骆驼蹄瓣茎及蜀葵花的化学成分研究
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摘要
骆驼蹄瓣(Zygophyllum fabago L．)为蒺藜科驼蹄瓣属植物，主要分布于西北各省，多生于半荒漠和荒漠地带的干旱地区。其根茎入药，有止咳化痰、止痛消炎的功能。用于支气管炎、感冒、牙痛及顽固性头痛等。为了充分利用我国的植物资源，进一步开发骆驼蹄瓣的药用部位，寻找骆驼蹄瓣的活性成分，我们对骆驼蹄瓣茎进行了系统的化学成分研究。
应用多种现代分离方法和技术，从骆驼蹄瓣茎的乙醇提取物中分离得到23个化合物，通过各种波谱技术(包括UV，IR，~1H-NMR，~(13)C-NMR，~1H-~1HCOSY，HMQC，HMBC，NOESY，EI-MS，ESI-MS)和理化常数，鉴定了22个，其中6个为新化合物，8个为首次从驼蹄瓣属植物中分离得到，27-Nor型三萜皂苷也是首次从蒺藜科植物中分离得到。新化合物包括1个27-Nor型三萜皂苷和5个含磺酸基的三萜及其苷类化合物，分别命名为：骆驼蹄瓣皂苷A(fabagoside A，LTB-11)，骆驼蹄瓣素(fabagoin，LTB-17)，骆驼蹄瓣皂苷B(fabagoside B，LTB-16)，骆驼蹄瓣皂苷C(fabagoside C，LTB-19)，骆驼蹄瓣皂苷D(fabagoside D，LTB-21)，骆驼蹄瓣皂苷E(fabagoside E，LTB-22)。其余成分鉴定为：豆甾4-烯-3-酮(LTB-1)，正二十八烷醇(LTB-2)，正三十二烷醇(LTB-3)，β-谷甾醇(LTB-4)，奎洛维酸(LTB-5)，胡萝卜苷(LTB-6)，3-O-[β-D-quinovopyranosyl]-pyrocincholate(LTB-7)，山柰酚(LTB-8)，3-O-[β-D-quinovopyranosyl]-cincholic acid(LTB-9)，3-O-[β-D-quinovopyranosyl]-quinovic acid(LTB-10)，nahagenin(LTB-12)，3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl]-quinovic acid(LTB-13)，腺苷(LTB-14)，紫云英苷(LTB-15)，3-O-[β-D-2-O-sulphonyl-quinovopyranosyl]-quinovic acid-28-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl]ester(LTB-18)，3″-O-磺酸基紫云英营(LTB-20)。
蜀葵(Althaea rosea Linn．Cavan．Diss)为锦葵科蜀葵属植物，产于我国西南地区。全草入药，味甘甜，性凉。有和血止血，解毒散结的功能，主治吐血、衄血、月经过多、赤白带下、二便不通、小儿风疹等。为了更好的开发和利用该药用植物资源，我们对蜀葵花进行了系统的化学成分研究。
从蜀葵花的乙醇提取物中分离得到27个化合物，通过各种现代波谱学技术(包括UV，IR，~1H-NMR，~(13)C-NMR，~1H-~1HCOSY，HMQC，HMBC，EI-MS)和理化常数，鉴定了25个化合物，其中1个为新化合物，13个为首次从蜀葵属植物中分离得到。新化合物为黄酮苷类，命名为：蜀葵黄酮苷A(roseside A，SKH-18)。其余成分鉴定为：正二十九烷(SKH-1)，棕榈酸乙酯(SKH-2)，正二十八烷酸(SKH-3)，β-谷甾醇(SKH-4)，桂皮酸(SKH-5)，茴香酸(SKH-6)，阿魏酸(SKH-7)，香豆酸(SKH-8)，胡萝卜苷(SKH-9)，水杨酸(SKH-10)，虎耳草苷(SKH-11)，柚皮素(SKH-12)，5，7，8，4′-四羟基-3-甲氧基黄酮(SKH-13)，芹菜素(SKH-14)，延胡索酸(SKH-15)，山柰酚(SKH-16)，(2S，3S)-3，5，7，4′-四羟基二氢黄酮(SKH-17)，南酸枣苷(SKH-19)，紫云英苷(SKH-20)，(2R，3R)-5，7，4′-三羟基二氢黄酮-3-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(SKH-21)，异甘草苷(SKH-22)，银椴苷(SKH-23)，芦丁(SKH-24)，杨梅黄素3-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(SKH-25)。
在化学工作的基础上，我们运用MTT法对骆驼蹄瓣茎和蜀葵花中分离得到的部分单体化合物进行了体外抗肿瘤活性的研究，发现5个来自骆驼蹄瓣的化合物具有显著的抗肿瘤活性。
总结讨论了骆驼蹄瓣中三萜皂苷类成分的分离方法、波谱特征及生物来源等，同时还总结讨论了蜀葵花中黄酮类成分的分离方法和波谱特征。为这两种类别化合物的分离和结构鉴定提供了依据。
本文还对驼蹄瓣属和蜀葵属植物的化学和药理学研究的概况进行了综述，为开发利用这两个属的药用植物资源奠定了基础。
Zygophyllum fabago L. belongs to the Zygophyllaceae family, Zygophyllum genus. It is widely distributed in northwest region of China. The roots and barks of the plant were used as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents. In order to make further use of the Chinese herbal resources and find active compounds, we have undertaken a systematic investigation on the chemical constituents of the barks of Zygophyllum fabago L.
