinnamos,John.Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus,n.418.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.242.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.22.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.271.
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.101.
[8]众城的女王:即君士坦丁堡。
[9]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.31.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.293.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.226.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.273.
[4]Ibid.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.241.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.289.
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.338.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.94.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.193-194.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.273.
[4]参见Aelian,De Natura Animalium,6.28;Athenaeus 316bc,转引自Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.892.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.177.
[6]在贝克尔(Bekker)的版本中这种动物被称为小蜥蜴,Choniates,Nicetas.Nicetae Choniatae Historia/ex recensione Immanuelis,Immanuel Bekker ed.,Bonnae:E.Weber,1835,p.17.
[7]盖伦:全名Claudius Galenus of Pergamum,古罗马的医学大师。他一生写了131部著作,其中《论解剖过程》、《论身体各部器官功能》两书阐述了他自己在人体解剖生理上的许多发现。其医学理论在文艺复兴时期的欧洲都占有重要地位。
[8]参见陈志强:《拜占廷帝国史》,第462页。
[9]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.247.
[10]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.273.
[11]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.273-274.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.23.
[2]罗马人穿的带子鞋上的一块皮,或是从死的野兽上剥下的皮。
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals ofNiketas Choniates,p.23.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.23-24.
[5]截肢手术在公元前3000多年的埃及便已存在。根据考古报告显示,考古学家在胡夫金字塔附近挖掘出了工人的营地以及墓地。墓地出土了600多位古埃及人的骷髅,X光的研究表明,这些人的年龄在30到35岁,其中有一位工人的脚被石头砸烂,接受了截肢手术后又活了14年。
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.274.
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.137.
[8]Kazhdan,A."The Image of the Medical Doctor in Byzantine Literature of the Tenth to Twelfth Centuries",Dumbarton Oaks Papers,Vol.38,Symposium on Byzantine Medicine,1984,p.51.
[9]Kazhdan,A."The Image of the Medical Doctor in Byzantine Literature of the Tenth to Twelfth Centuries",p.51.
[1]Kazhdan,A.P.the Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium,p.208.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.273.
[3]陈志强:《拜占廷帝国史》,第449页。
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.108.
[5]阿利埃斯和乔治·杜比:《私人生活史》,第一卷,第553页。
[6]陈志强:《拜占廷帝国史》,第462页。
[7]阿利埃斯和乔治·杜比:《私人生活史》,第一卷,第553页。
[8]曼戈:《拜占庭建筑》,张本慎等译,中国建筑工业出版社1999年版,第123页。
[9]#12
[10]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.244.
[11]吕大吉:《宗教学通论新编》,中国社会科学出版社1998年版,第293页。
[1]Magdalino,Paul and Maria V.Mavroudi.The Occult Sciences in Byzantium,Geneva:La Pomme d'or,2006,p.27.
[2]Magdalino,Paul and Maria V.Mavroudi.The Occult Sciences in Byzantium,p.28.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.67.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.211.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.141.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.141.
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.30.
[8]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.251.
[1]Choniates Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.107.
[2]Choniates Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.128.
[3]Choniates Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.195.
[4]Choniates Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.96.
[5]Choniates Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.191.
[6]Choniates Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.225.
[7]Choniates Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.252.
[8]Choniates Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.222.
[9]Choniates Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.224.
[10]Choniates Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.237-238,304-305.
[11]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.213-241.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.46-47.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.256-257.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.187-188.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.55.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.96.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.124-125.
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.84-85.
[8]Choniates.Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.84.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.82.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.83.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.46-47.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.84.
[5]吕大吉:《宗教学通论新编》,第309页。
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.84.
[7]罗伯逊:《社会学》,黄育馥译,商务印书馆1991年版,第747页。
[1]陈志强:《拜占廷学研究》,第289页。
[2]《申命记》18.10-11。
[3]林中泽:《新约圣经中的神迹及其历史影响》,载《世界历史》,2006年第6期,第92页。
[4]Greenfield,Richard."Sorcery and politics at the Byzantine court in the twelfth century:interpretations of history",in Roderick Beaton and Charlotte Roueche,eds.,The Making of Byzantine History,Aldershot:Variorum,1991,p.78.
[5]林中泽:《新约圣经中的神迹及其历史影响》,第89页。
[6]赫西俄德:《工作与时日·神谱》,张竹明等译,商务印书馆1996年版,第33页。
[1]Kors,Alan Charles and Edward Peters.Witchcraft in Europe,400-1700:A Documentary History,2~(nd) edition,University of Pennsylvania Press,2001,pp.22-61.
[2]http://www.cawhi.com/show.aspx?id=4594&eid=8
[3]Pausanias.Description of Greece,Vol.3 books Ⅵ-Ⅷ(chaps.i-xxi),translated by W.H.S.Jones,book7,Achaia,1988,p.269.
[4]Vasilliev,A.A.History of the Byzantine Empire,324-1453,pp.487-488.
[1]Greenfield,Richard."Sorcery and politics at the Byzantine court in the twelfth century:interpretations of history",p.80.
[2]Greenfield,Richard."Sorcery and politics at the Byzantine court in the twelfth century:interpretations of history",p.78.
[3]Magdalino,Paul and Maria V.Mavroudi,The Occult Sciences in Byzantium,p.58
[4]Magdalino,Paul and Maria V.Mavroudi.The Occult Sciences in Byzantium,p.141.
[5]Magdalino,Paul and Maria V.Mavroudi.The Occult Sciences in Byzantium,p.28.
[6]Magdalino,Paul.The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos,1143-1180,Cambridge,1993,pp.377-382.
[1]陈志强:《拜占廷学研究》,第286页。
[2]陈志强:《拜占廷学研究》,第244-260页。
[3]Eastmond,Antony."An Intentional Error? Imperial Art and 'Mis'-Interpretation under Andronikos I Komnenos",The Art Bulletin,Vol.76,No.3,1994,p.502.
[1]参见荷马:《荷马史诗·伊利亚特》,第124页。
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.184.
[3]Brand,Charles M.Byzantium Confronts the West 1180-1204,p.329,n.51.布兰德在文中认为巨大的弯曲的镰刀就像一把剑,这一解释似乎曲解了尼基塔斯的描述。
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.194.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.183.
[6]参见张广翔等:《拜占庭文明的特征及对世界文化的影响——卡尔波夫教授吉林大学讲学综述》,载《史学理论研究》,2007年第3期,第157页。
[7]陈志强:《拜占廷学研究》,第238页。
[8]欧洲古代一种野牛(urus),现已灭绝。
[9]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.182-183.
[10]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.184.
[1]Cutler,Anthony."The De Signis of Nieetas Choniates.A Reappraisal",American Journal of Archaeology,Vol.72,No.2,1968,p.115.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.67-68.
[3]有学者认为这尊雅典娜雕像是古希腊雕刻家菲底亚斯(Phcidias,约公元前490～前430年)的杰作,也有人认为这是其作品的复制品。菲底亚斯曾奉命监督并可能设计了帕台农神庙中全部的装饰雕刻。他还创作了里面最重要的神像,包括巨大的雅典娜雕像。古代作家认为他的代表作是位于奥林匹亚的宙斯神庙中的宙斯雕像(约公元前430年)。 参见Queller,Donald E.TheFourth Crusade:The Conquest of Constantinople 1201-1204,University Park,Pa.,1977,p.130.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.305-306.
[1]《约书亚书》10.12。
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.353-354.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.360.
[4]关于十字军铸造的银币的问题,参见Cutler,Anthony."The De Signis of Nicetas Choniates.A Reappraisal",American Journal of Archaeology,p.116.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.357.
[6]尼基塔斯在这里记载有误,该雕像是利西普斯(Lysippos,约公元前370～前310年)的作品。其作品《刮汗污的运动员》被艺术史学家们普遍认为是古希腊雕刻中第一个真正的圆雕作品。利西普斯对巨大雕塑极具热情,普林尼在著作中对此有过描述。详情参见普林尼:《自然史》,34.40,转引自Cutler,Anthony."The De Signis of Nicetas Choniates.A Reappraisal",pp.113-118.
[7]亚克兴:希腊西部—海角和古镇,公元前31年,屋大维在此战胜安东尼和克利奥帕特拉。
[8]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.358-359.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.359.
[2]Ibid.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.358.
[4]Cutler,Anthony."The De Signis of Nicetas Choniates.A Reappraisal",p.114.
[5]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blachernae
[1]曼戈:《拜占庭建筑》,第123页。
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.117.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.150.
[4]1honiates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.64,96.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.222.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.191.
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.182.
[8]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.243.
[9]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.242.
[10]基督爱世人修道院距圣水泉(hagiasma)约60米远,从纪念碑一直延伸到君士坦丁堡南边的海边城墙。现存的修道院正面的地基。基督爱世人修道院不是因为阿莱克修斯一世·科穆宁而著名,而是因为1308年左右的皇帝安德罗尼库斯二世·帕列奥列格的女儿伊琳妮而闻名于世。参见Mathews,Thomas F.The Byzantine Churches of Istanbul:A Photographic Survey,University Park,Pa.,1977,p.200.
[1]即大皇宫中的法罗斯(Pharos)处女教堂。这座实际上是一个贵重珍宝的博物馆,保存了包括圣矛和荆棘王冠在内的圣物。参见Brand,Charles M.Byzantium Confronts the West 1180-1204,pp.261,381,n.66.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.126.
[1]曼戈:《拜占庭建筑》,第126页。
[2]参见Mathews,Thomas F.The Byzantine Churches of Istanbul:A Photographic Survey,pp.59-70.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.136.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.136-137.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.154.
[6]曼戈:《拜占庭建筑》,第123页。
[7]曼戈:《拜占庭建筑》,第123页。
[8]库菲克是阿拉伯的一种字体。早期的正规字体被称为“库菲克”,这种字体形式简单,易于写在羊皮纸或刻在石头上,继而出现了“流畅的库菲克”体,较前者更为美观。最后出现花体草,名为“苏鲁思”,这种字体同今日的阿拉伯文印刷体十分相似。船形迪瓦尼体是由库菲尔体演变而来的,是阿拉伯书法中的装饰性书体之一。
[9]半圆形的拱券为古罗马建筑的重要特征,伊斯兰建筑的拱券则有尖形、马蹄形、弓形、三叶形、复叶形和钟乳形等多种。
[1]曼戈:《拜占庭建筑》,第126页。
[1]Browning,R."Byzantine Literature",in J.R.Strayer,Dictionary of the Middle Ages,Ⅱ,New York,1982-89,pp.513-515.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.218.
[2]Ibid.
[3]参见Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.224-225.
[4]Chalandon,Ferdinand.Jean Ⅱ Comnene(1183-1143) et Manuel Ⅰ Comnene(1143-1180).Les Comnene:Etudes sur l'empire byzantin au Xle et au XIIe siecles,ⅹⅹⅶ,
转引自 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.80.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.255.
[6]Ibid.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.4.
[2]潘塞西利亚是传说中勇敢的亚马孙女王,在特洛伊战争中被阿基里斯杀死。尼基塔斯笔下的这位是阿基坦的埃莉诺是法兰西国王路易斯七世的妻子、安条克雷蒙德的侄女,尼基塔斯称她为潘塞西利亚。参见Setton,Kenneth M.A History of the Crusades,vol.2,p.262,n.1.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.35.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.39.
[5]Ibid.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.39.
[2]张广智:《西方史学史》,复旦大学出版社 2000年版,第15页。
[3]希罗多德:《历史》,第506页。
[4]修昔底德:《伯罗奔尼撒战争史》,上卷,谢德风译,商务印书馆 2006年版,第20页。
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.ⅹⅶ.
[6]参见Choniates,Niketas.Dogmatike Panoplia,Book 25,in Patrologia cursus completus.Series graeco-latina.Editied by J.P.Migne,140,201-281.
同时参见Chalandon,Ferdinand.Jean Ⅱ Comnene(1183-1143) et Manuel ⅠComnene(1143-1180).Les Comnene:Etudes sur l'empire byzantin au Xle et au XIIe siecles,p.646-652,
转引自Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.570.
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals ofNiketas Choniates,p.120.
[8]该信件收录在The Annals of Roger de Hoveden,trans.H.T.Riley,vol.1,London,1853,pp.419-423.
参见Vasiliev,A.A."Manuel Comnenus and Henry Piantagenet",Byzantinsches Zeitschrifle,29,1929-30,pp.237-240.
[1]参见陈志强:《拜占廷帝国》,第22页。
[2]Chalandon,Ferdinand.Jean Ⅱ Comnene(1183-1143) et Manuel Ⅰ Comnene(1143-1180).Les Comnene:Etudes sur l'empire byzantin au Xle et au XIIie siecles,ⅹⅹⅵ,
转引自Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.84.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.170
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.4.
[5]Kinnamos,John.Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus,p.11.卡日丹于1963年发表在Byzantinoslavica 第24期的文章详细对比了尼基塔斯和金纳莫斯笔下约翰二世和曼努埃尔一世统治时期的细节。
[1]参见Kinnamos,John.Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus,pp.27-28,
[2]参见Browning,R."The Death of John Ⅱ Comnenus",Byzantion,31,1961,pp.229-235.
[3]Browning,R.The Byzantine Empire,New York,1980,p.125.
[4]Chalandon,Ferdinand.Jean Ⅱ Comnene(1183-1143) et Manuel Ⅰ Comnene(1143-1180).
Les Comnene:Etudes sur l'empire byzantin au Xle et au XIIe siecles,ⅹⅹⅵ,
转引自Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.87.
[5]Chalandon,Ferdinand.Jean Ⅱ Comnene(1183-1143) et Manuel Ⅰ Comnene(1143-1180).
Les Comnene:Etudes sur l'empire byzantin au Xle et au XIIe siecles,ⅹⅹⅹ,
转引自 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.90.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.4.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.213.
[3]Ibid.
[4]修昔底德:《伯罗奔尼撒战争史》,上卷,第20页。
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.213.
[2]Kinnamos,John.Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus,p.9.
[3]Chalandon,Ferdinand.Jean Ⅱ Comnene(1183-1143) et Manuel Ⅰ Comnene(1143-1180).
Les Comnene:Etudes sur l'empire byzantin au Xle et au XIIe siecles,ⅹⅹⅷ,
转引自Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.88.
[4]参见Kinnamos,John.Deeds o f John and Manuel Comnenus,pp.60,68,106-111,117.
[5]Kazhdan,A.and A.W.Epstein,Change in Byzantine Culture in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries,Berkeley,Los Angeles,London,1985,pp.206-207.
[6]Kazhdan,A.and A.W.Epstein,Change in Byzantine Culture in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries,p.214.
[1]Wachsmuth,C.Einleitung in das Studium der alten Geschichte,Leipzig,1895,pp.32-33,
转引自叶民:《最后的古典:阿米安和他笔下的晚期罗马帝国》,天津人民出版社2004年版,第60页。
[1]章节统计参见迪尔特恩编注校对的尼基塔斯《记事》手稿原文:Choniates,Nicetas.Nicetae Choniatae Historia,rec.Ioannes Aloysius van Dieten,Berolini,Novi Eboraci:de Gruyter,1975.
[1]参见叶民:《最后的古典》,第63页。
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.4.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.72.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.99.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.64.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.66.
[5]叶民:《最后的古典》,第74页。
[6]修昔底德:《伯罗奔尼撒战争史》,上卷,第120页。
[1]参见叶民:《最后的古典》,第74页。
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.155.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.20.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.225.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.58.
[6]陈志强:《拜占廷学研究》,第278页
[7]陈志强:《拜占廷学研究》,第279页。
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.8.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.10.
[3]陈志强:《拜占廷学研究》,第284页。
[4]Choniates Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.149.
[5]Choniates Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.7.
[6]Choniates Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.24.
[7]Choniates Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.87.
[8]Choniates Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.131.
[9]Choniates Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.162.
[10]Choniates Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.21.
11 陈志强:《拜占廷学研究》,第287页。
12 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.149.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.302.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.291.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.330.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.21.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.90.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.206.
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.211.
[1]克罗齐:《历史学的理论与实际》,傅任敢译,商务印书馆1982年版,第145页。
[2]陈新:《论西方现代历史叙述范式的形成与嬗变》,载《江西师范大学学报》,1999年第3期。
[1]怀特:《形式的内容:叙事话语与历史再现》,董立河译,北京出版社出版集团,文津出版社2005年版,第2页。
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.65.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.99.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.123.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.4.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.119.
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.294.
[8]Kazhdan,A.and A.W.Epstein,Change in Byzantine Culture in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries,p.204.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.21.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.225.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.330.
[4]以《记事》英文版为准。
[5]参见Kazhdan,A.and A.W.Epstein.Change in Byzantine Culture in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries,Berkeley,Los Angeles,London,1985,p.226.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.3.
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.4.
[8]Ibid.
[9]Ibid.
[10]Ibid.
11 参见尼采:《古修辞学描述》,屠友祥译,上海人民出版社2001年版,第23页。
[1]亚里士多德:《修辞学》,罗念生译,上海世纪出版集团2006年版,第175页。
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.4.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.21.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.46.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.21.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.7.
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.14.
[8]《玛拉基书》3.1;《马太福音》11.10:《马可福音》1.1。
[9]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.138.
[10]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.159.
[1]叶民:《最后的古典》,第78页。
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.88-89.
[3]周兵:《西方古典修辞学与史学——以修昔底德为例》,载《史学理论研究》,2004年第3期,第59页。
[4]根据亚里士多德《修辞学》的观点:“演说按听众的种类分为三种,即政治演说、诉讼演说和典礼演说。”“政治演说”原文意思是“审议式演说”,演说者在这种演说中对政治问题加以审议,提出劝告,这实际上就是政治演说。“诉讼演说”指法庭上的控告与答辩,听众为陪审员。“典礼演说”原文为“炫耀式演说”,这种演说用于典礼场合,多数用书面形式发表,演说者卖弄才华,讲究风格。参见亚里士多德:《修辞学》,第28-30页。
[1]参见《耶利米哀歌》2.13。
[2]参见《耶利米书》15.5:《路加福音》14.32:《诗篇》121.6。
[3]《以赛亚书》51.17。
[4]《以赛亚书》52.1-2。
[5]《以赛亚书》52.2。
[6]《以赛亚书》54.2。
[7]《以赛亚书》54.4。
[8]尼基塔斯对君士坦丁堡有多种称呼,如拜占廷(Byzantion)、拜占提斯(Byzantis)、众城的女王、皇帝的城市、“城市”(The City)、美丽的君士坦丁堡和巨大的都市(megalopolis)等。
[9]《耶利米哀歌》2.15。
[10]《耶利米哀歌》1.1。
11 《以赛亚书》54.7-8。
12 《诗篇》94.19。
13 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.317-318.
14 《约伯记》5.18。
15 参见《耶利米书》14.20-21。
16 《耶利米书》10.24-25。
17 《以赛亚书》64.8。
18 参见《耶利米哀歌》5.1-2。
[1]参见《耶利米哀歌》5.21。
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.318.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.3.
