四种桉树人工林木材指接工艺及性能预测
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摘要
本论文以窿缘桉(E. exserta)、柠檬桉(E. citriodora)、巨桉(E. grandis)、尾巨桉(E. urophylla×grandis)四种速生人工林桉树为试验材料,以聚醋酸乙烯酯(PVAc)和双组分异氰酸酯(API)为胶粘剂,研究四种桉树指接工艺参数,分析密度、组合方式、指型、胶种等对指接材性能的影响,力图为桉树人工林木材高附加值实木制品——指接材的开发利用提供理论依据和技术信息。并通过实验室常见的三种无损检测方法对指接前后试材进行检测,简单预测指接材性能和指接前后的变化规律。
通过试验可以得到如下结论:
1.试件的进给速度对指榫的表面粗糙度和齿距精度有影响,进料速度越快得到的指榫表面质量越差。四种桉树由于密度不同,最佳的铣齿速度也不相同,高密度的窿缘桉和柠檬桉适宜的进料速度为 5 m/min,密度相对较低的尾巨桉和巨桉适宜的进料速度为 10 m/min。
2.指接胶合是指接材生产过程中极重要的环节,胶合的成功与否决定产品质量的优劣和最终用途。指接涂胶量以保证在指榫表面获得一层均匀的胶层为适;不同的胶粘剂获得的胶接强度各不相同,API 胶指接材的抗弯强度明显高于相同条件下PVAc 胶的抗弯强度。
3.嵌合度是保证指接作用力有效地作用于指榫斜面的指接参数。在嵌合度为0mm、0.1 mm、0.5 mm 三个水平下,0.1 mm 的嵌合度所获得的指接材板面质量最好,指接材的抗弯强度最高。
4.端压是影响指接强度的关键因素,也是保证指接质量的因素之一。在嵌合度为 0.1 mm,PVAc 胶为指接用胶时,窿缘桉、柠檬桉、尾巨桉、巨桉的最佳的指接端压分别是 10 kN、10 kN、10 kN、11.5 kN。
5.指型的选择要根据指接材的使用部位以及要求的指接强度等决定,试验表明四种桉树垂直型与水平型指接材相比较,指接强度几乎相同。但相同工艺条件下,水平型指的承载能力较高。
6.用超声波、应力波和纵波(FFT)测试指接前后桉树试件的动态弹模,它们与机械弹模之间的线性关系均高于密度与机械弹模的线性关系。所以在实验室,这三种无损检测方法可代替密度作为板材分等的方法。
E.exserta, E.citriodora, E.grandis and E.urophylla×grandis as experiment materials, PVAc and API as adhesive, the research focused on the optimal processing parameters, and investigated the effects of density, finger type, adhesive etc on the finger-jointing properties, and simply predicted the changing rule through 3 NDT methods before and after finger joint.
Optimal processing parameters:
(1) Feed speed is one of the most important factors of roughness of finger surface and precision of finger pitch. Generally, faster feed speed can cause poorer finger quality. Because the densities of the 4 eucalyptus species are much different, the optimal feed speed of high density of E.exserta and E.citriodora is 5 m/min. the optimal feed speed of lower density of E.grandis and E.urophylla×grandis is 10 m/min.
(2) Adhesion is an important step in the processing of finger-joint. The products quality and performance are affected by adhesion. Spreading of finger-jointing is fitable when finger surface is coated with even gluelines. And different adhesive has different strength. API performs a better strength than PVAc.
Effects on finger-jointing performances:
(1) Embedment is a guarantee to make the force act on the finger surface. Under 3 levels, finger-jointing with 0.1 mm embedment is the best, which has the highest strength and best appearance quality.
(2) End-pressure has been proven to be the most critical variable determining joint strength. When embedment epuals to 0.1mm, with PVAc by hand, the optimal end-pressure of E.exserta, E.citriodora, E.grandis and E.urophylla×grandis is 10 kN, 10 kN, 10 kN, 11.5 kN, respectively.
