11世纪拜占廷女皇现象研究
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摘要
从公元1042年到1081年,在拜占廷政治领域出现了一个十分引人瞩目的历史现象,即密集的女人统治现象。在不到40年的时间里,邹伊(Zoe)、塞奥多拉(Theodora)、尤多西娅(Eudokia),以及安娜·达拉森纳(Anna Dalassene)先后以女皇身份统治帝国。与以往的女人统治现象比较起来,这一时期的女皇现象有两个突出特点：一是密集性；二是短暂性。本研究认为,国际环境和帝国外交理念的变化是造成这些女性统治者不能长期把持政权、实现短暂统治后不得不放弃统治权的重要原因。另一方面,如此密集的女人统治现象不是拜占廷政治史上的偶发事件,而是帝国政治、经济和文化在此前两百多年间渐进式演化之后集中爆发的结果。
首先,11世纪下半叶迅速衰落的拜占廷皇权是导致拜占廷政局不稳,女性统治者频繁上台的根本原因。将邹伊、塞奥多拉、尤多西娅以及安娜·达拉森纳这四位女皇推上皇位的三股势力分别是民众力量、教会力量以及大家族势力。它们成为此后长期威胁拜占廷皇权的三股政治力量。而它们的发展壮大与拜占廷经济的发展,以及由此而引发的社会结构的演变密切相关。
其次,拜占廷社会结构演变的结果是拜占廷人文化心态的变化。拜占廷世俗法和东正教教义先后作出对女性地位的肯定性让步,对婚姻持积极态度,并保障已婚女性在财产所有和遗产继承等方面的法律权利。与此同时,拜占廷的政治文化也由宫廷礼仪式的政治文化演进到家族政治文化,在此影响之下,血亲继承的原则深入人心,已婚女性在家庭中的地位和作用被提升到前所未有的高度。极力维护子女利益的母亲形象受到普遍地尊重和赞扬。血亲继承的权力交替理念支持邹伊和塞奥多拉成为女皇,而在伟大的母亲形象的包装下尤多西娅和安娜·达拉森纳可以越过家庭私人畛域进入公共政治领域,成为女皇。
最后,此时密集的女人统治现象也并非短暂的女人执政或代理执政现象。它是10-11世纪拜占廷女性权力和作用得以普遍提高的集中体现。对于一般平民女性而言,城市生活的再度复兴给她们创造了更多地参与经济活动的机会,她们的生产不再满足家庭需要而是供市场消费。走出家庭,参与市场生活也使一般平民女性获得了参与社会生活的机会。公元1042年首都暴动的主力军正是这样一群妇女。这是她们参与社会生活的最戏剧化的例证。对于上等阶层的女性而言,大家族的再度出现使她们成为延续家族血脉,实现家族遗产代际传递的中坚力量。因此,邹伊、塞奥多拉、尤多西娅,和安娜·达拉森纳的统治虽然短暂,她们施予帝国的影响力却不可小视。
Beteewn1025and1081, there was a very impressive phenomenon. In less than40years, there were four female rulers, Zoe, Theodora, Eudokia and Anna Dalassene who ruled the empire alone successively, as the emperors. In comparison with the former examples in which we can also find some empress who wielded imperial power, this phenomenon shows its own characristics. Firstly, this is a dense female domination phenomenon. Secondly, each woman only enjoyed a very short reign. The present study suggests that those changes in the international environment and the empire's diplomatic philosophy caused these female rulers could not dominate the empire for a long time, so they had to give up the right to rule after a short reign. On the other hand, such a dense female domination phenomenon is not the episodic events in Byzantine political history, but the results of the gradual evolution which happened in the area of political, ecomonic and culture in the previous two hundred years.
Firstly, the highly unstable Byzantine imperial power of the second half of the11th century is the root that caused Byzantine political instability, so the women could come to power frequently. Furtherly, there were three political groups that challenged the imperial power. They were demotic power, the power of church, as well as the big families. They growed and developed with the Byzantine economic development, as well as the evolution of the social structure.
Secondly, the change of the social structure evolved the change of the Byzantine mentality. Byzantine secular law and the Orthodox doctrine have to make the affirmative concessions on the status of women. They protect the rights of married women in property and inheritance. At the same time, the Byzantine political culture evolved from the Pseudo-bureaucratic culture to the family one. Under the influence of this mentality, the principle of the genetical inheritance deeply rooted, the status and the role of the married women in the family was raied to the unprecedented heights. The image of the mother who srongly defended the children's rights was respected and praised widespreadly. It was the principle of the genetical inheritance that supported Zoe and Theodora to become Empresses. While, the image of the great mother made Eodokia and Anna Dalassene pass over the private areas of family into the public realm to become Empresses.
Finally, this intensive female domination phenomenon shows that Byzantine women's influence on politics was not superfacial but far-reaching. It is the concentred expression of the increased power of the women in the previous centuries. For the general civilian women, the urban life's revial gave them opportunities to participate in economic activities, their production was no longer to meet family needs, but for the markets. Going outside gave them opportunities to participate in social life. It was this group of women that constituted the main force in the City riots in1042. This is the most dramatic example of their participation in social life. For the upper class women, the re-emergence of big families made them become a continuation of the family line, they were the intergenerational transmission backbone of the family. Therefore, we can not underestimate the political influence of Zoe, Theodora, Eudokia and Anna Dalassene, although they only ruled briefly.
首先,11世纪下半叶迅速衰落的拜占廷皇权是导致拜占廷政局不稳,女性统治者频繁上台的根本原因。将邹伊、塞奥多拉、尤多西娅以及安娜·达拉森纳这四位女皇推上皇位的三股势力分别是民众力量、教会力量以及大家族势力。它们成为此后长期威胁拜占廷皇权的三股政治力量。而它们的发展壮大与拜占廷经济的发展,以及由此而引发的社会结构的演变密切相关。
其次,拜占廷社会结构演变的结果是拜占廷人文化心态的变化。拜占廷世俗法和东正教教义先后作出对女性地位的肯定性让步,对婚姻持积极态度,并保障已婚女性在财产所有和遗产继承等方面的法律权利。与此同时,拜占廷的政治文化也由宫廷礼仪式的政治文化演进到家族政治文化,在此影响之下,血亲继承的原则深入人心,已婚女性在家庭中的地位和作用被提升到前所未有的高度。极力维护子女利益的母亲形象受到普遍地尊重和赞扬。血亲继承的权力交替理念支持邹伊和塞奥多拉成为女皇,而在伟大的母亲形象的包装下尤多西娅和安娜·达拉森纳可以越过家庭私人畛域进入公共政治领域,成为女皇。
最后,此时密集的女人统治现象也并非短暂的女人执政或代理执政现象。它是10-11世纪拜占廷女性权力和作用得以普遍提高的集中体现。对于一般平民女性而言,城市生活的再度复兴给她们创造了更多地参与经济活动的机会,她们的生产不再满足家庭需要而是供市场消费。走出家庭,参与市场生活也使一般平民女性获得了参与社会生活的机会。公元1042年首都暴动的主力军正是这样一群妇女。这是她们参与社会生活的最戏剧化的例证。对于上等阶层的女性而言,大家族的再度出现使她们成为延续家族血脉,实现家族遗产代际传递的中坚力量。因此,邹伊、塞奥多拉、尤多西娅,和安娜·达拉森纳的统治虽然短暂,她们施予帝国的影响力却不可小视。
Beteewn1025and1081, there was a very impressive phenomenon. In less than40years, there were four female rulers, Zoe, Theodora, Eudokia and Anna Dalassene who ruled the empire alone successively, as the emperors. In comparison with the former examples in which we can also find some empress who wielded imperial power, this phenomenon shows its own characristics. Firstly, this is a dense female domination phenomenon. Secondly, each woman only enjoyed a very short reign. The present study suggests that those changes in the international environment and the empire's diplomatic philosophy caused these female rulers could not dominate the empire for a long time, so they had to give up the right to rule after a short reign. On the other hand, such a dense female domination phenomenon is not the episodic events in Byzantine political history, but the results of the gradual evolution which happened in the area of political, ecomonic and culture in the previous two hundred years.
Firstly, the highly unstable Byzantine imperial power of the second half of the11th century is the root that caused Byzantine political instability, so the women could come to power frequently. Furtherly, there were three political groups that challenged the imperial power. They were demotic power, the power of church, as well as the big families. They growed and developed with the Byzantine economic development, as well as the evolution of the social structure.
Secondly, the change of the social structure evolved the change of the Byzantine mentality. Byzantine secular law and the Orthodox doctrine have to make the affirmative concessions on the status of women. They protect the rights of married women in property and inheritance. At the same time, the Byzantine political culture evolved from the Pseudo-bureaucratic culture to the family one. Under the influence of this mentality, the principle of the genetical inheritance deeply rooted, the status and the role of the married women in the family was raied to the unprecedented heights. The image of the mother who srongly defended the children's rights was respected and praised widespreadly. It was the principle of the genetical inheritance that supported Zoe and Theodora to become Empresses. While, the image of the great mother made Eodokia and Anna Dalassene pass over the private areas of family into the public realm to become Empresses.
Finally, this intensive female domination phenomenon shows that Byzantine women's influence on politics was not superfacial but far-reaching. It is the concentred expression of the increased power of the women in the previous centuries. For the general civilian women, the urban life's revial gave them opportunities to participate in economic activities, their production was no longer to meet family needs, but for the markets. Going outside gave them opportunities to participate in social life. It was this group of women that constituted the main force in the City riots in1042. This is the most dramatic example of their participation in social life. For the upper class women, the re-emergence of big families made them become a continuation of the family line, they were the intergenerational transmission backbone of the family. Therefore, we can not underestimate the political influence of Zoe, Theodora, Eudokia and Anna Dalassene, although they only ruled briefly.
引文
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1 R. Macrides, "Dynastic marriages and political kinship", in Jonathan Shepard and Simon Franklin, Byzantine Diplomacy, Aldershot:Variorum,1992
2 J. Herrin, "Theophano:Considerations on the Education of a Byzantine Princess", in Adelbert Davids ed., The Empress Tehophano:Byzantium and the West at the Turn of the First Millennium, Cambridge:CUP,1995, pp. 64-85.
3 K. Ciggaar, "Theophano:An Empress Reconsidered", in Adelbert Davids ed., The Empress Tehophano: Byzantium and the West at the Turn of the First Millennium, pp.49-63.
1 S. Runciman, "Women in Byzantine Aristocratic Society", p.11.
2 A. Laiou, Gender, society, and economic life in Byzantium, Aldershot:Ashgate,1992.
3 A. M. Talbot, Women and Religious Life in Byzantium, Aldershot:Ashgate,2001.
2 J. Beaucamp, Le statut de lafemme a Byzance (4e-7e si6cle), Paris,1990.
3 G. Buckler, "Women in Byzantine Law around 1100AD", in B11 (1936), pp.391-416.
1 这本专著和这篇论文均未出版。感谢雅典大学的T Ko1ias教授指导笔者阅读它们的电子版。
2 如. J. Anderson, "Anna Komnene, Learned Women, and the Book in Byzantine Art", in T. Gouma-Peterson, ed., Anna Komnene and Her times, Oxon:Taylor and Francis:2004, pp.125-156.
3 A. Kazhdan, "Women at Home", DOP 52 (1998), pp.1-17.
4 A. M. Talbot, Women and Religious Life in Byzantium, Aldershot:Ashgate,2001.
3 F. Karsten, "Women's position and possibilities in Byzantine Society, with particular reference to the novels of LeoVI", in JOB 32.2 (1982), pp.425-532.
6 J. Herrin, "The Imperial Feminine in Byzantium", Past and Present 169 (2000), pp.3-35.
7 F. Karsten, "Women's Position and Possibilities in Byzantine Society with Particular Reference to the Novels of LeoVI", JOB 32.2 (1982), pp.425-532.
8 G. Catia, "Holy Women and Witches:Aspects of Byzantine Conception of Gender", BMGS 9 (1985), pp.55-96.
1 L. Garland, "The Life and Ideology of Byzantine Women:A Further Note on Conventions of Behaviour and Social Reality as Reflected in 11th and 12th Century Historical Sources", Byz.58 (1988), pp.361-93.
2 L. Garland," The Life and Ideology of Byzantine Women:A Further Note on Conventions of Behaviour and Social Reality as Reflected in 11th and 12th Century Historical Sources", p.370.
3 L. Garland,"The Life and Ideology of Byzantine Women:A Further Note on Conventions of Behaviour and Social Reality as Reflected in 11th and 12th Century Historical Sources", p.373
11 L. Garland," The Life and Ideology of Byzantine Women:A Further Note on Conventions of Behaviour and Social Reality as Reflected in 11th and 12th Century Historical Sources", p.368.