[4]Choniates,Michael.Monodia,363.21-25,
转引自Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.231.
[5]参见Cutler,Anthony."The De Signis of Nicetas Choniates.A Reappraisal",American Journal of Archaeology,Vol.72,No.2,1968,p.117.
[6]此人为塞奥多拉·科穆宁,是曼努埃尔哥哥安德罗尼库斯的女儿,也就是曼努埃尔的侄女。
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.32.
[8]Ibid.
[9]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p,59.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.242.
[2]佛兰德尔:中世纪欧洲一伯爵领地,包括现比利时的东佛兰德省和西佛兰德省以及法国北部部分地区。
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.328.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.77.
[5]Ibid.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.65.
[7]在拜占廷人的概念中,即没有兑水的酒。
[8]参见荷马:《荷马史诗·伊利亚特》,第19页。
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.192-193.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.63.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.64.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.8.
[5]Ibid.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.200.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.234.
[2]金纳莫斯将命运等同于必然性。参见Kazhdan."Eshche raz o Kinname I Nikite Khoniate",BS,ⅹⅹⅳ,1963,pp.29-30,
转引自Kazhdan,A.and S.Franklin.Studies on Byzantine Literature of the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries,Cambridge University Press,1984,p.181.
[3]Kazhdan,A.and S.Franklin.Studies on Byzantine Literature of the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries,pp.180-181.
[4]Byrd,Kimberly.Figures of Heroism and Contempt in the Histories of John Kinnamos and Niketas Choniates,Thesis(M.A.),University of Washington,1993,p.28.
[5]Kazhdan,A.and S.Franklin.Studies on Byzantine Literature of the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries,p.274.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.24.
[7]犹太谚语。
[8]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.24.
[9]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.100.
[10]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.24.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.73.
[2]《传道书》1.9。
[3]《传道书》1.14。
[4]《诗篇》33.11。
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.52.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.87.
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.107.
[8]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.188.
[9]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.107.
[10]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.66.
11 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.149.
12 荷马:《荷马史诗·奥德赛》,王焕生译,人民文学出版社1997年版,第10页。
13 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.173.
14 Ibid.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.182.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.80.
[3]《以赛亚书》1.9。
[4]《申命记》32.39。
[5]《诗篇》125.3。
[6]《诗篇》43.24。
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.106.
[8]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.228.
[9]洛维特:《世界历史与救赎历史》,李秋零等译,上海世纪出版社,第42页。
[10]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.155.
11 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.170.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.19.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.24.
[3]Ibid.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.25.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.25.
参见 Kinnamos,John.Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus,p.27.
[6]《创世纪》27.29,27.40。
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.132-133.
[8]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.36.
[9]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.103.
[10]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.27.
11 参见《箴言》8.15。“帝王藉我做国位,君王藉我定公平”。
12 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.172.
13 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.232.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.9.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.45.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.87.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.237.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.264.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.38.
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.67.
[1]《诗篇》69.28。
[2]《哥林多前书》15.52。
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.3.
[4]版本同前,为简体和合本《圣经》。
[1]《诗篇》69.28。
[2]《启示录》3.5。
[3]《启示录》12.15。
[4]参见唐崇平:《基督教信仰实义》,真道之声1998年版,第七章。
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.154.
[6]Ibid.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.3.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.357.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.3.
[1]Meyendorff,John.Byzantine Theology,history trends and doctrinal themes,Fordham University Press,New York,1987,p.2.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.97.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.3.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.318.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.4.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.3.
[2]Ibid.
[3]Ibid.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.265.
[5]Ibid.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.357.
[7]Psellus,Michael.Fourteen Byzantine Rulers:the Chronographia of Michael Psellus,translated,with an introduetion by E.R.A.Sewter,Harmondsworth:Penguin Books,1966,p.260.
[8]Psellus,Michael.Fourteen Byzantine Rulers:the Chronographia of Michael Psellus,p.257.
[9]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.3.
[10]Chalandon,Ferdinand.Jean Ⅱ Comnene(1183-1143) et Manuel Ⅰ Comnene(1143-1180).
Les Comnene:Etudes sur l'empire byzantin au Ale et au XIIe siecles,ⅹⅹⅷ,
转引自Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.88.
[1]参见Duff,E.The Greek and Roman Historians,p.33.
[2]参见修昔底德:《伯罗奔尼撒战争史》,第231-243页。
[3]修昔底德:《伯罗奔尼撒战争史》,第19-20页。
[1]李剑鸣:《历史学家的修养和技艺》,上海三联书店2007年版,第83页。
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.3.
[3]Ibid.
[4]参见Kinnamos,John.Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus,p.13.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.3.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.347.
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.65.
[8]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.78.
[9]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.355.
[10]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.294.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.3.
[2]《诗篇》69.28。
[3]《哥林多前书》15.52。
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.3.
[5]《哥林多前书》15.52。
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.3.
[7]Ibid.
[8]Ibid.
[9]Ibid.
[10]希罗多德:《历史》,上册,第1页。
[1]塔西佗:《编年史》,王以铸译,商务印书馆1981年版,第185页。
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.3.
[3]Ibid.
[4]Ibid.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.8.
[6]参见Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.328.
[7]Byrd,Kimberly.Figures of Heroism and Contempt in the Histories of John Kinnamos and Niketas Choniates,p.51.
[8]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.321-322.
[9]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.3.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.290.
[1]尼基塔斯写道:“美好的事物后面总是出现丑陋的一面。……随着卡斯塔莫尼特斯之死,一个本应该跟着小学教师学习在写字板上写字的少年却得到了皇帝的宠爱。……这个小孩担任了管理公共事务的官职。在之后一年内,他挥洒手中的笔和墨水;不仅仅像领头的鲸鱼一样指导皇帝,还管理军队的登记簿,就像他从幼年就开始训练处理重大事物似的,或是在出生前就被托付了管理世间的任务……他被赋予的权力远远超过卡斯塔莫尼特斯。”Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.241.
[2]“罗马皇帝阿莱克修斯在很早之前就接到关于拉丁人行动的消息,却没有做什么来维护罗马人的利益;他太过懒惰。……有人向他建议要准备好合适的战争武器,最首要的是开始建造战舰,结果他的顾问在对牛弹琴。他放纵自己享受餐后的巧辩,任性地忽视关于拉丁人的报告;他让自己忙碌于修建奢侈的浴室,夷平小山填满沟壑来种植葡萄,将自己的时间浪费在这样和那样的事情中。那些希望伐木造船的人被巨大的困难所震慑,太监们守卫着茂密的山林,这些山林是为皇帝狩猎所用,就像它们是上帝种植的神圣的小树林和花园一样。”Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.296.
[3]“在与塞尔柱突厥人的战斗中,皇帝看见一个没有马骑的意大利骑兵,命令他身边的侄儿从阿拉伯牡马上下来,并把马送给那个意大利人,因为他知道他的侄儿并不缺马。他的侄儿情绪高涨、非同寻常的傲慢,拒绝了皇帝的命令,显示出极大的愤慨和轻率的对立。他轻蔑的向拉丁人挑战要求决斗;如果他赢了,那马就是他的了。但是约翰发现皇帝发怒了,他不能长时间违抗他的叔叔,不情愿地让出了马。他沮丧地骑上另一匹马,拿起他的长矛,向敌人的阵营冲去。在前进了一小段距离之后,他把长矛抗在肩上,摘下头盔,叛逃到塞尔柱突厥人那里去了。”Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.21.
[4]“皇帝从监狱中释放了依沙克的儿子阿莱克修斯,允许他自由行动。当皇帝准备出发征讨西部陆军统帅的叛乱。……他带上了阿莱克修斯作为旅行的同伴。后者,大概遵循了其父的指示,阿莱克修斯在某个比萨人的帮助下逃跑了。”Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.294.
[1]“无论征集造船费和过去所任命的舰队官员有怎样的贡献,他用令人信服的辩解挪用了国库资金,几乎完全放弃岛屿和需要有人驾驶的三列桨战舰。他解释国家和民众不是经常性地需要三列桨战舰,每一年以它们来获利话会入不敷出,因此这些资金应该存放在国库中,皇帝提供给海军的补给和薪水应该是在它需要的时候发放。”Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.32-33.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.33.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.58.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.296.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.297.
[6]“居民们声称他们无法忍受专制和税收,再也受不了他(吉姆诺斯)不断酗酒和无礼的行为,于是他们构想出邪恶的计划,目的是彻底的背叛。在完成计划之前,他们便意外获得天赐良机,于是他们向西西里人的舰队统帅求助。……统帅与他们达成协议,同意派给他们1000名重装骑士作为守备部队。”Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.43.
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.43.
[8]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.44.
[9]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.164-165.
[10]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.276.
[1]《以赛亚书》1.9。
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.70.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.115-116.
[1]Geanakoplos,D.J."Church and State in the Byzantine Empire:A Reconsideration of the Problem of Caesaropapism",Church History,3,1969,p.381-403.另见其Byzantine East and Latin West:Two Worlds of Christendom in Middle Ages and Renaissance;Studies in Ecclesiastical and Cultural History,New York:Harper & Row,1966,p.61.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.171.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.24.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.27.
[1]源自于希腊传说:伊克西翁(Ixion)是塞萨利的拉庇泰(Lapiths)的王,因追求赫拉而被宙斯处罚,被绑在冥界一个不断旋转的轮子上,轮子被蛇包围着。另一个传说讲述他拥抱宙斯用云做的赫拉的像,于是成为半人马的父亲。
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.128.
[3]Ibid.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.27.
[5]Ibid.
[6]Ibid.
[7]Ibid.
[8]恩迪米翁:希腊神话中被月神阿尔忒米斯所爱的俊美的牧羊人,在永恒的睡眠中保持青春。
[9]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.321.
[10]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.27.
11 Ibid.
[1]荷马:《荷马史诗·伊利亚特》,第56页。
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.300.
[3]奥斯特洛格尔斯基:《拜占廷帝国》,第328页。
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.166,同时参见《约伯记》3.21。
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.178.
[6]参见《路加福音》12.53;《马太福音》10.21。
[7]参见《路加福音》12.52;《马太福音》10.25。
[8]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.178.
[9]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.195.
[10]参见《马太福音》26.52;《启示录》13.10。
11 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.195.
12 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.35.
13 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.81.
[1]参见《创世记》9.13-16。
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.181.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.39.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.38-39.
[5]Ibid.
[6]Ibid.
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.171.
[8]参见Choniates,Niketas.Dogmatike Panoplia,Book 27,转引自Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.127-128.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.127.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.144.
[3]参见Eustathios,The Capture of Thessaloniki,40.23-27,转引自Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.708.
[4]参见《马可福音》13.12。
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.144.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.164.
[7]《以赛亚书》1.5。
[8]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.144.
[9]Ibid.
[10]参见《诗篇》81.16。
11 参见《路加福音》15.23。
[1]参见荷马:《荷马史诗·伊利亚特》,第196页。
[2]参见希罗多德:《历史》,下册,第608页。
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.144.
[4]Ibid.
[5]尼基塔斯这样记载:“安德罗尼库斯身后留下像一串串葡萄一样吊在树上的尸体。他不允许任何被刺在尖桩上的人被埋葬;让他们被太阳暴晒,随风摇摆,就像菜园里被看园子的人竖起来的稻草人一样。……他惩罚了更多的人:他砍掉一些人的手,剪断他们的手指就像手指是葡萄藤的枝丫一样,他切断其他人的腿。很多人被砍断了双手并挖掉了眼睛;有些人被挖掉右眼和砍断左腿,有些人相反。”Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.160.
[6]法令如下:“提示,不是因为我们强大和神圣的君主和皇帝,而是上帝的旨意,我们投票并宣告,为了共同的利益,特别是为了罗马人的救世主安德罗尼库斯的利益,那些所有因为执意煽动叛乱而被逮捕和被监禁的人,或是被流放的人,必须被处死;除此之外,他们的亲属和血亲应该被逮捕并处死。这必须被执行,安德罗尼库斯在上帝的帮助下掌握了统治罗马人的权力,他享受短暂的休息,关心公众事务,处理不明智的叛乱者,向国外的西西里人施加压力,西西里人不再有人领导他们按照策略对抗罗马人,同我们唱反调。今后,所有做这种事的人都会被逮捕并被挖出眼睛,留下他们顽固的怨恨,他们至死无法恢复知觉。……后面附有被捕的人和被处死的人的名单。”法令还规定了每个人被处死的方式。Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.185-186.
[7]《约翰福音》8.44。
[8]《创世记》4.10。
[9]《以西结书》33.11。
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.163.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.151.
[3]参见《箴言》14.12。
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.174.
[5]庇西特拉图(约公元前600～公元前527年),古希腊雅典僭主。
[6]#12
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.321.
[8]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.137.
[9]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.146.
[1]《马太福音》7.15。
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.140.
尼基塔斯在此使用了《伊索寓言》里面的典故,如“农夫和蛇”以及“牧人和狼”。参见伊索:《伊索寓言》,罗念生等译,人民文学出版社1981年版,第30、126页。
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.96.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.46-47.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.55.
[3]Ibid.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.87.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.30.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.222.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.305-306.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.306.
[4]参见Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.223.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.291.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.124.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.82.
[3]Ibid.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.83.
[1]奥斯特洛格尔斯基:《拜占廷帝国》,第300页。
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.10.
[3]Ibid.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.22.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.69.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.295.牧首卡马斯特罗斯称丹多洛为“斜眼”。
[2]参见Choniates,Nicetas.Nicetae Choniatae orationes et epistulae,Oration 8,68,转引自Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.104,pp.337-338.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.59.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.341-342.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.357.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.191.
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.10.
[8]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.18.
[9]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.68.
[10]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.286.
11 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.22.
12 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.54.
[1]德萨是塞尔维亚的大祖潘,1155年之前短暂统治塞尔维亚,第二次统治使从从1161到1165年。参见Kinnamos,John.Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus,p.251,n.5.
同时参见Grumel,V.La Chronologie:Traite d'etudes Byzantines,Edited by P.Lemerle,Vol.1,Paris,1958,pp.389-390,
转引自Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.382.
[2]谚语:指一个人善变。参见Eustathios,The Capture of Thessaloniki,commentarii ad Homeri Iliadem,374.44,
转引自Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.383.
[3]参见Euripides,Hippolytos,612,see translation of E.P.Coleridge in The Complete Greek Drama,Whitney J.Oates & Eugene O'Neill ed.,Jr.,New York,1938,
转引自Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.384.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.78.
[5]参见Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.60.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.382.
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.358.
[8]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.195.
[9]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.74.
[10]参见Janin,R.Les Eglises et les monasteres des grand centres byzantins,Paris,1975,p.379,
转引自Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.268,n.1331.
11 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.143.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.328.
[2]荷马:《荷马史诗·伊利亚特》,第64页。
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.361.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.292.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.305.
[1]参见Vassilaki,Maria ed.Images of the Mother of God,perceptions of the Theotokos in Byzantium,Aldershot,Hants,England;Burlington,USA:Ashgate,2005,p.191.
[2]爱德华·吉本:《罗马帝国衰亡史》,下册,第260-261页。
[3]道成肉身是基督教的主要教义。该教义认为耶稣基督是三位一体中的第二位格,即圣子。他与上帝是同一本体,与圣父同在。本体是上帝的圣道。因世人皆犯罪而无法自救,上帝遂差遣其独生爱子来到世间,以道通过童贞女玛利亚由圣灵感孕,取得肉身而降世为人,作为救世主拯救世人,故称道成肉身。
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.90.
[5]《路加福音》24.49。
[6]参见《出埃及记》17.11。
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.10.
[8]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.244.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.247.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.107-108.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.241.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.12.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.89-90.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.312.
[2]参见Brand,Charles M.Byzantium Confronts the West 1180-1204,p.253;
Queller,Donald E.The Fourth Crusade:The Conquest of Constantinople 1201-1204,pp.134-136.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.36.
[4]引导世人的圣母(Theotokos ton Hodegon)修道院位于圣索菲亚大教堂正东方向的沿海城墙附近,是5世纪由普尔海丽娅(Pulcheria)所建立的圣所,内保存有著名的引导世人的圣母像(Hodegetria)。参见Mathews,Thomas F.The Byzantine Churches of Istanbul:A Photographic Survey,p.201.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.209-230
[6]参见Vassilaki,Maria ed.Mother of God,reperceptions of the Virgin in Byzantium art,Milano:Skira;New York:Abbeville Pub.Group,2000,p.12.
[7]Confessor,Theophanes.The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor,Byzantine and Near Eastern History AD 284-813,translated with Introduction and Commentary by Cyril Mango and Roger Scott,Oxford 1997,p.546.
[8]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.244.
[9]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.348.
[10]Vassilaki,Maria ed.Mother of God,reperceptions of the Virgin in Byzantium art,Milano:Skira;New York,2000,p.37.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.241.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.18.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.243.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.183.
同时参见Confessor,Theophanes.The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor,Byzantine and Near Eastern History AD 284-813,285.4sqq.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.166.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.327.
[7]Graef,Hilda.Mary:A History of Doctrine and Devotion,Vol.Ⅰ,Sheed and Ward,New York,1963,p.146-147,
转引自顾蓓:《圣母崇拜的历史研究》,复旦大学博士学位论文,2003,第71页。
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniat~s,p.l 0
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniat#s,pp.12-13.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniat~s,p.247.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniat#s,p.18.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.183.
同时参见Confessor,Theophanes.The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor,Byzantine and Near Eastern History AD 284-813,285.4sqq.
[6]尼基塔斯这里描述表现出拜占廷人相信圣人的作用,认为圣人是基督和圣母的使节与信使。
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.194-195.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.194-195.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.169.
[3]参见《哥林多前书》6.20。
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.169.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.166.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.165.
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.166.
[8]Ibid.
[9]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.327.
[10]参见荷马:《荷马史诗·奥德赛》,第152页。
11 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.315.
12 Ibid.
13 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.232.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.67.
[2]Ibid.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.191.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.302.
[5]Ibid.
[6]Ibid.
[7]圣塞奥多利·斯特拉特拉迪斯本是军队统帅,在皇帝李锡尼(Licinius,公元308～324年在位)时期成为伊拉克利亚(Herakleia)的殉教者,他的庆典节日定为每年的2月8日,其的遗物保存在君士坦丁堡。
[8]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.45.
[9]事实上,拉丁人的掠夺是由鲍尔温的兄弟弗雷德尔(Flanders)的亨利发起的。奎勒(Queller)认为守护圣母圣像的牧师是牧首的参孙(Samson),这一时期君士坦丁堡的牧首是约翰十世·卡马斯特罗斯(Kamateros)。布拉休(Bracieux)的彼得用头盔殴打牧师,夺走了这尊宝贵的守护神。参见Queller,Donald E.The Fourth Crusade:The Conquest of Constantinople 1201-1204,pp.134-136;
Brand,Charles M.Byzantium Confronts the West 1180-1204,p.253.
