川西地区现今地壳运动的大地测量观测研究
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摘要
川西地区在构造区域上位处青藏高原东缘的川滇、巴颜喀拉和华南三大活动块体的交接部位,同时也是中国大陆南北地震带的中南段。由于印度板块自始新世中期(～55 Ma)以来对欧亚板块的碰撞和持续俯冲,特别是阿萨姆角的北东向楔入和青藏高原中南部物质绕东喜马拉雅构造结流滑式挤出,使川西地区活动断裂异常发育,构造样式复杂,中强地震频发,成为中国大陆现今地壳形变和构造活动最为强烈的地区之一。而由于自然条件的限制,川西地区除鲜水河断裂、安宁河断裂、则木河断裂等一些主要活动断裂有较高程度的野外地质调查研究外,其它一系列次级活动断裂、活动褶皱、形变剪切带和推覆构造的现今运动状况均缺乏完整的研究。最近十几年来川西地区所陆续开展的一系列GPS地壳形变观测,再加之传统水准测量资料的积累,使我们能够借助构造运动与地壳形变之间的关系模型,以高精度、高密度的地壳形变资料为约束,反演确定本区域各类活动构造的现今运动模式和速率,为认知青藏高原东南缘地壳形变与构造运动的地球动力学机理提供独特的途径。
本文首先以川西地区前人大量的地质、地球物理和大地测量研究成果为基础,建立了区域活动断裂三维几何模型,涉及到甘孜-玉树断裂、鲜水河断裂、安宁河断裂、则木河断裂、大凉山断裂、小江断裂带、马边断裂、华蓥山断裂、龙门山断裂、龙日坝断裂、东昆仑断裂玛曲段、岷江断裂带、中甸断裂、金沙江断裂、巴塘断裂、维西-乔后断裂、红河断裂带、澜沧江断裂、程海断裂、丽江-小金河断裂、理塘断裂、南汀河断裂、龙陵-澜沧断裂、怒江断裂、景洪断裂等25条断裂的空间展布、分段特征、倾向倾角、闭锁深度、运动方式及其量值范围等。在此基础上,以川西地区324个GPS站点的水平地壳运动速度矢量和474个水准点的垂直地壳形变速率为约束,采用Okada半无限空间弹性体三维断裂位错模型和美国地质调查局成熟的专业软件,反演确定了川西地区各主要活动断裂的现今运动速率。所得结果与地质方法的估值在整体上取得了较好的一致,特别为地质方法研究程度不高、运动速率不确定性较大的马边断裂带、巴塘断裂带、金沙江断裂带、中甸断裂带、龙陵-澜沧断裂带等一系列断裂提供了定量的运动速率。其中川滇菱形块体东边界断裂带的甘孜-玉树断裂带、鲜水河断裂带、安宁河断裂带、则木河断裂带、小江断裂带等滑动速率与地质学结果吻合程度较高;反演得到了马边断裂的左旋走滑速率为2.6±0.8 mm/a,挤压速率为0.7±0.7mm/a;巴塘断裂带右旋走滑速率为4.1±1.4 mm/a,拉张速率为0.4±0.9 mm/a;金沙江断裂带巴塘以北的北段的右旋滑动速率为1.8±1.4 mm/a,拉张速率为1.2±0.9 mm/a,金沙江断裂带巴塘以南中甸以北的中段右旋滑动速率为2.5±0.8 mm/a,挤压速率为1.6±0.7 mm/a;中甸断裂带为右旋走滑速率为1.5±0.9 mm/a,拉张速率为0.3±0.7 mm/a;龙陵-澜沧断裂带东段的右旋走滑速率为2.0±1.6 mm/a ,挤压速率为0.9±0.9 mm/a,断裂西段的右旋走滑速率为0.7±0.9 mm/a,挤压速率为1.0±0.9mm/a。这些基于大地测量资料独立获得的断裂活动速率,将为该区域活动断裂研究和地震危险性分析提供重要参考。
另外,我们所建模型的三维速度场与GPS和水准测量结果的拟合表明,川西地区复杂的地壳形变特征,可以用本区域主要断裂在闭锁层之下的持续运动位给予较好的解释,而个别区域拟合结果的系统性差异,可能起因于川西地区复杂的介质差异和中下地壳的的塑性流滑。作为深断裂位错模型的一种极端简化,本文还尝试建立了川西地区块体运动模型,该模型以区域断裂几何模型为基础,将川西地区划分为11个刚性块体(包括阿坝次级块体、龙门山次级块体、华南块体部分、雅江次级块体、香格里拉次级块体、滇中次级块体、川滇以西流滑带、普洱次级块体、西盟次级块体、马边地块、大凉山地块)利用块体的平移和转动解释了区域地壳形变的运动学特征。结果表明,川西地区的地壳形变特征,似乎更适合用一系列不连续次级块体的刚性运动进行描述。
为了探讨川西地区地壳形变的动力学机制,本文还尝试采用有限元方法和二维平面应变模式,初步模拟分析了区域地壳运动速度场和应变率场,所得结果在一定程度上反映了GPS实际观测的地壳形变特征。
另外,作为本文的前期研究基础,我们还系统地综述了青藏高原构造形变的研究历史、现状、主流学说及热点科学问题的研究进展。同时归纳总结了GPS高新技术的发展历史、基本原理,以及GPS大地测量的误差来源、数据处理和国内外应用现状。
与前人的同类工作相比,我们有两个方面的改进和创新:一是采用更加密集的GPS观测资料,特别是密集的跨断层GPS剖面资料,对川西地区的水平地壳形变进行了更加有效的约束;二是加入了大范围、高精度的水准观测资料,对垂直方向的地壳形变进行了有效约束。这两方面改进使我们关于区域活动断裂运动速率的大地测量约束反演,具有了更高的分辨率和可信度。
Western Sichuan Province is geographically located in the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau and the joint area among the Sichuan-Yunnan rhombic block, Bayan Kala block and Southern China block. It also straddles the middle and south sections of the north-south seismic belt in the Chinese mainland.