5 B. Hill, "Imperial Women and the Ideology of Womanhood in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries", in L. James, ed., Women Men and Eunuchs:Gender in Byzantium, London & New York:Routledge,1997, p.76.
6 B. Hill, Imperial Women in Byzantium,1025-1204:Power, Patronage and ideology, London:Longman,1999.
7 B. Hill, "Imperial Women and the Ideology of Womanhood in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries", in L. James ed., Women Men and Eunuchs:Gender in Byzantium, p.79.
1 B. Hill, "Imperial Women and the Ideology of Womanhood in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries", in L. James, ed., Women,Men and Eunuchs:Gender in Byzantium, p.77.
2 陈志强：《我国拜占庭文化研究的新动向》,《世界历史》,2007年第6期,第122-129页。
3 李秀玲：《论拜占廷皇室妇女在帝国政治中的角色——安娜·达拉西妮个案分析》,《历史教学》,2009年第24期,第61-66页。
4 刘洪英：《11-13世纪拜占廷皇室妇女地位探究》,东北师范大学硕士论文,2004年。
5 B. Stolte, "The social function of the law", in J. Haldon, A social history of Byzantium, pp.76-91, esp., p.86-87.
1 The Chronicle of Theophanes (A. D.602-813), ed. and tr. by Harry Turtledove, Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania,81.5-6; 341.16; 454.6-7.
4 I. Thurn, Ioannis Scylitzae Synopsis Historiarum, Corpus fontium historiae Byzantinae 5, Berlin - New York, 1973,405.64-65.
1 Ioannis Scylitzae Synopsis Historiarum,478.88-92.
3 Ioannis Scylitzae Synopsis Historiarum,479.2-4.
4 Ioannis Scylitzae Synopsis Historiarum,479.4-19.
1 L. Garland, "The Life and Ideology of Byzantine Women:A Further Note on Conventions of Behaviour and Social Reality as Reflected in 11th and 12th Century Historical Sources", Byz.58 (1988), pp.361-93.
4 这段时间中普塞罗斯只提到塞奥多拉两次,第一次是邹伊与罗曼努斯成婚之后亲自为塞奥多拉削发令其进入修道院。第二次是说米哈伊尔四世完全轻视塞奥多拉的存在。笔者注。
3 Ioannis Scylitzae Synopsis Historiarum,479.14-17.
2 尤多西娅的出身绝不在君士坦丁第一任妻子之下,她的父亲约翰是君士坦丁堡贵族,母亲是大教长米哈伊尔的姊妹。笔者注。
3 奥斯特洛格尔斯基著,陈志强译：《拜占廷帝国》,西宁：青海人民出版社,2006年,第287页。
1 Psellos, Orationes panegyricae, ⅩⅡ.19-14.
3 Bryennios,79.1-3; 85.17.
4 Victor (pope) 48.1-2.
1 "laChalcedeLeon Ⅲ"关于这个事件的真实性,学术界意见不一,例如,M arie-France Auzepy认为整个“金门事件”都是在崇敬圣像的大教长尼基弗鲁斯一世(A.D.806-815)的教唆下编造的,为的是将“政治压制伪造成宗教迫害”Marie-France Auzepy, "La destruction de L'icone du Christ de la Chalc6 de Leon III: Propagande ou realite", B 60 (1990):445-92.但是她的这个观点并没有被学术界普遍接受,原因就在于除了该传记还有其他史料提到了这个事件,如The Chronicle of Theophanes (A.D.602-813), ed. and tr. by Harry Turtledove, University of Pennsylvania,1982.
1 The Martyrdom of Our Blessed father Stephen the Younger, in Byzantine defenders of Images, ed. by Alice-Mary Talbot, Washington, D.C.:Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection,1998, p.12.
1 St. Anthousa of Mantineon, in Byzantine defenders of Images, p.18.
1 陈志强：《拜占廷皇帝继承制特点研究》,《中国社会科学》,1999年；‘第1期,第186页。
2 H. Saradi, "The Byzantine tribunal:problems in the application of justice and state policy (9th-12th c.)", REB 53 (1995), p.173.
3 J. Haldon, Warefare, State and Society in the Byzantine World, London,1999, p.85.
4 N. Oikonomides, "The role of the Byzantine state in the economy", in A. Laiou, ed., The Economic History of Byzantium from the 7th through the 15'" Century, Washington D. C.,2002. pp.1022-3.
5 C. Holmes, "Political elites in the reign of Basil Ⅱ", in P. Magdalino, ed., Byzantium in the Year 1000, Leiden, 2003, pp.38-56.4
6 奥斯特洛格尔斯基著,陈志强译：《拜占廷帝国》,第206页。
1 奥斯特洛格尔斯基著,陈志强译：《拜占廷帝国》,第206页。
2 奥斯特洛格尔斯基著,陈志强译：《拜占廷帝国》,第241页。
1 奥斯特洛格尔斯基著,陈志强译：《拜占廷帝国》,第225页。
2 A. Kazhdan,'The Notion of Byzantine Diplomacy', in J. Shepard and S. Franklin, ed., Byzantine Diplomacy, p. 5.
3 O. F. Winter,'klientelkonige im romischen und byzantinischenReich', JOB 2 (1952), pp.35-50.
4 A. Kazhdan,'The Notion of Byzantine Diplomacy', in J. Shepard and S. Franklin, ed., Byzantine Diplomacy, p. 14.
5 A. Kazhdan,'The Notion of Byzantine Diplomacy', p.15.
1 Constantine Ⅶ Porphyrogennetos, De administrando imperio, ed., G. Moravcsik, with English trnas. By R. J. H. Jenkins, Ⅰ (Budapest,1949), pp.70-2; Ⅱ, Commentary (London,1962), pp.63-67.
2 J. Shepard,'Byzantine Diplomacy, A. D.800-1204:Means and Ends, in J. Shepard and S. Franklin, ed., Byzantine Diplomacy, p.60.
3 R. Macrides,'Dynastic Marriages and Political Kinship', in J. Shepard and S. Franklin, ed., Byzantin Diplomacy, p.264.
1 Theoph. Cont.,414-15.
2 G Wolf,'Nochmals zur Frage:wer war Theophano?',5Z 81 (1988), pp.274-9.
3 乔治·奥斯特洛格尔斯基著,陈志强译：《拜占廷帝国》,第233页。
4 乔治·奥斯特洛格尔斯基著,陈志强译：《拜占廷帝国》,第322页。
5 乔治·奥斯特洛格尔斯基著,陈志强译：《拜占廷帝国》,第322页。
6 C. Head, "Physical Descriptions of the Emperors in Byzantine Historical Writings", B 50 (1980), pp.226-240.
7 Leo the Deacon, The History of Leo the Deacon:Byzantine Military Expansion in the 10th Century, introduction, translation, and annotation by A.-M. Talbot and D. F. Sullivan, Washington, D. C:Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection,2005, pp.98-99.
8 Herbert Hunger, BvQζαυτivη AoyoτεXviα, B, μεταφραση απO T. Koλiα(?), Aθηvα:MIET,2007, σ.205.
1 Fourteen Byzantine Rulers:The Chronographia of Michael Psellus, translated, with an introduction by E. R. A. Sewter, Harmondsworth:Penguin Books,1953, VI.16-18.
1 乔治·奥斯特洛格尔斯基著,陈志强译,《拜占廷帝国史》,第276页。
2 M. Angold, The Byzantine Empire 1025-1204:A Political History, London and New York:Longman,1984, p. 36.
3 John Zonaras, Epitomae Historierum Libri ⅩⅢ-XVⅩⅤⅢ, Ⅲ, Bonn,1897, p.647.
4 Fourteen Byzantine Rulers:The Chronographia of Michael Psellus, Ⅵ (Constantine Ⅸ).160.
5 Fourteen Byzantine Rulers:The Chronographia of Michael Psellus, Ⅴ.36.
6 Fourteen Byzantine Rulers:The Chronographia of Michael Psellus, Ⅵ(Theodora).3,17.
7 B. Hill, Imperial Women in Byzantium,1025-1204:Power, Patronage and ideology, London:Longman,1999, p. 57.
1 Fourteen Byzantine Rulers:The Chronographia of Michael Psellus, Ⅵ (Theodora).6-7.
2 M. Angold, Church and Society in Byzantium under the Comneni,1081-1261, Cambridge:CUP,1995, p.7.
3 M. Angold, Church and Society in Byzantium under the Comneni,1081-1261, p.36.
4 详见第二章第三节。
6 M. Angold, Church and Society in Byzantium under the Comneni,1081-1261, p.24.
7 Fourteen Byzantine Rulers:The Chronographia of Michael Psellus, Ⅶ (Michael VI and Isaac),61.
1 Fourteen Byzantine Rulers:The Chronographia of Michael Psellus, Ⅶ (Eudocia).2.
2 Fourteen Byzantine Rulers:The Chronographia of Michael Psellus, Ⅶ (Romanus Ⅳ).9.
3 乔治·奥斯特洛格尔斯基著,陈志强译,《拜占廷帝国史》,第289页。
4 L. Garland, Byzantine Empresses:Women and Power in Byzantium, AD.527-1204, London & New York: Routledge,1999, p.177.
L. Garland, Byzantine Empresses:Women and Power in Byzantium, AD.527-1204, p.177.
1 M. Angold, Church and Society in Byzantium under the Comneni,1081-1261, p.36.
1 奥斯特洛格尔斯基著,陈志强译：《拜占廷帝国》,西宁：青海人民出版社,2006年。
2 B.Hill,B.Hill,Imperial Women in Byzantium,1025-1204:Patronage and ideology,London:Longman, 1999.
2 The Chronicle of Theophanes (A. D.602-813),81.5-6; 341.16; 454.6-7
3 陈志强：《拜占廷皇帝继承制特点研究》,第180-194页。
4 陈志强：《拜占廷皇帝继承制特点研究》,第182页。
1 A. Vasiliev, History of the Byzantine Empire 324-1453, Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1958, p.242.
3 M. Angold, Church and Society in Byzantium under the Comneni,1081-1261, p.404.
4 M. Angold, Church and Society in Byzantium under the Comneni,1081-1261, p.404.
1 M. Angold, Church and Society in Byzantium under the Comneni,1081-1261, p.7.
2 A.P. Kazhdan and A. W. Epstein, Change in Byzantine Culture in the 11th and 12th centuries, Berkeley and Los Angeles:University of California,1985, pp.11-23.
3 M. Angold, The Byzantine Empire 1025-1204:A Political History, London and New York:Longman,1984, p.1.
4 M. Angold, Church and Society in Byzantium under the Comneni,1081-1261, p.19.
1 A. Kazhdan, ed., ODB, Oxford:OUP,1991, p1701.
2 奥斯特洛格尔斯基著,陈志强译：《拜占廷帝国》,第222页。
3 Ioannis Scylitzae Synopsis Historiarum,417.4-11.
1 Fourteen Byzantine Rulers:The Chronographia of Michael Psellus, V.22.
3 E. Pietsch, Die Chronographia des Michael Psellos, Kaisergeschichte, Autobiographie und Apologie, Wiesbaden,2005.
4 E. Pietsch, Die Chronographia des Michael Psellos. Kaisergeschichte, Autobiographie und Apologie, Wiesbaden.2005.
5 Fourteen Byzantine Rulers:The Chronographia of Michael Psellus, Ⅳ.1.
6 Fourteen Byzantine Rulers:The Chronographia of Michael Psellus, Ⅵ (Constantine IX).1.
1 Fourteen Byzantine Rulers:The Chronographia of Michael Psellus, IV.22.
2 Fourteen Byzantine Rulers:The Chronographia of Michael Psellus, V.26.
3 P. Magdalino, The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos 1143-1180, Cambridge:CUP,1993, p.237.
4 P. Magdalino, The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos 1143-1180, p.237.
5 Constantini Porphyrogeniti Imperatoris, De Cerimoniis Aulae Byzantinae, I.38.
4 Constantini Porphyrogeniti Imperatoris, De Cerimoniis Aulae Byzantinae,11.15.
1 Fourteen Byzantine Rulers:The Chronographia of Michael Psellus, VI.5.
2 Fourteen Byzantine Rulers:The Chronographia of Michael Psellus, V.26.
1 M. Angold, Church and Society in Byzantium under the Comneni,1081-1261, p.6.
2 M. Angold, Church and Society in Byzantium under the Comneni,1081-1261, p.22.
3 M. Angold, Church and Society in Byzantium under the Comneni,1081-1261, p.26.
1 M. Angold, Church and Society in Byzantium under the Comneni,1081-1261, p.7.
2 M. Angold, Church and Society in Byzantium under the Comneni,1081-1261, p.404.
3 G. Buckler, Women in Byzantine Law, about 1100 A. D.,Byz.11 (1936), p.401.
4 G. Buckler, Women in Byzantine Law, about 1100 A. D., p.395.
1 M. Angold, Church and Society in Byzantium under the Comneni,1081-1261, p.24.
2 M. Angold, The Byzantine Empire 1025-1204:A Political History, p.53.
1 Fourteen Byzantine Rulers:The Chronographia ofMichael Psellus, VI.16-18.
2 M. Angold, Church and Society in Byzantium under the Comneni,1081-1261, p.22.
3 H.-G. Beck, "Konstantinopel. Zur Sozialgeschichte einer fruhmittelalterlichen Hauptsadt", BZ 58 (1965), pp. 36-37.
4 Fourteen Byzantine Rulers:The Chronographia of Michael Psellus, V.38.
5 M. Angold, Church and Society in Byzantium under the Comneni,1081-1261, p.35.
1 M. Angold, Church and Society in Byzantium under the Comneni,1081-1261, p.36.
1 M. Angold, Church and Society in Byzantium under the Comneni,1081-1261, p.37.
3 见附录：拜占廷大家族谱系表。
1 在拜占廷中期,军区将军掌握该军区的军政大权。
3 J. C. Cheynet, "Les Phocas", in G Dagron and H. Mihaescu, ed., Le traits sur la guerilla de l'empereur Nice-phore Phocas (963-969), Paris,1968, p.291.