[10]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.222.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.44.
[2]《雅各书》5.12。
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.154-155.
[2]参见《列王记下》4.43。
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.354.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.355.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.354.
[6]Choniates,Nicetas.Nicetae Choniatae orationes et epistulae,letter 11,pp.216-217,转引自Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.70.
[7]参见Vryonis,Speros.The Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor and the Prpcess of Islamization from the Eleventh through the Fifteenth Century,p.442.
[8]王美秀等:《基督教史》,江苏人民出版社2006年版,第145页。
[9]薄脆:没有发酵的饼。
[10]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.222.
[1]麦奎利:《基督教神学原理》,何光沪译,上海三联书店2007年版,第445页。
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.283.
[3]Ibid.
[4]多马:耶稣十二门徒之一。据新约全书记载,他直到看到创伤时才相信耶稣已升天。
[5]金口约翰即克里索斯托姆(Chrysostom)。
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.283.
[7]未赎罪的原型就是面包和酒。
[8]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.283.
[9]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.284.
[10]Ibid.
[1]《约翰福音》14.28。
[2]宗教大会于1166年举行。参见Jean Gouillard,ed.And trans.,"Le Synodikon de l'Orthodoxie",Travaux et memoires,Centre de recherche d'historie et civilization byzantines,vol,2(Paris,1967),pp.75-77,
转引自Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.575.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.120.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.120-121.
[5]“神性放弃”(kenosis)在国内被翻译为“虚己”。《腓立比书》2.6-11中如是说“他本有神的形象,不以自己与神同等为强夺的,反倒虚己,取了奴仆的形象,成为人的样式。既有人的样子,就自己卑微,存心顺服,以至于死,且死在十字架上。所有神将他升为至高,又赐给他那超乎万名之上的名,叫一切在天上的、地上的和地底下的,因耶稣的名无不屈膝,无不口称耶稣基督为主,使荣耀归于父神。”即,基督在变为人和受死亡之苦时放弃上帝形象,或是耶稣放弃神性,降生为人并受死遭难。那么耶稣所说“父是比我大的”的意思从该段上下文看,是指救赎的计划安排。耶稣说:“父怎样吩咐我,我就怎样行。”《约翰福音》14.31。此话说出后不久,耶稣上十字架受难,而后复活升天,回到父那里去。按照救赎计划所安排,圣子一直凡事甘愿顺服天父的旨意。由他的降世、事工、受难、复活、升天等,莫不遵照圣父的旨意来成就救世。故圣经中皆以“圣父差遣圣子降世,圣子顺服圣父行事”的说法作记载,从未有相反之用法。
[6]参见Choniates,Niketas.Dgomatike Panoplia,Book 25,PG 140,201-281;
同时参见Chalandon,Ferdinand.Jean Ⅱ Comnene(1183-1143) et Manuel Ⅰ Comnene(1143-1180).Les Comnene:Etudes sur l'empire byzantin au Xle et au Ⅻe siecles,p.646-652,
转引自Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.570.
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.121.
[1]罗竹凤:《宗教经籍选编》,华东师范大学出版社1992年版,第421页。
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.121.
[3]参见Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.580.
[4]参见Vryonis,Speros Jr.The Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor and the Prpcess of Islamization from the Eleventh through the Fifteenth Century,pp.431,442.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.124.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.81.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.30.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.59.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.78.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.183.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.69.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.295.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.337-338.
同时参见Choniates,Nicetas.Nicetae Choniatae orationes et epistulae,Oration 8,68.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.32.
[5]Ibid.
[6]《雅各书》5.12.
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.39.
[8]Ibid.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.46.
[2]实际上是安德罗尼库斯大便失禁。
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.151-152.
[4]提托诺斯:特洛伊的创建人拉俄墨冬(Laomedon)之子。
[5]克隆诺斯:即克罗诺斯,提坦神(Titans)之一。
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.153,157.
[7]关于君士坦丁·安苴鲁斯·杜卡斯参见Brand,Charles M.Byzantium Confronts the West 1180-1204,p.95,p.340,n.46.
[8]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.239.
[9]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.64.
[10]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.8.
[1]陈志强:《拜占廷学研究》,第129页。
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.59-60.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.59.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.32.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.177.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.177.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.32.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.328.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.77.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.171.
[6]参见《马太福音》23.24:“你们这瞎眼领路的,蠓虫你们就滤出来,骆驼你们倒吞下去。”
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.171.
[8]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.5.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.61.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.291-292.
[3]参见Chalandon,Ferdinand.Jean Ⅱ Comnene(1183-1143) et Manuel Ⅰ Comnene(1143-1180).Les Comnene:Etudes sur l'empire byzantin au Xle et au Ⅻe siecles,169-172,209-212,259-262,
转引自Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.140.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.54.
参见Ammianus Marcellinus 31.2.1-12
[5]http://cul.sohu.com/20061208/n246902171.shtml
[6]http://www.qingdaonews.com/gb/content/2008-12/04/content_7961162.htm
[1]http://www.qingdaonews.com/gb/content/2008-12/04/content_7961162.htm
[2]《利未记》18.23。
[3]《利未记》20.15-16。
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.122.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.122.
同时参见Vryonis,Speros Jr.The Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor and the Prpcess of Islamization from the Eleventh through the Fifteenth Century,pp.431-433,442.
[6]http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/chinese/news/newsid_3108000/31085572.stm
[7]《利未记》18.22。
[8]《利未记》20.13。
[9]《罗马书》1.26-27。
[1]《哥林多前书》6.9-10。
[2]《查士丁尼法典》新法第77款358条中规定:对于受过警告,但仍进行同性性行为的人,需处以极刑。社会精英应该举报同性性行为并对同性恋者实施处罚。如果包庇罪犯,将会引起其他所有人的愤怒。参见http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/pwh/just-novels.html
[3]《塞奥多西法典》Ⅸ.ⅶ.6中规定:所有那些对男性身体有可耻习惯的人是有罪的。而那些在性行为中扮演女性角色的人(他们看起来同女性没有区别)应该为自己的罪行付出代价,需在众人的目光中受到火焰的报复。参见http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/pwh/just-novels.html
[4]参见李银河《同性恋亚文化》,今日中国出版社1998年版,第367页。
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.241.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.8.
[2]Ibid.
[3]《哥林多前书》7.3。
[4]《哥林多前书》7.5。
[5]《约翰福音》11.39。
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.153.
[1]Byrd,Kimberly.Figures of Heroism and Contempt in the Histories of John Kinnamos and Niketas Choniates,p.2.
[2]洛伦佐·德·莫纳西斯是匈牙利玛丽女王(1382～1395年在位)宫廷中的威尼斯特使。莫纳西斯献给女王一部描写了匈牙利国王查理二世统治时期的史诗(Carmen seu historia de Carlo Ⅱ cognomento Pravo,rege Hungariae)。
[1]参见Fryde,E.Humanism and Renaissance Historiography,Continuum International Publishing Group,1983,p.9.
[2]Vasiliev,A.A.History of the Byzantine Empire,324-1453,p.494.
[3]郭小凌:《西方史学史》,北京师范大学出版社1995年版,第148页。
[1]参见邹薇:《14、15世纪英国修道院编年史的写作特点及演变趋向》,载《四川大学学报》,2009年第1期,第59页。
[2]参见郭小凌:《西方史学史》,第164页。
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.3.
[4]参见Cutler,Anthony."The De Signis of Nicetas Choniates.A Reappraisal",p.117.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.200.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.234.
[1]奥斯特洛格尔斯基:《拜占廷帝国》,第23页。
[2]参见陈志强:《拜占廷学研究》,第247-256页。
[3]Kristeller,Paul Oskar,Renaissance Thought and Its Sources,New York:Columbia University Press,pp.154-155.
[4]张俊芳:《14—16世纪拜占廷学者与意大利文艺复兴关系研究》,南开大学博士论文,2007年,第146页。
[5]参见Comnena,Anna.The Alexiad of Anna Comnena,translated by E.R.A.Sewter,Penguin Books Inc.,1969,p.17.
[6]参见李秀玲:《安娜·科穆宁及其笔下的拜占廷帝国——<阿莱克修斯传>研究》,南开大学博士论文,2008年,第39页。
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.3.
[2]李秀玲:《安娜·科穆宁及其笔下的拜占廷帝国——<阿莱克修斯传>研究》,第262页。
[1]邹薇:《14、15世纪英国修道院编年史的写作特点及演变趋向》,第61页。
[2]参见Fryde,E.Humanism and Renaissance Historiography,p.9.
[3]参见张俊芳:《14—16世纪拜占廷学者与意大利文艺复兴关系研究》,第170页。
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1.阿利埃斯和乔治·杜比:《古代人的私人生活》,李群等译,三环出版社和北方文艺出版社2007年版。
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26.王美秀等:《基督教史》,江苏人民出版社2006年版。
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28.翁绍军:《神性与人性:上帝观的早期演进》,上海人民出版社1999年版。
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19.徐波:《西方史学中的民族史传统》,载《社会科学研究》,2004年第3期。
20.徐家玲:《拜占庭在中世纪地中海商业复兴中的地位》,载《求是学刊》,1997年第5期。
21.徐家玲:《论拜占庭帝国灭亡的原因》,载《东北师大学报》,2001年第6期。
22.徐台榜:《论十字军东征对欧洲文艺复兴运动的推动作用》,载《宁夏大学学报》,2004年第4期。
23.张本等:《30年后唐山地震所致孤儿创伤后应激障碍现患率调查》,载《中国心理卫生杂志》,2008年第22卷第6期。
24.张广翔:《拜占庭文明的特征及对世界文化的影响——卡尔波夫教授吉林大学讲学综述》,载《史学理论研究》,2007年第3期。
25.赵法欣:《论第四次十字军东征转向及君士坦丁堡陷落的原因》,载《雁北师范学院学报》,2005年第4期。
26.赵立行:《西欧社会变动与十字军东征的进程》,载《复旦学报》,2002年第4期。
27.郑玮:《中国学者对拜占廷史研究综述》,载《史学理论研究》,2000年第1期。
28.周兵:《西方古典修辞学与史学——以修昔底德为例》,载《史学理论研究》,2004年第 3期。
29.邹薇:《14、15世纪英国修道院编年史的写作特点及演变趋向》,载《四川大学学报》,2009年第1期。
30.邹薇:《尼基塔斯笔下12世纪拜占廷秘术初探》,载《南开学报》,2009年增刊。
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25.葛晓鸾:《12—14世纪拜占庭与威尼斯、热那亚的贸易争端》,东北师范大学硕士论文,2005年。
26.顾蓓:《圣母崇拜的历史研究》,复旦大学博士论文,2003年。
27.李秀玲:《安娜·科穆宁及其笔下的拜占廷帝国——<阿莱克修斯传>研究》,南开大学博士论文,2008年。
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1.American Psychiatric Association.Diagnostic and statistic manual of mental disorders,4th edition(DSM-Ⅳ),Washington DC:American Psychiatric Association,1994.
2.Cross,F.L.The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church,Oxford University Press,1957.
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10.梁工主编:《圣经百科辞典》,辽宁人民出版社1990年版。
[2]冻志强:《拜占廷帝国史》,商务印书馆 2006年版,第39页。
[1]Simpson,Alicia J."Before and after 1204:the versions of Niketas Choniates' Historia",Dumbarton Oaks papers,no.60,2006,p.189.
[2]Magdalino,Paul and Maria V.Mavroudi,The Occult Sciences in Byzantium,Geneva:La Pomme d'or,2006,p.121.其余两部著作分别是塞奥法尼斯(Theophancs)的《编年史纪》和安娜·科穆宁(Anna Komnenc)的《阿莱克修斯传》。
[3]Magdalino,Paul."Aspects of Twelfth-Century Byzantine Kaiserkritik",Speculum,Vol.58,No.2,1983,p.326.
[4]Magdalino,Paul."Aspects of Twelfth-Century Byzantine Kaiserkritik",p.329.
[5]Vasiliev,A.A.History of the Byzantine Empire,324-1453,p.494.
[6]J·W·汤普逊:《历史著作史》上卷,商务印书馆 1996年版,第446页。
[7]尼基弗鲁斯·克里索贝尔吉斯(Nicephorus Chrysoberges),12至13世纪拜占廷君士坦丁堡人,曾在阿莱克修斯四世和牧首约翰十世·卡玛特罗斯前发表演说。演说词收录在Nicephorus Chrysobergcs,Nieephmi Chrysobergae Ad Angelos orations,tres,ed.Waximilian Treu,CⅩⅩⅦ中,同时参见 R.Browning,"An Unpublished Address of Nicephorus Chrysoberges to Patriarch John X Kamateros of 1202",Etudes Byzantines,no.5,1978,pp.48-63.
[8]Brand,Charles M."A Byzantine Plan for the Fourth Crusade",Speculum,Vol.43,No.3,1968,p.473.
[9]Byrd,Kimberly.Figures of Heroism and Contempt in the Histories of John Kinnamos and Niketas Choniates,Thesis(M.A.),University of Washington,1993,p.1.
[1]Rexine,John E."Review,Reviewed Work(s):Michel Italikos:Lettres et Discours by Paul Gautier",Speculum,Vol.50,No.3,1975,p.492.
[2]Uspensky,Th.A Byzantine Writer Nicetas Acominatus of Chonae,v,转引自 Vasiliev,A.A.History of the Byzantine Empire,324-1453,the University of Wisconsin Press,1958,p.495.
[3]Treadgold,W.A History of the Byzantine State and Society,Stanford University Press,1997,p.694.
[4]Kazhdan,A.and S.Franklin,Studies on Byzantine Literature of the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries,Cambridge University Press,1984,pp.269-270.
[5]Maguire,Henry.ed.Byzantine Magic,Washington,D.C.:Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection,1995,p.81-82.
[1]Tinnefeld,Franz H.Kategorien der Kaiserkritik in der byzuntznischen Historiographic z'on Prokop bzs Niketas Choniates,Munich,1971,pp.161-62,转引自 Magdalino,Paul."Aspects of Twelfth-Century Byzantine Kaiserkritik",Speculum,Vol.58,No.2,1983,p.327.
[2]Browning,Robert.The Byzantine Empire,New York:Charles Scribner's Sons,1980,pp.150-151.
[3]Ibid.
[4]Browning,Robert.The Byzantine Empire,pp.150-151.
[5]Birkenmeier,J.W.The Development of the Komnenian Army:1081-1180,Brill,2002,p.19.
[6]Birkenmeier,J.W.The Development of the Komnenian Army:1081-1180,p.23.
[7]#12
[1]艾丽西娅·辛普森认为其中一个手稿可能记载了1210年的事件。不过学术界大多倾向于版本(LO)结束于1207年。参见Simpson,Alicia J."Before and after 1204:the versions of Niketas Choniates' Historia",p.193.
[2]参见Choniates,Nicetas.Nicetae Choniatae Historia,rec.Ioannes Aloysius van Dicten,Berolini,Novi Eboraci:de Gruyter,1975,ⅹⅸ-cⅴ,转引自 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.3.
[1]Simpson,Alicia J."Before and after 1204:the versions of Niketas Choniates' Historia",pp.189-230.
[2]Wolf,Hieronymus ed.Nicetae Acominati Choniatoe,Basil(?),apud I.Oporinum,id/bus Augusti,anno 1557.
[3]Wolf,Hieronymus ed.Nicetae Acominati Choniatoe,Parisiis:E.Typographia regia,1647.
[4]Wolf,Hieronymus ed.Nicetae Acominati Choniatoe,Editio glossario graeco-barbaro auctior,& ope mss.reg.emendatior,cura & studio C.A.Fabroti,Venetiis,1729.
[1]Choniates,Nicetas.Nicetae Choniatae Historia/ex recensione Immanuelis,Immanuel Bekker ed.,Bonnae:E.Weber,1835.
[2]Choniates,Nicetas.Nicetae Choniatae Historia,rec.Ioannes Aloysius van Dieten,Berolini,Novi Eboraci:de Gruyter,1975.
[3]Grabler,Franz.Abenteurer auf dem Kaiserthron:die Regierungszeit der Kaiser Alexios Ⅱ,Andronikos und Isaak Angelos(1180-1195) aus dem Geschichtswerk des Niketos Choniates,Graz:Verlag Styria,1958.
[4]Grabler,Franz.Die Krone der Komnenen:die Regierungszeit der Kaiser Joannes und Manuel Komnenos (1118-1180)/aus dem Geschichtswerk des Niketos Choniates,Graz:Verlag Styria,1958.
[5]Grabler,Franz,ed.and tr.Die Kreuzfahrer erobern Konstantinopel;die Regierungszeit der Kaiser Alexios Angelos,Isaak Angelos und Alexios Dukos,die Schicksale der Stadt nach der Einnahme sowie dos "Buch von den Bild(a|¨)ulen"(1195-1206) aus dem Geschichtswerk des Niketos Choniates,Graz,Verlag Styria,1958.
[6]Het'own,Patmich.Historia degli imperatori greci,Venetia,Appresso V.Valgrisi,1562.
[7]Sansovino,Francesco ed.History of the times,Venetia:Appresso Francesco Sansovino,M D LⅩⅡ,1562.
[8]Sansovino,Francesco ed.History of the times,Vinetia:Appresso Gabriel Giolito di Ferrarii,MDLⅩⅤⅢⅠ,1569.
[9]参见Browning,Robert."Review:Byzantine Literature,Reviewed Work(s):Die hochsprachliche profane Literatur der Byzantiner by H.Hunger",The Classical Review,New Ser.,Vol.29,No.2.(1979),p.302.
[10]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketos Choniates,translated by Harry J.Magoulias,Wayne State University Press,1984.
[1]Grabler,Franz tr.Kaisertaten und Menschenschicksale im Spiegel der sch(o|¨)nen Rede:Reden und Briefe des Niketas Choniates,Graz:Styria,1966.
[2]Dieten,Jan Louis van.Zur Uberlieferung und Ver(o|¨)ffentlichung der Panoplia Dogmatike des Niketas Choniates,Amsterdam,Hakkert,1970.
[3]Choniates,Nicetas.Nicetae Choniatae orationes et epistulae,rec.Joannes Aloysius van Dieten,Berolini,Novi Eboraci,Berlin,New York:de Gruyter,1972,c1973.
[4]Cutler,Anthony."The De Signis of Nicetas Choniates:A Reappraisal",American Journal of Archaeology,Vol.72,No.2,1968,pp.113-118.
[5]Katsaros,Vassilis."A Contribution to the Exact Dating of the Death of the Byzantine Historian Nicetas Choniates",Jahrbuch der(O|¨)sterreichischen Byzantinistik,32,1982,p.88.
[1]Madden,Thomas F.Enrico Dandolo:His Life,His Family,and His Venice before the Fourth Crusade,Thesis (Ph.D.),University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,1993.
