水稻钾素营养的积累特征及生理效应
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摘要
钾是水稻植株含量最丰富的主要营养元素之一,对水稻的生长和发育有着明显地促进作用,参与了水稻体内多种酶的活化、物质合成、同化物运输、水分代谢、光合作用及离子平衡等植株生理生化过程,对提高水稻养分吸收利用效率、增加水稻产量、改善稻米品质具有十分重要的作用。本试验在大田和盆栽条件下,通过基肥、穗肥和前后运筹的钾素管理方式,研究了施钾量对不同类型水稻植株养分吸收、转运和利用的影响,分析了钾素水平对不同类型水稻光合生理及防御系统的影响,探讨了钾素用量对不同类型水稻茎秆生物力学和机械强度的影响,揭示了钾肥运筹对不同类型水稻产量及品质的影响,明确了分蘖期和孕穗期植株不同器官钾素分布特征及与分蘖发生率、产量构成的关系。主要研究结果如下：
(1)在大田缺钾土壤上,适量施钾增加了水稻产量和经济系数,增产幅度为4.56-14.77%,提高了不同类型水稻糙米率、整精米率等加工品质以及稻米蛋白质含量,降低了垩白度等外观品质和稻米直链淀粉含量,改善了稻米淀粉粘滞性谱特征值,过低或过高施钾则降低了水稻产量、影响了稻米品质。另外,钾素基肥和促花肥的分次施用,能够进一步降低稻米垩白度和直链淀粉含量,提高胶稠度,从而改善稻米品质。
(2)施钾提高了水稻不同生育时期植株含钾率和群体吸钾量；水稻不同生育阶段以拔节期到抽穗期吸钾数量和比例最大,施钾提高了这一阶段的吸钾数量和比例；不施钾肥和施钾过多,造成拔节前吸钾比例较大,从而抑制分蘖发生；施钾使植株钾素快速累积的平均速率和最大速率增大,但快速积累的起止时间和持续时间缩短；施钾提高了水稻抽穗期和成熟期叶片、茎鞘和穗的钾素分配量及茎鞘分配比例,但降低了叶片分配比例,并且不同器官组织中茎鞘分配量差异最大；随施钾量增加,水稻钾素回收效率、利用指数和植株钾生产效率降低,钾素农学效率、生理效率和生理指数则先升后降,以钾素生理指数、生理效率与产量的相关性较高；适量施钾能够显著提高水稻钾素利用效率。另外,钾素基肥和促花肥的分次施用,能够明显增加拔节至抽穗的吸钾数量和比例,提高实粒数、结实率和稻谷产量。
(3)施钾提高了水稻不同生育阶段植株吸氮量,其中以拔节期到抽穗期氮素积累增量最大,但吸氮比例下降；施钾增加了水稻抽穗到成熟期的植株吸氮量和吸收比例,促进了抽穗后氮素转运量和转运率,提高了氮素在不同器官分配量及叶片、穗分配比例,但降低了茎鞘分配比例；施钾提高了植株对肥料氮吸收,基肥氮素利用率、全生育期氮素利用率和氮素收获指数显著增长,但降低了植株氮生产效率；在大田缺钾土壤上以12kg/667m2K2O处理氮素积累量、转运量和转运率以及不同器官氮素分配量最大,基肥氮素利用效率、植株对肥料氮吸收量和全生育期氮素利用率最大,但拔节期到抽穗期氮素吸收比例、茎鞘氮素分配比例和植株氮生产效率最低。
(4)施钾提高了水稻齐穗后20天植株高效叶的SPAD、净光合速率和气孔导度,增强了叶片的Fv/Fm、Fo及OPS Ⅱ、qP等叶绿素荧光参数,增大了光合关键酶RuBPCase活性和抗氧化系统的SOD和POD活性,降低了叶片MDA含量,在大田缺钾土壤上以12kg/667m2K2O处理叶片光合特性最强。
(5)施钾提高了水稻株高和茎秆长度,增大了水稻单茎重和茎秆强度；施钾缩短了基部节间的长度,增加了基部节间的粗度、干物质重和节间充实度；施钾增加了基部节间的断面模数、横切面积、茎壁厚度、茎壁面积和大、小维管束数量及面积；施钾增加了茎秆的弯曲力矩、弯曲应力、机械强度和秆型指数,降低了茎秆系数和倒伏指数；施钾提高了基部节间的可溶性糖、淀粉、纤维素、木质素含量及植株C/N；相同类型水稻品种茎秆抗折力与茎秆长度、粗度、单茎重、茎秆充实度和节间物理性状、生物力学、碳水化合物含量正相关,与基部节间长度、茎秆系数和倒伏指数呈负相关；在大田缺钾土壤上以12kg/667m2K2O处理茎秆强度最大、倒伏指数最小
(6)在缺钾土壤上,基肥施钾提高水稻植株不同器官含钾率和K/N,以叶鞘含钾率和K/N变化量最大；增大了植株不同叶片和叶鞘含钾率及K/N,以顶3鞘变化数量最高；随着水稻叶龄的增长,分蘖发生所需的植株K/N增大,基肥适当施钾有利于提高植株K/N,但过低或过高的K/N降低了分蘖发生率。穗肥施钾提高了植株不同器官含钾率和K/N,以叶鞘含钾率及K/N变化最大；增大了不同部位叶片和叶鞘含钾率及K/N,以顶3鞘变化最大；水稻颖花量、实粒数和产量随叶片、叶鞘和植株K/N增加而先增大后降低,其中植株不同器官、不同部位以叶鞘和顶3鞘与产量性状相关性最大。
(7)相同钾素处理的不同类型水稻,常规粳稻的产量大于杂交粳稻,拔节期到成熟期吸钾比例、钾素快速累积的起止时间和持续时间及钾素生理效率、生理指数、植株钾生产效率高于杂交粳稻,但群体吸钾量、钾素快速累积的最大速率和平均速率、茎鞘钾素分配量及比例、钾素回收效率低于杂交粳稻；常规粳稻的氮素利用效率大于杂交粳稻,抽穗后的光合效应强于杂交粳稻；常规粳稻基部节间长度、粗度、断面模数、横切面积、茎壁厚度、茎壁面积、机械强度及碳水化合物含量低于杂交粳稻,但基部节问充实度、秆型指数和茎秆系数高于杂交粳稻。
Potassium is one of the most important macronutrients for rice. It has a visible promotional action in the rice growth and development, and it takes part in the processes of plant physiological and biochemical reaction, including the activation of various enzymes, physical synthesis, assimilate transport, water metabolism, photosynthesis and ion balance. Thus, it plays a very important role in improving the nutrient utilization efficiency, increasing production and improving quality of rice. Under field and pot experiment conditions, through different potassium management methods of basal dressing, panicle dressing and fore-and-aft operation, the influences of potassium application rates on the nutrient absorption, transportation and use efficiency, photosynthetic physiology and defense systems, culm biomechanics and mechanical strength, rice quality and yields of different types of rice were analyzed, the plant potassium distribution character of the tiller stage and panicle stage and their correlation separately to percentage of tiller occured, yield composition were revealed. The results were as follows:
1. Both rice yield and harvest index were increased with the proper potassium application under the condition of soil potassium deficiency, the range of yield increase rate was4.56-14.77%. Potassium application improved rice milling qualities, appearance qualities, eaten qualities and nutrition qualities of different types of rice. Potassium application increased brown rice rate, head rice rate, rice protein content and starch characteristic values of R.VA, reduced rice amylase content. Rice yield and quality were declined with a less or excessive potassium application. In addition, potassium application at basal dressing and panicle dressing relative to only basal dressing can further reduce the chalkiness rate and amylose content, increase gel consistency, and improved the quality of rice.
2. Plant potassium content and accumulation at different growth stages were raised by potassium application. Plant potassium accumulation amount and absorption percentage reached the biggest from elongation stage to heading stage, which was further increased by potassium application in this stage. A larger percentage of the potassium absorption before elongation stage occurred at control experiment (no potassium application) and excessive potassium application, thereby suppressed tillering occurrence. The average and maximal rates of potassium speediness accumulation period under potassium application were increasing, but starting to terminating date and duration date of potassium speediness accumulation period were the opposite. Potassium application promoted potassium distribution amount in leaf, culm and sheath, panicle, and distribution percentage of culm and sheath, whereas reduced distribution percentage of leaf. The variation of potassium distribution amount in culm and sheath were larger than others. With the increment of potassium application rates, rice potassium recovery efficiency, plant potassium productivity and potassium utilization index decreased, while potassium agronomy efficiency, physiology efficiency and physiology index increased at first and then decreased. Among these estimation indexes, potassium physiology index and physiology efficiency correlate more to yield. Proper potassium application can significantly improve the utilization efficiency of rice. In addition, potassium application at basal dressing and panicle dressing relative to only basal dressing can significantly increased the amount and proportion of potassium absorption during elongation stage and heading stag, improve filled grains per panicle, setting panicle rate and grain yield.