4 位于今土耳其北部。
5 位于通往马拉蒂亚(.Melitene)和萨摩撒塔(Samosata)主干道的中间城市。马拉蒂亚位于今土耳其南部：萨摩撒塔是幼发拉底河西岸的古老城市。
1 这些军区是安纳托利亚军区、亚美尼亚军区、色雷斯松军区和奥普希金军区。
2 A.P. Kazhdan and A. W. Epstein, Change in Byzantine Culture in the 11th and 12th centuries, p.21.
3 M. Angold, The Byzantine Empire 1025-1204:A Political History, p.3.
4 见附录：拜占廷皇后表。
5 乔治·奥斯特洛格尔斯基著,陈志强译,《拜占廷帝国史》,第218页。
1 乔治·奥斯特洛格尔斯基著,陈志强译,《拜占廷帝国史》,第213页。
2 乔治·奥斯特洛格尔斯基著,陈志强译,《拜占廷帝国史》,第227页。
3 参见附录：拜占廷大家族谱系表中的梅里森诺斯家族的历史。
4 熊莹：《从审判老皮索的元老法令看罗马元首制初期的政治文化》,博士学位论文,2010年,第103页。
1 熊莹：《从审判老皮索的元老法令看罗马元首制初期的政治文化》,第104页。
2 见附录：拜占廷统治者婚姻次数表。
4 D. Polemis, "The Doukai" in A Contribution to Byzantine Prosopography, p.8, p.6, p.27.
5 L. Garland, Byzantine Empresses, Women and Power in Byzantium AD 527-1204, p.171.
1 Fourteen Byzantine Rulers:The Chronographia of Michael Psellus, Ⅶ (Eudocia),1.
2 Fourteen Byzantine Rulers:The Chronographia of Michael Psellus, Ⅶ (Romanus Ⅳ),30-31.
3 B. Hill, Imperial Women in Byzantium,1025-1204:Power, Patronage and ideology, pp.65-66.
4 L. Garland, Byzantine Empresses, Women and Power in Byzantium AD 527-1204, p.187.
5 Fourteen Byzantine Rulers:The Chronographia of Michael Psellus, Ⅶ(Isaac Comnenus),83,89.
1 L. Garland, Byzantine Empresses, Women and Power in Byzantium AD 527-1204, pp.187-188.
1 A.P. Kazhdan and A. W. Epstein, Change in Byzantine Culture in the 11th and 12th centuries, p.2.
2 A.P. Kazhdan and A. W. Epstein, Change in Byzantine Culture in the 11th and 12th centuries, p.2.
3 陈志强：《拜占廷军区制和农兵》,《历史研究》,1996年第5期,第114-128页。
4 陈志强：《拜占廷军区制和农兵》,第122页,第127页。
1 M. Angold, The Byzantine Empire 1025-1204:A Political History, p.70.
2 J. Harris, Constantinople:Capital of Byzantium, London and New York:Hambledon Continuum,2007, p.108.
3 J. Harris, Constantinople:Capital of Byzantium, p.108.
3 J. B. Bury, The Imperial Administrative System in the Ninth Century, London,1911, pp.69-73.
4 乔治·奥斯特洛格尔斯基著,陈志强译,《拜占廷帝国史》,第205页。
1 M. Angold, The Byzantine Empire 1025-1204:A Political History, p.70.
2 M. Angold, The Byzantine Empire 1025-1204:A Political History, p.71.
1 A. Laiou, "The Byzantine economy:an overview", in A. Laiou, ed, The Economic History of Byzantium from the 71th through the 15th Century, Washington D. C.:Dumbarton Oaks Research and Library,2002. pp.1146-56.
2 A.P. Kazhdan and A. W. Epstein, Change in Byzantine Culture in the 11th and 12th centuries, p.35.
3 M. Angold, The Byzantine Empire 1025-1204:A Political History, p.63.
1 M. Aneold. The Bvzantine Empire 1025-1204:A Political History, p.63.
2 J. Harris, Constantinople:Capital of Byzantium, p.116.
3 J. Harris, Constantinople:Capital of Byzantium, p.117.
4 A.P. Kazhdan and A. W. Epstein, Change in Byzantine Culture in the 11th and 12th centuries, p.35.
5 J. Harris, Constantinople:Capital of Byzantium, p.111.
1 M. Angold, The Byzantine Empire 1025-1204:A Political History, p.64.
1 M. Angold, Church and Society in Byzantium under the Comneni,1081-1261, pp.19-20.
3 M. Angold, The Byzantine Empire 1025-1204:A Political History, p.68.
4 M. Angold, The Byzantine Empire 1025-1204:A Political History, p.69.
5 P. Magdalino, "The grain supply of Constantinople, ninth to twelfth centuries", in C. Mango and G Dagron, ed Constantinople and its Hinterland:Papers from the 27th Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies, Oxford, April 1993, pp.39-42.
1 M.Angold,The Byzantine Empire 1025.1204:A Political History,p.61.
2 A. Laiou, "The Festival of 'Agathe'; Comments on the Life of Constantinopolitan Women", in A. Laiou, Gender, society, and economic life in Byzantium, Aldershot:Ashgate,1992, Ⅲ,113.
1 A. Laiou, "The Festival of Agathe'; Comments on the Life of Constantinopolitan Women", in A. Laiou, Gender, society, and economic life in Byzantium, Ⅲ,117.
1 M. Angold, The Byzantine Empire 1025-1204:A Political History, p.47.
1 M. Angold, "Church and Society:Iconoclasm and After", in J. Haldon, ed., A social history of Byzantium, Oxford:Wiley-Blackwell,2009, p.237.
2 M. Angold, "Church and Society:Iconoclasm and After", p.237.
3 该修道院就在如今雅典大学哲学学院的后山山间。
4 M Angold, Church and Society in Byzantium under the Comneni,1081-1261, p.7.
5 M. Angold, "Church and Society:Iconoclasm and After", p.241.
1 M. Angold, "Church and Society:Iconoclasm and After", p.241.
2 M. Angold, "Church and Society:Iconoclasm and After", p.241.
3 M. Angold, Church and Society in Byzantium under the Comneni,1081-1261, p.404.
4 M. Angold, "Church and Society:Iconoclasm and After", p.238.
5 M. Angold, "Church and Society:Iconoclasm and After", p.239.
1 M. Angold, "Church and Society:Iconoclasm and After", p.248.
1 J. Harris, Constantinople:Capital of Byzantium, p.84.
2 J. Harris, Constantinople:Capital of Byzantium, p.84.
3 J. Harris, Constantinople:Capital of Byzantium, p.99.
4 J. Harris, Constantinople:Capital of Byzantium, p.85.
1 M. Angold, "Church and Society:Iconoclasm and After", p.240.
2 M. Angold, "Church and Society:Iconoclasm and After", p.240.
3 M. Angold, "Church and Society:Iconoclasm and After", p.244.
4 奥斯特洛格尔斯基著,陈志强译：《拜占廷帝国》,第283页。
1 A.-M. Talbot, "Women and Mt. Athos", in A. Bryer and M. Cunningham ed., Mount Athos and Byzantine Monasticism, Papers from the 28"'Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies, Aldershot:Ashgate,1998, p.72.
1 A.-M. Talbot. "Women and Mt. Athos". p.73.
2 A.-M. Talbot, "Women and Mt. Athos", p.75.
3 A.-M. Talbot, "Women and Mt. Athos", p.77.
4 A.-M. Talbot, "Women and Mt. Athos", p.74.
5 A.-M. Talbot, "Women and Mt. Athos", p.74
6 A.-M. Talbot, "Women and Mt. Athos", p.77.
1 因为拜占廷没有成文的继承法,有关遗产继承的问题是困扰了拜占廷学者很久且争议很大的问题,其中最大的争议就是父母去世之后先行成家的子女是否要先归还原先获得的那部分财产,然后再在他们中间进行平均分配。而笔者支持拉伊奥的观点,即上述观点。
2 F. Karsten, "Women's position and possibilities in Byzantine Society, with particular reference to the novels of Leo VI", in JoB 32.2 (1982), p.236.
3 B. Hill, Imperial Women in Byzantium,1025-1204:Power, Patronage and ideology, p.57.
1 Kecharitomene:Typikon of Empresses Irene Doukaina Komnene for the Convent of the Mother of God Kecharitomene in Constantinople, trans., by R. Jordan, in i. Thomas and A. Constantinides Hero, ed., Byzantine Monastic Foundation Documents, Washington, D. C.:Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection,2000,27. 3.
2 Kecharitomene:Typikon of Empresses Irene Doukaina Komnene for the Convent of the Mother of God Kecharitomene in Constantinople,27.4.
1 马克·布洛赫著,张绪山译：《封建社会》,北京：商务印书馆,2007年,第283页。
2 马克·布洛赫著,张绪山译：《封建社会》,第472页。
3 J. C. Cheynet, "The Byzantine Aristocracy (8th-13th Centuries)", in J. C. Cheynet, The Byzantine Aristocracy and Its Military Function, Aldershot:Ashgate,2006,1.2-3.
4 J. C. Cheynet, "The Byzantine Aristocracy (8th-13th Centuries)", in J. C. Cheynet, The Byzantine Aristocracy and Its Military Function,1.41.
1 陈志强：《拜占廷封建政治形态研究》,《河南大学学报》,2002年第3期,第14页。
1 G Weiβ, "Vennogenbildung der Byzantiner in Privathand. Methodische Fragen einer quantitativen Analyse", Byzantina 11 (1982), pp.75-92.
3 N. Oikonomides, "Terres du fisc et revenu de la terre aux Ⅹe-Ⅺe siecle", in Hommes et richesses 11,331.
4 J. C. Cheynet, "The Byzantine Aristocracy (8th-13th Centuries)", in J. C. Cheynet, The Byzantine Aristocracy and Its Military Function,1.25.
5 P. Magdalino, "The Byzantine Army and the Land:From Stratiotikon Ktema to Military Pronoia", in Byzantine at War (91th-12th), Athens,1997, p.36.
1 J. C. Cheynet, "The Byzantine Aristocracy (8th-13th Centuries)", in J. C. Cheynet, The Byzantine Aristocracy and Its Military Function,1.11.
1 J. C. Cheynet, "The Byzantine Aristocracy in the 10th-12th Centuries:A Review of the Book by A. Kazhdan and S. Ronchey", in J. C. Cheynet, The Byzantine Aristocracy and Its Military Function, 11.17-18.
2 Eustathios Romaios, Peira 28.1.
3 武鹏：《拜占廷史料中公元6世纪安条克的地震灾害论述》,《世界历史》,2009年第6期,第117页。
1 郑玮：《7-9世纪拜占廷帝国乡村和小农勃兴的原因分析》,《历史教学》,2004年第6期,第29页。
2 陈志强：《拜占廷农业法研究》,《历史研究》,1999年第6期,第116页。
3 郑玮：《7-9世纪拜占廷帝国乡村和小农勃兴的原因分析》,第33页。
4 A.P. Kazhdan and Ann Wharton Epstein, Change in Byzantine Culture in the 11th and 12th centuries, p.100.
2 A. Laiou, "The Role of Women in Byzantine Society", in JOB 32.2 (1982), p.237.
3 A. Laiou, "The Role of Women in Byzantine Society", p.235.
4 J. Haldon, "Social Elites, Wealth, and Power", in J. Haldon, ed., A social History of Byzantium, p.179.
1 Pellos, Yπoμvημα,18-71, in M. Psellos, Orationes forenes et acta, ed., G. T. Dennis, Stuttgart-Leipzig,1994, pp. 169-175.