Twenty three compounds were isolated from the ethanolic extracts of the barks of Zygophytlum fabago L. Twenty two of them were identified by using various modern spectrometric approaches, including UV, IR, ~1H-NMR, ~(13)C-NMR, ~1H-~1H COSY, HMQC, HMBC, NOESY, EI-MS, ESI-MS etc., of which six were new compounds, eight isolated from the genus for the first time, and 27-nor-triterpenoid glycosides were isolated from the Zygophyllaceae family for the first time. Among these new compounds, there were one 27-nor-triterpenoid glycoside and five teiterpenoid and saponins with sulfo group, named fabagoside A (LTB-11), fabagoin(LTB-17), fabagoside B (LTB-16), fabagoside C (LTB-19), fabagoside D (LTB-21) and fabagoside E (LTB-22). Others were stigmast-4-en-3-one (LTB-1), n-noctacosanol (LTB-2), n-dotriacontanol (LTB-3),β-sitosterol (LTB-4), quinovic acid (LTB-5), daucosterol (LTB-6), 3-O-[β-D- quinovopyranosyl]-pyrocincholate (LTB-7), kaempferol (LTB-8), 3-O-[β-D-quinovopyranosyl]-cincholic acid (LTB-9), 3-O-[β-D-quinovopyranosyl]-quinovic acid (LTB-10), nahagenin (LTB-12), 3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl]-quinovic acid (LTB-13), adenosine (LTB-14), astragalin (LTB-15), 3-O-[β-D-2-O-sulphonyl-quinovopyranosyl]-quinovic acid-28-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl] ester (LTB-18), astragalin 3"-O-sulfate (LTB-20).
Althaea rosea Linn. Cavan. Diss, a plant of the Malvaceae family, is widely distributed in southwest region of China. It is used to remove toxic heat, dispel swelling, promote blood stasis. In order to promote the development of ethnic drugs, a phytochemical investigation has been carried out.
Twenty seven compounds were isolated from the ethanol extract of the flowers of Althaea rosea Linn. Cavan. Diss. Twenty five of them were identified by using spectrometric approaches, including UV, IR, ~1H-NMR, ~(13)C-NMR, ~1H-~1HCOSY, HMQC, HMBC, NOESY, EI-MS, ESI-MS etc., of which one was new compound and thirteen were isolated from the genus for the first time. The new compound was flavonoid glycoside, named roseside A(SKH-18). Others were nonacosane (SKH-1), ethyl palmitate (SKH-2), octacosanoic acid (SKH-3),β-sitosterol (SKH-4), cinnamic acid (SKH-5), anisic acid (SKH-6), ferulic acid (SKH-7), p-coumaric acid (SKH-8), daucosterol (SKH-9), salicylic acid (SKH-10), saxifragin (SKH-11), naringenin(SKH-12), 5, 7, 8, 4'-tetrahydroxy- 3-methoxyflavone (SKH-13), apigenin (SKH-14), fumaric acid (SKH-15), kaempferol (SKH-16), (2S, 3S) -3, 5, 7, 4'-tetrahydroxyflavanone (SKH-17), choerospondin (SKH-19), astragalin (SKH-20), (2R, 3R) -5, 7, 4'- trihydroxyflavanone-3-O-β-D- glucopyranoside (SKH-21), isoliquiritin (SKH-22), tiliroside (SKH-23), rutin (SKH-24), myricetin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (SKH-25).