3. Potassium application increased nitrogen accumulation during growth stages, with the maximum from elongation stage to heading stage, but nitrogen uptake ratio decreased. Potassium application enhanced nitrogen transport amount and percentage after anthesis, as well as nitrogen accumulation in different rice organs, nitrogen distribution percentage in leaves and panicles, whereas reduced nitrogen distribution percentage in culm and sheath. Nitrogen absorption from fertilizer, basic nitrogen recovery efficiency before elongation stage, nitrogen recovery efficiency during the whole growing stage, and nitrogen harvest index were raised significantly, but plant nitrogen productivity was the opposite. Under the condition of soil potassium deficiency, nitrogen accumulation, nitrogen translocation amount and percentage after anthesis, and nitrogen distribution in different rice organs reached maximum at K2O application rate of12kg/667m2, as well as nitrogen absorption from fertilizer, basic nitrogen recovery efficiency before elongation stage, nitrogen recovery efficiency during the whole growing stage. However, nitrogen absorption percentage from elongation stage to heading stage, nitrogen distribution percentage in culm and sheath, and plant nitrogen productivity decreased to the minimum.
4. Potassium application increased SPAD of high efficient leaf, net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance20days after heading stage, enhanced leaf chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, including leaf Fv/Fm, Fo, OPS Ⅱ, qP and so on. At the same time, Potassium application increased the activity of the key photosynthetic enzyme (RuBPCase) and the activity of antioxidant system (SOD and POD), reduced the MDA content in leaves. Leaf photosynthetic characteristics were strongest at K2O application rate of12kg/667m2.
5. Potassium application increased the plant height, clum length, single clum weight, and clum strength, reduced clum length of the basal internode. Potassium application increased thickness of the basal internode, dry matter weight and internode substantial degree, and section modulus, cross-sectional area, thickness of culm wall, area of culm wall, number and area of large and small vascular bundle of the basal internode, as well as the clum of bending moment, bending stress, mechanical strength and clum type index, reduced clum coefficient and lodging index. Furthermore, potassium application also increased the soluble sugar, starch, cellulose, lignin content of the basal internode and plant C/N. As for the same type of rice, clum resistant press was positively correlated with clum length, thickness, single clum weight, culm substantial degree, and internode physical properties, biomechanics, carbohydrate content, and was negatively correlated with the basal internode length, clum coefficient, and lodging index. Under the condition of soil potassium deficiency, clum strength was biggest while lodging index was smallest at K2O application rate of12kg/667m2.
6. Potassium application of basal dressing increased leaf, leaf sheath and plant shoot K content and K/N under the condition of soil potassium deficiency, while leaf sheath had the maximal potassium content, and K/N variance. Potassium application of basal dressing increased improved K content and K/N of different position leaf and leaf sheath, While3rd leaf sheath from the top had the maximal variance of potassium and K/N. The K/N of plant tiller germination required also increased with the leaf ages, proper potassium application of basal dressing promoted plant percentage of tiller occured, but a less or excessive potassium application reduced percentage of tiller occurred. Potassium application of panicle dressing also increased leaf, leaf sheath and plant shoot K content and K/N, thereinto, leaf sheath had the maximal variance of potassium content and K/N. K content and K/N of different position leaf and leaf sheath increased with Potassium application of panicle dressing, among these organs,3rd leaf sheath from the top had the maximal variance of potassium and K/N. Rice spikelets, filled grains per panicle and yield were also increased at first and then decreased with the K/N ratio of leaf, leaf sheath and plant shoot. Within different positions and organs, leaf sheath and3rd leaf sheath from the top correlate most with the yields.
7. For the same potassium application of different types of rice, yield, plant potassium absorption percentage from elongation stage to maturing stage, starting to terminating date and duration date of potassium speediness accumulation period, potassium physiology efficiency, potassium physiology index, plant potassium productivity of conventional japonica rice were higher than those of hybrid japonica rice, but population potassium absorption, the average and maximal rate of potassium speediness accumulation period, the amount and proportion of potassium distribution percentage of clum and sheath, potassium recovery efficiency of conventional japonica rice were lower than those of hybrid japonica rice. Nitrogen use efficiency and photosynthetic effect after heading stage of conventional japonica rice was greater than that of hybrid japonica rice. Moreover, basal internode length, thickness, section modulus, cross-sectional area, thickness of culm wall, area of culm wall, mechanical strength and carbohydrate content of conventional japonica rice were lower than those of hybrid japonica rice, but the substantial degree of basal internode, clum type index and clum coefficient of of conventional japonica rice were higher than those of hybrid japonica rice.