2 A. Laiou, "Family Structure and the Transmission of Property", in J. Haldon, ed., A social History of Byzantium, p.59.
3 A.P. Kazhdan and Ann Wharton Epstein, Change in Byzantine Culture in the 11th and 12th centuries, p.105.
6 L. Neville, Authority in Byzantine Provincial Society,950-1100, Cambridge:CUP, Chapter 3.
7 A.P. Kazhdan and Ann Wharton Epstein, Change in Byzantine Culture in the 11th and 12th centuries, p.185.
8 B. Hill, Imperial Women in Byzantium,1025-1204:Power, Patronage and ideology, p.172
1 J. Haldon, "Social Elites, Wealth, and Power", in J. Haldon, ed., A social History of Byzantium, p.185.
2 E. Patlagean, Un Moyen Age grec. Byzance Ⅸe-ⅩⅤe siecle, Paris,2007, p.85.
3 Bryennios,79.1-3; 85.17.
A.-M. Talbot, "Women and Mt. Athos", p.74.
1 奥斯特洛格尔斯基著,陈志强译：《拜占廷帝国》,第23页。
1 A. Vasiliev, History of the Byzantine Empire 324-1453, Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1958, p.242.
2 详见第二章第二节。
3 Ecloga, L. BURGMANN (Forschungen zur byzantinischen Rechtsgeschichte 10), Frankfurt,1983,2.9.1.
4 Ecloga,2.2.
1 M. K. Ringrose, Saints, holy men and Byzantine society,726 to 843, New Brunswick, N.J.:Rutgers University, 1976, p.106.
2 M. Angold, Church and Society in Byzantium under the Comneni,1081-1261, pp.134-135.
3 A. E. Laiou, "Sex, Consent, and Coercion in Byzantium", in A. E. Laiou, ed., Consent and Coercion to Sex and Marriage in Ancient and Medieval Societies, Washington, D. C.:Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection,1993, p.118.
4 Ecloga,17.19-20.
5 这里降低结婚标准是相对于罗马法不允许身份地位不平等两人结婚而言的。应该指出的是此时的婚姻法在允许不同等级的人结婚的同时,却在家族通婚之间设置了种种障碍,这一点也体现出了国家对婚姻的控 制。
1 A. E. Laiou, "Sex, Consent, and Coercion in Byzantium", p.124.
2 A. E. Laiou, "Sex, Consent, and Coercion in Byzantium", p.121.
3 G. Buckler, "Women in Byzantine Law, about 1100 A. D.",in Byz.11 (1936), p.396.
4 G. Buckler, "Women in Byzantine Law, about 1100 A. D."p.397.
3 G. Buckler, "Women in Byzantine Law, about 1100 A. D.", p.401.
6 G. Buckler, "Women in Byzantine Law, about 1100 A. D.", p.395.
7 F. Karsten, "Women's position and possibilities in Byzantine Society, with particular reference to the novels of Leo VI", in J6B 32.2 (1982), p.236.
2 G. Buckler, "Women in Byzantine Law, about 1100 A. D.", p.393.
3 G. Buckler, "Women in Byzantine Law, about 1100 A. D.",p.398.
4 G. Buckler, "Women in Byzantine Law, about 1100 A. D.",p.398.
5 因为拜占廷没有成文的继承法,有关遗产继承的问题是困扰了拜占廷学者很久且争议很大的问题,其中 最大的争议就是父母去世之后先行成家的子女是否要先归还原先获得的那部分财产,然后再在他们中间进行平均分配。而笔者支持拉伊奥的观点,即上述观点。
F. Karsten, "Women's position and possibilities in Byzantine Society, with particular reference to the novels of Leo Ⅵ", p.236.
5 Procheiron, JGR Ⅱ,107-228,4.25.
F. Karsten, "Women's position and possibilities in Byzantine Society, with particular reference to the novels of Leo VI", in JoB 32.2 (1982), p.236.
2 Procheiron. JGR Ⅱ,107-228,2.10.
3 F. Karsten, "Women's position and possibilities in Byzantine Society, with particular reference to the novels of Leo VI", in JoB 32.2 (1982), p.237.
4 A.P. Kazhdan and A. W. Epstein, Change in Byzantine Culture in the 11th and 12th centuries, p.100.
6 B. Hill, Imperial Women in Byzantium,1025-1204:Power, Patronage and ideology, p.96.
1 A. Laiou, "The Role of Women in Byzantine Society", in JOB 32.2 (1982), p.238.
2 A. Laiou, "The Role of Women in Byzantine Society", in JOB 32.2(1982), p.237.
4 F. Karsten, "Women's position and possibilities in Byzantine Society, with particular reference to the novels of Leo VI", p.236.
5 A. Laiou, "The Role of Women in Byzantine Society", p.234.
6 详见第三章第三节。
4 NOAILLES-DAIN.109.
5 Peira,25.11.
3 Gen.3
2 Gen.1:27
2 A. E. Laiou, "Sex, Consent, and Coercion in Byzantium", in A. E. Laiou, ed., Consent and Coercion to Sex and Marriage in Ancient and Medieval Societies, p.118.
1 顾蓓：《圣母崇拜的历史研究》,复旦大学博士论文,2003年,第56页。
2 顾蓓：《圣母崇拜的历史研究》,第55页。
3 顾蓓：《圣母崇拜的历史研究》,第55页。
1 L. Garland, "The Life and Ideology of Byzantine Women:A Further Note on Conventions of Behaviour and Social Reality as Reflected in the 11th and 12th Century Historical Sources", in Byz.58 (1988), p.365.
1 L. Garland, "The Life and Ideology of Byzantine Women:A Further Note on Conventions of Behaviour and Social Reality as Reflected in the 11th and 12th Century Historical Sources", p.365.
1 L. Neville, Authority in Byzantine Provincial Society,950-1100, chapter 3.
3 J. Haldon, "Social Elites, Wealth, and Power", in J. Haldon, ed.,A Social History of Byzantium, p.179.
1 陈志强：《拜占廷封建政治形态研究》,第14页。
3 陈志强：《拜占廷皇帝继承制度特点研究》,第191-194页。
1 A.P. Kazhdan and A. W. Epstein. Chanze in Byzantine Culture in the 11th and 12th centuries, p.7.
2 见附录：7-9世纪拜占廷王朝列表。
3 A. E. Laiou, "Family Structure and the Transmission of Property", in J. Haldon, ed., A Social History of Byzantium, p.59.
4 A. P. Kazhdan, Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, p.267.
5 B. Hill, "The Ideal Imperial Komnenian Women," BF,23 (1996), pp.7-8.
6 L. James, Empresses and Power in Early Byzantium, London and New York:Leicester University Press,2001, pp.12-13.
1 L. James, Empresses and Power in Early Byzantium, p.12.
2 Oraison funebre de Basile I par son fils Leon VI le Sage. Editee avec Introduction et Traduction par A. Vogt et I Hausherr S. I. Orientalia Christiana, Vol. XXVI.-I, Num.77,1932, pp.53-54.
4 L. James, Empresses and Power in Early Byzantium, pp.12-13.
5 J. Herrin, "The imperial feminine in Byzantium", in Past & Present,169 (2000), p.12.
6 Oraison funebre de Basile I par son fils Leon VI le Sage, pp.53-54.
3 S. Tougher, The Reign of Leo Ⅵ, p.25.
1 奥斯特洛格尔斯基著,陈志强译：《拜占廷帝国史》,第195-196页。显然在这里奥斯特洛格尔斯基参考了历史学家西蒙的叙事。
2 奥斯特洛格尔斯基著,陈志强译：《拜占廷帝国史》,第201页。
3 利奥六世的第一任妻子塞奥法诺就是母亲尤多西娅亲自挑选的,利奥对此十分不满。
4 C. Mango,The Art of Byzantine Empire,312-1453:Sources and Documents, Englewood,1972, pp.197-198.
1 S. Tougher, The Reign of Leo Ⅵ, p.25.
2 翻看拜占廷历史叙事就会发现“美貌”是所有的拜占廷皇帝情妇所共有的特质,情妇和美丽似乎是划等号的,而利奥六世母亲尤多西娅的出身的确也是情妇。
1 君士坦丁·迪奥根尼斯是后来的皇帝罗曼努斯四世之父。
2 据尼基弗鲁斯·布莱尼诺斯记载该阿格罗普里纳在与阿莱克修斯订婚以后就去世了,因此后来阿莱克修斯与杜卡斯家族的伊琳尼结婚。
3 据现代学者考证,该地是梅里特尼东部的塔拉斯修道院。
4 J. C. Cheynet, Etudet,prosopographiques, Paris:Publications de la Sorbonne,1986, p.75.
5 J. C. Cheynet, Etudes prosopographiques, Paris, pp.75-76.
1 她是君士坦丁·杜卡斯的第一任妻子,后者后来成为君士坦丁十世。D. Polemis, "The Doukai" in A Contribution to Byzantine Prosopography, University of London Historical Studies 22, London,1968, p.34.
2 约翰·科穆宁是伊萨克一世科穆宁的兄弟。安娜即为阿莱克修斯一世科穆宁的母亲。
3 D. Polemis, "The Doukai" in A Contribution to Byzantine Prosopography, London:University of London Historical Studies 22,1968, p.4.
4 由于这三支杜卡斯家族之间的谱系关系并不明确,现代学者将他们分为三支,11世纪显赫的杜卡斯家族史第三支杜卡斯家族。D. Polemis, "The Doukai" in A Contribution to Byzantine Prosopography, p.8, p.6, p.27.
2 Bryennios,79.1-3；85.17.
1 位于今土耳其北部。
2 位于通往马拉蒂亚(Melitene)和萨摩撒塔(Samosata)主干道的中间城市。马拉蒂亚位于今土耳其南部；萨摩撒塔是幼发拉底河西岸的古老城市。
3 N. Svononos, ed., Les novelles des empereurs macedoniens concernant la terre et les stratiotes, Athens,1994, pp.190-191,303.
1 J. C. Cheynet, Pouvoir et contestations a Byzance 963-1210, Paris,1990, pp.214-215.
2 尤多基莫斯·马莱诺斯的妻子是罗曼努斯一世家族的亲戚,他们的三个子女分别是：米哈伊尔,君士坦-丁和这个无名的马莱诺斯。她与巴尔达斯的儿子尼基弗鲁斯·福卡斯就是后来的皇帝尼基弗鲁斯二世。米哈伊尔·马莱诺斯是后来的圣徒米哈伊尔,他是阿索斯圣山拉夫拉修道院(Lavra)创建者阿塔纳修斯·安东尼迪斯(Athanasios Athonite)的导师,因此与修道士团体有密切的联系。而他的兄弟君士坦丁则是一位杰出的拜占廷将军。他在安纳托利军区抗击阿拉伯人的战争中立下战功。君士坦丁的儿子艾弗斯塔修斯·马莱诺斯(Eustathios Maleinos)就是后来引起瓦西里二世恐惧的那位十分富裕的马莱诺斯家族成员。瓦西里二世为此花重金在首都为其修建了一座豪宅,将他诱骗到此,然后囚禁起来,他一死,其家族全部财富就被没收了。
3 Psellos, Chronographia VII (Eudokia).4.
4 Psellos, Chronographia VII (Eudokia).1.
1 位于今土耳其中西部。
2 这位尤多西娅是后来成为皇帝的阿莱克修斯一世的姐妹。
3 根据拜占廷传统,凯撒是皇位的继承人,可是,阿莱克修斯一上台就对帝国贵族荣誉头衔进行了改革,这使得凯撒这一头衔严重贬值。最后,尼基弗鲁斯只获得塞萨洛尼卡地区。
4 J. C. Cheynet, "Les Phocas", in G. Dagron and H. Mihaescu, ed., Le traite sur la guerilla de l'empereur Nice-phore Phocas (963-969), Paris,1968, p.291.
1 这个巴尔达斯·福卡斯是皇帝尼基弗鲁斯二世·福卡斯的侄子,是尼基弗鲁斯二世的兄弟利奥·福卡斯的儿子。
2 P. Lemerle, "Le chronique impropement dite de Monemvasie:Le contexte historique et 16gendaire", REB 21 (1963), p.10.58-60.