Because of continuous subduction of the India plate beneath the Eurasian plate and collision between the two the plates from the middle Eocene epoch ( about 55 million years ago) , especially the extrusion of the material from the central Tibet Plateau and the indentation of the Asam wedge, this region is one of the most outstanding tectonic areas in Chinese mainland with active faults, complicated structures and frequent major earthquakes. And thus, a lot of investigations and research work have been done in this area. However, because of the difficult natural condition, only few a small number of main active faults have been studied sufficiently in the field work, such as Xianshuihe fault, Anninghe fault, Zemuhe fault. The other active tectonics, like second-class active faults, active folds, shear zones and nappe structures, are still lack of complete studies. Fortunately, with the extensive application of GPS in this region in the last two decades, together with the accumulation of traditional leveling data, it is now possible to infer the movement styles of various active structures using the highly precise and densely distributed crustal deformation observation data, via geophysical models describing the relationship between tectonic movement and crustal deformation such as the Okada’s elastic half-space dislocation model. And this kind of work can provide us a special way to understand the geodynamic mechanism of the crustal deformation and tectonic movement of the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau.
In this thesis, first a 3D geometric model is established for the main active faults in the western Sichuan Province based on the results of geological reconnaissance, geophysical investigation and geodetic observations of other scientists. This fault model includes the spatial distribution, segmentations, dip directions and angles, locking depth and slip rates of the following 25 faults: Garzê-Yushu fault, Xianshuihe fault, Anninghe fault, Zemuhe fault, Daliangshan fault, Xiaojiang fault, Mabian fault, Huayingshan fault, Longmenshan fault, Longriba fault, Maqu fault, Minjiang fault, Zhongdian fault, Jinshajiang fault, Batang fault, Weixi-Qiaohou fault, Red river fault, Lancang Jiang fault, Chenghai fault, Lijiang-Xiaojinhe fault, Litang fault, Nantinghe fault, Longlin-lancang fault, Nujiang fault, Jinhong fault. Based on this model, this work then inverts the present-day slip rates of the main active faults in the region using the Okada’s 3-D elastic half-space dislocation model with the best fit to the crustal deformation observations of 324 GPS stations and 474 leveling points. The inversion software is modified from the MAIN113 which was programmed by the United States Geological Survey (USGS). The inversion results are well consistent with the ones from geological methods.