[1]Byrd,Kimberly.Figures of Heroism and Contempt in the Histories of John Kinnamos and Niketas Choniates,Thesis(M.A.),University of Washington,1993.
[2]Kazhdan,Alexander."Terminology of War in Niketas Choniates' Historian",in Timothy S.Miller,John Nesbitt eds.,Peace and War in Byzantium:Essays in Honor of George T Dentzis,S.J.Washington,D.C.:Catholic University of America Press,1995.
[3]Harris,Jonathan."Distortion,Divine Providence and Genre in Nicetas Choniates's Account of the Collapse of Byzantium 1180-1204",Journal of Medieval History,Vol.26,No.1,2000,pp.19-31.
[1]Harris,Jonathan."Distortion,Divine Providence and Genre in Nicetas Choniates's Account of the Collapse of Byzantium 1180-1204",p.25.
[1]Scott,R."The Classical Tradition in Byzantine Historiography",in M.Mullet and R.Scott ed.,Byzantium and the Classical Tradition,Birmingham,1981,pp.61-75.
[2]Simpson,Alicia J."Before and after 1204:the versions of Niketas Choniates' Historia",Dumbarton Oaks papers,no.60,2006.
[1]郭小凌:《西方史学史》,北京师范大学出版社 1995年版,第169页。
[2]张广智:《西方史学史》,复旦大学出版社 2000年版,第87页。
[3]陈志强:《拜占廷帝国史》,第39-40页。
[4]徐家玲:《拜占庭文明》,人民出版社 2006年版,第474页。
[1]如马克里迪斯在其论文中指出,anastathmos一词是指在圣索菲亚大教堂外,罪犯向进出教堂的人坦诚罪行的地方,不应翻译为讲坛(pulpit),马古里亚斯这样翻译容易将anastathmos同教堂内牧师布道的讲坛混淆。参见 Macrides.R.J."Killing,Asylum,and the Law in Byzantium",Speculum,Vol.63,No.3,1988,p.515.
[2]Vasiliev,A.A.History of the Byzantine Empire,324-1453,the University of Wisconsin Press,1958,p.495.
[1]参见van Dieten,Jan-Louis.Niketas Choniates:Erl(a|¨)uterungen zu den Reden und Briefen Nebst Biographie,Berlin,1971,p.4-8,
转引自 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.2.
[2]Simpson,Alicia Josephine.Studies on the Composition of Niketas Choniates'Historia,Thesis(Ph.D.),King's College(University of London),2004,
转引自 Magdalino,Paul and Maria V.Mavroudi,The Occult Sciences in Byzantium,Geneva:La Pomme d'or,2006,p.121.
[3]Birkenmeier,J.W.The Development of the Komnenian Army:1081-1180,Brili,2002,p.19.
[4]Byrd,Kimberly.Figures of Heroism and Contempt in the Histories of John Kinnamos and Niketas Choniates,Thesis(M.A.),University of Washington,1993,p.2.
[5]Eastmond,Antony."An Intentional Error? Imperial Art and 'Mis'-Interpretation under Andronikos I Komnenos",The Art Bulletin,Vol.76,No.3,1994,p.502.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,translated by Harry J.Magoulias,Wayne State University Press,1984,p.4.
[2]Uspensky,Th.A Byzentine Writer Nicetas Acominatus of Chonea,128,转引自 Vasiliev,A.A.History of the Byzantine Empire,324-1453,p.494.
[1]参见 Ramsay.W.M.The Church in the Roman Empire before A.D.170,New York;London:G.P.Putnam's Sons,1895,pp.465-480.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.ⅸ-ⅹ.
[2]Choniates,Michael.Monodia,347.In Michael Akominatou tou Choniatou ta sozomena[The preserved works of Michael Akominatos Choniates],edited by Spyridon p.Lambros,vol.1,Athens,1879-80,pp.345-366,
转引自Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.6.
[3]Choniates,Nicetas.Nicetae Choniatae orationes et epistulae,rec.Joannes Aloysius van Dieten,Berolini,Novi Eboraci,Berlin,New York:de Gruyter,1972,c1973,Oration8,pp.21-22,
转引自 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.5.
[4]Choniates,Nicetas.Nicetae Choniatae orationes et epistulae,pp.21-22,
转引自 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.5.
[1]Choniates,Michael.Monodia,347.13-17,
转引自 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.10.
[2]Choniates,Michael.Monodia,347-348,
转引自 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.23.
[3]Choniates,Michael.Monodia,348.11-25,
转引自 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.24.
[4]Choniates,Michael.Monodia,357.3-7,
转引自 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.9.
[5]珀涅罗珀是奥德赛忠贞的妻子,丈夫远征20年间她拒绝了无数求婚者。
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.ⅹ.
[1]Choniates,Michael.Monodia,350.22-24,
转引自 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.33.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.291.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.ⅹ-ⅹⅰ.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.14.
[5]参见Beck,H.G.Kirche und theologische Literatur im byzantinischen Reich,Munich,1959,p.702,
转引自Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.14.
[6]参见Papadopoulos-Kerameus.Harmonia 3,1902,288-290,
转引自 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.14.
[7]参见 Lambros,Spyridon P.ed.Michael Akominatou tou choniatou ta sozomena,vol.2,Athens,1880,letter 100,pp.162-175,
转引自 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.14.
[8]参见 Lambros,Spyridon P.ed.Michael Akominatou tou choniatou ta sozomena,vol.2,Letters 88,89,116,121,164,p.139-140,141-142,237-240,248-249,324-326,
转引自 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.14.
[9]参见 Lambros,Spyridon P.ed.Michael Akominatou tou choniatou ta sozomena,vol.2,Letter 116,240.21,
转引自 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.14.
[10]参见Lambros,Spyridon P.ed.Michael Akominatou tou choniatou ta sozomena,vol.2,Letter 164,324.12,
转引自 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.14.
[1]参见Lambros,Spyridon P.ed.Michael Akominatou tou choniatou ta sozomena,vol.2,Letter 95,155.17-20,
转引自Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.14.
[2]参见Lambros,Spyridon P.ed.Michael Akominatou tou choniatou ta sozomena,vol.2,Letter 132,267-271,
转引自Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.14.
[3]参见Papadopouios-Kerameus.Harmonia,273-284,
转引自 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.14.
[4]参见Lambros,Spyridon P.ed.Michael Akominatou tou choniatou ta sozomena,vol.2,Letter 95,155.20,
转引自Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.14.
[5]参见Lambros,Spyridon P.ed.Michael Akominatou tou choniatou ta sozomena,vol.2,Letter 121,248-249,
转引自 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.14.
[6]参见Lambros,Spyridon P.ed.Michael Akominatou tou choniatou ta sozomena,vol.2,Letters 162,163,320-323,
转引自Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.14.
[1]陈志强:《拜占廷学研究》,人民出版社 2001年版,第213页。
[2]参见陈志强:《拜占廷学研究》,第214页。
[3]参见 Runciman,Steven.Byzantine Civilisation,Cambridge University Press,1951,pp.224-225.
[4]参见 Cavallo,Guglielmo.The Byzantines,The University of Chicago Press,1992,pp.96-97.
[5]芬利:《希腊的遗产》,张强等译,上海人民出版社 2004年版,第209页。
[6]参见陈志强:《拜占廷学研究》,第215页。
[1]芬利:《希腊的遗产》,序言第3页。
[2]Choniates,Michael.Monodia,348.11-25,
转引自Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.22.
[3]Choniates,Michael.Monodia,350.4-9,
转引自 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.31,
[4]#12
[5]Migne,Paul Migne.Patrologia cursus completus.Series graeco-latia.Parisiis:Excudebat Migne,139,pp. 1101-1444,转引自 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.69.
[1]Ibid.
[2]Choniates,Nicetas.Nicetae Choniatae orationes et epistulae,letter 11,216-217,
转引自 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.70.
[3]滂图斯:黑海的南海岸地区。参见Kazhdan,A.P.the Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium,Oxford University Press,1991,p.1697.
[4]帕弗拉贡尼亚:安那托利亚北部的黑海沿岸地区,在滂图斯以东,比西尼亚(Bithynia)以西,为一个多山国家,是小亚细亚最古老的国家之一。该地区于公元前333年臣服于亚历山大大帝,公元前6年左右被并入罗马的加拉提亚省,不过内陆地区仍在当地统治者手中。帕弗拉贡尼亚曾是拜占廷帝国的一部分,但在曼茨科特战役(1071年)后拜占廷失去了该地区除沿海地区以外的所有领地。
[1]Choniates,Michael.Monodia,349-350,
转引自 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.30.
[2]Choniates,Nicetas.Nicetae Choniatae orationes et epistulae,Oration 3.13-25,
转引自 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.35.
[3]参见Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.224-225.
[1]维勒姆是帷幔的意思,这些法官组成了拜占廷的最高法庭,详见本文第二章第一节。
[2]政务官指古代斯巴达的地方法官或是监督官,于11世纪时恢复。1044至1088年皇帝的政务官监管了整个帝国的皇室领地(kouratoreiai)。政务官有时也是修道院的世俗的管理者,主要负责经济管理。政务官的属下包括公证员和低级公务员。12世纪后期尼基塔斯担任过这个职务。在1204年后这个职位消失。参见Kazhdan,A.P.the Oxford Dictionary of Byzanaum,p.707.
[3]奥斯特洛格尔斯基:《拜占廷帝国》,第312-313页。
[1]参见Kinnamos,John.Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus,translated by Charles M.Brand,Columbia University Press,1976,p.14.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.4.
[1]陈志强:《拜占廷帝国》,第302页。
[2]徐家玲:《拜占庭文明》,第495-696页。
[1]陈志强:《拜占廷军区制和农兵》,载《历史研究》,1996年第5期,第114页。
[2]陈志强:《拜占廷帝国》,第179页。
[3]同上。
[4]Ostrogorsky,George.History of the Byzantine State,translated by Joan Hussey,Oxford,1956,p.133-134.
[5]参见安德里亚德斯:“拜占廷帝国的经济生活:人口、农业、工商业”,载贝恩斯和莫斯主编:《拜占庭:东罗马文明导论》,牛津,1953年,第55-56页,
转引自厉以宁:《罗马-拜占庭经济史》,商务印书馆 2006年版,第518页。
[6]陈志强:《拜占廷军区制和农兵》,第127页。
[7]陈志强:《拜占廷帝国》,第179页。
[8]Kazhdan,A.and A.W.Epstein,Change in Byzantine Culture in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries,Berkeley,Los Angeles,London,1985,p.58.
[9]陈志强:《拜占廷帝国》,第271页。
[10]奥斯特洛格尔斯基:《拜占廷帝国》,第312页。
[1]奥斯特洛格尔斯基:《拜占廷帝国》,第311页。
[2]参见:Birkenmeier,J.W.The Development of the Komnenian Army:1081-1180,Brill,2002,p.153.
[3]奥斯特洛格尔斯基:《拜占廷帝国》,第311页。
[4]Hussey,J.M.The Cambridge Medieval History,Vol.Ⅳ,Part Ⅱ,Cambridge University Press,1967,p.76.
[5]奥斯特洛格尔斯基:《拜占廷帝国》,第312页。
[6]同上。
[7]同上。
[8]白玉:《十至十二世纪拜占庭封建大地产的几点考察》,载《宁波大学学报》,1990年第4期,第41页。
[1]陈志强:《拜占廷帝国》,第271页。
[2]参见:Blaum,P.A.The Days of the Warlords:A History of the Byzantine Empire,AD 969-991,Lanham,1994,p.57.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.207.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.219-220.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.234.
[6]陈志强:《拜占廷帝国》,第271页。
[7]陈志强:《拜占廷帝国》,第284页。
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.249.
[2]Ibid.
[1]陈志强:《巴尔干古代史》,中华书局 2007年版,第267页。
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.11.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.53.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.239.
[2]撒尔迪卡:又被称为特里亚迪查(Triaditza),现为保加利亚首都索非亚。
[3]赫拉蒙:即现在塞尔维亚的新帕兰卡(Nova Palanka)。
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.12.
[5]参见Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.54.
[6]参见Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.72.
[7]参见Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.76.
[8]参见Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.86-87.
[9]达尔马提亚:现克罗地亚的一个地区,包括中部沿海地带和沿亚得里亚海的一系列岛屿。该地区于公元前4世纪被希腊人殖民化,公元2～5世纪被罗马人控制,10世纪时被塞尔维亚王国和克罗地亚王国分成两半各自控制,1420年受威尼斯人统治,拿破仑垮台后,落入奥地利人手中。1920年达尔马提亚的大部分划归南斯拉夫,但在第二次世界大战期间,为意大利人吞并。1947年作为克罗地亚共和国,全部归属南斯拉夫。
[10]奥斯特洛格尔斯基:《拜占廷帝国》,第329页。
11 陈志强:《巴尔千古代史》,第336页。
[1]卡扎尔人是半游牧民族,7至10世纪占据了黑海附近草原和北高加索地区。
[2]陈志强:《巴尔干古代史》,第428页。
[3]参见Birkenmeier,John W.The Development of the Komnenian Army:1081-1180,p.45.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.12.
[5]或译为徐西亚人。
[1]Angold,Michael.The Byzantine Empire,1025-1204,Longman,p.188.
[2]Mutafciev,P.Izbrani proizvedenija 2,Sofia,1973,pp.162-168,
转引自Kazhdan,A.P.the Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium,p.563.
[3]参见Kazhdan,A.P.the Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium,p.563.
[4]参见Friendly,Alfred.The Dreadful Day:The Battle of Manzikert,1071,The University Press of Virginia,1981,pp.114-123.
[1]Kazhdan,A.P.the Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium,p.1493.
[2]布林迪西:意大利东南部港口城市。
[3]塔兰托:意大利东南部海港城市,位于普利亚地区,濒临多伦多湾。该市包括位于一个小岛上的老城区和位于临近陆地上的新城区。由斯巴达人建于公元前8世纪,当时称塔拉斯,是意大利南部希腊殖民区的主要城市之一。公元前4世纪该镇的经济和军事实力达到顶峰。公元前272年该城为罗马人统治,公元5～11世纪又在哥特人、拜占廷人、伦巴第人和阿拉伯人之间反复易手。到15世纪成为那不勒斯王国的一部分。1815年起归两西西里王国所有,1861年加入意大利王国。在第一次和第二次世界大战中成为意大利海军基地之一。
[4]参见Stephenson,Paul.Byzantium's Balkan Frontier:a Political Study of the Northern Balkans,900-1204,Cambridge University Press,2000,p.157.
[1]Brand,Charls M."The Byzantines and Saladin,1185-1192:Opponents of the Third Crusade",Speculum,vol.37,No.2,1962,pp.168-188.
[2]Vasiliev,A.A.History of the Byzantine Empire,324-1453,the University of Wisconsin Press,1958,p.487.
[3]Treadgold,W.A History of the Byzantine State and Society,Stanford University Press,1997,p.691.
[1]Vasiliev,A.A.History of the Byzantine Empire,324-1453,p.487.
[1]#12
[2]参见Bury,John B.The Ancient Greek Historians,Dover Publications,1958,p.42,转引自Vasiliev,A.A.History of the Byzantine Empire,324-1453,p.499.
[3]Tzetzis,Johannis.Allegoriae,promium,vss,1-4,28;ed.Matranga,Anecdota Graeca,I,1,2,转引自Vasiliev,A.A.History of the Byzantine Empire,324-1453,p.499.
[4]Gregorovius.Geschichte der Stadt Athen im Mittelalter,I,p.243,转引自Vasiliev,A.A.History of the Byzantine Empire,324-1453,p.493.
[5]Dalton,O.M.Byzantine Art and Archaeology,Constable,1961,p.18.
[6]Treadgold,W.A History of the Byzantine State and Society,p.698.
[7]参见Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.183.
[8]参见 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.242.
[9]Vasiliev,A.A.History of the Byzantine Empire,324-1453,p.488.
[1]Vasiliev,A.A.History of the Byzantine Empire,324-1453,p.498.
[2]陈志强:《拜占廷帝国史》,第38页。
[3]品达:古希腊诗人,有“抒情诗人之魁”之称。他的诗风格庄重,形式谨严,词藻华丽。欧洲古典主义时代的诗人把他的诗看作“崇高的颂歌”的典范,弥尔顿、歌德等人都曾模仿他的风格。
[4]Vasiliev,A.A.History of the Byzantine Empire.324-1453,p.496.
[5]参见Browning,Robert."A Fourteenth-Century Prose Version of the 'Odyssey'",Dumbarton Oaks Papers,Vol.46,Homo Byzantinus:Papers in Honor of Alexander Kazhdan,1992,pp.27-36.
[6]Vasiliev,A.A.History of the Byzantine Empire,324-1453,p.494.
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.4.
[8]Bury,J.B.Romances of Chivalry on Greek Soil,Oxford University,1911,p.3.
[1]Treadgoid,W.A History of the Byzantine State and Society,p.698.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.215.
[3]Vasiliev,A.A.History of the Byzantine Empire,324-1453,pp.504-505.
[4]参见Treadgold,W.A History of the Byzantine State and Society,图159.
[5]Vasiliev,A.A.History of the Byzantine Empire,324-1453,p.504.
[6]Comnena,Anna.The Alexiad of Anna Comnena,translated by E.R.A.Sewter,Penguin Books Inc.,1969,pp.181-182.
[1]Haskins.Studies in mediaeval Science,Harvard University Press,1924,pp.194-195.
[2]参见Haskins."The Greek Element in the Renaissance of the Twelfth Century",American Historical Review,ⅩⅩⅤ 1920,p.603-605.
同时参见哈斯金斯:《12世纪文艺复兴》,夏继果译,上海人民出版社2005年版,第225页。
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.218.
[2]Ibid.
[3]Ibid.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.225.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.225.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.221.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.234.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.313-314.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.315.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.323-324.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.337-338.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.348.
[4]参见Dieten and Jan-Louis.Niketas Choniates:Erl(a|¨)uterungen zu den Reden und Briefen Nebst Biographie,p.45,转引自Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.60.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.325.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.317.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.353-354.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.290. 做了生动的刻画,该作品被后人称作拜占廷人的“百态图”。参见陈志强:《拜占廷帝国史》,第39页。
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.4.
[2]Ibid.
[3]参见Kinnamos,John.Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus,p.13.Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.3
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.3.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.3.
[2]Ibid.
[3]Ibid.
[4]Ibid.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.347.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.3.
[7]Ibid.
[8]Ibid.
[9]Ibid.
[10]Ibid.
11 Ibid.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.290.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.32-33.
[3]参见Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.265.
[4]参见《约伯记》5.18.本文所使用《圣经》译文版本为:中国基督教三自爱国运动委员会和中国基督教协会的简化字和合本,之后的引用将不再注明版本。另《圣经》各卷名按新教习惯译出,部分译名参照《七十士本》。
[5]参见《耶利米书》14.20-21。
[6]参见《耶利米书》10.24-25。
[7]参见《以赛亚书》64.8。
[8]参见《耶利米哀歌》5.1-2。
[1]参见《耶利米哀歌》5.21。
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.318.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.321.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.348.
