人工湿地深度处理污水处理厂二级出水试验研究
摘要
随着社会和经济的发展,人们对环境尤其水环境的要求越来越高。当前水环境污染是我国面临的最主要环境问题。为应对水环境污染,近二十年来,国家和地方政府投资兴建了大量的污水处理厂,这些污水处理厂的运行,对于改善我国的水环境状况起到非常大的作用。但是,由于很多早期建设的污水处理厂采用二级生物处理,其处理出水无法满足新排放标准中对氮磷指标的要求,而氮磷是造成水体富营养化的主要原因。为保证水厂出水指标符合新排放标准要求,就必须对工艺较老的污水处理厂进行工艺改造。改造方式一般为在二级生物处理后增加深度处理单元。人工湿地作为一种新型生态处理方式,具有管理简单,运行费用低,实用性强的特点,研究人工湿地作为城市污水处理厂深度处理单元具有非常重要的意义。
本课题通过对湿地基质,植物及运行方式进行试验研究,针对水中COD、 NH4+-N、NO-2-N、NO-3-N、TP等指标,考察人工湿地处理污水处理厂二级出水的实际效果。试验期间,在山东建筑大学污水处理站建设人工湿地中试现场,作为原污水处理站的深度处理单元,处理二级出水。经测定,原有工艺二级出水COD值为88.5-103.5mg/L、NH4+-N值为14.8-20.2mg/L、TP值为1.71-3.06mg/L这几项指标均高于《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918----2002)一级A的要求。建设后的人工湿地从2010年初开始运行至2012年年底,通过三年的连续运行,取得较好的处理效果,出水指标中COD值小于50mg/L、NH4+-N值小于5mg/L、TP值小于0.5mg/L均优于一级A的排放标准要求。在课题研究期间,取得如下结果：
(1)优选了构建人工湿地的基质,揭示了其吸附机制。通过对磷的吸附、解吸试验以及性能测试,发现页岩陶粒具有对磷的吸附性能较好,其对磷的解吸率较低,机械强度较高,破损率低,比表面积大等特点,因此选择页岩陶粒作为人工湿地的基质,对页岩陶粒进行扫描电镜及能谱分析,阐述了页岩陶粒的物理特性和化学特性,证明了页岩陶粒对磷的吸附能力强与其表面微孔结构及含有的金属元素有关；
(2)优选了构建人工湿地的植物,揭示了常见湿地植物根际微生物的分布规律。在山东省南四湖大型湿地选择五种最常见的植物芦苇、芦竹、香蒲、三棱草、蓑衣草,采用变性梯度凝胶电泳法(DGGE)分析五种植物根际所含微生物及其与周围环境之间的关系,试验结果显示,五种植物根际土壤所含微生物数量多少关系为芦竹>芦苇>香蒲>三棱草>蓑衣草；利用Quantity One软件对DGGE图谱进行进化树分析,发现芦苇、香蒲、芦竹三种植物的根际土壤所含微生物亲缘性比较接近,且其根际微生物已具有明显的脱氮、除磷功能。通过试验结果,选择上述前三种植物作为本研究的人工湿地的种植植物；
(3)通过实验室模拟人工湿地试验,初步确定了水力停留时间(HRT)和溶解氧(DO)对湿地处理效果的影响,初步研究了溶解氧浓度对氨氮去除的影响规律。结果显示,当HRT为5天时,其COD的去除率分别比HRT为1天、2天时高41.2%和20.1%,当HRT为7.5天时,其COD去除率仅比5天时增加5.2%；当HRT=5天时,TP去除率分别比HRT为1天、2天时高38.2%和18.1%,当HRT为7.5天时,其TP去除率仅比5天时增加4.3%；氨氮去除率也呈现相近关系,综合考虑进水负荷及运行效率,初步确定HRT为5天,处理效率较高；
(4)试验考察了DO浓度对NH4+-N去除率的影响,发现在不同DO浓度下,NH4+-N的转化规律。当DO浓度较低(低于1.5mg/L)时,NH4+-N的去除是因为除了基质吸附的原因外,大部分NH4+-N转化为NO2-N,亚硝酸盐累积率达到70%以上,证明湿地池体内存在着明显的短程硝化过程,当DO浓度大于1.5mg/L时,NH4+-N大部分转化为NO3-N,亚硝酸盐累积率降到40%以下,NH4+-N的去除主要是硝化作用；
(5)研究了陶粒表面生物膜生物量生长规律,阐明了该陶粒高吸附性能的原因。试验结果表明,陶粒表面生物量与DO浓度有很好的相关关系,生物膜与页岩陶粒之间具有很强的吸附作用,根据能谱分析,陶粒表面具有丰富的金属离子,生物膜中的蛋白和腐殖酸等物质易于和Ca、Mg等二价离子结合,而多糖易于和K、Na等低价离子结合形成聚体,因此具有很强的吸附性能,这种强吸附特性对于减缓由于生物膜脱落而造成湿地堵塞有很大作用；
(6)考察了人工湿地种植三种植物芦苇、芦竹和香蒲对氮磷的吸收能力以及植物不同部位氮磷含量,试验结果显示,芦竹对氮磷的吸收能力最强,但三种植物吸收能力无显著差别；通过对植物不同部位氮磷含量分析,发现N含量遵循着叶>根>茎的规律；而P在不同组织中含量依次为根>叶>茎；植物中氮的含量(7.17-37.14mg/g)要明显高于磷的含量(2.28-5.28mg/g),试验结果还显示芦苇根系的输氧能力最强；
(7)考察了人工湿地中试现场长期运行过程中物质的积累情况,通过测定池体内水力渗透系数及总固体和挥发性固体,长期运行后,水力渗透系数下降14.7%,池体前部总固体累积为4.72kg/m2,后部为4.19kg/m2。证明所构建的人工湿地在长期运行后没有发生明显堵塞现象,前部的物质积累要高于中后部,多数的悬浮物质在湿地池体的前部去除。进一步验证了轮休是延缓湿地堵塞的有效方式。结合人工湿地运行出水主要污染物指标情况,得出结论：采用人工湿地作为污水处理厂的深度处理单元,在运行三年后,仍然具有很好的处理效率,从2010年初运行至2012年底,在每年4月至10月的运行中,出水COD、NH4+-N、TP等指标均优于《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918----2002)一级A的要求。并且没有发生明显的堵塞现象。证明采用人工湿地作为污水处理厂深度处理单元是可行的。
With the development of society and economy, the demand of environment becomes higher and higher, especially to water environment. In current, the water pollution is the most important issue to our country. To solve these environmental issues, a lot of wastewater treatment plants has been built in recent twenty years, the running of these plants have important role in improving water environment of our country. But, the effluent of these plants is not accorded with the demand of nitrogen and phosphorus because of using second treatment. The nitrogen and phosphorus can cause the eutrophication of water body. For guaranteeing the demand of nitrogen and phosphorus, the third treatment unit must be built after the second treatment unit. The easy management, low cost of running and powerful practicability are the characteristics of constructed wetland, It is very meaningful to research the constructed wetland as the third treatment unit.