Several compounds isolated from the barks of Zygophyllum fabago L. and the flowers of Althaea rosea Linn. Cavan. Diss were tested for the antitumour activities in vitro. The results indicated that five compounds isolated from Zygophyllum fabago L. showed some antitumour activities.
In addition, the thesis also reviewed the research advances of the chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of Zygophyllum genus and Althaea genus.
应用多种现代分离方法和技术，从骆驼蹄瓣茎的乙醇提取物中分离得到23个化合物，通过各种波谱技术(包括UV，IR，~1H-NMR，~(13)C-NMR，~1H-~1HCOSY，HMQC，HMBC，NOESY，EI-MS，ESI-MS)和理化常数，鉴定了22个，其中6个为新化合物，8个为首次从驼蹄瓣属植物中分离得到，27-Nor型三萜皂苷也是首次从蒺藜科植物中分离得到。新化合物包括1个27-Nor型三萜皂苷和5个含磺酸基的三萜及其苷类化合物，分别命名为：骆驼蹄瓣皂苷A(fabagoside A，LTB-11)，骆驼蹄瓣素(fabagoin，LTB-17)，骆驼蹄瓣皂苷B(fabagoside B，LTB-16)，骆驼蹄瓣皂苷C(fabagoside C，LTB-19)，骆驼蹄瓣皂苷D(fabagoside D，LTB-21)，骆驼蹄瓣皂苷E(fabagoside E，LTB-22)。其余成分鉴定为：豆甾4-烯-3-酮(LTB-1)，正二十八烷醇(LTB-2)，正三十二烷醇(LTB-3)，β-谷甾醇(LTB-4)，奎洛维酸(LTB-5)，胡萝卜苷(LTB-6)，3-O-[β-D-quinovopyranosyl]-pyrocincholate(LTB-7)，山柰酚(LTB-8)，3-O-[β-D-quinovopyranosyl]-cincholic acid(LTB-9)，3-O-[β-D-quinovopyranosyl]-quinovic acid(LTB-10)，nahagenin(LTB-12)，3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl]-quinovic acid(LTB-13)，腺苷(LTB-14)，紫云英苷(LTB-15)，3-O-[β-D-2-O-sulphonyl-quinovopyranosyl]-quinovic acid-28-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl]ester(LTB-18)，3″-O-磺酸基紫云英营(LTB-20)。
蜀葵(Althaea rosea Linn．Cavan．Diss)为锦葵科蜀葵属植物，产于我国西南地区。全草入药，味甘甜，性凉。有和血止血，解毒散结的功能，主治吐血、衄血、月经过多、赤白带下、二便不通、小儿风疹等。为了更好的开发和利用该药用植物资源，我们对蜀葵花进行了系统的化学成分研究。
从蜀葵花的乙醇提取物中分离得到27个化合物，通过各种现代波谱学技术(包括UV，IR，~1H-NMR，~(13)C-NMR，~1H-~1HCOSY，HMQC，HMBC，EI-MS)和理化常数，鉴定了25个化合物，其中1个为新化合物，13个为首次从蜀葵属植物中分离得到。新化合物为黄酮苷类，命名为：蜀葵黄酮苷A(roseside A，SKH-18)。其余成分鉴定为：正二十九烷(SKH-1)，棕榈酸乙酯(SKH-2)，正二十八烷酸(SKH-3)，β-谷甾醇(SKH-4)，桂皮酸(SKH-5)，茴香酸(SKH-6)，阿魏酸(SKH-7)，香豆酸(SKH-8)，胡萝卜苷(SKH-9)，水杨酸(SKH-10)，虎耳草苷(SKH-11)，柚皮素(SKH-12)，5，7，8，4′-四羟基-3-甲氧基黄酮(SKH-13)，芹菜素(SKH-14)，延胡索酸(SKH-15)，山柰酚(SKH-16)，(2S，3S)-3，5，7，4′-四羟基二氢黄酮(SKH-17)，南酸枣苷(SKH-19)，紫云英苷(SKH-20)，(2R，3R)-5，7，4′-三羟基二氢黄酮-3-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(SKH-21)，异甘草苷(SKH-22)，银椴苷(SKH-23)，芦丁(SKH-24)，杨梅黄素3-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(SKH-25)。
在化学工作的基础上，我们运用MTT法对骆驼蹄瓣茎和蜀葵花中分离得到的部分单体化合物进行了体外抗肿瘤活性的研究，发现5个来自骆驼蹄瓣的化合物具有显著的抗肿瘤活性。
总结讨论了骆驼蹄瓣中三萜皂苷类成分的分离方法、波谱特征及生物来源等，同时还总结讨论了蜀葵花中黄酮类成分的分离方法和波谱特征。为这两种类别化合物的分离和结构鉴定提供了依据。
本文还对驼蹄瓣属和蜀葵属植物的化学和药理学研究的概况进行了综述，为开发利用这两个属的药用植物资源奠定了基础。
Zygophyllum fabago L. belongs to the Zygophyllaceae family, Zygophyllum genus. It is widely distributed in northwest region of China. The roots and barks of the plant were used as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents. In order to make further use of the Chinese herbal resources and find active compounds, we have undertaken a systematic investigation on the chemical constituents of the barks of Zygophyllum fabago L.