[5]参见Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.322.
[6]《约珥书》2.3。
[7]《以赛亚书》60.16。
[8]参见《创世纪》3.7,3.21。
[9]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.325
[1]对创伤后应激障碍的研究可追溯到上世纪第一次世界大战期间,由于英军中有7%～10%的军官和3%～4%的士兵出现“精神崩溃”,约20万士兵由于“精神症状”无法继续服役而引起重视。但是对创伤后应激障碍的系统研究则到本世纪六、七十年代美国越战后才开展。1980年,美国精神病协会制定的《精神疾病诊断和统计手册》第三版(DSM-Ⅲ)中将其正式命名为创伤后应激障碍(PTSD),并将其确立为可单独诊断的疾病。中国精神疾病分类方案与诊断标准(第3版)(CCMD-3)对PTSD的界定同DSM-Ⅲ大致相同,仅个别诊断标准有异。
[2]参见American Psychiatric Association.Diagnostic and statistic manual of mental disorders,4th edition (DSM-Ⅳ),Washington DC:American Psychiatric Association,1994,pp.424-429.
[3]郭阳,陈爱敏:《“5.12”汶川大地震伤员心理应激状况调查》,载《南方医科大学学报》,2008年第28卷第7期。
[4]张本等:《30年后唐山地震所致孤儿创伤后应激障碍现患率调查》,载《中国心理卫生杂志》,2008年第22卷第6期。
[1]Mollica,R.F."Longitudinal study of psychiatric symptoms,disability,mortality,and emigration among Bosnian refugees",the Journal of the American Medical Association,286(5),2001,pp.546-554.
[2]汪向东,姜经纬:《创伤后应激障碍的流行病学特点及危险因素》,载《中华流行病学杂志》,2002年10月第23卷第5期。
[3]参见Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.318.
[4]《尼基塔斯演讲与书信集》收录了尼基塔斯现存的11封书信。其中有6封信件确认写于1189年前,剩下5封首次公开的信件中,有3封信收信人不详或是无法确定信件时间,有2封是写给皇亲国戚瓦西里·卡玛特罗斯(Basil Kamateros)的,但其中只有一封信提及了13世纪早期的情况,主要是关于拜占廷帝国同亚美尼亚地区的关系。因此尼基塔斯的绝大部分书信无法用于对1204年后尼基塔斯心理状况的分析。参见Nicol,D.M."Review,Reviewed Work(s):Orationes et epistulae by Nit,eras Choniates",The Journal of Hellenic Studies,Vol.94,1974,pp.260-261.
[1]参见R.,Suzanna,Jonathan B.and Simon W."Psychological debriefing for preventing post traumatic stress disorder(PTSD)",Cochrane Database System Review,2000(2),CD000560.S.,Rose and Bisson J."Brief early psychological interventions following trauma:a systematic review of the literature",Journal of Trauma Stress,1998,11(4),pp.697-710.
[2]参见S.,Rose and Bisson J."Brief early psychological interventions following trauma:a systematic review of the literature",pp.697-710.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.357.
[4]参见B.,Krakow,Hollifield M.and Johnston L."Imagery rehearsal therapy for chronic nightmares in sexual assault survivors with posttraumatic stress disorder:a randomized controlled trial",the Journal of the American Medical Association,2001,286(5),pp.537-545.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.4.
[2]参见Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.63.
[3]创伤后应激障碍的干预认为:单次的一般心理疏泄不能有效预防和治疗创伤后应激障碍;应当制止强制受害者在事后接受心理疏泄;“情景处理”模式或许对部分患者比较有效。参见S.,Rose and Bisson J.,"Brief early psychological interventions following trauma:a systematic review of the literature",pp.697-710.
[1]尼古拉斯·卡纳沃斯于1204年1月27日被推举为皇帝,在1204年2月2日或6日被赶下皇位,其在位时间不过6至10日,因此本文将其忽略不计。参见Chonistes,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.307-309.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.11.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.25.
[1]参见《创世纪》21。
[2]《创世纪》25.26。
[3]《出埃及记》4.14-16。
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.26.
[5]陈志强:《拜占廷皇帝继承制度特点研究》,载《中国社会科学》,1999年第1期,第183页。
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.78.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.231.
[2]Ibid.
[3]安娜的丈夫布林尼乌斯来自马其顿地区最大和最繁华的城市奥列斯提阿斯(Orestias)。
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.5.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.78.
[1]该数据参照陈志强《拜占廷皇帝继承制度特点研究》表三计算。
[2]参见陈志强:《拜占廷学研究》,第133页。
[3]参见陈志强:《拜占廷学研究》,第135页。
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.5.
[2]科穆宁皇帝创建了过多的宫廷头衔,导致中世纪拜占廷官僚体系的崩溃。旧有的头衔要么被抛弃要么变得毫无意义。通过合并头衔和附加各种宫廷术语,很多新的职位被创造出来取代了旧有的。小心地遵循固有贵族阶位已经是过去的事情了。头衔panhypersebastos就是这一过程中的最好例子。参见Ostrogorsky,George.History of the Byzantine State,pp.367-368.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.173.
[1]Kazhdan,A.P.the Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium,p.1570.
[2]Kazhdan,A.P.the Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium,p.1747.
[3]阿莱克修斯·科穆宁是曼努埃尔的哥哥安德罗尼库斯的儿子。他的生平参见Brand,Charles M.Byzantium Confronts the West 1180-1204,Harvard University Press,1968,pp.32-34,73-74.
[4]Kazhdan,A.P.the Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium,p.1584.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.175.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.7.
[7]Kazhdan,A.P.the Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium,p.1749.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.279.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.7.
[3]约翰·科穆宁是曼努埃尔亲兄安德罗尼库斯的儿子,深受曼努埃尔一世宠爱。他在1170至1176年拥有首席大贵族这一最高头衔,之前他曾是塞浦路斯的统治者。参见Kinnamos,John.Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus,pp.47,99,102-103,137,179.
Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.59.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.301.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.116.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.164.
[7]阿莱克修斯二世是曼努埃尔一世和第二任妻子安条克的玛丽亚-克塞娜的儿子,出生于1169年9月10日,1171年3月4日成为共治皇帝。参见Brand,CharlesM.Byzantium Confronts the West 1180-1204,p.14.
[8]Kazhdan,A.P.the Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium,p.1294.
[9]塞奥多利·卡斯塔莫尼特斯是依沙克二世的母亲尤夫洛希妮·卡斯塔莫尼特斯的兄弟。参见Brand,Charles M.Byzantium Confronts the West 1180-1204,pp.78,98.
[10]奥斯特洛格尔斯基:《拜占庭帝国》,第310页。
11 Kazhdan,A.P.the Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium,p.662.
12 约翰·杜卡斯·卡马特罗斯是安德罗尼库斯·杜卡斯·卡马特罗斯的儿子,参见Polemis,D.I.The Doukai:A Contribution to Byzantine Prosopography,London,1968,pp.127-130.
13 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.221.
[1]Kazhdan,A.P.the Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium,p.416.
[2]Kinnamos,John.Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus,p.241,n.51.
Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.58.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.175.
[4]参见Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.182.
[5]Kazhdan,A.P.the Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium,p.1710.
[6]他是我的哥哥,我的亲哥哥;我为我们的血缘关系感到骄傲,我为亲人中有这样的一个人而感到高兴,即使我的情操和学问只能对他望其项背。参见Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.332.
[7]在实际战斗中,拜占廷军队遵守命令的先后顺序依次为:1、皇帝,2、首席大贵族,3、凯撒,4、最高军事统帅,5、海军总司令(megas doux),6、西部陆军统帅……等。参见伪科迪诺斯(Pseudo-Kodinos)约1355年编撰的《官职大全》(Book of Offices),转引自Heath,Ian.Byzantine Armies,AD 1118-1461,Angus McBride,1995,pp.18-19.
[8]参见Brand,Charles M.Byzantium Confronts the West 1180-1204,p.39.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.239.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.220.
[3]Kazhdan,A.P.the Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium,p.1748.
[4]阿莱克修斯是约翰·阿库赫的儿子。Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.56.Kinnamos,John.Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus,pp.130-132.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.221-224.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.170.
参见Eustathios.The Capture of Thessaloniki,110.16-17.
[7]Kazhdan,A.P.the Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium,p.1964.
[8]奥斯特洛格尔斯基:《拜占廷帝国》,第310页。
[9]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.198.
[10]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.239.
[1]Kazhdan,A.P.the Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium,p.925.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.136
[3]Kazhdan,A.P.the Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium,p.2157.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.148.
[5]Kazhdan,A.P.the Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium,p.724.
[6]#12
[7]Kazhdan,A.P.the Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium,p.1742.
[8]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.32.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.224.
[2]Kazhdan,A.P.the Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium,p.416.Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.271.
[3]Kazhdan,A.P.the Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium,p.623.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.182.
[5]参见Lambros,Spyridon P.ed.Michael Akominatou tou choniatou ta sozomena,vol.2,Letters 44,70.24-25,转引自Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.47.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.265.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.253.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.175.
[4]Kazhdan,A.P.the Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium,p.416.
[5]Kinnamos,John.Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus,p.241,n.51.
Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.58.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.29.
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.152.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.301,
[2]Runeiman,Steven.Byzatine Civilization,Edward Arnold.1933.p.85.
[3]奥斯特洛格尔斯基:《拜占廷帝国》,第325页。
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.11.
[5]Ibid.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annuls of Niketas Choniates,p.11.
[2]参见Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annuls of Niketas Choniates,p.17.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annuls of Niketas Choniates,p.11.
[4]Ibid.
[5]Kinnamos,John.Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus,p.83.
[6]Kinnamos,John.Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus,p.95.
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annuls of Niketas Choniates,p.54.
[8]Ibid.
[9]奥斯特洛格尔斯基:《拜占廷帝国》,第325页。
[10]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annuls of Niketas Choniates,p.273.
[1]《路加福音》10.41。
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.117.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.118.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.117.
[5]奥斯特洛格尔斯基:《拜占廷帝国》,第325页。
[6]陈志强:《拜占廷帝国史》,第470页。
[7]参见波斯坦等编:《剑桥欧洲经济史》,第三卷,周荣国等译,经济科学出版社2002年版,第51页。
[8]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.321.
[9]Ibid.
[10]伊比利亚人即格鲁吉亚人(Georgians)。
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.211.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.11.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.12.
[4]陈志强:《拜占庭帝国史》,第467页。
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.290.
[6]帕加马:古希腊城市,现为土耳其伊兹密尔省贝尔加马镇。
[7]阿特拉米提翁:现为土耳其共和国的埃德米特(Edremit)。
[8]《诗篇》108.35。
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.85.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.18.
[3]尼基塔斯所指的乃是拜占廷人1071年8月19日在曼茨科特的惨败。参见Choniates,Michael.Monodia,151.8 sqq,
转引自Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.47.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.111.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.54.
[6]参见Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.53.
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.96.
[8]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.244.
[9]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.265.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.263.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.302.
[3]参见《马太福音》25.26。
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.97.
[5]Ibid.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.131.
[7]圣周:复活节前的一周。
[8]参见Brand,Charles M.Byzantium Confronts the West 1180-1204,pp.104,343,n.68.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.244.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.129.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.65.
[4]参见Kinnamos,John.Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus,p.35.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates pp.29-30.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates p.244.
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates p.68.
[8]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates p.226.
[9]Choniates,Nikeas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates pp.115-116.
[10]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates p.56.
11 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.58.
12 Vasiliev,A.A.,History of the Byzantine Empire,324-1453,Vol.2,p.484.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates pp.210-211.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates.p.245.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates p.304.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates p.80.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates p.108.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates p.198.
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates p.203.
[8]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates p.261.
[9]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates p.197.
[10]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates p.98.
11 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.54.
[1]Villehardouin and De Joinville.Memoirs of the Crusades,translated by Sir F.Marziais,London & New York,1911,p.65.
[2]尼基塔斯所用的词katapetasma原始含义为“面纱”或是“窗帘”,后来具有“祭坛上的天盖”或是“神龛”的意思。参见Mesarites,Nikolaos."Description of the Church of the Holy Apostles at Constantinople",Glanville Gowney ed.,with English translation,Transactions of the American Philosophical Society,n.s.,vol.47,pt.6(Philadelphia,1957),p.891,n.17.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.357.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.191.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.182.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.244.
[1]波斯坦等编:《剑桥欧洲经济史》,第二卷,钟和等译,经济科学出版社2004年版,第721页。
[2]陈志强:《拜占廷帝国史》,第477页。
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.115.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.244.
[5]参见Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.272-273.
[6]参见陈志强:《拜占廷帝国史》,第477页。
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.115.
[8]参见Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.56.
[9]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.244-245.
[10]1英担=112磅=50.8千克
11 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.631.
12 德国税参见奥斯特洛格尔斯基:《拜占庭帝国》,第338页。
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.262.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.295.
[3]波斯坦:《剑桥欧洲经济史》,第二卷,第197页。
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.7.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.116.
[6]Ibid.
[7]Ibid.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.182.
[2]《马太福音》22.21。
[3]《马太福音》25.15等。
[4]《马太福音》5.40。
[5]参见《诗篇》107.35。
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.179.
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.244.
[8]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.118-119.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.272-273.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.97.
[1]Birkenmeier,J.W.The Development of the Komenian Army:1081-1180,Leiden,Boston,K(o|¨)ln:Brill,2002,p.139.
[2]参见Birkenmeier,J.W.The Development of the Komenian Army:1081-1180,pp.174-175.
[1]参见Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.17.
[2]凯尔特人是古罗马帝国对不列颠居民的称呼,这一称呼沿用到尼基塔斯的时代。
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.17.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.21.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.48-49.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.100.
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.139.
[8]贝内特,吉姆·布拉德伯里等:《图解世界战争战法:中世纪500～1500年》,徐淼译,宁夏人民出版社2008年版,第13页。
[9]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.140.
[10]参见Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.228-229.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.211.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.110-111.
[3]陈志强:《拜占廷帝国史》,第446页。
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.14.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.106-107.
[1]荷马:《荷马史诗·伊利亚特》,罗念生、王焕生译,人民文学出版社1994年版,第124页。
[2]西蒙·安格里姆,菲莉斯·杰斯蒂斯等:《图解世界战争战法:古代公元前3000年～公元500年》,周桂银等译,宁夏人民出版社2008年版,第15页。
[3]陈志强:《拜占廷帝国史》,第466—167页。
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.12.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.78.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.36.
[7]参见:陈志强《拜占廷产帝国史》,第447页。
[8]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.51.
[9]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.10.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.314.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.311.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.87-88.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.36.
[5]康拉德是蒙费拉侯爵博尼法斯的兄弟。他于1187年春迎娶伊萨克二世的妹妹塞奥多拉,获得凯撒的头衔。
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.212.
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.78.
[1]马修·贝内特,吉姆·布拉德伯里等:《图解世界战争战法:中世纪500～1500年》,第4,75页。
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.103.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.20.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.85.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.208.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.104.
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.106-107.
[8]Ibid.
[9]希罗多德:《历史》,下册,王以铸译,商务印书馆1985年版,第485页。
[10]参见Goldman,Bernard and A.M.G.Little,"he Beginnings of Sasanian Painting and Dura-Europos",Iranica Antique,15,1980,p.289,n.10.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.76.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.16.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.156.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.341.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.341.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.91.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.98.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.31.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.91.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.229.
[2]马修·贝内特,吉姆·布拉德伯里等:《图解世界战争战法:中世纪500～1500年》,第222页。
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.45.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.209.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.215.
[6]石脑油是一种轻质油品,该词源于波斯语,指易挥发的石油产品。石脑油由原油蒸馏或石油二次加工切取馏分而得,又称为轻油。其沸点高于汽油而低于煤油,可分为轻石油脑与重石油脑两种。
[7]贝内特,吉姆·布拉德伯里等:《图解世界战争战法:中世纪500～1500年》,第169页。
[1]贝内特,吉姆·布拉德伯里等:《图解世界战争战法:中世纪500～1500年》,第211—222页。
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.58.
[3]陈志强:《拜占廷帝国史》,第446页。
[1]瓦兰吉卫队在拜占廷中央军队中具有特殊地位。在约翰二世或曼努埃尔一世时期,瓦兰吉卫队除了普通的作战功能还具有类似于现代警察的职能。瓦兰吉卫队于1272年退出历史舞台。参见Heath,Ian.Byzantine Armies,AD 1118-1461,Angus McBride,1995,p.14.
[2]参见:马修·贝内特,吉姆·布拉德伯里等:《图解世界战争战法:中世纪500～1500年》,第13页。
[3]参见荷马:《荷马史诗·伊利亚特》,第39页。
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.17.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.102.
[6]西里西亚:托鲁斯山脉的南部、地中海沿岸、小亚细亚东南的古老地区。该地区曾被亚历山大大帝征服,后来成为罗马帝国的一部分,曾是1080到1375年独立的亚美尼亚的领土。
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.14.
[8]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.54.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.87-89.
[2]贝内特,吉姆·布拉德伯里等:《图解世界战争战法:中世纪500～1500年》,第13页。
[3]新凯撒利亚:现土耳其东北部的尼克萨(Niksar),黑海沿岸的一个城市。
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.20.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.227.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.209.
[2]Ibid.
[3]Ibid.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.11-12.
[1]银雀山汉墓竹简整理小组编:《孙子兵法》,文物出版社1976年版,第126页。
[2]拜占廷人称自己为罗马人。
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.77.
[4]索佐波利斯:现在土耳其伊斯帕尔塔省的乌鲁博尔鲁(Uluborlu)。
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.9.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.109.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.20-21.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.10.
[4]陈志强:《拜占廷帝国史》,第444页。
[1]Heath,Ian.Byzantine Armies,AD 1118-1461,Angus McBride,1995,p.42.
[2]对重式抛石机出现在南宋时期,又称为回回炮,可安装在战船上用于海战。1044年的《武经总要》中保存了一副宋朝海军战舰上重式抛石机的图片。另可参见Chevedden,Paul E.“The Invention of the Counterweight Trebuchet:A Study in Cultural Diffusion",Dumbarton Oaks Papers,Vol.54,2000,p.77.
[3]Chevedden,Paul E."The Invention of the Counterweight Trebuchet:A Study in Cultural Diffusion",p.77.
[4]Magdalino,Paul.The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos,Cambridge,1993,pp.9-10.
[1]Heath,Ian.Byzantine Armies,AD 1118-1461,p.10.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.9.
[3]参见Kinnamos,John.Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus,p.15.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.9.
[5]一说为1122年8月15日至1123年8月14日。
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.10.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.11.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.12.