The article studies the treatment of effluent of constructed wetland on COD, NH4+-N, NO-2N, NO-3-N, TP by the experiment research of substrate, plant, and running style. The constructed wetland was built in wastewater treatment station of Shandong Jianzhu University as advanced treatement unit. The COD, NH4+-N, TP of raw second outlet was88.5-103.5mg/L,14.8-20.2mg/L,1.7-3.06mg/L respectively. The constructed wetland has run from2009to2012, the better effect of treatment has been gained by three years'running. The COD, NH4+-N, TP of raw advanced outlet was better than(GB18918----2002) first grade A.Some results have been acquired in research.
1. To select the substrates. By the experiments of absorption and desorption, the shale ceramsite has been selected as substrate. The physical and chemical characteristics of ceramsite have been gained by SEM and energy spectrum analysis. The strong ability of adsorption to phosphorus about shale ceramsite is relation to its structure of micropore and the metal elements in itself.
2. To select the plants. The Phragmites australis, Arundo donax L., Typhal atifolia L. convexutricle sedge herb and sedge have been selected from Nansi lake. The rhizospheric microorganisms and their relationship between the envi-ronment have been analysed by DGGE. The results show:the number of rhiz-ospheric microorganisms is Arundo donax L more than Phragmites australis m-ore than yphalatifolia L. more than convexutricle sedge herb more than sedge. By software of Quantity One and atlas of DGGE. The Affinity of Phragmites australis, Arundo donax L. and Typhalatifolia L.is closer, the rhizospheric micr-oorganisms has function of nitrogen and phosphorus removal, so, the three plan ts have been selected in constructed wetland.
3. By simulate the experiment of constructed wetland in laboratory. The affect to HRT and DO has been analysed. When the HRT is5days, the removal rate of COD is respective41.2%and20.1%more than the removal rate about HRT is1day and2days. When the HRT is7.5days, the removal rate of COD is only5.2%more than the removal rate of HRT is5days. So, the HRT of5days is selected.
4. The effect of DO to the removal rate of NH4+-N has been researched, when the DO lower than1.5mg/L, the NH4+-N transforms to NO_2-N, the partial nitrification is existed, when the DO higher than1.5mg/L, the NH4+-N transforms to NO-3-N, nitrification has important role in this condition.
5. By the research of biomass about surface of ceramsite, the biomass is very good correlativity between DO. These have strong adsorption between biofilm and ceramsite. By energy spectrum analysis, there are lot of metal ions on surface of ceramsite, the protein and humic acid are easily combined with high valence ion, polysaccharide is easily combined with low valence ion. In this condition, the biofilm do not fall off easily.