(3) Selection of finger type is determined by purpose and strength. The research results show that vertical finger-jointing has the same performance as horizontal finger-jointing. But, at the same processing conditions, horizontal finger type can bear the bigger end-pressure.
Prediction by NDT:
The dynamic MOE was measured using the ultrasonic, stress wave and FFT before and after finger joint, the results show that the dynamic MOE’s linear relation with
mechanical MOE is higher than density’s linear relation with mechanical MOE. So the 3 NDT methods can take place of density as means to classify for wood panels.
通过试验可以得到如下结论:
1.试件的进给速度对指榫的表面粗糙度和齿距精度有影响,进料速度越快得到的指榫表面质量越差。四种桉树由于密度不同,最佳的铣齿速度也不相同,高密度的窿缘桉和柠檬桉适宜的进料速度为 5 m/min,密度相对较低的尾巨桉和巨桉适宜的进料速度为 10 m/min。
2.指接胶合是指接材生产过程中极重要的环节,胶合的成功与否决定产品质量的优劣和最终用途。指接涂胶量以保证在指榫表面获得一层均匀的胶层为适;不同的胶粘剂获得的胶接强度各不相同,API 胶指接材的抗弯强度明显高于相同条件下PVAc 胶的抗弯强度。
3.嵌合度是保证指接作用力有效地作用于指榫斜面的指接参数。在嵌合度为0mm、0.1 mm、0.5 mm 三个水平下,0.1 mm 的嵌合度所获得的指接材板面质量最好,指接材的抗弯强度最高。
4.端压是影响指接强度的关键因素,也是保证指接质量的因素之一。在嵌合度为 0.1 mm,PVAc 胶为指接用胶时,窿缘桉、柠檬桉、尾巨桉、巨桉的最佳的指接端压分别是 10 kN、10 kN、10 kN、11.5 kN。
5.指型的选择要根据指接材的使用部位以及要求的指接强度等决定,试验表明四种桉树垂直型与水平型指接材相比较,指接强度几乎相同。但相同工艺条件下,水平型指的承载能力较高。
6.用超声波、应力波和纵波(FFT)测试指接前后桉树试件的动态弹模,它们与机械弹模之间的线性关系均高于密度与机械弹模的线性关系。所以在实验室,这三种无损检测方法可代替密度作为板材分等的方法。
E.exserta, E.citriodora, E.grandis and E.urophylla×grandis as experiment materials, PVAc and API as adhesive, the research focused on the optimal processing parameters, and investigated the effects of density, finger type, adhesive etc on the finger-jointing properties, and simply predicted the changing rule through 3 NDT methods before and after finger joint.
Optimal processing parameters:
(1) Feed speed is one of the most important factors of roughness of finger surface and precision of finger pitch. Generally, faster feed speed can cause poorer finger quality. Because the densities of the 4 eucalyptus species are much different, the optimal feed speed of high density of E.exserta and E.citriodora is 5 m/min. the optimal feed speed of lower density of E.grandis and E.urophylla×grandis is 10 m/min.
(2) Adhesion is an important step in the processing of finger-joint. The products quality and performance are affected by adhesion. Spreading of finger-jointing is fitable when finger surface is coated with even gluelines. And different adhesive has different strength. API performs a better strength than PVAc.
Effects on finger-jointing performances:
(1) Embedment is a guarantee to make the force act on the finger surface. Under 3 levels, finger-jointing with 0.1 mm embedment is the best, which has the highest strength and best appearance quality.
(2) End-pressure has been proven to be the most critical variable determining joint strength. When embedment epuals to 0.1mm, with PVAc by hand, the optimal end-pressure of E.exserta, E.citriodora, E.grandis and E.urophylla×grandis is 10 kN, 10 kN, 10 kN, 11.5 kN, respectively.
(3) Selection of finger type is determined by purpose and strength. The research results show that vertical finger-jointing has the same performance as horizontal finger-jointing. But, at the same processing conditions, horizontal finger type can bear the bigger end-pressure.