[3]参见Kinnamos,John.Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus,pp.20,235,n.14.珀萨尔梅尼安人是达尼什曼迪兹人(Danishmendids)卡斯塔蒙为科莫尼翁堡(Kastra Kmenenon),位于土耳其北部黑海沿岸,是现在土耳其共和国帕弗拉贡尼亚地区卡斯塔莫努省(Kastamonu)的首府。
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.12.
[5]干格拉:现在被称为堪基里(Cankiri),位于土耳其共和国境内。
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.12.
[7]安达纳:土耳其南部一城市,位于塞亚河旁,临地中海,公元前66年成为罗马殖民地。
[8]塔尔苏斯:土耳其南部城市,圣保罗的出生地。
[9]阿纳扎尔巴:又名~cAin Zarb(?),在西里西亚·亚美尼亚的西斯(Sis)的南边,曾在1137年7月17日的战斗中被包围。参见Kinnamos,John.Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus,pp.22-23.
[10]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.17.
[11]撒加里奥斯河:现在土耳其境内的萨卡亚(Sakarya)河。
[12]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.19.
[13]金泰:又名昆都(Kundu),在小亚新凯撒利亚城东。参见Chalandon,Ferdinand.Jean Ⅱ Comnene(1183-1143)et Manuel I Comnene(1143-1180).Les Comnene:Etudes sur l'empire byzantin au Xle et au XIIe siecles,vol.2,Paris,1912,reprint ed.,New York,1960,p.178,n.1,
转引自Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.81.
[14]庞提克:位于黑海之南。
[1]参见Vryonis,Speros Jr.The Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor and the Prpcess of Islamization from the Eleventh through the Fifteenth Century,Berkeley:American Historical Association,p.14 map.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.20.
[3]Ibid.
[4]皮斯古汇湖战役可参见 Kirmarnos,John.Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus,p.236,n.23.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.21-22.
[6]Birkenmeier,J.W.The Development of the Komnenian Army:1081-1180,p.85.
[7]Birkenmeier,J.W.The Development of the Komenian Army:1081-1180,p.86.
[8]埃维亚:爱琴海岛屿,为希腊最大岛之一,长180千米,宽6～48千米。该岛多山,山岭之间有利拉斯河流经的肥沃平原,在古代是著名的养马区。公元前5世纪埃维亚被雅典人侵占,两个主要城市哈尔基斯和埃雷特里亚卷入波斯和伯罗奔尼撒之间的战争。从公元前146年起埃维亚成为罗马马其顿行省的一部分,1366年受威尼斯人统治,1470年又被土耳其人征服,1830年归属希腊。
[1]参见Heath,Ian.Byzantine Armies,AD 1118-1461,p.4.
[2]达米亚特:即迪米雅特(Dimyat),现埃及的重要港口之一。
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.92.
[4]埃弗里普斯:优卑亚岛上的一个城镇,以观潮闻名,后来被称为内格罗庞蒂(Negroponte),现在名为加尔西斯(Chalkis)。
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.98.
[6]希俄斯岛:希腊东部岛屿。
[7]参见Heath,lan.Byzantine Armies,AD 1118-1461,p.4.Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.98.
[1]Birkenmeier,J.W.The Development of the Komenian Army:1081-1180,pp.99-103.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.163.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.175.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.203.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.279.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.91.
[2]Heath,Ian.Byzantine Armies,AD 1118-1461,p.17.
[3]参见陈志强:《拜占廷学研究》,第292页。
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.12.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.106.
[2]参见Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.107.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.261.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.253.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.260.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.262.
[7]普罗萨科斯现位于马其顿共和国境内。
[8]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.279.
[9]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.70.
[1]Kinnamos,John.Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus,p.158.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.69.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.290.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.10.
[5]安科纳:意大利中部一城市,邻亚得里亚海,是重要的港口和工商业中心。
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.113.
[7]达尼什曼迪兹是土库曼朝代之一,于11和12世纪统治安纳托利亚东部,是罗姆苏丹(Sultanate of Rum)的头号竞争对手。
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.13.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.113.
[3]Ibid.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.70.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.70-71.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.279.
[7]陈志强:《拜占廷学研究》,第293页。
[1]奥斯特洛格尔斯基:《拜占廷帝国》,第25页。
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.201-202.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.225-226.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.164.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.250.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.142.
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.153.
[8]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.302.
[9]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.141.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.7.
[2]阿利埃斯和乔治·杜比:《私人生活史》,第一卷,李群等译,三环出版社,北方文艺出版社2007年版,第524页。
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.96.
[4]Ibid.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.26-27.
[6]哈尔克的救世主基督教堂在美塞(Mese)大街的尽头,索玛伊特斯(Thomaites)的西南方,在皮塔基亚(Pittakia)和休西波斯(Zeuxippos)的公共浴室之间。由罗曼努斯一世·利卡潘努斯(Romanus I Lekapenos,920～944年在位)修建。约翰一世·基米斯基(John I Tzimiskes,969～976年)扩建教堂并用大量金银装饰,他的坟墓也在这里。教堂有众多珍贵的遗迹,比如贝来图斯(Berytus)的圣像和基督神圣的凉鞋。参见Patria Constantinoupoleos III,in Scriptores Originum Constantinopolitanarum,Edited by T.Preger,Leipzig,1901,reprint ed.,Leipzig,1975,pp.282-283,
转引自 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.754.
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.151.
[8]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.30.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.126.
[2]Ibid.
[3]Ibid.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.7.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.29.
同时参见Kinnamos,John.Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus,p.35.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.80.
[7]时为924年11月19日。参见Gregoire,H."The Amorians and Macedonians 842-1025",The Cambridge Medieval History,vol.4,The Byzantine Empire,Edited by J.M.Hussey et al.,pt.1,Cambridge,England,1966,pp.154-155;
Charanis,P."The Monastic Properties and the State in the Byzantine Empire",Dumbarton Oaks Papers,4(1948),55sqq.
[8]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.117.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.180.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.100.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.241.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.130.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.79.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.262-263.
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.299.
[8]参见Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.67,79,269.
[9]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.249.
[10]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.29.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.262.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.191.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.239.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.5.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.11.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.343.
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.208.
[8]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.279.
[9]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.308.
[10]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.165.
同时参见Eustathios,The Capture of Thessaloniki,82.6-12.
[11]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.8.
[1]参见Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.8-9.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.268.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.292.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.101.
[5]Ibid.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.127.
同时参见Eustathios,The Capture of Thessaloniki,18.25-28.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.242.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.243.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.341-342.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.357.
[5]Ibid.
[6]参见陈志强:《拜占廷帝国史》,第459页。
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.53.
[8]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.129.
[9]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.160.
[10]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.219.
同时参见Brand,Charles M.Byzantium Confronts the West 1180-1204,pp.91,338,n.39.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.280-281.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.160.
[3]参见Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.23.
[4]西普塞:现在色雷斯地区的伊普萨拉(Ipsala)。
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.155.
[6]沙提勇(Chatillon)的雷金纳德是安条克的君主(1153～1160年),尼基塔斯称他为杰拉尔多斯(Geraldos),雷金纳德是安条克的康斯坦丝的第二任丈夫。参见Baldwin,Marshall W."The Latiin States under Baldwin III and Amalric I,1143-1174",A History of the Crusades,Edited by Kenneth M.Setton,vol.1,Masison,Wisc.,1969,554.539-540.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.62.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.79.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.177.
[4]皮西亚:在查尔西顿(Chalcedon)的南边,现在位于土耳其境内,被称为亚洛瓦(Yalova)。现存自君士坦丁时代遗留下来的诸多公共澡堂遗迹。
[5]阿斯塔克诺斯:得名于古代城市阿斯塔科斯(Astakos)。
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.291.
[7]参见Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.137.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.242.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.262.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.155.
[4]圣灰星期三这天,人们将灰洒于头顶或衣服上,以示悔改或懊悔。自第10世纪始,洒在身上的灰要经过祝福,因而被称为圣灰。
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.291.
[6]这一天是大斋节的第一个星期六,是圣塞奥多利·提诺(Tiro)的节日。小麦种子煮熟后被称为kollyva,人们在这天将它们带到教堂里来纪念死亡和坚信基督的复活。参见Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.131.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.24.
[2]莱德斯托斯:又被称为罗多斯托(Rodosto),现名为泰基尔达(Tekirdagh),是一个在马尔马拉海边的港口,在赫拉克雷亚(Heraldeia)和潘尼多斯(Panidos)之间。
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.246.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.162.
[5]Ibid.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.340.
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.11.
[8]东大门也被称为皇帝的大门,又名圣巴巴拉门或是圣迪米特里(Demetrios)门,现被称为托普卡匹(Topkapi)。在1126年约翰二世和1168年曼努埃尔一世的凯旋仪式中取代了黄金大门成为最重要的入口,参见Guilland,Roddolphe.Etudes de topographie de Constantinople Byzantine,2vols,Amstersam,1969,pp.135-136,
转引自Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.435.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.12.
[2]参见陈志强:《拜占庭帝国史》,第464页。
[3]安条海亚:塞琉西王国安条克一世(Antiochus I,公元前281～前261年在位)在近东地区修建或是修复的多座城市皆被称为安条海亚。尼基塔斯记载的这个安条海亚现今位置不详。
[4]拜占廷人的铙钹以响铜制造,可能有手柄,与我国古代铙钹不同,其手柄在中央。参见陈志强:《拜占庭帝国史》,第496页。
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.272.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.169.
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.193.
[8]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.213.
[9]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.248.
[10]巴斯鱼是许多食用和游钓鱼类的统称。大部分巴斯鱼属于属鲈形目(Perciformes)的3个科:鮨科(Serranidae,包括海鲈、石斑鱼等约400多种)、石鮨科(Moronidac,约12种,如欧洲石鮨和条纹石鮨)、日鲈科(Ccntrarchidac,包括太阳鱼、黑鲈)。其它许多鱼类也被称巴斯鱼,如海峡巴斯鱼和黑莓鲈。
[11]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.33.
[12]参见Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.193-194.
[13]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.235.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.242.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.326-329.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.327.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.352.
[5]卤水是拜占廷人用来保存和腌制食物的一种液体。
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.33-34.
[7]古希腊和罗马男女穿着一种宽松的有袖或无袖的长袍。袍子长及膝盖。
[8]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.65.
[9]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.339.
[10]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.93.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.64.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.85.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.100.
参见Kinnamos,John.Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus,n.418.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.242.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.22.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.271.
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.101.
[8]众城的女王:即君士坦丁堡。
[9]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.31.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.293.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.226.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.273.
[4]Ibid.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.241.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.289.
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.338.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.94.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.193-194.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.273.
[4]参见Aelian,De Natura Animalium,6.28;Athenaeus 316bc,转引自Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.892.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.177.
[6]在贝克尔(Bekker)的版本中这种动物被称为小蜥蜴,Choniates,Nicetas.Nicetae Choniatae Historia/ex recensione Immanuelis,Immanuel Bekker ed.,Bonnae:E.Weber,1835,p.17.
[7]盖伦:全名Claudius Galenus of Pergamum,古罗马的医学大师。他一生写了131部著作,其中《论解剖过程》、《论身体各部器官功能》两书阐述了他自己在人体解剖生理上的许多发现。其医学理论在文艺复兴时期的欧洲都占有重要地位。
[8]参见陈志强:《拜占廷帝国史》,第462页。
[9]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.247.
[10]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.273.
[11]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.273-274.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.23.
[2]罗马人穿的带子鞋上的一块皮,或是从死的野兽上剥下的皮。
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals ofNiketas Choniates,p.23.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.23-24.
[5]截肢手术在公元前3000多年的埃及便已存在。根据考古报告显示,考古学家在胡夫金字塔附近挖掘出了工人的营地以及墓地。墓地出土了600多位古埃及人的骷髅,X光的研究表明,这些人的年龄在30到35岁,其中有一位工人的脚被石头砸烂,接受了截肢手术后又活了14年。
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.274.
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.137.
[8]Kazhdan,A."The Image of the Medical Doctor in Byzantine Literature of the Tenth to Twelfth Centuries",Dumbarton Oaks Papers,Vol.38,Symposium on Byzantine Medicine,1984,p.51.
[9]Kazhdan,A."The Image of the Medical Doctor in Byzantine Literature of the Tenth to Twelfth Centuries",p.51.
[1]Kazhdan,A.P.the Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium,p.208.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.273.
[3]陈志强:《拜占廷帝国史》,第449页。
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.108.
[5]阿利埃斯和乔治·杜比:《私人生活史》,第一卷,第553页。
[6]陈志强:《拜占廷帝国史》,第462页。
[7]阿利埃斯和乔治·杜比:《私人生活史》,第一卷,第553页。
[8]曼戈:《拜占庭建筑》,张本慎等译,中国建筑工业出版社1999年版,第123页。
[9]#12
[10]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.244.
[11]吕大吉:《宗教学通论新编》,中国社会科学出版社1998年版,第293页。
[1]Magdalino,Paul and Maria V.Mavroudi.The Occult Sciences in Byzantium,Geneva:La Pomme d'or,2006,p.27.
[2]Magdalino,Paul and Maria V.Mavroudi.The Occult Sciences in Byzantium,p.28.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.67.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.211.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.141.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.141.
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.30.
[8]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.251.
[1]Choniates Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.107.
[2]Choniates Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.128.
[3]Choniates Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.195.
[4]Choniates Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.96.
[5]Choniates Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.191.
[6]Choniates Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.225.
[7]Choniates Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.252.
[8]Choniates Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.222.
[9]Choniates Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.224.
[10]Choniates Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.237-238,304-305.
[11]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.213-241.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.46-47.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.256-257.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.187-188.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.55.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.96.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.124-125.
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.84-85.
[8]Choniates.Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.84.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.82.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.83.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.46-47.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.84.
[5]吕大吉:《宗教学通论新编》,第309页。
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.84.
[7]罗伯逊:《社会学》,黄育馥译,商务印书馆1991年版,第747页。
[1]陈志强:《拜占廷学研究》,第289页。
[2]《申命记》18.10-11。
[3]林中泽:《新约圣经中的神迹及其历史影响》,载《世界历史》,2006年第6期,第92页。
[4]Greenfield,Richard."Sorcery and politics at the Byzantine court in the twelfth century:interpretations of history",in Roderick Beaton and Charlotte Roueche,eds.,The Making of Byzantine History,Aldershot:Variorum,1991,p.78.
[5]林中泽:《新约圣经中的神迹及其历史影响》,第89页。
[6]赫西俄德:《工作与时日·神谱》,张竹明等译,商务印书馆1996年版,第33页。
[1]Kors,Alan Charles and Edward Peters.Witchcraft in Europe,400-1700:A Documentary History,2~(nd) edition,University of Pennsylvania Press,2001,pp.22-61.
[2]http://www.cawhi.com/show.aspx?id=4594&eid=8
[3]Pausanias.Description of Greece,Vol.3 books Ⅵ-Ⅷ(chaps.i-xxi),translated by W.H.S.Jones,book7,Achaia,1988,p.269.
[4]Vasilliev,A.A.History of the Byzantine Empire,324-1453,pp.487-488.
[1]Greenfield,Richard."Sorcery and politics at the Byzantine court in the twelfth century:interpretations of history",p.80.
[2]Greenfield,Richard."Sorcery and politics at the Byzantine court in the twelfth century:interpretations of history",p.78.
[3]Magdalino,Paul and Maria V.Mavroudi,The Occult Sciences in Byzantium,p.58
[4]Magdalino,Paul and Maria V.Mavroudi.The Occult Sciences in Byzantium,p.141.
[5]Magdalino,Paul and Maria V.Mavroudi.The Occult Sciences in Byzantium,p.28.
[6]Magdalino,Paul.The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos,1143-1180,Cambridge,1993,pp.377-382.
[1]陈志强:《拜占廷学研究》,第286页。
[2]陈志强:《拜占廷学研究》,第244-260页。
[3]Eastmond,Antony."An Intentional Error? Imperial Art and 'Mis'-Interpretation under Andronikos I Komnenos",The Art Bulletin,Vol.76,No.3,1994,p.502.
[1]参见荷马:《荷马史诗·伊利亚特》,第124页。
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.184.
[3]Brand,Charles M.Byzantium Confronts the West 1180-1204,p.329,n.51.布兰德在文中认为巨大的弯曲的镰刀就像一把剑,这一解释似乎曲解了尼基塔斯的描述。
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.194.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.183.
[6]参见张广翔等:《拜占庭文明的特征及对世界文化的影响——卡尔波夫教授吉林大学讲学综述》,载《史学理论研究》,2007年第3期,第157页。
[7]陈志强:《拜占廷学研究》,第238页。
[8]欧洲古代一种野牛(urus),现已灭绝。
[9]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.182-183.
[10]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.184.
[1]Cutler,Anthony."The De Signis of Nieetas Choniates.A Reappraisal",American Journal of Archaeology,Vol.72,No.2,1968,p.115.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.67-68.
[3]有学者认为这尊雅典娜雕像是古希腊雕刻家菲底亚斯(Phcidias,约公元前490～前430年)的杰作,也有人认为这是其作品的复制品。菲底亚斯曾奉命监督并可能设计了帕台农神庙中全部的装饰雕刻。他还创作了里面最重要的神像,包括巨大的雅典娜雕像。古代作家认为他的代表作是位于奥林匹亚的宙斯神庙中的宙斯雕像(约公元前430年)。 参见Queller,Donald E.TheFourth Crusade:The Conquest of Constantinople 1201-1204,University Park,Pa.,1977,p.130.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.305-306.
[1]《约书亚书》10.12。
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.353-354.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.360.
[4]关于十字军铸造的银币的问题,参见Cutler,Anthony."The De Signis of Nicetas Choniates.A Reappraisal",American Journal of Archaeology,p.116.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.357.
[6]尼基塔斯在这里记载有误,该雕像是利西普斯(Lysippos,约公元前370～前310年)的作品。其作品《刮汗污的运动员》被艺术史学家们普遍认为是古希腊雕刻中第一个真正的圆雕作品。利西普斯对巨大雕塑极具热情,普林尼在著作中对此有过描述。详情参见普林尼:《自然史》,34.40,转引自Cutler,Anthony."The De Signis of Nicetas Choniates.A Reappraisal",pp.113-118.
[7]亚克兴:希腊西部—海角和古镇,公元前31年,屋大维在此战胜安东尼和克利奥帕特拉。
[8]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.358-359.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.359.
[2]Ibid.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.358.
[4]Cutler,Anthony."The De Signis of Nicetas Choniates.A Reappraisal",p.114.
[5]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blachernae
[1]曼戈:《拜占庭建筑》,第123页。
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.117.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.150.
[4]1honiates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.64,96.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.222.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.191.
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.182.
[8]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.243.
[9]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.242.
[10]基督爱世人修道院距圣水泉(hagiasma)约60米远,从纪念碑一直延伸到君士坦丁堡南边的海边城墙。现存的修道院正面的地基。基督爱世人修道院不是因为阿莱克修斯一世·科穆宁而著名,而是因为1308年左右的皇帝安德罗尼库斯二世·帕列奥列格的女儿伊琳妮而闻名于世。参见Mathews,Thomas F.The Byzantine Churches of Istanbul:A Photographic Survey,University Park,Pa.,1977,p.200.