Twenty three compounds were isolated from the ethanolic extracts of the barks of Zygophytlum fabago L. Twenty two of them were identified by using various modern spectrometric approaches, including UV, IR, ~1H-NMR, ~(13)C-NMR, ~1H-~1H COSY, HMQC, HMBC, NOESY, EI-MS, ESI-MS etc., of which six were new compounds, eight isolated from the genus for the first time, and 27-nor-triterpenoid glycosides were isolated from the Zygophyllaceae family for the first time. Among these new compounds, there were one 27-nor-triterpenoid glycoside and five teiterpenoid and saponins with sulfo group, named fabagoside A (LTB-11), fabagoin(LTB-17), fabagoside B (LTB-16), fabagoside C (LTB-19), fabagoside D (LTB-21) and fabagoside E (LTB-22). Others were stigmast-4-en-3-one (LTB-1), n-noctacosanol (LTB-2), n-dotriacontanol (LTB-3),β-sitosterol (LTB-4), quinovic acid (LTB-5), daucosterol (LTB-6), 3-O-[β-D- quinovopyranosyl]-pyrocincholate (LTB-7), kaempferol (LTB-8), 3-O-[β-D-quinovopyranosyl]-cincholic acid (LTB-9), 3-O-[β-D-quinovopyranosyl]-quinovic acid (LTB-10), nahagenin (LTB-12), 3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl]-quinovic acid (LTB-13), adenosine (LTB-14), astragalin (LTB-15), 3-O-[β-D-2-O-sulphonyl-quinovopyranosyl]-quinovic acid-28-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl] ester (LTB-18), astragalin 3"-O-sulfate (LTB-20).
Althaea rosea Linn. Cavan. Diss, a plant of the Malvaceae family, is widely distributed in southwest region of China. It is used to remove toxic heat, dispel swelling, promote blood stasis. In order to promote the development of ethnic drugs, a phytochemical investigation has been carried out.
Twenty seven compounds were isolated from the ethanol extract of the flowers of Althaea rosea Linn. Cavan. Diss. Twenty five of them were identified by using spectrometric approaches, including UV, IR, ~1H-NMR, ~(13)C-NMR, ~1H-~1HCOSY, HMQC, HMBC, NOESY, EI-MS, ESI-MS etc., of which one was new compound and thirteen were isolated from the genus for the first time. The new compound was flavonoid glycoside, named roseside A(SKH-18). Others were nonacosane (SKH-1), ethyl palmitate (SKH-2), octacosanoic acid (SKH-3),β-sitosterol (SKH-4), cinnamic acid (SKH-5), anisic acid (SKH-6), ferulic acid (SKH-7), p-coumaric acid (SKH-8), daucosterol (SKH-9), salicylic acid (SKH-10), saxifragin (SKH-11), naringenin(SKH-12), 5, 7, 8, 4'-tetrahydroxy- 3-methoxyflavone (SKH-13), apigenin (SKH-14), fumaric acid (SKH-15), kaempferol (SKH-16), (2S, 3S) -3, 5, 7, 4'-tetrahydroxyflavanone (SKH-17), choerospondin (SKH-19), astragalin (SKH-20), (2R, 3R) -5, 7, 4'- trihydroxyflavanone-3-O-β-D- glucopyranoside (SKH-21), isoliquiritin (SKH-22), tiliroside (SKH-23), rutin (SKH-24), myricetin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (SKH-25).