For some faults with big uncertainties in their geological slip rates, we got their slip rates as follows: Mabian fault, 2.6±0.8 mm/a (left-lateral) and 0.7±0.7 mm/a (thrust); Batang fault, 4.1±1.4 mm/a (right-lateral) and 0.4±0.9 mm/a (normal); the northern segment of Jinshajiang fault, 1.8±1.4 mm/a (right-lateral) and 1.2±0.9 mm/a (normal); the middle segment of Jinshajiang fault, 2.5±0.8 mm/a (right-lateral) and 1.6±0.7 mm/a (thrust); Zhongdian fault, 1.5±0.9 mm/a (right-lateral) and 1.5±0.9 mm/a (normal).; the eastern segment of Longling-Lancang fault, 2.0±1.6 mm/a (right-lateral) and 0.9±0.9 mm/a(thrust), the western segment of the fault, 0.7±0.9 mm/a (right-lateral) and 1.0±0.9 mm/a (thrust). These slip rates from Geodetic data give an important reference to the study of the active faults and earthquake hazard analysis.
In addition, the fitting residuals of the velocities between the model and the observation from the GPS and leveling revealed that the crustal deformation features of the Western Sichuan Province can be well described by the continuous slips of a series active faults below the locking depth, although the fitting residuals of some regions show systematic discrepancy, which may result from the material property discrepancy of different areas and the effects of channel flow in the middle or lower crust in the area.
As a tentative, this work also tries a block model, which is actually an extremely simplified dislocation model, to explain the features of the regional crustal deformation via the translation and rotation of 11 sub-blocks, i.e. Aba sub-block, Longmenshan sub-block, South-China block, Yajiang sub-block, Shangri-la sub-block, Central Yunnan sub-block, West Sichuan and Yunnan flow zone, Baoshan sub-block, Ximeng sub-block, Mabian sub-block and Daliangshan sub-block. The result shows that the crustal deformation of Western Sichuan Province can also be well described by the rigid movement of a series of sub-blocks bounded by active faults.
In order to understand the dynamic mechanism of the crustal deformation in the Western Sichuan Province, this work also tries to use FEM (finite element method) and 2-D plane strain model to simulate the regional crustal velocity field and strain rate of this area. The simulated results reasonably demonstrate the main features of the crustal deformation form GPS observations. In addition, as the base of this research, this thesis gives an overall review to the studies of the tectonic movement and crustal deformation of the Tibetan Plateau, including the research history, current situation, main theories and focused issues. It also review the GPS technology with the emphasis on its applications to geodesy, such as the strategies about GPS data processing,data combination and error reduction, etc.
Comparing with the similar work in this region of other researchers, this work has two improvements: One is that it uses more dense GPS data, especially the dense GPS profiles, in the dislocation model to inverse the slip rates of active faults. These dense GPS data obviously gave a better constraint on the horizontal deformation. The other is that it uses widely distributed precise leveling data in the dislocation model together with GPS velocity data. The join of these leveling data can give a effective constraint on vertical component. These two improvements make the results more reliable in the inversion of the slip rate of the active faults concerned.