3 W. Seibt, Die Skleroi:eine prosopographish-sigillographische Studie (Byzantina Vindobonensia 9, Wien 1976), p.20.
4 在拜占廷中期,军区将军掌握该军区的军政大权。
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[86]陈志强：《拜占廷帝国史》,北京：商务印书馆,2006年版。
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[88]陈志强：《巴尔干古代史》,北京：中华书局,2007年版。
[89]徐家玲：《拜占庭文明》,北京：人民出版社,2006年版。
[90]奥斯特洛格尔斯基著,陈志强译：《拜占廷国家史》,西宁：青海人民出版社,2006年版。
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[93]陈志强：《拜占廷〈农业法)研究》,《历史研究》,1999年第6期,第117-132页。
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6 I. Thurn, Ioannis Scylitzae Synopsis Historiarum, Corpus fontium historiae Byzantinae 5, Berlin-New York, 1973.
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3 H. Grtgoire, Michel Attaliate, Byz.28 (1958), pp.325-362.
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6 T. Biittner-Wobst, Ioannis Zonarae Epitome Historiantm libri ⅩⅢ-ⅩⅤⅢ, Corpus scriptorum historiae Byzantinae 49, Leipzig,1897.
1 Anne Comnene, Alexiade regne de l'empereur alexis I Comnene,1081-1118. texte etabli et trad, par B. Leib. Paris:Les Belles Lettres.1937.
2 Ch. Diehl, Figures byzantines, Paris,1927,1138. 226
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1 Mark Whittow, The Making of Byzantium,600-1025, p.7.
2 L. Brubaker, "Sex, lies and textuality:the Secret History of Prokopios and the rhetoric of gender in sixth-century Byzantium", in L. Brubaker and J. M. H. Smith, Gender in the Early Medieval World, Cambridge:CUP,pp. 83-101, esp.p.101.
4 A. A. Vasiliev, History of the Byzantine Empire 324-1453, Wisconsin:University of Wisconsin Press,1958, p.242.
5 F. Karsten, "Women's Position and Possibilities in Byzantine Society with Particular Reference to the Novels of Leo VI", in J6B 32.2 (1982), pp.425-532.
6 Eustathios Romaios, Peira, in I. Zepos and P. Zepos, ed., JGR IV, Athens:Φεζη(?), Γεωργio(?) Δ.,1931.
2 Michael Psellos, Mothers and Sons, Fathers and Daughters, the Byzantine Family of Michael Psellos, ed. and trans, by A. Kaldellis.Notre Dame, Ind.:University of Notre Dame Press,2006.
4 B. Hill, "The Ideal Imperial Komnenian Women," ByzF 23 (1996), pp.7-8.
5 A. M. Talbot, ed., Ten Saints Lives, Washington, D. C.:Dumbarton Oaks,1996
1 Averil Cameron ed., Fifty years of Prospography:the later Roman Empire, Byzantium and beyond, Oxford: OUP,2003,59-73.
2 Peter Brown, "The Rise and Function of the Holy Man in Late Antiquity', The Journal of Roman Studies 61(1971),pp.80-101.下载自：http://www.Jstor.org/
3 Constantine Porphyrogenitus, De administrando imperio, ed. by R. J. H. Jenkins, Washington, D. C. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection,2012.
1 Constantini Porphyrogeniti Imperatoris, De Cerimoniis Aulae Byzantinae, Libri Duo, Graece et Latine, Cum Eiusdem Commentariis Integris, Volumen L, Bonnae Tmpensis Ed. Weberi, MDCCCXXIX.
2 J. B. Bury, ed., The Imperial Administrative System in the 9th Century:with a Revised Text of Kletorologion of Philotheos, London:British Academy,1911.
4 见附录1：参考文献。
5 A. Laiou, Gender, society, and economic life in Byzantium, Aldershot:Ashgate,1992.
6 A. M. Talbot, Women and Religious Life in Byzantium, Aldershot:Ashgate,2001.
8 B. Hill, Imperial Women in Byzantium,1025-1204:Power, Patronage and ideology, London:Longman,1999.
9 J. Herrin, Women in Purple:Rulers of Medieval Byzantium, Princeton:Princeton University Press,2004.
10 L. Garland, Byzantine Empresses:Women and Power in Byzantium, AD.527-1204, London & New York: Routledge,1999.
1 C. Connor. Women of Bvzantium. Yale:Yale University Press.2004.
2 L. Garland, ed., Byzantine Women:Varieties of Experience 800-1200, Aldershot:Ashgate,2006.
3 T. Gouma-Peterson, ed., Anna Komnene and Her Times, Oxon:Taylor and Francis,2004.
4 L. James, ed., Women Men and Eunuchs:Gender in Byzantium, London & New York:Routledge,1997.
5 Adelbert Davids ed., The Empress Tehophano:Byzantium and the West at the Turn of the First Millennium, Cambridge:CUP,1995.
6 A.P. Kazhdan and A. W. Epstein, Change in Byzantine Culture in the 11th and 12th centuries, Berkeley and Los Angeles:University of California,1985.
7 M. Angold, Church and Society in Byzantium under the Comneni,1081-1261, Cambridge:CUP,1995.
8 J. Haldon, ed., A social history of Byzantium, Oxford:Wiley-Blackwell,2009.
9 S. Runciman, "Women in Byzantine Aristocratic Society", M. Angold, ed., The Byzantine Aristocracy Ⅸ to ⅩⅢ Centuries, BAR International Series 221,1984, pp.10-22.
10 A. Laiou, "The Role of Women in Byzantine Society", in JOB 31.1 (1981), pp.233-50.
11 A. Laiou, "Observations on the Life and Ideology of Byzantine Women", ByzF9 (1985), pp.59-102.
12 A. Laiou, "The Festival of 'Agathe':Comments on the Life of Constantinoplitan Women", in A. Laiou, Gender, society, and economic life in Byzantium, Aldershot:Ashgate,1992, Ⅲ.
14 D. Missiou, "Uber die institutionelle Rolle der Byzantinischen Kaiserin", JOB 32.2 (1982), pp.489-495.
16 A. P. Kazhdan, "The Social World of the Byzantine Court", in H. Maguire, ed., Byzantine Court Culture from 829-1204, Washington, D. C.:Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection,1997, pp,167-197.
17 R. Macrides, "Dynastic marriages and political kinship", in Jonathan Shepard and Simon Franklin, Byzantine Diplomacy, Aldershot:Variorum,1992.
1 J. Herrin, "Theophano:Considerations on the Education of a Byzantine Princess", in Adelbert Davids ed., The Empress Tehophano:Byzantium and the West at the Turn of the First Millennium, Cambridge:CUP,1995, pp. 64-85.
2 K. Ciggaar, "Theophano:An Empress Reconsidered", in Adelbert Davids ed., The Empress Tehophano: Byzantium and the West at the Turn of the First Millennium, pp.49-63.
3 A. Laiou, "Imperial Marriages and Their Critics in the 11th Century, The Case of Skylites", in DOP 46(1992), pp.165-176.
4 B. Hill, "The Ideal Imperial Komnenian Women", in SF23 (1996), pp.7-18.
5 B. Hill, "Imperial Women and the ideology of womanhood in the 11th and 12th centuries,"in L. James, ed., Women,Men and Eunuchs:Gender in Byzantium, pp.76-99.
7 G Catia, "Holy Women and Witches:Aspects of Byzantine Conception of Gender", BMGS9 (1985), pp.55-9
8 L. Garland, "The Life and Ideology of Byzantine Women:A Further Note on Conventions of Behaviour and Social Reality as Reflected in 11th and 12th Century Historical Sources", Byz.58 (1988), pp.361-93.
10 G. Buckler, "Women in Byzantine Law around 1100AD", in B 11 (1936), pp.391-416.
11 A. Laiou, "Sex, Consent, and Coercion in Byzantium", in A. Laiou,ed., Consent and Coercion to Sex and Marriaze in Ancient and Medieval Societies. Washington, D. C.:Dumbarton Oaks Research Librarv and Collection.1993. dd.109-221.
12 F. Karsten, "Women's position and possibilities in Byzantine Society, with particular reference to the novels of LeoVI", in JOB 32.2 (1982), pp.425-532.
13 A.-M. Talbot, "Women and Mt. Athos", in A. Bryer and M. Cunnungham, ed., Mount Athos and Byzantine Monasticism, Papers from the 28th Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies, Adershot:Ashgate,1998, pp.67-79.
14 R. Cormack, "Aristocratic patronage of the arts in 11-12 centuries", in M. Angold, ed., The Byzantine Aristocracy Ⅸ to ⅩⅢ Centuries, pp.158-72.
15 J. Herrin, "Women and church in Byzantium", in Bulletin of the British Association of Orientalists,11 (1979-80), pp.8-14.
1 A. P. Kazhdan, ed., ODB, Oxford:OUP,1991.
2 http://blog.pbw.cch.kcl.ac.uk
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4 R. Jenkins, Byzantium:The imperial Centuries AD 610-1071 (1966; rpt. Toronto:University of Toronto Press, 1987.)
5 C. Diehl, Figures byzantines, Paris,1909.
6 M. Whittow,The Making of Byzantium,600-1025, California:University of California Press,1996.
7 W. Treadgold, A History of the Byzantine State and Society, Stanford:Stanford University Press,1997.
1 M. Whittow, The Making of Byzantium,600-1025, p.7.
2 M. Whittow, The Making of Byzantium,600-1025, p.355.
3 W. Treadgold, "rev. of The Making of Byzantium,600-1025, by Mark Whittow", International History Review, Vol.19, No.4 (1997), pp.889-891.
4 S. Tougher, The Reign of Leo VI (886-912):Politics and People, Leiden & New York,1997.
5 L. Ryden, "The Bride-shows at the Byzantine Court-History or Fiction?" in Eranos 83 (1985), pp.175-191.
6 A. Kazhdan, "In Search for the Heart of Byzantium:About Several Recent Books on Byzantine Civilization", in Byz.51 (1981), pp.320-332.
7 A. Kazhdan, "In Search for the Heart of Byzantium:About Several Recent Books on Byzantine Civilization", p. 321.
1 R. Macrides, "Dynastic marriages and political kinship", in Jonathan Shepard and Simon Franklin, Byzantine Diplomacy, Aldershot:Variorum,1992
2 J. Herrin, "Theophano:Considerations on the Education of a Byzantine Princess", in Adelbert Davids ed., The Empress Tehophano:Byzantium and the West at the Turn of the First Millennium, Cambridge:CUP,1995, pp. 64-85.
3 K. Ciggaar, "Theophano:An Empress Reconsidered", in Adelbert Davids ed., The Empress Tehophano: Byzantium and the West at the Turn of the First Millennium, pp.49-63.
1 S. Runciman, "Women in Byzantine Aristocratic Society", p.11.
2 A. Laiou, Gender, society, and economic life in Byzantium, Aldershot:Ashgate,1992.
3 A. M. Talbot, Women and Religious Life in Byzantium, Aldershot:Ashgate,2001.
2 J. Beaucamp, Le statut de lafemme a Byzance (4e-7e si6cle), Paris,1990.
3 G. Buckler, "Women in Byzantine Law around 1100AD", in B11 (1936), pp.391-416.
1 这本专著和这篇论文均未出版。感谢雅典大学的T Ko1ias教授指导笔者阅读它们的电子版。
2 如. J. Anderson, "Anna Komnene, Learned Women, and the Book in Byzantine Art", in T. Gouma-Peterson, ed., Anna Komnene and Her times, Oxon:Taylor and Francis:2004, pp.125-156.
3 A. Kazhdan, "Women at Home", DOP 52 (1998), pp.1-17.
4 A. M. Talbot, Women and Religious Life in Byzantium, Aldershot:Ashgate,2001.
3 F. Karsten, "Women's position and possibilities in Byzantine Society, with particular reference to the novels of LeoVI", in JOB 32.2 (1982), pp.425-532.
6 J. Herrin, "The Imperial Feminine in Byzantium", Past and Present 169 (2000), pp.3-35.
7 F. Karsten, "Women's Position and Possibilities in Byzantine Society with Particular Reference to the Novels of LeoVI", JOB 32.2 (1982), pp.425-532.
8 G. Catia, "Holy Women and Witches:Aspects of Byzantine Conception of Gender", BMGS 9 (1985), pp.55-96.
1 L. Garland, "The Life and Ideology of Byzantine Women:A Further Note on Conventions of Behaviour and Social Reality as Reflected in 11th and 12th Century Historical Sources", Byz.58 (1988), pp.361-93.
2 L. Garland," The Life and Ideology of Byzantine Women:A Further Note on Conventions of Behaviour and Social Reality as Reflected in 11th and 12th Century Historical Sources", p.370.
3 L. Garland,"The Life and Ideology of Byzantine Women:A Further Note on Conventions of Behaviour and Social Reality as Reflected in 11th and 12th Century Historical Sources", p.373
11 L. Garland," The Life and Ideology of Byzantine Women:A Further Note on Conventions of Behaviour and Social Reality as Reflected in 11th and 12th Century Historical Sources", p.368.