Several compounds isolated from the barks of Zygophyllum fabago L. and the flowers of Althaea rosea Linn. Cavan. Diss were tested for the antitumour activities in vitro. The results indicated that five compounds isolated from Zygophyllum fabago L. showed some antitumour activities.
In addition, the thesis also reviewed the research advances of the chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of Zygophyllum genus and Althaea genus.
引文
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1．中国科学院植物志编辑委员会．中国植物志(第四十三卷，第一分册)，北京，科学出版社，1989，132
2．江苏省植物研究所，中国医学科学院药物研究所，等。新华本草纲要(第一册)，上海，上海科学技术出版社，1988，272
3. Zhi-hong Cheng, Bo-yang Yu, Xiu-wei Yang. 27-Nor-triterpenoid glycosides from Mitragyna inermis. Phytochemistry, 2002, 61:379-382
4. Attia, A. A. Triterpenoidal saponins from the aerial parts ofZygophyllum coccineum L and Zygophyllum fabago L. Pharmazie, 1999, 54 (12): 931-934
5. H. H. Hassanean, E. K. Desoky et al. Quinovic acid glycosides from Zygophyllum album. Phytochemistry, 1993, 33 (3): 663-666
6．杨峻山，于德全。分析化学手册，第七分册，第二版．北京：化学工业出版社，1999：44-45
7. RitaAquino, StanislaoTortora. Saponins from the roots of Zygophyllum gaetulum and their effects on electrically-stimulated guinea-pig ileum. Phytochemistry, 2001, 56 (4): 393-398
8. ViqarUddinAhmad, Ghazala, et al. Saponins from Zygophyllum propinouum. Phytochemistry, 1993, 30 (2): 453-455
9．何萍，李帅，王素娟，等。半夏化学成分的研究。中国中药杂志，2005，30(9)：672-674
10．胡幼华。宽果丛菔化学成分的研究。哈尔滨师范大学自然科学学报，1995，11 (2)：71-74
11．浮光苗，余伯阳，朱丹妮。黑面神化学成分的研究。中国药科大学学报，2004，35(2)：114-116
12. M. Hani A. Elgamal, Kamel H. Shaker, et al. Trtiterpenoid saponins from Zygophyllum species. Phytochemistry, 1995, 40 (4): 1233-1236
13. Gu H F, Chen R Y, Sun Y H, et al. Studies on chemical constituents from herb of Dracocephalum moldavica. [J]. China J Chin MaterMed(中国中药杂志), 2004, 29 (3): 232-234
14. M Kitajima, K Hashimoto, M Sandoval, et al. New Oleanan-Type Triterpene and Cincholic Acid Glycosides fromPeruvian "Ufia de Gato" ( Uncaria tomentosa). Chem. Pharm. Bull., 2004, 52 (10) : 1258-1261
15. Karl pollmann, stefan gagel, M.Hanl a, et al. Triterpenoid sponins from the roots of Zygophyllum species. Phytochemistry,1997, 44 (3): 485-489
16. A Rahman, AAnsari, S Drexler, et al. The Isolation and Structure of Nahagenin. Heterocycles, 1982, 19 (2): 217-220
17. A. A. Ansari, L. Kenne, A. Rahman. Isolation and characterization of two saponins from Fagonia indica. Phytochemistry, 1987, 26 (5): 1987-1990
18．马志强，宋少江，陈广通，等。辽东楤木芽中的化学成分(Ⅰ)。沈阳药科大学学报，2004，21(4)：268-271
19. Wei F, Yan W M. Studies on the Chemical Constitutens of Vicia amoEna Fisch.[J] Acta Pharm sin (药学学报) , 1997, 32 ( 10): 765-768
1．中国科学院植物志编辑委员会。中国植物志，(第四十九卷，第二分册)北京：科学出版社，1989，10-14
2. Santosh K Srivastava, et al. Pigments from the flowers ofAlthaea rosea. Indian Drugs, 1984, 21 (10): 468-469
3. Jan GudeJ. Flavonoids, phenolic acids and coumarins from the roots of Althaea officinalis. Planta Med., 1991, 57 (3): 284-285
4. Jan GudeJ, et al. Quantitative determination of flavonoid glycosides in leaves and flowers from some species of Althaea genus using the HPLC technique. Acta Pol. Pharm., 1991, 48 (3-4): 59-62
5. Jan GudeJ. Determination of flavonoids in leaves, flowers, and roots of Althaea officinalis L. Farm. Pol., 1990, 46 (5-6): 153-155
6. Jan GudeJ. Flavonoid compounds of Althaea officinalis leaves. Ⅱ. Glycosides of 8- hydroxyluteolin (hypoletin). Acta Pol. Pharm., 1987, 44 (3-4): 369-373
7. J GudeJ, et al. Chromatographic investigations of flavonoid compounds in the leaves and flowers of some species of the genus Althaea. Chromatographia, 1990, 30 (5-6): 333-336
8. Jan GudeJ. Polyphenolic compounds in Althaea officinalis leaves. Acta Pol. Pharm.,1981, 38 (3): 385