本文首先以川西地区前人大量的地质、地球物理和大地测量研究成果为基础,建立了区域活动断裂三维几何模型,涉及到甘孜-玉树断裂、鲜水河断裂、安宁河断裂、则木河断裂、大凉山断裂、小江断裂带、马边断裂、华蓥山断裂、龙门山断裂、龙日坝断裂、东昆仑断裂玛曲段、岷江断裂带、中甸断裂、金沙江断裂、巴塘断裂、维西-乔后断裂、红河断裂带、澜沧江断裂、程海断裂、丽江-小金河断裂、理塘断裂、南汀河断裂、龙陵-澜沧断裂、怒江断裂、景洪断裂等25条断裂的空间展布、分段特征、倾向倾角、闭锁深度、运动方式及其量值范围等。在此基础上,以川西地区324个GPS站点的水平地壳运动速度矢量和474个水准点的垂直地壳形变速率为约束,采用Okada半无限空间弹性体三维断裂位错模型和美国地质调查局成熟的专业软件,反演确定了川西地区各主要活动断裂的现今运动速率。所得结果与地质方法的估值在整体上取得了较好的一致,特别为地质方法研究程度不高、运动速率不确定性较大的马边断裂带、巴塘断裂带、金沙江断裂带、中甸断裂带、龙陵-澜沧断裂带等一系列断裂提供了定量的运动速率。其中川滇菱形块体东边界断裂带的甘孜-玉树断裂带、鲜水河断裂带、安宁河断裂带、则木河断裂带、小江断裂带等滑动速率与地质学结果吻合程度较高;反演得到了马边断裂的左旋走滑速率为2.6±0.8 mm/a,挤压速率为0.7±0.7mm/a;巴塘断裂带右旋走滑速率为4.1±1.4 mm/a,拉张速率为0.4±0.9 mm/a;金沙江断裂带巴塘以北的北段的右旋滑动速率为1.8±1.4 mm/a,拉张速率为1.2±0.9 mm/a,金沙江断裂带巴塘以南中甸以北的中段右旋滑动速率为2.5±0.8 mm/a,挤压速率为1.6±0.7 mm/a;中甸断裂带为右旋走滑速率为1.5±0.9 mm/a,拉张速率为0.3±0.7 mm/a;龙陵-澜沧断裂带东段的右旋走滑速率为2.0±1.6 mm/a ,挤压速率为0.9±0.9 mm/a,断裂西段的右旋走滑速率为0.7±0.9 mm/a,挤压速率为1.0±0.9mm/a。这些基于大地测量资料独立获得的断裂活动速率,将为该区域活动断裂研究和地震危险性分析提供重要参考。
另外,我们所建模型的三维速度场与GPS和水准测量结果的拟合表明,川西地区复杂的地壳形变特征,可以用本区域主要断裂在闭锁层之下的持续运动位给予较好的解释,而个别区域拟合结果的系统性差异,可能起因于川西地区复杂的介质差异和中下地壳的的塑性流滑。作为深断裂位错模型的一种极端简化,本文还尝试建立了川西地区块体运动模型,该模型以区域断裂几何模型为基础,将川西地区划分为11个刚性块体(包括阿坝次级块体、龙门山次级块体、华南块体部分、雅江次级块体、香格里拉次级块体、滇中次级块体、川滇以西流滑带、普洱次级块体、西盟次级块体、马边地块、大凉山地块)利用块体的平移和转动解释了区域地壳形变的运动学特征。结果表明,川西地区的地壳形变特征,似乎更适合用一系列不连续次级块体的刚性运动进行描述。
为了探讨川西地区地壳形变的动力学机制,本文还尝试采用有限元方法和二维平面应变模式,初步模拟分析了区域地壳运动速度场和应变率场,所得结果在一定程度上反映了GPS实际观测的地壳形变特征。
另外,作为本文的前期研究基础,我们还系统地综述了青藏高原构造形变的研究历史、现状、主流学说及热点科学问题的研究进展。同时归纳总结了GPS高新技术的发展历史、基本原理,以及GPS大地测量的误差来源、数据处理和国内外应用现状。
与前人的同类工作相比,我们有两个方面的改进和创新:一是采用更加密集的GPS观测资料,特别是密集的跨断层GPS剖面资料,对川西地区的水平地壳形变进行了更加有效的约束;二是加入了大范围、高精度的水准观测资料,对垂直方向的地壳形变进行了有效约束。这两方面改进使我们关于区域活动断裂运动速率的大地测量约束反演,具有了更高的分辨率和可信度。
Western Sichuan Province is geographically located in the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau and the joint area among the Sichuan-Yunnan rhombic block, Bayan Kala block and Southern China block. It also straddles the middle and south sections of the north-south seismic belt in the Chinese mainland.
Because of continuous subduction of the India plate beneath the Eurasian plate and collision between the two the plates from the middle Eocene epoch ( about 55 million years ago) , especially the extrusion of the material from the central Tibet Plateau and the indentation of the Asam wedge, this region is one of the most outstanding tectonic areas in Chinese mainland with active faults, complicated structures and frequent major earthquakes. And thus, a lot of investigations and research work have been done in this area. However, because of the difficult natural condition, only few a small number of main active faults have been studied sufficiently in the field work, such as Xianshuihe fault, Anninghe fault, Zemuhe fault. The other active tectonics, like second-class active faults, active folds, shear zones and nappe structures, are still lack of complete studies. Fortunately, with the extensive application of GPS in this region in the last two decades, together with the accumulation of traditional leveling data, it is now possible to infer the movement styles of various active structures using the highly precise and densely distributed crustal deformation observation data, via geophysical models describing the relationship between tectonic movement and crustal deformation such as the Okada’s elastic half-space dislocation model. And this kind of work can provide us a special way to understand the geodynamic mechanism of the crustal deformation and tectonic movement of the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau.