5 B. Hill, "Imperial Women and the Ideology of Womanhood in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries", in L. James, ed., Women Men and Eunuchs:Gender in Byzantium, London & New York:Routledge,1997, p.76.
6 B. Hill, Imperial Women in Byzantium,1025-1204:Power, Patronage and ideology, London:Longman,1999.
7 B. Hill, "Imperial Women and the Ideology of Womanhood in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries", in L. James ed., Women Men and Eunuchs:Gender in Byzantium, p.79.
1 B. Hill, "Imperial Women and the Ideology of Womanhood in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries", in L. James, ed., Women,Men and Eunuchs:Gender in Byzantium, p.77.
2 陈志强：《我国拜占庭文化研究的新动向》,《世界历史》,2007年第6期,第122-129页。
3 李秀玲：《论拜占廷皇室妇女在帝国政治中的角色——安娜·达拉西妮个案分析》,《历史教学》,2009年第24期,第61-66页。
4 刘洪英：《11-13世纪拜占廷皇室妇女地位探究》,东北师范大学硕士论文,2004年。
5 B. Stolte, "The social function of the law", in J. Haldon, A social history of Byzantium, pp.76-91, esp., p.86-87.
1 The Chronicle of Theophanes (A. D.602-813), ed. and tr. by Harry Turtledove, Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania,81.5-6; 341.16; 454.6-7.
4 I. Thurn, Ioannis Scylitzae Synopsis Historiarum, Corpus fontium historiae Byzantinae 5, Berlin - New York, 1973,405.64-65.
1 Ioannis Scylitzae Synopsis Historiarum,478.88-92.
3 Ioannis Scylitzae Synopsis Historiarum,479.2-4.
4 Ioannis Scylitzae Synopsis Historiarum,479.4-19.
1 L. Garland, "The Life and Ideology of Byzantine Women:A Further Note on Conventions of Behaviour and Social Reality as Reflected in 11th and 12th Century Historical Sources", Byz.58 (1988), pp.361-93.
4 这段时间中普塞罗斯只提到塞奥多拉两次,第一次是邹伊与罗曼努斯成婚之后亲自为塞奥多拉削发令其进入修道院。第二次是说米哈伊尔四世完全轻视塞奥多拉的存在。笔者注。
3 Ioannis Scylitzae Synopsis Historiarum,479.14-17.
2 尤多西娅的出身绝不在君士坦丁第一任妻子之下,她的父亲约翰是君士坦丁堡贵族,母亲是大教长米哈伊尔的姊妹。笔者注。
3 奥斯特洛格尔斯基著,陈志强译：《拜占廷帝国》,西宁：青海人民出版社,2006年,第287页。
1 Psellos, Orationes panegyricae, ⅩⅡ.19-14.
3 Bryennios,79.1-3; 85.17.
4 Victor (pope) 48.1-2.
1 "laChalcedeLeon Ⅲ"关于这个事件的真实性,学术界意见不一,例如,M arie-France Auzepy认为整个“金门事件”都是在崇敬圣像的大教长尼基弗鲁斯一世(A.D.806-815)的教唆下编造的,为的是将“政治压制伪造成宗教迫害”Marie-France Auzepy, "La destruction de L'icone du Christ de la Chalc6 de Leon III: Propagande ou realite", B 60 (1990):445-92.但是她的这个观点并没有被学术界普遍接受,原因就在于除了该传记还有其他史料提到了这个事件,如The Chronicle of Theophanes (A.D.602-813), ed. and tr. by Harry Turtledove, University of Pennsylvania,1982.
1 The Martyrdom of Our Blessed father Stephen the Younger, in Byzantine defenders of Images, ed. by Alice-Mary Talbot, Washington, D.C.:Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection,1998, p.12.
1 St. Anthousa of Mantineon, in Byzantine defenders of Images, p.18.
1 陈志强：《拜占廷皇帝继承制特点研究》,《中国社会科学》,1999年；‘第1期,第186页。
2 H. Saradi, "The Byzantine tribunal:problems in the application of justice and state policy (9th-12th c.)", REB 53 (1995), p.173.
3 J. Haldon, Warefare, State and Society in the Byzantine World, London,1999, p.85.
4 N. Oikonomides, "The role of the Byzantine state in the economy", in A. Laiou, ed., The Economic History of Byzantium from the 7th through the 15'" Century, Washington D. C.,2002. pp.1022-3.
5 C. Holmes, "Political elites in the reign of Basil Ⅱ", in P. Magdalino, ed., Byzantium in the Year 1000, Leiden, 2003, pp.38-56.4
6 奥斯特洛格尔斯基著,陈志强译：《拜占廷帝国》,第206页。
1 奥斯特洛格尔斯基著,陈志强译：《拜占廷帝国》,第206页。
2 奥斯特洛格尔斯基著,陈志强译：《拜占廷帝国》,第241页。
1 奥斯特洛格尔斯基著,陈志强译：《拜占廷帝国》,第225页。
2 A. Kazhdan,'The Notion of Byzantine Diplomacy', in J. Shepard and S. Franklin, ed., Byzantine Diplomacy, p. 5.
3 O. F. Winter,'klientelkonige im romischen und byzantinischenReich', JOB 2 (1952), pp.35-50.
4 A. Kazhdan,'The Notion of Byzantine Diplomacy', in J. Shepard and S. Franklin, ed., Byzantine Diplomacy, p. 14.
5 A. Kazhdan,'The Notion of Byzantine Diplomacy', p.15.
1 Constantine Ⅶ Porphyrogennetos, De administrando imperio, ed., G. Moravcsik, with English trnas. By R. J. H. Jenkins, Ⅰ (Budapest,1949), pp.70-2; Ⅱ, Commentary (London,1962), pp.63-67.
2 J. Shepard,'Byzantine Diplomacy, A. D.800-1204:Means and Ends, in J. Shepard and S. Franklin, ed., Byzantine Diplomacy, p.60.
3 R. Macrides,'Dynastic Marriages and Political Kinship', in J. Shepard and S. Franklin, ed., Byzantin Diplomacy, p.264.
1 Theoph. Cont.,414-15.
2 G Wolf,'Nochmals zur Frage:wer war Theophano?',5Z 81 (1988), pp.274-9.
3 乔治·奥斯特洛格尔斯基著,陈志强译：《拜占廷帝国》,第233页。
4 乔治·奥斯特洛格尔斯基著,陈志强译：《拜占廷帝国》,第322页。
5 乔治·奥斯特洛格尔斯基著,陈志强译：《拜占廷帝国》,第322页。
6 C. Head, "Physical Descriptions of the Emperors in Byzantine Historical Writings", B 50 (1980), pp.226-240.
7 Leo the Deacon, The History of Leo the Deacon:Byzantine Military Expansion in the 10th Century, introduction, translation, and annotation by A.-M. Talbot and D. F. Sullivan, Washington, D. C:Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection,2005, pp.98-99.
8 Herbert Hunger, BvQζαυτivη AoyoτεXviα, B, μεταφραση απO T. Koλiα(?), Aθηvα:MIET,2007, σ.205.
1 Fourteen Byzantine Rulers:The Chronographia of Michael Psellus, translated, with an introduction by E. R. A. Sewter, Harmondsworth:Penguin Books,1953, VI.16-18.
1 乔治·奥斯特洛格尔斯基著,陈志强译,《拜占廷帝国史》,第276页。
2 M. Angold, The Byzantine Empire 1025-1204:A Political History, London and New York:Longman,1984, p. 36.
3 John Zonaras, Epitomae Historierum Libri ⅩⅢ-XVⅩⅤⅢ, Ⅲ, Bonn,1897, p.647.
4 Fourteen Byzantine Rulers:The Chronographia of Michael Psellus, Ⅵ (Constantine Ⅸ).160.
5 Fourteen Byzantine Rulers:The Chronographia of Michael Psellus, Ⅴ.36.
6 Fourteen Byzantine Rulers:The Chronographia of Michael Psellus, Ⅵ(Theodora).3,17.
7 B. Hill, Imperial Women in Byzantium,1025-1204:Power, Patronage and ideology, London:Longman,1999, p. 57.
1 Fourteen Byzantine Rulers:The Chronographia of Michael Psellus, Ⅵ (Theodora).6-7.
2 M. Angold, Church and Society in Byzantium under the Comneni,1081-1261, Cambridge:CUP,1995, p.7.
3 M. Angold, Church and Society in Byzantium under the Comneni,1081-1261, p.36.
4 详见第二章第三节。
6 M. Angold, Church and Society in Byzantium under the Comneni,1081-1261, p.24.
7 Fourteen Byzantine Rulers:The Chronographia of Michael Psellus, Ⅶ (Michael VI and Isaac),61.
1 Fourteen Byzantine Rulers:The Chronographia of Michael Psellus, Ⅶ (Eudocia).2.
2 Fourteen Byzantine Rulers:The Chronographia of Michael Psellus, Ⅶ (Romanus Ⅳ).9.
3 乔治·奥斯特洛格尔斯基著,陈志强译,《拜占廷帝国史》,第289页。
4 L. Garland, Byzantine Empresses:Women and Power in Byzantium, AD.527-1204, London & New York: Routledge,1999, p.177.
L. Garland, Byzantine Empresses:Women and Power in Byzantium, AD.527-1204, p.177.
1 M. Angold, Church and Society in Byzantium under the Comneni,1081-1261, p.36.
1 奥斯特洛格尔斯基著,陈志强译：《拜占廷帝国》,西宁：青海人民出版社,2006年。
2 B.Hill,B.Hill,Imperial Women in Byzantium,1025-1204:Patronage and ideology,London:Longman, 1999.
2 The Chronicle of Theophanes (A. D.602-813),81.5-6; 341.16; 454.6-7
3 陈志强：《拜占廷皇帝继承制特点研究》,第180-194页。
4 陈志强：《拜占廷皇帝继承制特点研究》,第182页。
1 A. Vasiliev, History of the Byzantine Empire 324-1453, Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1958, p.242.
3 M. Angold, Church and Society in Byzantium under the Comneni,1081-1261, p.404.
4 M. Angold, Church and Society in Byzantium under the Comneni,1081-1261, p.404.
1 M. Angold, Church and Society in Byzantium under the Comneni,1081-1261, p.7.
2 A.P. Kazhdan and A. W. Epstein, Change in Byzantine Culture in the 11th and 12th centuries, Berkeley and Los Angeles:University of California,1985, pp.11-23.
3 M. Angold, The Byzantine Empire 1025-1204:A Political History, London and New York:Longman,1984, p.1.
4 M. Angold, Church and Society in Byzantium under the Comneni,1081-1261, p.19.
1 A. Kazhdan, ed., ODB, Oxford:OUP,1991, p1701.
2 奥斯特洛格尔斯基著,陈志强译：《拜占廷帝国》,第222页。
3 Ioannis Scylitzae Synopsis Historiarum,417.4-11.
1 Fourteen Byzantine Rulers:The Chronographia of Michael Psellus, V.22.
3 E. Pietsch, Die Chronographia des Michael Psellos, Kaisergeschichte, Autobiographie und Apologie, Wiesbaden,2005.
4 E. Pietsch, Die Chronographia des Michael Psellos. Kaisergeschichte, Autobiographie und Apologie, Wiesbaden.2005.
5 Fourteen Byzantine Rulers:The Chronographia of Michael Psellus, Ⅳ.1.
6 Fourteen Byzantine Rulers:The Chronographia of Michael Psellus, Ⅵ (Constantine IX).1.
1 Fourteen Byzantine Rulers:The Chronographia of Michael Psellus, IV.22.
2 Fourteen Byzantine Rulers:The Chronographia of Michael Psellus, V.26.
3 P. Magdalino, The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos 1143-1180, Cambridge:CUP,1993, p.237.
4 P. Magdalino, The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos 1143-1180, p.237.
5 Constantini Porphyrogeniti Imperatoris, De Cerimoniis Aulae Byzantinae, I.38.
4 Constantini Porphyrogeniti Imperatoris, De Cerimoniis Aulae Byzantinae,11.15.
1 Fourteen Byzantine Rulers:The Chronographia of Michael Psellus, VI.5.
2 Fourteen Byzantine Rulers:The Chronographia of Michael Psellus, V.26.
1 M. Angold, Church and Society in Byzantium under the Comneni,1081-1261, p.6.
2 M. Angold, Church and Society in Byzantium under the Comneni,1081-1261, p.22.
3 M. Angold, Church and Society in Byzantium under the Comneni,1081-1261, p.26.
1 M. Angold, Church and Society in Byzantium under the Comneni,1081-1261, p.7.
2 M. Angold, Church and Society in Byzantium under the Comneni,1081-1261, p.404.
3 G. Buckler, Women in Byzantine Law, about 1100 A. D.,Byz.11 (1936), p.401.
4 G. Buckler, Women in Byzantine Law, about 1100 A. D., p.395.
1 M. Angold, Church and Society in Byzantium under the Comneni,1081-1261, p.24.
2 M. Angold, The Byzantine Empire 1025-1204:A Political History, p.53.
1 Fourteen Byzantine Rulers:The Chronographia ofMichael Psellus, VI.16-18.
2 M. Angold, Church and Society in Byzantium under the Comneni,1081-1261, p.22.
3 H.-G. Beck, "Konstantinopel. Zur Sozialgeschichte einer fruhmittelalterlichen Hauptsadt", BZ 58 (1965), pp. 36-37.
4 Fourteen Byzantine Rulers:The Chronographia of Michael Psellus, V.38.
5 M. Angold, Church and Society in Byzantium under the Comneni,1081-1261, p.35.
1 M. Angold, Church and Society in Byzantium under the Comneni,1081-1261, p.36.
1 M. Angold, Church and Society in Byzantium under the Comneni,1081-1261, p.37.
3 见附录：拜占廷大家族谱系表。
1 在拜占廷中期,军区将军掌握该军区的军政大权。
3 J. C. Cheynet, "Les Phocas", in G Dagron and H. Mihaescu, ed., Le traits sur la guerilla de l'empereur Nice-phore Phocas (963-969), Paris,1968, p.291.