9. Jan GudeJ. Flavonoid compounds ofAlthaea officinalis leaves. I. Glucoside esters, monoglu- cosides. ActaPol. Pharm., 1985, 42 (2): 192-198
10. I Ionkova. Alternative ways for the production of biologically active substances from Althaea officinalis, var. Russalka. Dokl. Bulg. Akad Nauk., 1992, 45 (9): 137-140
11. Stephen Ninov, et al. Constituents of Althaea officinalis var. "Russalka" roots. Fitoterapia, 1992, 63 (5): 474
12. N Didry, et al. Polyphenolic compounds from the flowers of Althaea officinalis. Fitoterapia, 1990, 61 (3): 280
13. Jan GudeJ. Polyphenolic compounds in Althaea officinalis flowers. Acta Pol. Pharm., 1988, 45 (4): 340-345
14. M Koleva, et al. Study on the polyphenol composition of leaves of Althaea officinalisvariety "Rusalka". Farmatsiya (Sofia) , 1986, 36 (3): 15-18
15. Geronikaki, A. A,et al. Study of dioxanelignin from Althaea nudiflora and Althaea rosea. Khim. Prir. Soedin., 1976, (5): 685-686
16. M S Karawya, et al. Lipids of Egyptian Althea, Malva and Plantago species. Egypt. J. Pharm. Sci., 1982, 20 (1-4): 291-298
17. C. D Daulatabad,et al. Althaea rosea seed oil - a rich source ofricinoleic acid. J. Oil Technol. Assoc. lndia (Mumbai, India) , 2000, 32 (1): 8-9
18. N Gopalakrishnan, et al. Fatty acid changes in Althaea rosea tissues during growth. Phytochemistry, 1982, 21 (9): 2205-2208
19. T I Emets, et al. Seed lipids of some Althaea species. Khim. Prir. Soedin., 1995, (3): 365-368
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2. Karl pollmann, stefan gagel, M.Hanl a, et al. Triterpenoid sponins from the roots of Zygophyllum species. Phytochemistry, 1997, 44 (3): 485-489
3. Omar Saftr, Souad Fkih-Tetouani. Saponins from Zygophyllum gaetulum, J. Nat. Prod., 1998, 6 (1): 130-134
4. Rita Aquino, Stanislao Tortora, Souad Fkih-Tetouani, et al. Saponins from the roots of Zygophyllum gaetulum and their effects on electrically-stimulated guinea-pig ileum. Phytochemistry, 2001, 56 (4): 393-398
5. Viqar Uddin Ahmad, Ghazala, Shaft Uddin, et al. Saponins from Zygophyllum propinouum. Phytochemistry, 1993, 30 (2): 453-455
6. Attia, A. A. Triterpenoidal saponins from the aerial parts of Zygophyllum coccineum L and Zygophyllumfabago L. Pharmazie, 1999, 54 ( 12): 931-934
7. H. H. Hassanean, E. K. Desoky, M. M. A. EI-Hamouly, et al. Quinovic acid glycosides from Zygophyllum album. Phytochemistry, 1993, 33 (3): 663-666
8. M. Hani A. Elgarnal, Kamel H. Shaker, Karl Pollmann, et al. Trtiterpenoid saponins from Zygophyllum species. Phytochemistry, 1995, 40 (4): 1233-1236
9. Viqar Uddin Ahmad, Ghazala, Shaft Uddin, et al. saponins from Zygophyllum propinouum. J. Nat. Prod., 1990, 53 (5): 1193-1197
10. H. A. Hassanean, M. M. A. EI-Hamouly, S. A. E1-Moghazy, et al. 14-decarboxy-quinovic and quinovic acid glycosides from Zygophyllum album. Phytochemistry, 1993, 33 (3): 667-670
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12. H. A. Hassanes, E. K Desoky. An acylated isorhamnetin glucoside from zygopyyllumsimplex. Phytochemidtry, 1992, 31 (9): 3293-3294
13. S. A. Sasmakov, J. M. Putieva, Z. Saatov, et al. A new triterpene glycoside from Zygophyllum eichwaldii. Pharmazie, 2003, 58 (8): 602-603
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15. Dalila Smati, Arlette Longeon, Michele Guyot. 3-β- (3,4-Dihydroxycinnamoyl) -erythrodiol, a cytotoxic constituent of Zygophyllum geslini collected in the Algeian Sahara. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2004, 95 (2-3): 405-407
16. Viqar Uddin Ahmad, Shazia Iqbal, Farzana Kousar, et al. Two new saponins from Zygophyllum atriplicoides. Chem. Pharm. BulL, 2005, 53 (9) : 1126-1130
17. Kamel H Shaker. Triterpenoid saponin from Zygophyllum dumosum. Bulletin of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Assiut University, 2004, 27 (1): 123-126.