Prediction by NDT:
The dynamic MOE was measured using the ultrasonic, stress wave and FFT before and after finger joint, the results show that the dynamic MOE’s linear relation with
mechanical MOE is higher than density’s linear relation with mechanical MOE. So the 3 NDT methods can take place of density as means to classify for wood panels.
引文
1 郝金城. 集成材制造技术.哈尔滨:东北林业大学出版社,2000
2 翁继生. 小径木的利用——二十一世纪的选择.建筑人造板,2001.1
3 李赐生. 速生小径材在家具上的开发应用.木材工业,2001.15(4)
4 殷亚方,姜笑梅,吕建雄. 我国桉树人工林资源和木材利用状况.木材工业,2001.15 (5)
5 翁继生,李维甫. 桉树的加工利用. 建筑人造板,2001(2)
6 祁述雄. 中国桉树. 北京:中国林业出版社,2002
7 Bernard Martin. Eucalyptus:A strategic forest tree. Eucalyptus plantations research, management and development. Proceeding of the International Symposium. 2003
8 赵荣军等. 澳大利亚桉树木材加工利用研究现状. 世界林业研究,2003,16(1)
9 宋永芳. 我国桉树资源的利用与展望. 林产化工通讯. 1998,4
10 Ivan T. Processing young Eucalypts:The future of eucalyptus for wood products IUFRO,2000
11 Barbara Ozarska. Furniture from young plantation-grown eucalypts. Forest and wood products research and development corporation. 1998.11
12 Yuejin Fu, Limin Peng, et al. A study report: situation of utilization of eucalyptus wood in dalian chengda company in china first technical report. Beijing: China forestry publishing house, 2002
13 殷亚方, 姜笑梅, 吕建雄等.国外桉树人工林资源和木材加工利用现状.世界林业研究,2001.14(2)
14 W.E.希里斯,A.G.布朗. 桉树培育与利用. 王豁然等译. 北京:中国林业出版设. 1984
15 朱焕明. 指接材、集成材生产工艺技术及设备.林业科技通讯, 1996.11
16 郝金城. 新型木材指接设备. 林业科技, 1994,19(6)
17 郝金城. 木材指接强度性能影响因素的分析.林产工业, 1992.3
18 李志高. 指接集成材不能再盲目发展.建筑人造板,1998.4
19 代永强, 苏忠海.木材加工的新技术——指接材
20 雷天泉, 邱增处.集成材的生产工艺及其发展前景. 甘肃林业科技, 1996.4
21 国际热带木材组织(ITTO)项目建议书. 改进与多种利用中国南方热带人工林木材,以减少天然林供应不足的压力,2000
22 杨民胜,彭彦. 中国桉树人工林发展现状和实木加工利用前景: ITTO 预备项目 PPD 18/99 研讨会.北京: 中国林业科学研究院木材工业研究所. 2000
23 GB11954-89, 指接材
24 GB11916-89, 指接材物理力学性能试验方法
25 JAS MAFF, Notification No.590, Finger-jointed structural lumber for wood frame platform construction
26 GB11916-89, 指接材物理力学性能试验方法
27 李黎. 胶合成材(续五).木材工业,1997,11(1)
28 顾继友. 胶粘剂与涂料. 北京:中国林业出版社,1999.6
29 王庆祥. 指接材技术工艺分析.中国木材,1995.4
30 郝金城,何林,赵丹等. 短齿榫铣刀齿形参数优化试验.东北林业大学学报,1991.19(3)
31 郑国群,危力全,何玉珍. 硬质合金单片指接刀在木材指接上的应用. 木材加工机械,1995,4
32 郝志强,宋润惠. 指接材指榫的加工方法.林业机械与木工设备,1997.25(7)
33 毕克新,郝金城,李琳. 集成板材加工工艺. 东北林业大学学报,1992,20(3)
34 郝金城. 木材指接强度性能影响因素的分析.林产工业,1992.3
35 李黎. 胶合成材(续四). 木材工业,1996,10(6)
36 何林, 李琳. 速生针叶材指接加工条件的分析. 林业科技, 1994,19(6)
37 Hideo Horie, Hisayoshi Kurata, Makoto Ishii. Strength properties of structural finger-jointed lumber (Ⅱ). Report of the Hokkaido forest products research institute. 1986.3
38 Pellicane PJ, Gutkowski R, Jauslin C. Forest Products Journal. 1994, 44(6)
39 Somon A, lilan H, Wolfgang B. A study on tension strength of finger joints in beech wood laminations. Otto-gray-journal 2001,12