4 位于今土耳其北部。
5 位于通往马拉蒂亚(.Melitene)和萨摩撒塔(Samosata)主干道的中间城市。马拉蒂亚位于今土耳其南部：萨摩撒塔是幼发拉底河西岸的古老城市。
1 这些军区是安纳托利亚军区、亚美尼亚军区、色雷斯松军区和奥普希金军区。
2 A.P. Kazhdan and A. W. Epstein, Change in Byzantine Culture in the 11th and 12th centuries, p.21.
3 M. Angold, The Byzantine Empire 1025-1204:A Political History, p.3.
4 见附录：拜占廷皇后表。
5 乔治·奥斯特洛格尔斯基著,陈志强译,《拜占廷帝国史》,第218页。
1 乔治·奥斯特洛格尔斯基著,陈志强译,《拜占廷帝国史》,第213页。
2 乔治·奥斯特洛格尔斯基著,陈志强译,《拜占廷帝国史》,第227页。
3 参见附录：拜占廷大家族谱系表中的梅里森诺斯家族的历史。
4 熊莹：《从审判老皮索的元老法令看罗马元首制初期的政治文化》,博士学位论文,2010年,第103页。
1 熊莹：《从审判老皮索的元老法令看罗马元首制初期的政治文化》,第104页。
2 见附录：拜占廷统治者婚姻次数表。
4 D. Polemis, "The Doukai" in A Contribution to Byzantine Prosopography, p.8, p.6, p.27.
5 L. Garland, Byzantine Empresses, Women and Power in Byzantium AD 527-1204, p.171.
1 Fourteen Byzantine Rulers:The Chronographia of Michael Psellus, Ⅶ (Eudocia),1.
2 Fourteen Byzantine Rulers:The Chronographia of Michael Psellus, Ⅶ (Romanus Ⅳ),30-31.
3 B. Hill, Imperial Women in Byzantium,1025-1204:Power, Patronage and ideology, pp.65-66.
4 L. Garland, Byzantine Empresses, Women and Power in Byzantium AD 527-1204, p.187.
5 Fourteen Byzantine Rulers:The Chronographia of Michael Psellus, Ⅶ(Isaac Comnenus),83,89.
1 L. Garland, Byzantine Empresses, Women and Power in Byzantium AD 527-1204, pp.187-188.
1 A.P. Kazhdan and A. W. Epstein, Change in Byzantine Culture in the 11th and 12th centuries, p.2.
2 A.P. Kazhdan and A. W. Epstein, Change in Byzantine Culture in the 11th and 12th centuries, p.2.
3 陈志强：《拜占廷军区制和农兵》,《历史研究》,1996年第5期,第114-128页。
4 陈志强：《拜占廷军区制和农兵》,第122页,第127页。
1 M. Angold, The Byzantine Empire 1025-1204:A Political History, p.70.
2 J. Harris, Constantinople:Capital of Byzantium, London and New York:Hambledon Continuum,2007, p.108.
3 J. Harris, Constantinople:Capital of Byzantium, p.108.
3 J. B. Bury, The Imperial Administrative System in the Ninth Century, London,1911, pp.69-73.
4 乔治·奥斯特洛格尔斯基著,陈志强译,《拜占廷帝国史》,第205页。
1 M. Angold, The Byzantine Empire 1025-1204:A Political History, p.70.
2 M. Angold, The Byzantine Empire 1025-1204:A Political History, p.71.
1 A. Laiou, "The Byzantine economy:an overview", in A. Laiou, ed, The Economic History of Byzantium from the 71th through the 15th Century, Washington D. C.:Dumbarton Oaks Research and Library,2002. pp.1146-56.
2 A.P. Kazhdan and A. W. Epstein, Change in Byzantine Culture in the 11th and 12th centuries, p.35.
3 M. Angold, The Byzantine Empire 1025-1204:A Political History, p.63.
1 M. Aneold. The Bvzantine Empire 1025-1204:A Political History, p.63.
2 J. Harris, Constantinople:Capital of Byzantium, p.116.
3 J. Harris, Constantinople:Capital of Byzantium, p.117.
4 A.P. Kazhdan and A. W. Epstein, Change in Byzantine Culture in the 11th and 12th centuries, p.35.
5 J. Harris, Constantinople:Capital of Byzantium, p.111.
1 M. Angold, The Byzantine Empire 1025-1204:A Political History, p.64.
1 M. Angold, Church and Society in Byzantium under the Comneni,1081-1261, pp.19-20.
3 M. Angold, The Byzantine Empire 1025-1204:A Political History, p.68.
4 M. Angold, The Byzantine Empire 1025-1204:A Political History, p.69.
5 P. Magdalino, "The grain supply of Constantinople, ninth to twelfth centuries", in C. Mango and G Dagron, ed Constantinople and its Hinterland:Papers from the 27th Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies, Oxford, April 1993, pp.39-42.
1 M.Angold,The Byzantine Empire 1025.1204:A Political History,p.61.
2 A. Laiou, "The Festival of 'Agathe'; Comments on the Life of Constantinopolitan Women", in A. Laiou, Gender, society, and economic life in Byzantium, Aldershot:Ashgate,1992, Ⅲ,113.
1 A. Laiou, "The Festival of Agathe'; Comments on the Life of Constantinopolitan Women", in A. Laiou, Gender, society, and economic life in Byzantium, Ⅲ,117.
1 M. Angold, The Byzantine Empire 1025-1204:A Political History, p.47.
1 M. Angold, "Church and Society:Iconoclasm and After", in J. Haldon, ed., A social history of Byzantium, Oxford:Wiley-Blackwell,2009, p.237.
2 M. Angold, "Church and Society:Iconoclasm and After", p.237.
3 该修道院就在如今雅典大学哲学学院的后山山间。
4 M Angold, Church and Society in Byzantium under the Comneni,1081-1261, p.7.
5 M. Angold, "Church and Society:Iconoclasm and After", p.241.
1 M. Angold, "Church and Society:Iconoclasm and After", p.241.
2 M. Angold, "Church and Society:Iconoclasm and After", p.241.
3 M. Angold, Church and Society in Byzantium under the Comneni,1081-1261, p.404.
4 M. Angold, "Church and Society:Iconoclasm and After", p.238.
5 M. Angold, "Church and Society:Iconoclasm and After", p.239.
1 M. Angold, "Church and Society:Iconoclasm and After", p.248.
1 J. Harris, Constantinople:Capital of Byzantium, p.84.
2 J. Harris, Constantinople:Capital of Byzantium, p.84.
3 J. Harris, Constantinople:Capital of Byzantium, p.99.
4 J. Harris, Constantinople:Capital of Byzantium, p.85.
1 M. Angold, "Church and Society:Iconoclasm and After", p.240.
2 M. Angold, "Church and Society:Iconoclasm and After", p.240.
3 M. Angold, "Church and Society:Iconoclasm and After", p.244.
4 奥斯特洛格尔斯基著,陈志强译：《拜占廷帝国》,第283页。
1 A.-M. Talbot, "Women and Mt. Athos", in A. Bryer and M. Cunningham ed., Mount Athos and Byzantine Monasticism, Papers from the 28"'Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies, Aldershot:Ashgate,1998, p.72.
1 A.-M. Talbot. "Women and Mt. Athos". p.73.
2 A.-M. Talbot, "Women and Mt. Athos", p.75.
3 A.-M. Talbot, "Women and Mt. Athos", p.77.
4 A.-M. Talbot, "Women and Mt. Athos", p.74.
5 A.-M. Talbot, "Women and Mt. Athos", p.74
6 A.-M. Talbot, "Women and Mt. Athos", p.77.
1 因为拜占廷没有成文的继承法,有关遗产继承的问题是困扰了拜占廷学者很久且争议很大的问题,其中最大的争议就是父母去世之后先行成家的子女是否要先归还原先获得的那部分财产,然后再在他们中间进行平均分配。而笔者支持拉伊奥的观点,即上述观点。
2 F. Karsten, "Women's position and possibilities in Byzantine Society, with particular reference to the novels of Leo VI", in JoB 32.2 (1982), p.236.
3 B. Hill, Imperial Women in Byzantium,1025-1204:Power, Patronage and ideology, p.57.
1 Kecharitomene:Typikon of Empresses Irene Doukaina Komnene for the Convent of the Mother of God Kecharitomene in Constantinople, trans., by R. Jordan, in i. Thomas and A. Constantinides Hero, ed., Byzantine Monastic Foundation Documents, Washington, D. C.:Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection,2000,27. 3.
2 Kecharitomene:Typikon of Empresses Irene Doukaina Komnene for the Convent of the Mother of God Kecharitomene in Constantinople,27.4.
1 马克·布洛赫著,张绪山译：《封建社会》,北京：商务印书馆,2007年,第283页。
2 马克·布洛赫著,张绪山译：《封建社会》,第472页。
3 J. C. Cheynet, "The Byzantine Aristocracy (8th-13th Centuries)", in J. C. Cheynet, The Byzantine Aristocracy and Its Military Function, Aldershot:Ashgate,2006,1.2-3.
4 J. C. Cheynet, "The Byzantine Aristocracy (8th-13th Centuries)", in J. C. Cheynet, The Byzantine Aristocracy and Its Military Function,1.41.
1 陈志强：《拜占廷封建政治形态研究》,《河南大学学报》,2002年第3期,第14页。
1 G Weiβ, "Vennogenbildung der Byzantiner in Privathand. Methodische Fragen einer quantitativen Analyse", Byzantina 11 (1982), pp.75-92.
3 N. Oikonomides, "Terres du fisc et revenu de la terre aux Ⅹe-Ⅺe siecle", in Hommes et richesses 11,331.
4 J. C. Cheynet, "The Byzantine Aristocracy (8th-13th Centuries)", in J. C. Cheynet, The Byzantine Aristocracy and Its Military Function,1.25.
5 P. Magdalino, "The Byzantine Army and the Land:From Stratiotikon Ktema to Military Pronoia", in Byzantine at War (91th-12th), Athens,1997, p.36.
1 J. C. Cheynet, "The Byzantine Aristocracy (8th-13th Centuries)", in J. C. Cheynet, The Byzantine Aristocracy and Its Military Function,1.11.
1 J. C. Cheynet, "The Byzantine Aristocracy in the 10th-12th Centuries:A Review of the Book by A. Kazhdan and S. Ronchey", in J. C. Cheynet, The Byzantine Aristocracy and Its Military Function, 11.17-18.
2 Eustathios Romaios, Peira 28.1.
3 武鹏：《拜占廷史料中公元6世纪安条克的地震灾害论述》,《世界历史》,2009年第6期,第117页。
1 郑玮：《7-9世纪拜占廷帝国乡村和小农勃兴的原因分析》,《历史教学》,2004年第6期,第29页。
2 陈志强：《拜占廷农业法研究》,《历史研究》,1999年第6期,第116页。
3 郑玮：《7-9世纪拜占廷帝国乡村和小农勃兴的原因分析》,第33页。
4 A.P. Kazhdan and Ann Wharton Epstein, Change in Byzantine Culture in the 11th and 12th centuries, p.100.
2 A. Laiou, "The Role of Women in Byzantine Society", in JOB 32.2 (1982), p.237.
3 A. Laiou, "The Role of Women in Byzantine Society", p.235.
4 J. Haldon, "Social Elites, Wealth, and Power", in J. Haldon, ed., A social History of Byzantium, p.179.
1 Pellos, Yπoμvημα,18-71, in M. Psellos, Orationes forenes et acta, ed., G. T. Dennis, Stuttgart-Leipzig,1994, pp. 169-175.
