基于供应链协同的电信运营商库存模型研究
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摘要
由于内外部环境的变化,电信行业在市场拓展、产业合作、竞争及运营等方面都面临着新的要求。基于供应链的竞争趋势将越来越明显,供应链的协同在企业价值创造和竞争力提升中所起的作用也将会越来越大。本文从两个方面研究电信供应链的协同问题：(1)企业自身多级仓储体系之间的库存协同与优化问题。(2)同供应链上下游企业的协同与优化问题。
文章首先对电信运营商内部协同现状和库存优化问题进行梳理。沿用了传统的物资“按需采购”及“面向库存采购”两种物资库存管理策略。针对“面相库存采购物资”以系统利润最大化为目标,构建电信运营商典型的二级库存系统模型,通过权衡物资的库存成本和响应性,获得了二级库存体系下各级的最佳库存策略,包含周转库存策略和安全库存策略,解决如何实现各类物资仓储集中化的问题,并给出了详细的计算案例。
其次对于同供应链上下游企业协同与库存优化的问题,论文主要根据电信运营商库存优化管理的特殊情景讨论了如下几个问题：集采机制下的订货策略优化问题,寄售(CS)库存模式与联合管理库存(JMI)模式的选择问题,电信运营商(即采购商)存在内部多级结构时对寄售模式的影响问题,需求突变情景下协同策略的选优问题。
同时对多个不同采购商(即电信运营商各省分公司)对单个供应商采购的供应链系统中,在假设需求是确定性的基础上,探讨了在订单协同、订单合并(集采)、多级结构等不同订单结构下,通过参数调节实现系统成本最优的方式。
文章也从物流、信息流及资金流三个维度对所有可能的协同库存管理模式进行分类。建立了确定性环境下二级供应链系统的寄售(CS)及联合管理库存(JMI)库存相关成本模型,并对两种模式下的供应商、买方及系统的成本进行了系统性比较。然后,给出“价格批量折扣”及“订货成本分担”两种契约方案协调系统,以实现JMI模式下的Pareto最优,最后给出了算例加以说明模式选择及协调问题。
论文对传统单个供应商和单个采购商组成的供应链模型进行了扩展,结合我国电信运营商的实际情况,引入了运营商内部1-n结构(1个集团采购部门对n个省公司的采购部门)的假设。在此基础上,分析了在考虑电信运营商内部结构的情况下,供应链各方在传统非寄售进货模式和寄售库存模式下的成本构成,比较了引入采购商内部1-n结构前后,供应链各方由传统非寄售进货模式向寄售库存模式迁移的条件差异及系统有效的条件区别。
利用随机动态规划(SDP)方法,分析了两期需求分布不同时的供应链各方两阶段期望收益构成。在此基础上,求得了分散无协同(DN)和集中协同(CC)两种模式下,电信运营商、供应商和供应链系统三方的最优期望收益。同时对DN策略和CC策略下的期望收益进行比较,得出了新的管理结论,并给出了算例予以验证。
最后,关于进一步工作的方向进行了简要的讨论。
With the changes of internal and external environments, telecom industry is faced with the new requirements of market expansion, industrial cooperation, competition and operation. Competition based on supply chains has turned into a tendency more and more apparently, and the role of supply chain cooperation is becoming more and more significant in the value creation and competitiveness improvement of enterprises. This paper studies the issues of telecom supply chain cooperation in two aspects:(1) the cooperation of departments inside an enterprise;(2) the cooperation between upstream and downstream enterprises in a supply chain. Detailed studies are listed as follows.
Through analysis and reviews of the internal cooperation of telecom supply chain, the strategies of "purchasing based on demand" and "purchasing based on inventory" are proposed and studied. For the strategy of "purchasing based on inventory", models have been constructed to study the issue of optimizing inventory centralization by balancing the inventory cost and responsiveness requirements of various materials in two-echelon inventory systems with defined inventory strategy and parameters.
Quantity discount pricing models in a system consisting of a single supplier and multiple buyers are studied based on the assumption of deterministic demand. It is testified that the system cost can be optimized based on the parameter adjustment in different ordering structures including order coordination, order consolidation, and multi-tier ordering hierarchy.
Patterns of inventory management applicable to China Telecom operators are introduced in the dimensions of material flow, information flow and cash flow. Cost models of supplier, buyer and system for CS and JMI are constructed and compared in a two-level system under a deterministic circumstance. Schemes of quantity discount pricing and ordering cost sharing are discussed to realize the Pareto optimality under JMI. Numeric examples are given to illustrate the problem of model selection and coordination.
Cost models for IS and CS in a supply chain system consisted of a single supplier and a single buyer are developed by introducing the assumption of internal "1-n" structure of the buyer based on the practice of Chinese telecom operators. The costs of supplier, buyer and system under IS and CS are compared respectively. Moreover, the conditions under which the supplier, buyer or system would benefit for switching from IS to CS are deduced and compared in the system consisted of a single supplier and a buyer with and without internal "1-n" structure.
Employing dynamic programming, expected profit models of the supplier, buyer and system are studied with the assumptions of random demand and deterministic demand distribution of two stages. With the constructed models, optimized expected profits of all the supply chain participants under distributed non-cooperative situation and centralized cooperative situation are compared, so as to figure out the choice of supplier or buyer under the circumstances of sudden changed demand. Numeric examples are given to illustrate the results.
