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撑绿竹3号无性系种群生物学研究
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摘要
撑绿杂交竹(Bambusa pervariabilis×Dondrocalamopsis daii)是广西柳州林科所1980年以撑蒿竹(Bambusa pervariabilis McClure)为母本,大绿竹(Dendrocalamopsis daii Keng f.)为父本进行杂交选育而来,有3,6,8,30号四个无性系。它们均适宜于我国南方地区生长,目前主要推广的是撑绿竹3号无性系(简称撑绿竹3号)。2003年黔北作为纸浆林进行了引种栽培。本文对撑绿竹3号的生物学进行了研究。
     从主要立地因子对撑绿竹3号生长影响的分析来看:(1)多元回归分析的结果,6个立地因子中,海拔、小地形部位、土层厚度及坡度对撑绿竹3号的生长影响较大,存在显著差异或极显著差异,是影响撑绿竹3号生长的主导因子;(2)根据主导因子划分立地类型区(3个)、立地类型亚区(6个)、立地类型组(12个)、立地类型(72个);(3)结合t-检验的结果认为最适宜撑绿竹3号生长的立地类型是ⅠCb5、ⅠSb5;较适宜的是ⅠCb6、ⅠCb3、ⅠSb6、ⅠSb3、ⅡCb5、ⅡSb5;较不适宜的是ⅠCb4、ⅠSb4、ⅡCb6、ⅡSb6;不适宜的是所有的Ⅲ(≥800m),所有的a(坡上部),以及所有的1和2(薄层土)。
     通过对撑绿竹3号幼竹104天的观测,(1)用最优分割法进行聚类分析,将撑绿竹3号高生长的过程分为初期、盛期和末期;(2)撑绿竹3号高生长数学模型为三次函数模型,即竹高(Y)与时间(t)的拟合模型为:Y=-7.8784+0.4659t+0.1663t~2-0.0008t~3,其R~2=0.996;(3)撑绿竹3号的高生长存在昼夜差异,总的趋势是夜生长量大于昼生长量,高生长最慢在14时左右,最快在2时及6时左右;(4)通过高生长与气象因子的偏相关分析认为相对湿度、最高气温和日照时数对高生长的影响达显著水平,同时这三个气象因子与高生长均呈负相关关系;而降雨量、日均温和最低气温的影响则不显著。
     从撑绿竹3号营养空间拓展的调查情况来看,6个立地因子中,海拔、小地形部位、土层厚度及坡度对撑绿竹3号营养空间的拓展影响较大,存在显著差异或极显著差异。(1)冠幅在薄层土上、海拔800m以上、坡上部(山脊)其拓展的能力很小、速度很慢,不适宜或不太适宜撑绿竹3号的栽培;(2)篼幅在薄层土上、海拔800m以上、坡度在斜坡以上的拓展的能力很小、速度很慢,不适宜或不太适宜撑绿竹3号的栽培。(3)立地条件的分异将影响到撑绿竹3号营养空间的拓展,从而影响到造林密度。立地条件好的造林密度仍可用3×4m,但立地条件相对差一些的,如中层土上其造林密度应由3×4m提高到3×3.5m,或3×3m,甚至更高,这样才能尽快郁闭成林。
     经撑绿竹3号生物量的分析,得出:(1)胸径、秆高、秆重、枝重、叶重、地上部分总重等因子之间相关关系密切,相关关系达到极显著水平;(2)秆生物量与胸径拟合方程为:W=0.0849D~(2.0036);(3)地上不同构件的生物量分配是竹秆>枝条>叶子。单株竹秆的生物量是随年龄的增大而增大,同时也随胸径的增大而增大;(4)竹丛的生物量平均15.3kg丛~(-1);竹林生物量大部分为12500.0~16666.7kg/hm~2;(5)根据聚类分析结果,可将竹林分成5类,即超低产林、低产林、中产林、高产林和超高产林。
     撑绿竹3号不同年龄竹秆的含水量不一样,Ⅰ龄竹>Ⅱ龄竹>Ⅲ龄竹;不同部位亦不相同,为下部>中部>上部。
     通过测定,撑绿竹3号根系活力为Ⅱ龄竹>Ⅲ龄竹>Ⅰ龄竹。
     不同年龄撑绿竹3号的叶绿素含量为Ⅱ龄竹>Ⅰ龄竹>Ⅲ龄竹;不同部位叶绿素含量为下部>中部>上部。
     撑绿竹3号胸径与叶面积的最优模型为三次模型:M=91974.8-50277D+10460.2D~2-56.144D~3,R~2=0.9012,目前竹林的叶面积指数大部分在6以下,还未达到丰产结构。
     撑绿竹3号的纤维形态特征在秆不同部位、不同年龄都会发生一定的变化。纤维的平均长1990.23μm、宽13.65μm、长宽比为145.87,适宜造纸;同时分析了与造纸性能有关的化学成分,综纤维素含量为67.54%,认为撑绿竹3号是一比较优良的纸浆材。
     撑绿竹3号结构调整的试验初步表明,竹林在生产过程中应保留一定数量的老竹,当地“四年一刀砍”的传统习惯是不合理的。采伐强度不宜超过60%。
     通过对黔北土壤养分状况的分析,植株养分的测定,撑绿竹3号目前对氮、磷、钾养分的需求量为83.34Kg/hm~2、15.38Kg/hm~2和72.43Kg/hm~2,需求比例约为5:1:5,实际生产中所施用的6:1:0的比例与之相差较大,应予调整。
     通过调查研究,初步鉴定出黔北撑绿竹3号真菌病害种类14种,害虫种类22种。对主要害虫的发生规律进行了初步研究。其种类超过已报道的数量,应加强监控和研究,给予积极的防治,使撑绿竹3号无性系种群得到保健,并健康的发展。
Chenglu bamboo is a hybrid breaded by Guangxi Institute of Forestry Science in 1980using Bambusa pervariabilis McClure as female and Dendrocalamopiss daii Keng as maleparent. Four clones, No3, No6, No8 and No30, were selected, which are suitable for cultivationin south China. Among them the clone of No3 has been mostly cultivated. In 2003, the clone ofNo3 was introduced to north Guizhou for the purpose of pulping. The biological and ecologicalcharacters of Chenglu bamboo No3 clonal population were investigated in this paper.