2 A. Laiou, "Family Structure and the Transmission of Property", in J. Haldon, ed., A social History of Byzantium, p.59.
3 A.P. Kazhdan and Ann Wharton Epstein, Change in Byzantine Culture in the 11th and 12th centuries, p.105.
6 L. Neville, Authority in Byzantine Provincial Society,950-1100, Cambridge:CUP, Chapter 3.
7 A.P. Kazhdan and Ann Wharton Epstein, Change in Byzantine Culture in the 11th and 12th centuries, p.185.
8 B. Hill, Imperial Women in Byzantium,1025-1204:Power, Patronage and ideology, p.172
1 J. Haldon, "Social Elites, Wealth, and Power", in J. Haldon, ed., A social History of Byzantium, p.185.
2 E. Patlagean, Un Moyen Age grec. Byzance Ⅸe-ⅩⅤe siecle, Paris,2007, p.85.
3 Bryennios,79.1-3; 85.17.
A.-M. Talbot, "Women and Mt. Athos", p.74.
1 奥斯特洛格尔斯基著,陈志强译：《拜占廷帝国》,第23页。
1 A. Vasiliev, History of the Byzantine Empire 324-1453, Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1958, p.242.
2 详见第二章第二节。
3 Ecloga, L. BURGMANN (Forschungen zur byzantinischen Rechtsgeschichte 10), Frankfurt,1983,2.9.1.
4 Ecloga,2.2.
1 M. K. Ringrose, Saints, holy men and Byzantine society,726 to 843, New Brunswick, N.J.:Rutgers University, 1976, p.106.
2 M. Angold, Church and Society in Byzantium under the Comneni,1081-1261, pp.134-135.
3 A. E. Laiou, "Sex, Consent, and Coercion in Byzantium", in A. E. Laiou, ed., Consent and Coercion to Sex and Marriage in Ancient and Medieval Societies, Washington, D. C.:Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection,1993, p.118.
4 Ecloga,17.19-20.
5 这里降低结婚标准是相对于罗马法不允许身份地位不平等两人结婚而言的。应该指出的是此时的婚姻法在允许不同等级的人结婚的同时,却在家族通婚之间设置了种种障碍,这一点也体现出了国家对婚姻的控 制。
1 A. E. Laiou, "Sex, Consent, and Coercion in Byzantium", p.124.
2 A. E. Laiou, "Sex, Consent, and Coercion in Byzantium", p.121.
3 G. Buckler, "Women in Byzantine Law, about 1100 A. D.",in Byz.11 (1936), p.396.
4 G. Buckler, "Women in Byzantine Law, about 1100 A. D."p.397.
3 G. Buckler, "Women in Byzantine Law, about 1100 A. D.", p.401.
6 G. Buckler, "Women in Byzantine Law, about 1100 A. D.", p.395.
7 F. Karsten, "Women's position and possibilities in Byzantine Society, with particular reference to the novels of Leo VI", in J6B 32.2 (1982), p.236.
2 G. Buckler, "Women in Byzantine Law, about 1100 A. D.", p.393.
3 G. Buckler, "Women in Byzantine Law, about 1100 A. D.",p.398.
4 G. Buckler, "Women in Byzantine Law, about 1100 A. D.",p.398.
5 因为拜占廷没有成文的继承法,有关遗产继承的问题是困扰了拜占廷学者很久且争议很大的问题,其中 最大的争议就是父母去世之后先行成家的子女是否要先归还原先获得的那部分财产,然后再在他们中间进行平均分配。而笔者支持拉伊奥的观点,即上述观点。
F. Karsten, "Women's position and possibilities in Byzantine Society, with particular reference to the novels of Leo Ⅵ", p.236.
5 Procheiron, JGR Ⅱ,107-228,4.25.
F. Karsten, "Women's position and possibilities in Byzantine Society, with particular reference to the novels of Leo VI", in JoB 32.2 (1982), p.236.
2 Procheiron. JGR Ⅱ,107-228,2.10.
3 F. Karsten, "Women's position and possibilities in Byzantine Society, with particular reference to the novels of Leo VI", in JoB 32.2 (1982), p.237.
4 A.P. Kazhdan and A. W. Epstein, Change in Byzantine Culture in the 11th and 12th centuries, p.100.
6 B. Hill, Imperial Women in Byzantium,1025-1204:Power, Patronage and ideology, p.96.
1 A. Laiou, "The Role of Women in Byzantine Society", in JOB 32.2 (1982), p.238.
2 A. Laiou, "The Role of Women in Byzantine Society", in JOB 32.2(1982), p.237.
4 F. Karsten, "Women's position and possibilities in Byzantine Society, with particular reference to the novels of Leo VI", p.236.
5 A. Laiou, "The Role of Women in Byzantine Society", p.234.
6 详见第三章第三节。
4 NOAILLES-DAIN.109.
5 Peira,25.11.
3 Gen.3
2 Gen.1:27
2 A. E. Laiou, "Sex, Consent, and Coercion in Byzantium", in A. E. Laiou, ed., Consent and Coercion to Sex and Marriage in Ancient and Medieval Societies, p.118.
1 顾蓓：《圣母崇拜的历史研究》,复旦大学博士论文,2003年,第56页。
2 顾蓓：《圣母崇拜的历史研究》,第55页。
3 顾蓓：《圣母崇拜的历史研究》,第55页。
1 L. Garland, "The Life and Ideology of Byzantine Women:A Further Note on Conventions of Behaviour and Social Reality as Reflected in the 11th and 12th Century Historical Sources", in Byz.58 (1988), p.365.
1 L. Garland, "The Life and Ideology of Byzantine Women:A Further Note on Conventions of Behaviour and Social Reality as Reflected in the 11th and 12th Century Historical Sources", p.365.
1 L. Neville, Authority in Byzantine Provincial Society,950-1100, chapter 3.
3 J. Haldon, "Social Elites, Wealth, and Power", in J. Haldon, ed.,A Social History of Byzantium, p.179.
1 陈志强：《拜占廷封建政治形态研究》,第14页。
3 陈志强：《拜占廷皇帝继承制度特点研究》,第191-194页。
1 A.P. Kazhdan and A. W. Epstein. Chanze in Byzantine Culture in the 11th and 12th centuries, p.7.
2 见附录：7-9世纪拜占廷王朝列表。
3 A. E. Laiou, "Family Structure and the Transmission of Property", in J. Haldon, ed., A Social History of Byzantium, p.59.
4 A. P. Kazhdan, Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, p.267.
5 B. Hill, "The Ideal Imperial Komnenian Women," BF,23 (1996), pp.7-8.
6 L. James, Empresses and Power in Early Byzantium, London and New York:Leicester University Press,2001, pp.12-13.
1 L. James, Empresses and Power in Early Byzantium, p.12.
2 Oraison funebre de Basile I par son fils Leon VI le Sage. Editee avec Introduction et Traduction par A. Vogt et I Hausherr S. I. Orientalia Christiana, Vol. XXVI.-I, Num.77,1932, pp.53-54.
4 L. James, Empresses and Power in Early Byzantium, pp.12-13.
5 J. Herrin, "The imperial feminine in Byzantium", in Past & Present,169 (2000), p.12.
6 Oraison funebre de Basile I par son fils Leon VI le Sage, pp.53-54.
3 S. Tougher, The Reign of Leo Ⅵ, p.25.
1 奥斯特洛格尔斯基著,陈志强译：《拜占廷帝国史》,第195-196页。显然在这里奥斯特洛格尔斯基参考了历史学家西蒙的叙事。
2 奥斯特洛格尔斯基著,陈志强译：《拜占廷帝国史》,第201页。
3 利奥六世的第一任妻子塞奥法诺就是母亲尤多西娅亲自挑选的,利奥对此十分不满。
4 C. Mango,The Art of Byzantine Empire,312-1453:Sources and Documents, Englewood,1972, pp.197-198.
1 S. Tougher, The Reign of Leo Ⅵ, p.25.
2 翻看拜占廷历史叙事就会发现“美貌”是所有的拜占廷皇帝情妇所共有的特质,情妇和美丽似乎是划等号的,而利奥六世母亲尤多西娅的出身的确也是情妇。
1 君士坦丁·迪奥根尼斯是后来的皇帝罗曼努斯四世之父。
2 据尼基弗鲁斯·布莱尼诺斯记载该阿格罗普里纳在与阿莱克修斯订婚以后就去世了,因此后来阿莱克修斯与杜卡斯家族的伊琳尼结婚。
3 据现代学者考证,该地是梅里特尼东部的塔拉斯修道院。
4 J. C. Cheynet, Etudet,prosopographiques, Paris:Publications de la Sorbonne,1986, p.75.
5 J. C. Cheynet, Etudes prosopographiques, Paris, pp.75-76.
1 她是君士坦丁·杜卡斯的第一任妻子,后者后来成为君士坦丁十世。D. Polemis, "The Doukai" in A Contribution to Byzantine Prosopography, University of London Historical Studies 22, London,1968, p.34.
2 约翰·科穆宁是伊萨克一世科穆宁的兄弟。安娜即为阿莱克修斯一世科穆宁的母亲。
3 D. Polemis, "The Doukai" in A Contribution to Byzantine Prosopography, London:University of London Historical Studies 22,1968, p.4.
4 由于这三支杜卡斯家族之间的谱系关系并不明确,现代学者将他们分为三支,11世纪显赫的杜卡斯家族史第三支杜卡斯家族。D. Polemis, "The Doukai" in A Contribution to Byzantine Prosopography, p.8, p.6, p.27.
2 Bryennios,79.1-3；85.17.
1 位于今土耳其北部。
2 位于通往马拉蒂亚(Melitene)和萨摩撒塔(Samosata)主干道的中间城市。马拉蒂亚位于今土耳其南部；萨摩撒塔是幼发拉底河西岸的古老城市。
3 N. Svononos, ed., Les novelles des empereurs macedoniens concernant la terre et les stratiotes, Athens,1994, pp.190-191,303.
1 J. C. Cheynet, Pouvoir et contestations a Byzance 963-1210, Paris,1990, pp.214-215.
2 尤多基莫斯·马莱诺斯的妻子是罗曼努斯一世家族的亲戚,他们的三个子女分别是：米哈伊尔,君士坦-丁和这个无名的马莱诺斯。她与巴尔达斯的儿子尼基弗鲁斯·福卡斯就是后来的皇帝尼基弗鲁斯二世。米哈伊尔·马莱诺斯是后来的圣徒米哈伊尔,他是阿索斯圣山拉夫拉修道院(Lavra)创建者阿塔纳修斯·安东尼迪斯(Athanasios Athonite)的导师,因此与修道士团体有密切的联系。而他的兄弟君士坦丁则是一位杰出的拜占廷将军。他在安纳托利军区抗击阿拉伯人的战争中立下战功。君士坦丁的儿子艾弗斯塔修斯·马莱诺斯(Eustathios Maleinos)就是后来引起瓦西里二世恐惧的那位十分富裕的马莱诺斯家族成员。瓦西里二世为此花重金在首都为其修建了一座豪宅,将他诱骗到此,然后囚禁起来,他一死,其家族全部财富就被没收了。
3 Psellos, Chronographia VII (Eudokia).4.
4 Psellos, Chronographia VII (Eudokia).1.
1 位于今土耳其中西部。
2 这位尤多西娅是后来成为皇帝的阿莱克修斯一世的姐妹。
3 根据拜占廷传统,凯撒是皇位的继承人,可是,阿莱克修斯一上台就对帝国贵族荣誉头衔进行了改革,这使得凯撒这一头衔严重贬值。最后,尼基弗鲁斯只获得塞萨洛尼卡地区。
4 J. C. Cheynet, "Les Phocas", in G. Dagron and H. Mihaescu, ed., Le traite sur la guerilla de l'empereur Nice-phore Phocas (963-969), Paris,1968, p.291.
1 这个巴尔达斯·福卡斯是皇帝尼基弗鲁斯二世·福卡斯的侄子,是尼基弗鲁斯二世的兄弟利奥·福卡斯的儿子。
2 P. Lemerle, "Le chronique impropement dite de Monemvasie:Le contexte historique et 16gendaire", REB 21 (1963), p.10.58-60.
3 W. Seibt, Die Skleroi:eine prosopographish-sigillographische Studie (Byzantina Vindobonensia 9, Wien 1976), p.20.
4 在拜占廷中期,军区将军掌握该军区的军政大权。
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