40 Erik S, Hans J, Per johan G. Influence of defects on the strength of finger-joints.
41 梁北红, 刘一星等. 指接胶合木强度与工艺的关系. 东北林业大学学报,1989,17(4)
42 Hideo Horie, Hisayoshi Kurata, Makoto Ishii. Strength properties of structural finger-jointed lumber (Ⅱ). Report of the Hokkaido forest products research institute. 1984.3
43 李琳, 何林. 短周期工业材指接压力与强度性能的研究. 林业科技,1995,20(4)
44 Janowiak, John J et.al. Compression strength properties for two hardwood glulam materials. Forest products journal. 1994, Vol.44(2)
45 朱焕明, 鲍加芬. 间伐小径木指接技术研究. 林业科学,1994,30(3)
46 J.Llic. Relationship among the dynamic and static elastic properties of air-dry Eucalyptus delegatensis R.Baker. Holz als Roh- und werkstoff, 2001,59
47 孟令联,赵钟声,刘一星. 木材无损检测技术及其应用与展望. 林业机械与木工设备,2001,9
48 朱益民. 木材无损检测的现状及展望. 云南林业科技, 1996,74(1)
49 刘镇波, 刘一星, 于海鹏等. 木材弹性模量自动检测的研究进展. 林业科技,2004,1
50 Metriguard model 239A stress wave timer manual. Metriguard INC. PULLMAN, Washington
51 Portable ultrasonic NDT-destructive digital indicating tester manual
52 AD-3542 instruction manual. AD company limited.
2 翁继生. 小径木的利用——二十一世纪的选择.建筑人造板,2001.1
3 李赐生. 速生小径材在家具上的开发应用.木材工业,2001.15(4)
4 殷亚方,姜笑梅,吕建雄. 我国桉树人工林资源和木材利用状况.木材工业,2001.15 (5)
5 翁继生,李维甫. 桉树的加工利用. 建筑人造板,2001(2)
6 祁述雄. 中国桉树. 北京:中国林业出版社,2002
7 Bernard Martin. Eucalyptus:A strategic forest tree. Eucalyptus plantations research, management and development. Proceeding of the International Symposium. 2003
8 赵荣军等. 澳大利亚桉树木材加工利用研究现状. 世界林业研究,2003,16(1)
9 宋永芳. 我国桉树资源的利用与展望. 林产化工通讯. 1998,4
10 Ivan T. Processing young Eucalypts:The future of eucalyptus for wood products IUFRO,2000
11 Barbara Ozarska. Furniture from young plantation-grown eucalypts. Forest and wood products research and development corporation. 1998.11
12 Yuejin Fu, Limin Peng, et al. A study report: situation of utilization of eucalyptus wood in dalian chengda company in china first technical report. Beijing: China forestry publishing house, 2002
13 殷亚方, 姜笑梅, 吕建雄等.国外桉树人工林资源和木材加工利用现状.世界林业研究,2001.14(2)
14 W.E.希里斯,A.G.布朗. 桉树培育与利用. 王豁然等译. 北京:中国林业出版设. 1984
15 朱焕明. 指接材、集成材生产工艺技术及设备.林业科技通讯, 1996.11
16 郝金城. 新型木材指接设备. 林业科技, 1994,19(6)
17 郝金城. 木材指接强度性能影响因素的分析.林产工业, 1992.3
18 李志高. 指接集成材不能再盲目发展.建筑人造板,1998.4
19 代永强, 苏忠海.木材加工的新技术——指接材