Further research directions are discussed briefly in the last part of the paper.
文章首先对电信运营商内部协同现状和库存优化问题进行梳理。沿用了传统的物资“按需采购”及“面向库存采购”两种物资库存管理策略。针对“面相库存采购物资”以系统利润最大化为目标,构建电信运营商典型的二级库存系统模型,通过权衡物资的库存成本和响应性,获得了二级库存体系下各级的最佳库存策略,包含周转库存策略和安全库存策略,解决如何实现各类物资仓储集中化的问题,并给出了详细的计算案例。
其次对于同供应链上下游企业协同与库存优化的问题,论文主要根据电信运营商库存优化管理的特殊情景讨论了如下几个问题：集采机制下的订货策略优化问题,寄售(CS)库存模式与联合管理库存(JMI)模式的选择问题,电信运营商(即采购商)存在内部多级结构时对寄售模式的影响问题,需求突变情景下协同策略的选优问题。
同时对多个不同采购商(即电信运营商各省分公司)对单个供应商采购的供应链系统中,在假设需求是确定性的基础上,探讨了在订单协同、订单合并(集采)、多级结构等不同订单结构下,通过参数调节实现系统成本最优的方式。
文章也从物流、信息流及资金流三个维度对所有可能的协同库存管理模式进行分类。建立了确定性环境下二级供应链系统的寄售(CS)及联合管理库存(JMI)库存相关成本模型,并对两种模式下的供应商、买方及系统的成本进行了系统性比较。然后,给出“价格批量折扣”及“订货成本分担”两种契约方案协调系统,以实现JMI模式下的Pareto最优,最后给出了算例加以说明模式选择及协调问题。
论文对传统单个供应商和单个采购商组成的供应链模型进行了扩展,结合我国电信运营商的实际情况,引入了运营商内部1-n结构(1个集团采购部门对n个省公司的采购部门)的假设。在此基础上,分析了在考虑电信运营商内部结构的情况下,供应链各方在传统非寄售进货模式和寄售库存模式下的成本构成,比较了引入采购商内部1-n结构前后,供应链各方由传统非寄售进货模式向寄售库存模式迁移的条件差异及系统有效的条件区别。
利用随机动态规划(SDP)方法,分析了两期需求分布不同时的供应链各方两阶段期望收益构成。在此基础上,求得了分散无协同(DN)和集中协同(CC)两种模式下,电信运营商、供应商和供应链系统三方的最优期望收益。同时对DN策略和CC策略下的期望收益进行比较,得出了新的管理结论,并给出了算例予以验证。
最后,关于进一步工作的方向进行了简要的讨论。
With the changes of internal and external environments, telecom industry is faced with the new requirements of market expansion, industrial cooperation, competition and operation. Competition based on supply chains has turned into a tendency more and more apparently, and the role of supply chain cooperation is becoming more and more significant in the value creation and competitiveness improvement of enterprises. This paper studies the issues of telecom supply chain cooperation in two aspects:(1) the cooperation of departments inside an enterprise;(2) the cooperation between upstream and downstream enterprises in a supply chain. Detailed studies are listed as follows.
Through analysis and reviews of the internal cooperation of telecom supply chain, the strategies of "purchasing based on demand" and "purchasing based on inventory" are proposed and studied. For the strategy of "purchasing based on inventory", models have been constructed to study the issue of optimizing inventory centralization by balancing the inventory cost and responsiveness requirements of various materials in two-echelon inventory systems with defined inventory strategy and parameters.
Quantity discount pricing models in a system consisting of a single supplier and multiple buyers are studied based on the assumption of deterministic demand. It is testified that the system cost can be optimized based on the parameter adjustment in different ordering structures including order coordination, order consolidation, and multi-tier ordering hierarchy.
Patterns of inventory management applicable to China Telecom operators are introduced in the dimensions of material flow, information flow and cash flow. Cost models of supplier, buyer and system for CS and JMI are constructed and compared in a two-level system under a deterministic circumstance. Schemes of quantity discount pricing and ordering cost sharing are discussed to realize the Pareto optimality under JMI. Numeric examples are given to illustrate the problem of model selection and coordination.
Cost models for IS and CS in a supply chain system consisted of a single supplier and a single buyer are developed by introducing the assumption of internal "1-n" structure of the buyer based on the practice of Chinese telecom operators. The costs of supplier, buyer and system under IS and CS are compared respectively. Moreover, the conditions under which the supplier, buyer or system would benefit for switching from IS to CS are deduced and compared in the system consisted of a single supplier and a buyer with and without internal "1-n" structure.
Employing dynamic programming, expected profit models of the supplier, buyer and system are studied with the assumptions of random demand and deterministic demand distribution of two stages. With the constructed models, optimized expected profits of all the supply chain participants under distributed non-cooperative situation and centralized cooperative situation are compared, so as to figure out the choice of supplier or buyer under the circumstances of sudden changed demand. Numeric examples are given to illustrate the results.
Further research directions are discussed briefly in the last part of the paper.
引文
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