In this thesis, first a 3D geometric model is established for the main active faults in the western Sichuan Province based on the results of geological reconnaissance, geophysical investigation and geodetic observations of other scientists. This fault model includes the spatial distribution, segmentations, dip directions and angles, locking depth and slip rates of the following 25 faults: Garzê-Yushu fault, Xianshuihe fault, Anninghe fault, Zemuhe fault, Daliangshan fault, Xiaojiang fault, Mabian fault, Huayingshan fault, Longmenshan fault, Longriba fault, Maqu fault, Minjiang fault, Zhongdian fault, Jinshajiang fault, Batang fault, Weixi-Qiaohou fault, Red river fault, Lancang Jiang fault, Chenghai fault, Lijiang-Xiaojinhe fault, Litang fault, Nantinghe fault, Longlin-lancang fault, Nujiang fault, Jinhong fault. Based on this model, this work then inverts the present-day slip rates of the main active faults in the region using the Okada’s 3-D elastic half-space dislocation model with the best fit to the crustal deformation observations of 324 GPS stations and 474 leveling points. The inversion software is modified from the MAIN113 which was programmed by the United States Geological Survey (USGS). The inversion results are well consistent with the ones from geological methods.
For some faults with big uncertainties in their geological slip rates, we got their slip rates as follows: Mabian fault, 2.6±0.8 mm/a (left-lateral) and 0.7±0.7 mm/a (thrust); Batang fault, 4.1±1.4 mm/a (right-lateral) and 0.4±0.9 mm/a (normal); the northern segment of Jinshajiang fault, 1.8±1.4 mm/a (right-lateral) and 1.2±0.9 mm/a (normal); the middle segment of Jinshajiang fault, 2.5±0.8 mm/a (right-lateral) and 1.6±0.7 mm/a (thrust); Zhongdian fault, 1.5±0.9 mm/a (right-lateral) and 1.5±0.9 mm/a (normal).; the eastern segment of Longling-Lancang fault, 2.0±1.6 mm/a (right-lateral) and 0.9±0.9 mm/a(thrust), the western segment of the fault, 0.7±0.9 mm/a (right-lateral) and 1.0±0.9 mm/a (thrust). These slip rates from Geodetic data give an important reference to the study of the active faults and earthquake hazard analysis.
In addition, the fitting residuals of the velocities between the model and the observation from the GPS and leveling revealed that the crustal deformation features of the Western Sichuan Province can be well described by the continuous slips of a series active faults below the locking depth, although the fitting residuals of some regions show systematic discrepancy, which may result from the material property discrepancy of different areas and the effects of channel flow in the middle or lower crust in the area.
As a tentative, this work also tries a block model, which is actually an extremely simplified dislocation model, to explain the features of the regional crustal deformation via the translation and rotation of 11 sub-blocks, i.e. Aba sub-block, Longmenshan sub-block, South-China block, Yajiang sub-block, Shangri-la sub-block, Central Yunnan sub-block, West Sichuan and Yunnan flow zone, Baoshan sub-block, Ximeng sub-block, Mabian sub-block and Daliangshan sub-block. The result shows that the crustal deformation of Western Sichuan Province can also be well described by the rigid movement of a series of sub-blocks bounded by active faults.
In order to understand the dynamic mechanism of the crustal deformation in the Western Sichuan Province, this work also tries to use FEM (finite element method) and 2-D plane strain model to simulate the regional crustal velocity field and strain rate of this area. The simulated results reasonably demonstrate the main features of the crustal deformation form GPS observations. In addition, as the base of this research, this thesis gives an overall review to the studies of the tectonic movement and crustal deformation of the Tibetan Plateau, including the research history, current situation, main theories and focused issues. It also review the GPS technology with the emphasis on its applications to geodesy, such as the strategies about GPS data processing,data combination and error reduction, etc.
Comparing with the similar work in this region of other researchers, this work has two improvements: One is that it uses more dense GPS data, especially the dense GPS profiles, in the dislocation model to inverse the slip rates of active faults. These dense GPS data obviously gave a better constraint on the horizontal deformation. The other is that it uses widely distributed precise leveling data in the dislocation model together with GPS velocity data. The join of these leveling data can give a effective constraint on vertical component. These two improvements make the results more reliable in the inversion of the slip rate of the active faults concerned.
引文
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