[1]即大皇宫中的法罗斯(Pharos)处女教堂。这座实际上是一个贵重珍宝的博物馆,保存了包括圣矛和荆棘王冠在内的圣物。参见Brand,Charles M.Byzantium Confronts the West 1180-1204,pp.261,381,n.66.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.126.
[1]曼戈:《拜占庭建筑》,第126页。
[2]参见Mathews,Thomas F.The Byzantine Churches of Istanbul:A Photographic Survey,pp.59-70.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.136.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.136-137.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.154.
[6]曼戈:《拜占庭建筑》,第123页。
[7]曼戈:《拜占庭建筑》,第123页。
[8]库菲克是阿拉伯的一种字体。早期的正规字体被称为“库菲克”,这种字体形式简单,易于写在羊皮纸或刻在石头上,继而出现了“流畅的库菲克”体,较前者更为美观。最后出现花体草,名为“苏鲁思”,这种字体同今日的阿拉伯文印刷体十分相似。船形迪瓦尼体是由库菲尔体演变而来的,是阿拉伯书法中的装饰性书体之一。
[9]半圆形的拱券为古罗马建筑的重要特征,伊斯兰建筑的拱券则有尖形、马蹄形、弓形、三叶形、复叶形和钟乳形等多种。
[1]曼戈:《拜占庭建筑》,第126页。
[1]Browning,R."Byzantine Literature",in J.R.Strayer,Dictionary of the Middle Ages,Ⅱ,New York,1982-89,pp.513-515.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.218.
[2]Ibid.
[3]参见Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.224-225.
[4]Chalandon,Ferdinand.Jean Ⅱ Comnene(1183-1143) et Manuel Ⅰ Comnene(1143-1180).Les Comnene:Etudes sur l'empire byzantin au Xle et au XIIe siecles,ⅹⅹⅶ,
转引自 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.80.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.255.
[6]Ibid.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.4.
[2]潘塞西利亚是传说中勇敢的亚马孙女王,在特洛伊战争中被阿基里斯杀死。尼基塔斯笔下的这位是阿基坦的埃莉诺是法兰西国王路易斯七世的妻子、安条克雷蒙德的侄女,尼基塔斯称她为潘塞西利亚。参见Setton,Kenneth M.A History of the Crusades,vol.2,p.262,n.1.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.35.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.39.
[5]Ibid.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.39.
[2]张广智:《西方史学史》,复旦大学出版社 2000年版,第15页。
[3]希罗多德:《历史》,第506页。
[4]修昔底德:《伯罗奔尼撒战争史》,上卷,谢德风译,商务印书馆 2006年版,第20页。
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.ⅹⅶ.
[6]参见Choniates,Niketas.Dogmatike Panoplia,Book 25,in Patrologia cursus completus.Series graeco-latina.Editied by J.P.Migne,140,201-281.
同时参见Chalandon,Ferdinand.Jean Ⅱ Comnene(1183-1143) et Manuel ⅠComnene(1143-1180).Les Comnene:Etudes sur l'empire byzantin au Xle et au XIIe siecles,p.646-652,
转引自Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.570.
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals ofNiketas Choniates,p.120.
[8]该信件收录在The Annals of Roger de Hoveden,trans.H.T.Riley,vol.1,London,1853,pp.419-423.
参见Vasiliev,A.A."Manuel Comnenus and Henry Piantagenet",Byzantinsches Zeitschrifle,29,1929-30,pp.237-240.
[1]参见陈志强:《拜占廷帝国》,第22页。
[2]Chalandon,Ferdinand.Jean Ⅱ Comnene(1183-1143) et Manuel Ⅰ Comnene(1143-1180).Les Comnene:Etudes sur l'empire byzantin au Xle et au XIIie siecles,ⅹⅹⅵ,
转引自Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.84.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.170
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.4.
[5]Kinnamos,John.Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus,p.11.卡日丹于1963年发表在Byzantinoslavica 第24期的文章详细对比了尼基塔斯和金纳莫斯笔下约翰二世和曼努埃尔一世统治时期的细节。
[1]参见Kinnamos,John.Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus,pp.27-28,
[2]参见Browning,R."The Death of John Ⅱ Comnenus",Byzantion,31,1961,pp.229-235.
[3]Browning,R.The Byzantine Empire,New York,1980,p.125.
[4]Chalandon,Ferdinand.Jean Ⅱ Comnene(1183-1143) et Manuel Ⅰ Comnene(1143-1180).
Les Comnene:Etudes sur l'empire byzantin au Xle et au XIIe siecles,ⅹⅹⅵ,
转引自Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.87.
[5]Chalandon,Ferdinand.Jean Ⅱ Comnene(1183-1143) et Manuel Ⅰ Comnene(1143-1180).
Les Comnene:Etudes sur l'empire byzantin au Xle et au XIIe siecles,ⅹⅹⅹ,
转引自 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.90.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.4.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.213.
[3]Ibid.
[4]修昔底德:《伯罗奔尼撒战争史》,上卷,第20页。
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.213.
[2]Kinnamos,John.Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus,p.9.
[3]Chalandon,Ferdinand.Jean Ⅱ Comnene(1183-1143) et Manuel Ⅰ Comnene(1143-1180).
Les Comnene:Etudes sur l'empire byzantin au Xle et au XIIe siecles,ⅹⅹⅷ,
转引自Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.88.
[4]参见Kinnamos,John.Deeds o f John and Manuel Comnenus,pp.60,68,106-111,117.
[5]Kazhdan,A.and A.W.Epstein,Change in Byzantine Culture in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries,Berkeley,Los Angeles,London,1985,pp.206-207.
[6]Kazhdan,A.and A.W.Epstein,Change in Byzantine Culture in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries,p.214.
[1]Wachsmuth,C.Einleitung in das Studium der alten Geschichte,Leipzig,1895,pp.32-33,
转引自叶民:《最后的古典:阿米安和他笔下的晚期罗马帝国》,天津人民出版社2004年版,第60页。
[1]章节统计参见迪尔特恩编注校对的尼基塔斯《记事》手稿原文:Choniates,Nicetas.Nicetae Choniatae Historia,rec.Ioannes Aloysius van Dieten,Berolini,Novi Eboraci:de Gruyter,1975.
[1]参见叶民:《最后的古典》,第63页。
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.4.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.72.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.99.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.64.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.66.
[5]叶民:《最后的古典》,第74页。
[6]修昔底德:《伯罗奔尼撒战争史》,上卷,第120页。
[1]参见叶民:《最后的古典》,第74页。
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.155.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.20.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.225.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.58.
[6]陈志强:《拜占廷学研究》,第278页
[7]陈志强:《拜占廷学研究》,第279页。
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.8.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.10.
[3]陈志强:《拜占廷学研究》,第284页。
[4]Choniates Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.149.
[5]Choniates Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.7.
[6]Choniates Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.24.
[7]Choniates Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.87.
[8]Choniates Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.131.
[9]Choniates Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.162.
[10]Choniates Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.21.
11 陈志强:《拜占廷学研究》,第287页。
12 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.149.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.302.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.291.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.330.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.21.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.90.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.206.
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.211.
[1]克罗齐:《历史学的理论与实际》,傅任敢译,商务印书馆1982年版,第145页。
[2]陈新:《论西方现代历史叙述范式的形成与嬗变》,载《江西师范大学学报》,1999年第3期。
[1]怀特:《形式的内容:叙事话语与历史再现》,董立河译,北京出版社出版集团,文津出版社2005年版,第2页。
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.65.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.99.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.123.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.4.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.119.
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.294.
[8]Kazhdan,A.and A.W.Epstein,Change in Byzantine Culture in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries,p.204.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.21.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.225.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.330.
[4]以《记事》英文版为准。
[5]参见Kazhdan,A.and A.W.Epstein.Change in Byzantine Culture in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries,Berkeley,Los Angeles,London,1985,p.226.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.3.
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.4.
[8]Ibid.
[9]Ibid.
[10]Ibid.
11 参见尼采:《古修辞学描述》,屠友祥译,上海人民出版社2001年版,第23页。
[1]亚里士多德:《修辞学》,罗念生译,上海世纪出版集团2006年版,第175页。
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.4.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.21.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.46.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.21.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.7.
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.14.
[8]《玛拉基书》3.1;《马太福音》11.10:《马可福音》1.1。
[9]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.138.
[10]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.159.
[1]叶民:《最后的古典》,第78页。
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.88-89.
[3]周兵:《西方古典修辞学与史学——以修昔底德为例》,载《史学理论研究》,2004年第3期,第59页。
[4]根据亚里士多德《修辞学》的观点:“演说按听众的种类分为三种,即政治演说、诉讼演说和典礼演说。”“政治演说”原文意思是“审议式演说”,演说者在这种演说中对政治问题加以审议,提出劝告,这实际上就是政治演说。“诉讼演说”指法庭上的控告与答辩,听众为陪审员。“典礼演说”原文为“炫耀式演说”,这种演说用于典礼场合,多数用书面形式发表,演说者卖弄才华,讲究风格。参见亚里士多德:《修辞学》,第28-30页。
[1]参见《耶利米哀歌》2.13。
[2]参见《耶利米书》15.5:《路加福音》14.32:《诗篇》121.6。
[3]《以赛亚书》51.17。
[4]《以赛亚书》52.1-2。
[5]《以赛亚书》52.2。
[6]《以赛亚书》54.2。
[7]《以赛亚书》54.4。
[8]尼基塔斯对君士坦丁堡有多种称呼,如拜占廷(Byzantion)、拜占提斯(Byzantis)、众城的女王、皇帝的城市、“城市”(The City)、美丽的君士坦丁堡和巨大的都市(megalopolis)等。
[9]《耶利米哀歌》2.15。
[10]《耶利米哀歌》1.1。
11 《以赛亚书》54.7-8。
12 《诗篇》94.19。
13 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.317-318.
14 《约伯记》5.18。
15 参见《耶利米书》14.20-21。
16 《耶利米书》10.24-25。
17 《以赛亚书》64.8。
18 参见《耶利米哀歌》5.1-2。
[1]参见《耶利米哀歌》5.21。
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.318.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.3.
[4]Choniates,Michael.Monodia,363.21-25,
转引自Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.231.
[5]参见Cutler,Anthony."The De Signis of Nicetas Choniates.A Reappraisal",American Journal of Archaeology,Vol.72,No.2,1968,p.117.
[6]此人为塞奥多拉·科穆宁,是曼努埃尔哥哥安德罗尼库斯的女儿,也就是曼努埃尔的侄女。
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.32.
[8]Ibid.
[9]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p,59.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.242.
[2]佛兰德尔:中世纪欧洲一伯爵领地,包括现比利时的东佛兰德省和西佛兰德省以及法国北部部分地区。
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.328.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.77.
[5]Ibid.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.65.
[7]在拜占廷人的概念中,即没有兑水的酒。
[8]参见荷马:《荷马史诗·伊利亚特》,第19页。
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.192-193.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.63.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.64.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.8.
[5]Ibid.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.200.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.234.
[2]金纳莫斯将命运等同于必然性。参见Kazhdan."Eshche raz o Kinname I Nikite Khoniate",BS,ⅹⅹⅳ,1963,pp.29-30,
转引自Kazhdan,A.and S.Franklin.Studies on Byzantine Literature of the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries,Cambridge University Press,1984,p.181.
[3]Kazhdan,A.and S.Franklin.Studies on Byzantine Literature of the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries,pp.180-181.
[4]Byrd,Kimberly.Figures of Heroism and Contempt in the Histories of John Kinnamos and Niketas Choniates,Thesis(M.A.),University of Washington,1993,p.28.
[5]Kazhdan,A.and S.Franklin.Studies on Byzantine Literature of the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries,p.274.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.24.
[7]犹太谚语。
[8]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.24.
[9]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.100.
[10]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.24.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.73.
[2]《传道书》1.9。
[3]《传道书》1.14。
[4]《诗篇》33.11。
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.52.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.87.
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.107.
[8]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.188.
[9]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.107.
[10]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.66.
11 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.149.
12 荷马:《荷马史诗·奥德赛》,王焕生译,人民文学出版社1997年版,第10页。
13 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.173.
14 Ibid.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.182.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.80.
[3]《以赛亚书》1.9。
[4]《申命记》32.39。
[5]《诗篇》125.3。
[6]《诗篇》43.24。
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.106.
[8]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.228.
[9]洛维特:《世界历史与救赎历史》,李秋零等译,上海世纪出版社,第42页。
[10]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.155.
11 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.170.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.19.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.24.
[3]Ibid.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.25.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.25.
参见 Kinnamos,John.Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus,p.27.
[6]《创世纪》27.29,27.40。
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.132-133.
[8]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.36.
[9]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.103.
[10]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.27.
11 参见《箴言》8.15。“帝王藉我做国位,君王藉我定公平”。
12 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.172.
13 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.232.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.9.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.45.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.87.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.237.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.264.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.38.
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.67.
[1]《诗篇》69.28。
[2]《哥林多前书》15.52。
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.3.
[4]版本同前,为简体和合本《圣经》。
[1]《诗篇》69.28。
[2]《启示录》3.5。
[3]《启示录》12.15。
[4]参见唐崇平:《基督教信仰实义》,真道之声1998年版,第七章。
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.154.
[6]Ibid.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.3.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.357.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.3.
[1]Meyendorff,John.Byzantine Theology,history trends and doctrinal themes,Fordham University Press,New York,1987,p.2.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.97.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.3.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.318.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.4.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.3.
[2]Ibid.
[3]Ibid.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.265.
[5]Ibid.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.357.
[7]Psellus,Michael.Fourteen Byzantine Rulers:the Chronographia of Michael Psellus,translated,with an introduetion by E.R.A.Sewter,Harmondsworth:Penguin Books,1966,p.260.
[8]Psellus,Michael.Fourteen Byzantine Rulers:the Chronographia of Michael Psellus,p.257.
[9]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.3.
[10]Chalandon,Ferdinand.Jean Ⅱ Comnene(1183-1143) et Manuel Ⅰ Comnene(1143-1180).
Les Comnene:Etudes sur l'empire byzantin au Ale et au XIIe siecles,ⅹⅹⅷ,
转引自Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.88.
[1]参见Duff,E.The Greek and Roman Historians,p.33.
[2]参见修昔底德:《伯罗奔尼撒战争史》,第231-243页。
[3]修昔底德:《伯罗奔尼撒战争史》,第19-20页。
[1]李剑鸣:《历史学家的修养和技艺》,上海三联书店2007年版,第83页。
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.3.
[3]Ibid.
[4]参见Kinnamos,John.Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus,p.13.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.3.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.347.
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.65.
[8]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.78.
[9]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.355.
[10]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.294.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.3.
[2]《诗篇》69.28。
[3]《哥林多前书》15.52。
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.3.
[5]《哥林多前书》15.52。
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.3.
[7]Ibid.
[8]Ibid.
[9]Ibid.
[10]希罗多德:《历史》,上册,第1页。
[1]塔西佗:《编年史》,王以铸译,商务印书馆1981年版,第185页。
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.3.
[3]Ibid.
[4]Ibid.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.8.
[6]参见Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.328.
[7]Byrd,Kimberly.Figures of Heroism and Contempt in the Histories of John Kinnamos and Niketas Choniates,p.51.
[8]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.321-322.
[9]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.3.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.290.
[1]尼基塔斯写道:“美好的事物后面总是出现丑陋的一面。……随着卡斯塔莫尼特斯之死,一个本应该跟着小学教师学习在写字板上写字的少年却得到了皇帝的宠爱。……这个小孩担任了管理公共事务的官职。在之后一年内,他挥洒手中的笔和墨水;不仅仅像领头的鲸鱼一样指导皇帝,还管理军队的登记簿,就像他从幼年就开始训练处理重大事物似的,或是在出生前就被托付了管理世间的任务……他被赋予的权力远远超过卡斯塔莫尼特斯。”Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.241.
[2]“罗马皇帝阿莱克修斯在很早之前就接到关于拉丁人行动的消息,却没有做什么来维护罗马人的利益;他太过懒惰。……有人向他建议要准备好合适的战争武器,最首要的是开始建造战舰,结果他的顾问在对牛弹琴。他放纵自己享受餐后的巧辩,任性地忽视关于拉丁人的报告;他让自己忙碌于修建奢侈的浴室,夷平小山填满沟壑来种植葡萄,将自己的时间浪费在这样和那样的事情中。那些希望伐木造船的人被巨大的困难所震慑,太监们守卫着茂密的山林,这些山林是为皇帝狩猎所用,就像它们是上帝种植的神圣的小树林和花园一样。”Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.296.
[3]“在与塞尔柱突厥人的战斗中,皇帝看见一个没有马骑的意大利骑兵,命令他身边的侄儿从阿拉伯牡马上下来,并把马送给那个意大利人,因为他知道他的侄儿并不缺马。他的侄儿情绪高涨、非同寻常的傲慢,拒绝了皇帝的命令,显示出极大的愤慨和轻率的对立。他轻蔑的向拉丁人挑战要求决斗;如果他赢了,那马就是他的了。但是约翰发现皇帝发怒了,他不能长时间违抗他的叔叔,不情愿地让出了马。他沮丧地骑上另一匹马,拿起他的长矛,向敌人的阵营冲去。在前进了一小段距离之后,他把长矛抗在肩上,摘下头盔,叛逃到塞尔柱突厥人那里去了。”Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.21.
[4]“皇帝从监狱中释放了依沙克的儿子阿莱克修斯,允许他自由行动。当皇帝准备出发征讨西部陆军统帅的叛乱。……他带上了阿莱克修斯作为旅行的同伴。后者,大概遵循了其父的指示,阿莱克修斯在某个比萨人的帮助下逃跑了。”Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.294.
[1]“无论征集造船费和过去所任命的舰队官员有怎样的贡献,他用令人信服的辩解挪用了国库资金,几乎完全放弃岛屿和需要有人驾驶的三列桨战舰。他解释国家和民众不是经常性地需要三列桨战舰,每一年以它们来获利话会入不敷出,因此这些资金应该存放在国库中,皇帝提供给海军的补给和薪水应该是在它需要的时候发放。”Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.32-33.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.33.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.58.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.296.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.297.
[6]“居民们声称他们无法忍受专制和税收,再也受不了他(吉姆诺斯)不断酗酒和无礼的行为,于是他们构想出邪恶的计划,目的是彻底的背叛。在完成计划之前,他们便意外获得天赐良机,于是他们向西西里人的舰队统帅求助。……统帅与他们达成协议,同意派给他们1000名重装骑士作为守备部队。”Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.43.
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.43.
[8]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.44.
[9]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.164-165.
[10]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.276.
[1]《以赛亚书》1.9。
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.70.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.115-116.