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22. Skim F, Lazrek H B et al. Pharmacological studies of two antidiabetic plants:Globularia alypum and zygophyllum gaetulum. Morocco Therapie, 1999, 54 (6): 711-715
23. Jaouhari J T, Lazrek H B et al. The hypoglycemic response of zygophyllum gaetulum extracts in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Morocco Journal ofethnopharmacollgy, 1999, 66 (3): 211-217
24. Jaouhari J T, Lazrek H B et al. The hypoglycemic activity of zygophyllum gaetulum extracts in alloxan-induced hyperglycemic rats. Morocco Journal of ethnopharmacollgy, 2000, 69 (1): 17-20
25. Saad, Samir F et al. Pharmacological studies on zygophyllin and quinovic acid. Bulletin of the Faculty of Pharmacy, 1967, 6 (1): 253-263
26. M Larhsini, M Mstkouk, J T Jaouhari, et al. The antipyretic activity of some Moroccan medicinal plants. Phytotherapy research, 2002, 16: 97-98
27. Rimbau V, Cerdan C, et al. Antiinflannatory activity of some extracts from Plants used in the traditional medicine of North-African countries (11). Phytotherapy research, PTR 1999, 13 (2): 128-132
28. Atta attia H, Mouneir Samar M. Antidiarrhoeal activity of some Egyptian medicinal extracts. Jounal of ethnopharmacology, 2004, 92 (2-3): 303-309
1．中国科学院植物志编辑委员会．中国植物志(第四十三卷，第一分册)，北京，科学出版社，1989，132
2．江苏省植物研究所，中国医学科学院药物研究所，等。新华本草纲要(第一册)，上海，上海科学技术出版社，1988，272
3. Zhi-hong Cheng, Bo-yang Yu, Xiu-wei Yang. 27-Nor-triterpenoid glycosides from Mitragyna inermis. Phytochemistry, 2002, 61:379-382
4. Attia, A. A. Triterpenoidal saponins from the aerial parts ofZygophyllum coccineum L and Zygophyllum fabago L. Pharmazie, 1999, 54 (12): 931-934
5. H. H. Hassanean, E. K. Desoky et al. Quinovic acid glycosides from Zygophyllum album. Phytochemistry, 1993, 33 (3): 663-666
6．杨峻山，于德全。分析化学手册，第七分册，第二版．北京：化学工业出版社，1999：44-45
7. RitaAquino, StanislaoTortora. Saponins from the roots of Zygophyllum gaetulum and their effects on electrically-stimulated guinea-pig ileum. Phytochemistry, 2001, 56 (4): 393-398
8. ViqarUddinAhmad, Ghazala, et al. Saponins from Zygophyllum propinouum. Phytochemistry, 1993, 30 (2): 453-455
9．何萍，李帅，王素娟，等。半夏化学成分的研究。中国中药杂志，2005，30(9)：672-674
10．胡幼华。宽果丛菔化学成分的研究。哈尔滨师范大学自然科学学报，1995，11 (2)：71-74
11．浮光苗，余伯阳，朱丹妮。黑面神化学成分的研究。中国药科大学学报，2004，35(2)：114-116
12. M. Hani A. Elgamal, Kamel H. Shaker, et al. Trtiterpenoid saponins from Zygophyllum species. Phytochemistry, 1995, 40 (4): 1233-1236
13. Gu H F, Chen R Y, Sun Y H, et al. Studies on chemical constituents from herb of Dracocephalum moldavica. [J]. China J Chin MaterMed(中国中药杂志), 2004, 29 (3): 232-234
14. M Kitajima, K Hashimoto, M Sandoval, et al. New Oleanan-Type Triterpene and Cincholic Acid Glycosides fromPeruvian "Ufia de Gato" ( Uncaria tomentosa). Chem. Pharm. Bull., 2004, 52 (10) : 1258-1261