(1)在大田缺钾土壤上,适量施钾增加了水稻产量和经济系数,增产幅度为4.56-14.77%,提高了不同类型水稻糙米率、整精米率等加工品质以及稻米蛋白质含量,降低了垩白度等外观品质和稻米直链淀粉含量,改善了稻米淀粉粘滞性谱特征值,过低或过高施钾则降低了水稻产量、影响了稻米品质。另外,钾素基肥和促花肥的分次施用,能够进一步降低稻米垩白度和直链淀粉含量,提高胶稠度,从而改善稻米品质。
(2)施钾提高了水稻不同生育时期植株含钾率和群体吸钾量；水稻不同生育阶段以拔节期到抽穗期吸钾数量和比例最大,施钾提高了这一阶段的吸钾数量和比例；不施钾肥和施钾过多,造成拔节前吸钾比例较大,从而抑制分蘖发生；施钾使植株钾素快速累积的平均速率和最大速率增大,但快速积累的起止时间和持续时间缩短；施钾提高了水稻抽穗期和成熟期叶片、茎鞘和穗的钾素分配量及茎鞘分配比例,但降低了叶片分配比例,并且不同器官组织中茎鞘分配量差异最大；随施钾量增加,水稻钾素回收效率、利用指数和植株钾生产效率降低,钾素农学效率、生理效率和生理指数则先升后降,以钾素生理指数、生理效率与产量的相关性较高；适量施钾能够显著提高水稻钾素利用效率。另外,钾素基肥和促花肥的分次施用,能够明显增加拔节至抽穗的吸钾数量和比例,提高实粒数、结实率和稻谷产量。
(3)施钾提高了水稻不同生育阶段植株吸氮量,其中以拔节期到抽穗期氮素积累增量最大,但吸氮比例下降；施钾增加了水稻抽穗到成熟期的植株吸氮量和吸收比例,促进了抽穗后氮素转运量和转运率,提高了氮素在不同器官分配量及叶片、穗分配比例,但降低了茎鞘分配比例；施钾提高了植株对肥料氮吸收,基肥氮素利用率、全生育期氮素利用率和氮素收获指数显著增长,但降低了植株氮生产效率；在大田缺钾土壤上以12kg/667m2K2O处理氮素积累量、转运量和转运率以及不同器官氮素分配量最大,基肥氮素利用效率、植株对肥料氮吸收量和全生育期氮素利用率最大,但拔节期到抽穗期氮素吸收比例、茎鞘氮素分配比例和植株氮生产效率最低。
(4)施钾提高了水稻齐穗后20天植株高效叶的SPAD、净光合速率和气孔导度,增强了叶片的Fv/Fm、Fo及OPS Ⅱ、qP等叶绿素荧光参数,增大了光合关键酶RuBPCase活性和抗氧化系统的SOD和POD活性,降低了叶片MDA含量,在大田缺钾土壤上以12kg/667m2K2O处理叶片光合特性最强。
(5)施钾提高了水稻株高和茎秆长度,增大了水稻单茎重和茎秆强度；施钾缩短了基部节间的长度,增加了基部节间的粗度、干物质重和节间充实度；施钾增加了基部节间的断面模数、横切面积、茎壁厚度、茎壁面积和大、小维管束数量及面积；施钾增加了茎秆的弯曲力矩、弯曲应力、机械强度和秆型指数,降低了茎秆系数和倒伏指数；施钾提高了基部节间的可溶性糖、淀粉、纤维素、木质素含量及植株C/N；相同类型水稻品种茎秆抗折力与茎秆长度、粗度、单茎重、茎秆充实度和节间物理性状、生物力学、碳水化合物含量正相关,与基部节间长度、茎秆系数和倒伏指数呈负相关；在大田缺钾土壤上以12kg/667m2K2O处理茎秆强度最大、倒伏指数最小
(6)在缺钾土壤上,基肥施钾提高水稻植株不同器官含钾率和K/N,以叶鞘含钾率和K/N变化量最大；增大了植株不同叶片和叶鞘含钾率及K/N,以顶3鞘变化数量最高；随着水稻叶龄的增长,分蘖发生所需的植株K/N增大,基肥适当施钾有利于提高植株K/N,但过低或过高的K/N降低了分蘖发生率。穗肥施钾提高了植株不同器官含钾率和K/N,以叶鞘含钾率及K/N变化最大；增大了不同部位叶片和叶鞘含钾率及K/N,以顶3鞘变化最大；水稻颖花量、实粒数和产量随叶片、叶鞘和植株K/N增加而先增大后降低,其中植株不同器官、不同部位以叶鞘和顶3鞘与产量性状相关性最大。
(7)相同钾素处理的不同类型水稻,常规粳稻的产量大于杂交粳稻,拔节期到成熟期吸钾比例、钾素快速累积的起止时间和持续时间及钾素生理效率、生理指数、植株钾生产效率高于杂交粳稻,但群体吸钾量、钾素快速累积的最大速率和平均速率、茎鞘钾素分配量及比例、钾素回收效率低于杂交粳稻；常规粳稻的氮素利用效率大于杂交粳稻,抽穗后的光合效应强于杂交粳稻；常规粳稻基部节间长度、粗度、断面模数、横切面积、茎壁厚度、茎壁面积、机械强度及碳水化合物含量低于杂交粳稻,但基部节问充实度、秆型指数和茎秆系数高于杂交粳稻。
Potassium is one of the most important macronutrients for rice. It has a visible promotional action in the rice growth and development, and it takes part in the processes of plant physiological and biochemical reaction, including the activation of various enzymes, physical synthesis, assimilate transport, water metabolism, photosynthesis and ion balance. Thus, it plays a very important role in improving the nutrient utilization efficiency, increasing production and improving quality of rice. Under field and pot experiment conditions, through different potassium management methods of basal dressing, panicle dressing and fore-and-aft operation, the influences of potassium application rates on the nutrient absorption, transportation and use efficiency, photosynthetic physiology and defense systems, culm biomechanics and mechanical strength, rice quality and yields of different types of rice were analyzed, the plant potassium distribution character of the tiller stage and panicle stage and their correlation separately to percentage of tiller occured, yield composition were revealed. The results were as follows:
1. Both rice yield and harvest index were increased with the proper potassium application under the condition of soil potassium deficiency, the range of yield increase rate was4.56-14.77%. Potassium application improved rice milling qualities, appearance qualities, eaten qualities and nutrition qualities of different types of rice. Potassium application increased brown rice rate, head rice rate, rice protein content and starch characteristic values of R.VA, reduced rice amylase content. Rice yield and quality were declined with a less or excessive potassium application. In addition, potassium application at basal dressing and panicle dressing relative to only basal dressing can further reduce the chalkiness rate and amylose content, increase gel consistency, and improved the quality of rice.
2. Plant potassium content and accumulation at different growth stages were raised by potassium application. Plant potassium accumulation amount and absorption percentage reached the biggest from elongation stage to heading stage, which was further increased by potassium application in this stage. A larger percentage of the potassium absorption before elongation stage occurred at control experiment (no potassium application) and excessive potassium application, thereby suppressed tillering occurrence. The average and maximal rates of potassium speediness accumulation period under potassium application were increasing, but starting to terminating date and duration date of potassium speediness accumulation period were the opposite. Potassium application promoted potassium distribution amount in leaf, culm and sheath, panicle, and distribution percentage of culm and sheath, whereas reduced distribution percentage of leaf. The variation of potassium distribution amount in culm and sheath were larger than others. With the increment of potassium application rates, rice potassium recovery efficiency, plant potassium productivity and potassium utilization index decreased, while potassium agronomy efficiency, physiology efficiency and physiology index increased at first and then decreased. Among these estimation indexes, potassium physiology index and physiology efficiency correlate more to yield. Proper potassium application can significantly improve the utilization efficiency of rice. In addition, potassium application at basal dressing and panicle dressing relative to only basal dressing can significantly increased the amount and proportion of potassium absorption during elongation stage and heading stag, improve filled grains per panicle, setting panicle rate and grain yield.