[1]Geanakoplos,D.J."Church and State in the Byzantine Empire:A Reconsideration of the Problem of Caesaropapism",Church History,3,1969,p.381-403.另见其Byzantine East and Latin West:Two Worlds of Christendom in Middle Ages and Renaissance;Studies in Ecclesiastical and Cultural History,New York:Harper & Row,1966,p.61.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.171.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.24.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.27.
[1]源自于希腊传说:伊克西翁(Ixion)是塞萨利的拉庇泰(Lapiths)的王,因追求赫拉而被宙斯处罚,被绑在冥界一个不断旋转的轮子上,轮子被蛇包围着。另一个传说讲述他拥抱宙斯用云做的赫拉的像,于是成为半人马的父亲。
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.128.
[3]Ibid.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.27.
[5]Ibid.
[6]Ibid.
[7]Ibid.
[8]恩迪米翁:希腊神话中被月神阿尔忒米斯所爱的俊美的牧羊人,在永恒的睡眠中保持青春。
[9]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.321.
[10]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.27.
11 Ibid.
[1]荷马:《荷马史诗·伊利亚特》,第56页。
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.300.
[3]奥斯特洛格尔斯基:《拜占廷帝国》,第328页。
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.166,同时参见《约伯记》3.21。
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.178.
[6]参见《路加福音》12.53;《马太福音》10.21。
[7]参见《路加福音》12.52;《马太福音》10.25。
[8]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.178.
[9]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.195.
[10]参见《马太福音》26.52;《启示录》13.10。
11 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.195.
12 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.35.
13 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.81.
[1]参见《创世记》9.13-16。
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.181.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.39.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.38-39.
[5]Ibid.
[6]Ibid.
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.171.
[8]参见Choniates,Niketas.Dogmatike Panoplia,Book 27,转引自Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.127-128.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.127.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.144.
[3]参见Eustathios,The Capture of Thessaloniki,40.23-27,转引自Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.708.
[4]参见《马可福音》13.12。
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.144.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.164.
[7]《以赛亚书》1.5。
[8]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.144.
[9]Ibid.
[10]参见《诗篇》81.16。
11 参见《路加福音》15.23。
[1]参见荷马:《荷马史诗·伊利亚特》,第196页。
[2]参见希罗多德:《历史》,下册,第608页。
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.144.
[4]Ibid.
[5]尼基塔斯这样记载:“安德罗尼库斯身后留下像一串串葡萄一样吊在树上的尸体。他不允许任何被刺在尖桩上的人被埋葬;让他们被太阳暴晒,随风摇摆,就像菜园里被看园子的人竖起来的稻草人一样。……他惩罚了更多的人:他砍掉一些人的手,剪断他们的手指就像手指是葡萄藤的枝丫一样,他切断其他人的腿。很多人被砍断了双手并挖掉了眼睛;有些人被挖掉右眼和砍断左腿,有些人相反。”Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.160.
[6]法令如下:“提示,不是因为我们强大和神圣的君主和皇帝,而是上帝的旨意,我们投票并宣告,为了共同的利益,特别是为了罗马人的救世主安德罗尼库斯的利益,那些所有因为执意煽动叛乱而被逮捕和被监禁的人,或是被流放的人,必须被处死;除此之外,他们的亲属和血亲应该被逮捕并处死。这必须被执行,安德罗尼库斯在上帝的帮助下掌握了统治罗马人的权力,他享受短暂的休息,关心公众事务,处理不明智的叛乱者,向国外的西西里人施加压力,西西里人不再有人领导他们按照策略对抗罗马人,同我们唱反调。今后,所有做这种事的人都会被逮捕并被挖出眼睛,留下他们顽固的怨恨,他们至死无法恢复知觉。……后面附有被捕的人和被处死的人的名单。”法令还规定了每个人被处死的方式。Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.185-186.
[7]《约翰福音》8.44。
[8]《创世记》4.10。
[9]《以西结书》33.11。
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.163.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.151.
[3]参见《箴言》14.12。
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.174.
[5]庇西特拉图(约公元前600～公元前527年),古希腊雅典僭主。
[6]#12
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.321.
[8]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.137.
[9]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.146.
[1]《马太福音》7.15。
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.140.
尼基塔斯在此使用了《伊索寓言》里面的典故,如“农夫和蛇”以及“牧人和狼”。参见伊索:《伊索寓言》,罗念生等译,人民文学出版社1981年版,第30、126页。
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.96.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.46-47.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.55.
[3]Ibid.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.87.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.30.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.222.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.305-306.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.306.
[4]参见Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.223.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.291.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.124.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.82.
[3]Ibid.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.83.
[1]奥斯特洛格尔斯基:《拜占廷帝国》,第300页。
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.10.
[3]Ibid.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.22.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.69.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.295.牧首卡马斯特罗斯称丹多洛为“斜眼”。
[2]参见Choniates,Nicetas.Nicetae Choniatae orationes et epistulae,Oration 8,68,转引自Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.104,pp.337-338.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.59.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.341-342.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.357.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.191.
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.10.
[8]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.18.
[9]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.68.
[10]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.286.
11 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.22.
12 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.54.
[1]德萨是塞尔维亚的大祖潘,1155年之前短暂统治塞尔维亚,第二次统治使从从1161到1165年。参见Kinnamos,John.Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus,p.251,n.5.
同时参见Grumel,V.La Chronologie:Traite d'etudes Byzantines,Edited by P.Lemerle,Vol.1,Paris,1958,pp.389-390,
转引自Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.382.
[2]谚语:指一个人善变。参见Eustathios,The Capture of Thessaloniki,commentarii ad Homeri Iliadem,374.44,
转引自Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.383.
[3]参见Euripides,Hippolytos,612,see translation of E.P.Coleridge in The Complete Greek Drama,Whitney J.Oates & Eugene O'Neill ed.,Jr.,New York,1938,
转引自Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.384.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.78.
[5]参见Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.60.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.382.
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.358.
[8]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.195.
[9]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.74.
[10]参见Janin,R.Les Eglises et les monasteres des grand centres byzantins,Paris,1975,p.379,
转引自Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.268,n.1331.
11 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.143.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.328.
[2]荷马:《荷马史诗·伊利亚特》,第64页。
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.361.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.292.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.305.
[1]参见Vassilaki,Maria ed.Images of the Mother of God,perceptions of the Theotokos in Byzantium,Aldershot,Hants,England;Burlington,USA:Ashgate,2005,p.191.
[2]爱德华·吉本:《罗马帝国衰亡史》,下册,第260-261页。
[3]道成肉身是基督教的主要教义。该教义认为耶稣基督是三位一体中的第二位格,即圣子。他与上帝是同一本体,与圣父同在。本体是上帝的圣道。因世人皆犯罪而无法自救,上帝遂差遣其独生爱子来到世间,以道通过童贞女玛利亚由圣灵感孕,取得肉身而降世为人,作为救世主拯救世人,故称道成肉身。
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.90.
[5]《路加福音》24.49。
[6]参见《出埃及记》17.11。
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.10.
[8]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.244.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.247.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.107-108.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.241.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.12.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.89-90.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.312.
[2]参见Brand,Charles M.Byzantium Confronts the West 1180-1204,p.253;
Queller,Donald E.The Fourth Crusade:The Conquest of Constantinople 1201-1204,pp.134-136.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.36.
[4]引导世人的圣母(Theotokos ton Hodegon)修道院位于圣索菲亚大教堂正东方向的沿海城墙附近,是5世纪由普尔海丽娅(Pulcheria)所建立的圣所,内保存有著名的引导世人的圣母像(Hodegetria)。参见Mathews,Thomas F.The Byzantine Churches of Istanbul:A Photographic Survey,p.201.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.209-230
[6]参见Vassilaki,Maria ed.Mother of God,reperceptions of the Virgin in Byzantium art,Milano:Skira;New York:Abbeville Pub.Group,2000,p.12.
[7]Confessor,Theophanes.The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor,Byzantine and Near Eastern History AD 284-813,translated with Introduction and Commentary by Cyril Mango and Roger Scott,Oxford 1997,p.546.
[8]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.244.
[9]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.348.
[10]Vassilaki,Maria ed.Mother of God,reperceptions of the Virgin in Byzantium art,Milano:Skira;New York,2000,p.37.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.241.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.18.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.243.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.183.
同时参见Confessor,Theophanes.The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor,Byzantine and Near Eastern History AD 284-813,285.4sqq.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.166.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.327.
[7]Graef,Hilda.Mary:A History of Doctrine and Devotion,Vol.Ⅰ,Sheed and Ward,New York,1963,p.146-147,
转引自顾蓓:《圣母崇拜的历史研究》,复旦大学博士学位论文,2003,第71页。
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniat~s,p.l 0
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniat#s,pp.12-13.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniat~s,p.247.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniat#s,p.18.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.183.
同时参见Confessor,Theophanes.The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor,Byzantine and Near Eastern History AD 284-813,285.4sqq.
[6]尼基塔斯这里描述表现出拜占廷人相信圣人的作用,认为圣人是基督和圣母的使节与信使。
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.194-195.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.194-195.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.169.
[3]参见《哥林多前书》6.20。
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.169.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.166.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.165.
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.166.
[8]Ibid.
[9]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.327.
[10]参见荷马:《荷马史诗·奥德赛》,第152页。
11 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.315.
12 Ibid.
13 Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.232.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.67.
[2]Ibid.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.191.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.302.
[5]Ibid.
[6]Ibid.
[7]圣塞奥多利·斯特拉特拉迪斯本是军队统帅,在皇帝李锡尼(Licinius,公元308～324年在位)时期成为伊拉克利亚(Herakleia)的殉教者,他的庆典节日定为每年的2月8日,其的遗物保存在君士坦丁堡。
[8]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.45.
[9]事实上,拉丁人的掠夺是由鲍尔温的兄弟弗雷德尔(Flanders)的亨利发起的。奎勒(Queller)认为守护圣母圣像的牧师是牧首的参孙(Samson),这一时期君士坦丁堡的牧首是约翰十世·卡马斯特罗斯(Kamateros)。布拉休(Bracieux)的彼得用头盔殴打牧师,夺走了这尊宝贵的守护神。参见Queller,Donald E.The Fourth Crusade:The Conquest of Constantinople 1201-1204,pp.134-136;
Brand,Charles M.Byzantium Confronts the West 1180-1204,p.253.
[10]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.222.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.44.
[2]《雅各书》5.12。
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.154-155.
[2]参见《列王记下》4.43。
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.354.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.355.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.354.
[6]Choniates,Nicetas.Nicetae Choniatae orationes et epistulae,letter 11,pp.216-217,转引自Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.70.
[7]参见Vryonis,Speros.The Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor and the Prpcess of Islamization from the Eleventh through the Fifteenth Century,p.442.
[8]王美秀等:《基督教史》,江苏人民出版社2006年版,第145页。
[9]薄脆:没有发酵的饼。
[10]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.222.
[1]麦奎利:《基督教神学原理》,何光沪译,上海三联书店2007年版,第445页。
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.283.
[3]Ibid.
[4]多马:耶稣十二门徒之一。据新约全书记载,他直到看到创伤时才相信耶稣已升天。
[5]金口约翰即克里索斯托姆(Chrysostom)。
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.283.
[7]未赎罪的原型就是面包和酒。
[8]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.283.
[9]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.284.
[10]Ibid.
[1]《约翰福音》14.28。
[2]宗教大会于1166年举行。参见Jean Gouillard,ed.And trans.,"Le Synodikon de l'Orthodoxie",Travaux et memoires,Centre de recherche d'historie et civilization byzantines,vol,2(Paris,1967),pp.75-77,
转引自Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.575.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.120.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.120-121.
[5]“神性放弃”(kenosis)在国内被翻译为“虚己”。《腓立比书》2.6-11中如是说“他本有神的形象,不以自己与神同等为强夺的,反倒虚己,取了奴仆的形象,成为人的样式。既有人的样子,就自己卑微,存心顺服,以至于死,且死在十字架上。所有神将他升为至高,又赐给他那超乎万名之上的名,叫一切在天上的、地上的和地底下的,因耶稣的名无不屈膝,无不口称耶稣基督为主,使荣耀归于父神。”即,基督在变为人和受死亡之苦时放弃上帝形象,或是耶稣放弃神性,降生为人并受死遭难。那么耶稣所说“父是比我大的”的意思从该段上下文看,是指救赎的计划安排。耶稣说:“父怎样吩咐我,我就怎样行。”《约翰福音》14.31。此话说出后不久,耶稣上十字架受难,而后复活升天,回到父那里去。按照救赎计划所安排,圣子一直凡事甘愿顺服天父的旨意。由他的降世、事工、受难、复活、升天等,莫不遵照圣父的旨意来成就救世。故圣经中皆以“圣父差遣圣子降世,圣子顺服圣父行事”的说法作记载,从未有相反之用法。
[6]参见Choniates,Niketas.Dgomatike Panoplia,Book 25,PG 140,201-281;
同时参见Chalandon,Ferdinand.Jean Ⅱ Comnene(1183-1143) et Manuel Ⅰ Comnene(1143-1180).Les Comnene:Etudes sur l'empire byzantin au Xle et au Ⅻe siecles,p.646-652,
转引自Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.570.
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.121.
[1]罗竹凤:《宗教经籍选编》,华东师范大学出版社1992年版,第421页。
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.121.
[3]参见Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.580.
[4]参见Vryonis,Speros Jr.The Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor and the Prpcess of Islamization from the Eleventh through the Fifteenth Century,pp.431,442.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.124.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.81.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.30.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.59.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.78.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.183.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.69.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.295.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.337-338.
同时参见Choniates,Nicetas.Nicetae Choniatae orationes et epistulae,Oration 8,68.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.32.
[5]Ibid.
[6]《雅各书》5.12.
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.39.
[8]Ibid.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.46.
[2]实际上是安德罗尼库斯大便失禁。
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.151-152.
[4]提托诺斯:特洛伊的创建人拉俄墨冬(Laomedon)之子。
[5]克隆诺斯:即克罗诺斯,提坦神(Titans)之一。
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.153,157.
[7]关于君士坦丁·安苴鲁斯·杜卡斯参见Brand,Charles M.Byzantium Confronts the West 1180-1204,p.95,p.340,n.46.
[8]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.239.
[9]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.64.
[10]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.8.
[1]陈志强:《拜占廷学研究》,第129页。
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.59-60.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.59.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.32.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.177.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.177.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.32.
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.328.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.77.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.171.
[6]参见《马太福音》23.24:“你们这瞎眼领路的,蠓虫你们就滤出来,骆驼你们倒吞下去。”
[7]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.171.
[8]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.5.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.61.
[2]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,pp.291-292.
[3]参见Chalandon,Ferdinand.Jean Ⅱ Comnene(1183-1143) et Manuel Ⅰ Comnene(1143-1180).Les Comnene:Etudes sur l'empire byzantin au Xle et au Ⅻe siecles,169-172,209-212,259-262,
转引自Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,n.140.
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.54.
参见Ammianus Marcellinus 31.2.1-12
[5]http://cul.sohu.com/20061208/n246902171.shtml
[6]http://www.qingdaonews.com/gb/content/2008-12/04/content_7961162.htm
[1]http://www.qingdaonews.com/gb/content/2008-12/04/content_7961162.htm
[2]《利未记》18.23。
[3]《利未记》20.15-16。
[4]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.122.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.122.
同时参见Vryonis,Speros Jr.The Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor and the Prpcess of Islamization from the Eleventh through the Fifteenth Century,pp.431-433,442.
[6]http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/chinese/news/newsid_3108000/31085572.stm
[7]《利未记》18.22。
[8]《利未记》20.13。
[9]《罗马书》1.26-27。
[1]《哥林多前书》6.9-10。
[2]《查士丁尼法典》新法第77款358条中规定:对于受过警告,但仍进行同性性行为的人,需处以极刑。社会精英应该举报同性性行为并对同性恋者实施处罚。如果包庇罪犯,将会引起其他所有人的愤怒。参见http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/pwh/just-novels.html
[3]《塞奥多西法典》Ⅸ.ⅶ.6中规定:所有那些对男性身体有可耻习惯的人是有罪的。而那些在性行为中扮演女性角色的人(他们看起来同女性没有区别)应该为自己的罪行付出代价,需在众人的目光中受到火焰的报复。参见http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/pwh/just-novels.html
[4]参见李银河《同性恋亚文化》,今日中国出版社1998年版,第367页。
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.241.
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.8.
[2]Ibid.
[3]《哥林多前书》7.3。
[4]《哥林多前书》7.5。
[5]《约翰福音》11.39。
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.153.
[1]Byrd,Kimberly.Figures of Heroism and Contempt in the Histories of John Kinnamos and Niketas Choniates,p.2.
[2]洛伦佐·德·莫纳西斯是匈牙利玛丽女王(1382～1395年在位)宫廷中的威尼斯特使。莫纳西斯献给女王一部描写了匈牙利国王查理二世统治时期的史诗(Carmen seu historia de Carlo Ⅱ cognomento Pravo,rege Hungariae)。
[1]参见Fryde,E.Humanism and Renaissance Historiography,Continuum International Publishing Group,1983,p.9.
[2]Vasiliev,A.A.History of the Byzantine Empire,324-1453,p.494.
[3]郭小凌:《西方史学史》,北京师范大学出版社1995年版,第148页。
[1]参见邹薇:《14、15世纪英国修道院编年史的写作特点及演变趋向》,载《四川大学学报》,2009年第1期,第59页。
[2]参见郭小凌:《西方史学史》,第164页。
[3]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.3.
[4]参见Cutler,Anthony."The De Signis of Nicetas Choniates.A Reappraisal",p.117.
[5]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.200.
[6]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.234.
[1]奥斯特洛格尔斯基:《拜占廷帝国》,第23页。
[2]参见陈志强:《拜占廷学研究》,第247-256页。
[3]Kristeller,Paul Oskar,Renaissance Thought and Its Sources,New York:Columbia University Press,pp.154-155.
[4]张俊芳:《14—16世纪拜占廷学者与意大利文艺复兴关系研究》,南开大学博士论文,2007年,第146页。
[5]参见Comnena,Anna.The Alexiad of Anna Comnena,translated by E.R.A.Sewter,Penguin Books Inc.,1969,p.17.
[6]参见李秀玲:《安娜·科穆宁及其笔下的拜占廷帝国——<阿莱克修斯传>研究》,南开大学博士论文,2008年,第39页。
[1]Choniates,Niketas.O City of Byzantium,Annals of Niketas Choniates,p.3.
[2]李秀玲:《安娜·科穆宁及其笔下的拜占廷帝国——<阿莱克修斯传>研究》,第262页。
[1]邹薇:《14、15世纪英国修道院编年史的写作特点及演变趋向》,第61页。
[2]参见Fryde,E.Humanism and Renaissance Historiography,p.9.
[3]参见张俊芳:《14—16世纪拜占廷学者与意大利文艺复兴关系研究》,第170页。
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