15. Karl pollmann, stefan gagel, M.Hanl a, et al. Triterpenoid sponins from the roots of Zygophyllum species. Phytochemistry,1997, 44 (3): 485-489
16. A Rahman, AAnsari, S Drexler, et al. The Isolation and Structure of Nahagenin. Heterocycles, 1982, 19 (2): 217-220
17. A. A. Ansari, L. Kenne, A. Rahman. Isolation and characterization of two saponins from Fagonia indica. Phytochemistry, 1987, 26 (5): 1987-1990
18．马志强，宋少江，陈广通，等。辽东楤木芽中的化学成分(Ⅰ)。沈阳药科大学学报，2004，21(4)：268-271
19. Wei F, Yan W M. Studies on the Chemical Constitutens of Vicia amoEna Fisch.[J] Acta Pharm sin (药学学报) , 1997, 32 ( 10): 765-768
1．中国科学院植物志编辑委员会。中国植物志，(第四十九卷，第二分册)北京：科学出版社，1989，10-14
2. Santosh K Srivastava, et al. Pigments from the flowers ofAlthaea rosea. Indian Drugs, 1984, 21 (10): 468-469
3. Jan GudeJ. Flavonoids, phenolic acids and coumarins from the roots of Althaea officinalis. Planta Med., 1991, 57 (3): 284-285
4. Jan GudeJ, et al. Quantitative determination of flavonoid glycosides in leaves and flowers from some species of Althaea genus using the HPLC technique. Acta Pol. Pharm., 1991, 48 (3-4): 59-62
5. Jan GudeJ. Determination of flavonoids in leaves, flowers, and roots of Althaea officinalis L. Farm. Pol., 1990, 46 (5-6): 153-155
6. Jan GudeJ. Flavonoid compounds of Althaea officinalis leaves. Ⅱ. Glycosides of 8- hydroxyluteolin (hypoletin). Acta Pol. Pharm., 1987, 44 (3-4): 369-373
7. J GudeJ, et al. Chromatographic investigations of flavonoid compounds in the leaves and flowers of some species of the genus Althaea. Chromatographia, 1990, 30 (5-6): 333-336
8. Jan GudeJ. Polyphenolic compounds in Althaea officinalis leaves. Acta Pol. Pharm.,1981, 38 (3): 385
9. Jan GudeJ. Flavonoid compounds ofAlthaea officinalis leaves. I. Glucoside esters, monoglu- cosides. ActaPol. Pharm., 1985, 42 (2): 192-198
10. I Ionkova. Alternative ways for the production of biologically active substances from Althaea officinalis, var. Russalka. Dokl. Bulg. Akad Nauk., 1992, 45 (9): 137-140
11. Stephen Ninov, et al. Constituents of Althaea officinalis var. "Russalka" roots. Fitoterapia, 1992, 63 (5): 474
12. N Didry, et al. Polyphenolic compounds from the flowers of Althaea officinalis. Fitoterapia, 1990, 61 (3): 280
13. Jan GudeJ. Polyphenolic compounds in Althaea officinalis flowers. Acta Pol. Pharm., 1988, 45 (4): 340-345
14. M Koleva, et al. Study on the polyphenol composition of leaves of Althaea officinalisvariety "Rusalka". Farmatsiya (Sofia) , 1986, 36 (3): 15-18
15. Geronikaki, A. A,et al. Study of dioxanelignin from Althaea nudiflora and Althaea rosea. Khim. Prir. Soedin., 1976, (5): 685-686
16. M S Karawya, et al. Lipids of Egyptian Althea, Malva and Plantago species. Egypt. J. Pharm. Sci., 1982, 20 (1-4): 291-298
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