20 雷天泉, 邱增处.集成材的生产工艺及其发展前景. 甘肃林业科技, 1996.4
21 国际热带木材组织(ITTO)项目建议书. 改进与多种利用中国南方热带人工林木材,以减少天然林供应不足的压力,2000
22 杨民胜,彭彦. 中国桉树人工林发展现状和实木加工利用前景: ITTO 预备项目 PPD 18/99 研讨会.北京: 中国林业科学研究院木材工业研究所. 2000
23 GB11954-89, 指接材
24 GB11916-89, 指接材物理力学性能试验方法
25 JAS MAFF, Notification No.590, Finger-jointed structural lumber for wood frame platform construction
26 GB11916-89, 指接材物理力学性能试验方法
27 李黎. 胶合成材(续五).木材工业,1997,11(1)
28 顾继友. 胶粘剂与涂料. 北京:中国林业出版社,1999.6
29 王庆祥. 指接材技术工艺分析.中国木材,1995.4
30 郝金城,何林,赵丹等. 短齿榫铣刀齿形参数优化试验.东北林业大学学报,1991.19(3)
31 郑国群,危力全,何玉珍. 硬质合金单片指接刀在木材指接上的应用. 木材加工机械,1995,4
32 郝志强,宋润惠. 指接材指榫的加工方法.林业机械与木工设备,1997.25(7)
33 毕克新,郝金城,李琳. 集成板材加工工艺. 东北林业大学学报,1992,20(3)
34 郝金城. 木材指接强度性能影响因素的分析.林产工业,1992.3
35 李黎. 胶合成材(续四). 木材工业,1996,10(6)
36 何林, 李琳. 速生针叶材指接加工条件的分析. 林业科技, 1994,19(6)
37 Hideo Horie, Hisayoshi Kurata, Makoto Ishii. Strength properties of structural finger-jointed lumber (Ⅱ). Report of the Hokkaido forest products research institute. 1986.3
38 Pellicane PJ, Gutkowski R, Jauslin C. Forest Products Journal. 1994, 44(6)
39 Somon A, lilan H, Wolfgang B. A study on tension strength of finger joints in beech wood laminations. Otto-gray-journal 2001,12
40 Erik S, Hans J, Per johan G. Influence of defects on the strength of finger-joints.
41 梁北红, 刘一星等. 指接胶合木强度与工艺的关系. 东北林业大学学报,1989,17(4)
42 Hideo Horie, Hisayoshi Kurata, Makoto Ishii. Strength properties of structural finger-jointed lumber (Ⅱ). Report of the Hokkaido forest products research institute. 1984.3
43 李琳, 何林. 短周期工业材指接压力与强度性能的研究. 林业科技,1995,20(4)
44 Janowiak, John J et.al. Compression strength properties for two hardwood glulam materials. Forest products journal. 1994, Vol.44(2)
45 朱焕明, 鲍加芬. 间伐小径木指接技术研究. 林业科学,1994,30(3)
46 J.Llic. Relationship among the dynamic and static elastic properties of air-dry Eucalyptus delegatensis R.Baker. Holz als Roh- und werkstoff, 2001,59
47 孟令联,赵钟声,刘一星. 木材无损检测技术及其应用与展望. 林业机械与木工设备,2001,9
48 朱益民. 木材无损检测的现状及展望. 云南林业科技, 1996,74(1)
49 刘镇波, 刘一星, 于海鹏等. 木材弹性模量自动检测的研究进展. 林业科技,2004,1
50 Metriguard model 239A stress wave timer manual. Metriguard INC. PULLMAN, Washington
51 Portable ultrasonic NDT-destructive digital indicating tester manual
52 AD-3542 instruction manual. AD company limited.