3. Potassium application increased nitrogen accumulation during growth stages, with the maximum from elongation stage to heading stage, but nitrogen uptake ratio decreased. Potassium application enhanced nitrogen transport amount and percentage after anthesis, as well as nitrogen accumulation in different rice organs, nitrogen distribution percentage in leaves and panicles, whereas reduced nitrogen distribution percentage in culm and sheath. Nitrogen absorption from fertilizer, basic nitrogen recovery efficiency before elongation stage, nitrogen recovery efficiency during the whole growing stage, and nitrogen harvest index were raised significantly, but plant nitrogen productivity was the opposite. Under the condition of soil potassium deficiency, nitrogen accumulation, nitrogen translocation amount and percentage after anthesis, and nitrogen distribution in different rice organs reached maximum at K2O application rate of12kg/667m2, as well as nitrogen absorption from fertilizer, basic nitrogen recovery efficiency before elongation stage, nitrogen recovery efficiency during the whole growing stage. However, nitrogen absorption percentage from elongation stage to heading stage, nitrogen distribution percentage in culm and sheath, and plant nitrogen productivity decreased to the minimum.
4. Potassium application increased SPAD of high efficient leaf, net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance20days after heading stage, enhanced leaf chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, including leaf Fv/Fm, Fo, OPS Ⅱ, qP and so on. At the same time, Potassium application increased the activity of the key photosynthetic enzyme (RuBPCase) and the activity of antioxidant system (SOD and POD), reduced the MDA content in leaves. Leaf photosynthetic characteristics were strongest at K2O application rate of12kg/667m2.
5. Potassium application increased the plant height, clum length, single clum weight, and clum strength, reduced clum length of the basal internode. Potassium application increased thickness of the basal internode, dry matter weight and internode substantial degree, and section modulus, cross-sectional area, thickness of culm wall, area of culm wall, number and area of large and small vascular bundle of the basal internode, as well as the clum of bending moment, bending stress, mechanical strength and clum type index, reduced clum coefficient and lodging index. Furthermore, potassium application also increased the soluble sugar, starch, cellulose, lignin content of the basal internode and plant C/N. As for the same type of rice, clum resistant press was positively correlated with clum length, thickness, single clum weight, culm substantial degree, and internode physical properties, biomechanics, carbohydrate content, and was negatively correlated with the basal internode length, clum coefficient, and lodging index. Under the condition of soil potassium deficiency, clum strength was biggest while lodging index was smallest at K2O application rate of12kg/667m2.
6. Potassium application of basal dressing increased leaf, leaf sheath and plant shoot K content and K/N under the condition of soil potassium deficiency, while leaf sheath had the maximal potassium content, and K/N variance. Potassium application of basal dressing increased improved K content and K/N of different position leaf and leaf sheath, While3rd leaf sheath from the top had the maximal variance of potassium and K/N. The K/N of plant tiller germination required also increased with the leaf ages, proper potassium application of basal dressing promoted plant percentage of tiller occured, but a less or excessive potassium application reduced percentage of tiller occurred. Potassium application of panicle dressing also increased leaf, leaf sheath and plant shoot K content and K/N, thereinto, leaf sheath had the maximal variance of potassium content and K/N. K content and K/N of different position leaf and leaf sheath increased with Potassium application of panicle dressing, among these organs,3rd leaf sheath from the top had the maximal variance of potassium and K/N. Rice spikelets, filled grains per panicle and yield were also increased at first and then decreased with the K/N ratio of leaf, leaf sheath and plant shoot. Within different positions and organs, leaf sheath and3rd leaf sheath from the top correlate most with the yields.
7. For the same potassium application of different types of rice, yield, plant potassium absorption percentage from elongation stage to maturing stage, starting to terminating date and duration date of potassium speediness accumulation period, potassium physiology efficiency, potassium physiology index, plant potassium productivity of conventional japonica rice were higher than those of hybrid japonica rice, but population potassium absorption, the average and maximal rate of potassium speediness accumulation period, the amount and proportion of potassium distribution percentage of clum and sheath, potassium recovery efficiency of conventional japonica rice were lower than those of hybrid japonica rice. Nitrogen use efficiency and photosynthetic effect after heading stage of conventional japonica rice was greater than that of hybrid japonica rice. Moreover, basal internode length, thickness, section modulus, cross-sectional area, thickness of culm wall, area of culm wall, mechanical strength and carbohydrate content of conventional japonica rice were lower than those of hybrid japonica rice, but the substantial degree of basal internode, clum type index and clum coefficient of of conventional japonica rice were higher than those of hybrid japonica rice.
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