     The effects of main site factors on the growth of the clone No3, using multiple regression,were analyzed. The results showed that: (1) The altitude, slope position, soil thickness andsloppiness were the leading factors which had the significant effects on the growth of the cloneNo3. (2) According to the leading factors, 3 site type regions, 6 sub-regions of site type, 12site type groups and 72 site types were divided. (3) Combining with the result from t-test, thebest suitable site types wereⅠCb5 andⅠSb5. The suitable site types wereⅠCb6、ⅠCb3、ⅠSb6、ⅠSb3、ⅡCb5、ⅡSb5. The not well suitable site types wereⅠCb4、ⅠSb4、ⅡCb6、ⅡSb6 and the unsuitable were allⅢ(≥800m) and all a(upper slope) or 1 and 2 (thin soil).
     The development of young culm of the clone No3 was observed successively in 104 days.(1) The observed results showed that the height growth process of the Chenglu Zhu No.3 wasdivided into the initial period, peak period and end period according to the Fisher method.(2)The mathematical model of the height growth is Y=-7.8784+0.4659t+0.1663t~2-0.0008t~3,with R~2=0.996. (3)The height growth was different between the daytime and the nighttime.The total trend was that the growth at nighttime was greater than that at daytime. The heightgrowth at nighttime could account for 67.2% of the total growth of one day, but the growth atdaytime was only 32.8%. The lowest growth rate was at 14:00 and the fastest rate were at 2:00and 6:00. (4)The relative humidity, the maximum temperature and sunny hours had asignificant negative effects on the height growth. But the rainfall, mean daily temperature andminimum temperature had no significant effect on it.
     The investigation of vegetation spaces of Chenglu bamboo No3 clone showed that foursite factors as soil thickness, altitude, slope position and slope degrees affected the spaceextension significantly. But the factors like different slope directions and soil types does notaffected significantly. (1) The sites with thin soil, above 800m, or upper slope were poor for the bamboo clump crown dimension extension, so were not suitable for the planting thebamboo. (2) The sites with thin soil, above 800m, or slope degree with more than 16°was poorfor the bamboo stump dimension extension, so were not suitable for the planting the bamboo.(3)The differences of the site conditions had the effects on the vegetation space extension, so asto the planting density. A unifying planting density was not practicable. The density of 3m×4mcould be used in well site, but in the poor site with mid soil thickness,the planting densitywould be increased to 3m×3.5m or 3m×3m for fastening the early crown closed.
     The results of the analysis of biomass were as follows: (1)The factors of diameter, height,culm weight, branch weight, leave weight, and the total aboveground weight have the closelyrelationship, with a more significant level. (2)The equation between biomass and the diametersis W=0.0849D2~(2.0036). (3)The biomass distribution show that culm>branch>leaf. The biomassof the single culm increased with the ages. The bigger the diameters, the more the biomass.(4)The average culm biomass is 15.3kg,and the biomass of the plantations are 12 500.0~16666.7kg/hm~2. (5)According to the cluster analysis, the plantations could be divided into 5 types,the lowest yield plantation, low yield plantation, mean yield plantation, high yield plantationand the super high yield plantation.
     The water contents of bamboo culms varied with the different ages, 1a (71.5%)>2a (56.3%)>3a(47.9%). The water contents varied also with the different height along a single culm,base (62.4%)>middle (59.0%)>upper (54.4%).
     The observation of root vigor showed that 2a one>3a one>1a one.
     The chlorophyll contents of the foliage leaf at different aged culms are 2a one>1a one>3a one. The content of chlorophyll of the foliage leaf at different positions of a single culm arebase one>middle one>upper one.
     The optimum model between the diameter and the leave areas is M=91974.8-50277D+10460.2D~2-56.144D~3, R~2=0.9012. The leaf area index of the plantations at moment is mostlybelow 6. This means that these plantations do not reach the high yield structure.
     The fiber characters varied with the culm positions and ages. The length and width offiber are 1990.23μm and 13.65μm respectively in average. The rate of length to width is 145.87.It indicated that the clone No3 is suitable for paper-making. Meanwhile, some chemicalcompositions related paper-making were analyzed. The holocellulose is 67.54%.The chemicalcompositions also show that this bamboo is a good bamboo for pulping.
     The trial result of plantation structure regulation shows that some old bamboos should beremained in the plantation. The traditional harvest modle "all cut each four year" is notrationale. The felling intensity should not be more than 60%.
     Through the analysis of soil nutrients and bamboo nutrients, the results show that thedemands of N,P,and K for the bamboo are 83.34Kg/hm~2、15.38Kg/hm~2 and 72.43Kg/hm~2, witha proportion of 5: 1: 5. The practical use is 6: 1: 0, so the proportion of fertilization in theproduction should be regulated.
     The pests and diseases of the Chenglübamboo No3 clone were identified. There are 14fungal diseases and 22 species of pests. The genetic rules of main pests were preliminarilystudied. The species of pests and diseases are more than the reported, so it should be intensivelymonitored and controlled to make the healthy development of the bamboo clonal population.
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