6. Three plants have been planted in sit, Phragmites australis, Arundo donax L. and Typhalatifolia L, the adsorption of nitrogen and phosphorus has been researched, the adsorption to nitrogen and phosphorus of Phragmites australis is best, but, there are not obvious difference between them. By analyzing the content of nitrogen and phosphorus in different parts of the plant, the rules are concluded that the content of nitrogen in leaf is more than in stem, and more than in root, the content of phosphorus in root is more than in leaf, and more than in stem.
7.By running in site for long time, the accumulation of material in wetland has been studied, the TS, VS and hydraulic conductivity has been tested the conclusions were confirmed that the accumulation of material in front part is higher than in middle and end part, most SS has been removed in front part of the wetland. Energy dispersive spectrum (EDS) about accumulated material on surface of ceramsite was analyzed, some conclusions were found that the component of accumulated material was similar to he component of ceramsite, this conclusion illustrated that the accumulated material was composed by broken body from ceramsite. By researching about accumulation of material on surface of ceramsite in long time running about constructed wetland, one conclusion was found that the constructed wetland has good efficiency after three years'running, the blocking has not been happened when it was used as third treatment in wastewater treatment plant, the pilot was built in Shandong Jianzhu University, the wetland has been run from2010to2012, from April to November ever year, the COD、NH4+-N、TP of effluent were accorded with the demand of(GB18918----2002) first grade A.
本课题通过对湿地基质,植物及运行方式进行试验研究,针对水中COD、 NH4+-N、NO-2-N、NO-3-N、TP等指标,考察人工湿地处理污水处理厂二级出水的实际效果。试验期间,在山东建筑大学污水处理站建设人工湿地中试现场,作为原污水处理站的深度处理单元,处理二级出水。经测定,原有工艺二级出水COD值为88.5-103.5mg/L、NH4+-N值为14.8-20.2mg/L、TP值为1.71-3.06mg/L这几项指标均高于《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918----2002)一级A的要求。建设后的人工湿地从2010年初开始运行至2012年年底,通过三年的连续运行,取得较好的处理效果,出水指标中COD值小于50mg/L、NH4+-N值小于5mg/L、TP值小于0.5mg/L均优于一级A的排放标准要求。在课题研究期间,取得如下结果：
(1)优选了构建人工湿地的基质,揭示了其吸附机制。通过对磷的吸附、解吸试验以及性能测试,发现页岩陶粒具有对磷的吸附性能较好,其对磷的解吸率较低,机械强度较高,破损率低,比表面积大等特点,因此选择页岩陶粒作为人工湿地的基质,对页岩陶粒进行扫描电镜及能谱分析,阐述了页岩陶粒的物理特性和化学特性,证明了页岩陶粒对磷的吸附能力强与其表面微孔结构及含有的金属元素有关；
(2)优选了构建人工湿地的植物,揭示了常见湿地植物根际微生物的分布规律。在山东省南四湖大型湿地选择五种最常见的植物芦苇、芦竹、香蒲、三棱草、蓑衣草,采用变性梯度凝胶电泳法(DGGE)分析五种植物根际所含微生物及其与周围环境之间的关系,试验结果显示,五种植物根际土壤所含微生物数量多少关系为芦竹>芦苇>香蒲>三棱草>蓑衣草；利用Quantity One软件对DGGE图谱进行进化树分析,发现芦苇、香蒲、芦竹三种植物的根际土壤所含微生物亲缘性比较接近,且其根际微生物已具有明显的脱氮、除磷功能。通过试验结果,选择上述前三种植物作为本研究的人工湿地的种植植物；
(3)通过实验室模拟人工湿地试验,初步确定了水力停留时间(HRT)和溶解氧(DO)对湿地处理效果的影响,初步研究了溶解氧浓度对氨氮去除的影响规律。结果显示,当HRT为5天时,其COD的去除率分别比HRT为1天、2天时高41.2%和20.1%,当HRT为7.5天时,其COD去除率仅比5天时增加5.2%；当HRT=5天时,TP去除率分别比HRT为1天、2天时高38.2%和18.1%,当HRT为7.5天时,其TP去除率仅比5天时增加4.3%；氨氮去除率也呈现相近关系,综合考虑进水负荷及运行效率,初步确定HRT为5天,处理效率较高；
(4)试验考察了DO浓度对NH4+-N去除率的影响,发现在不同DO浓度下,NH4+-N的转化规律。当DO浓度较低(低于1.5mg/L)时,NH4+-N的去除是因为除了基质吸附的原因外,大部分NH4+-N转化为NO2-N,亚硝酸盐累积率达到70%以上,证明湿地池体内存在着明显的短程硝化过程,当DO浓度大于1.5mg/L时,NH4+-N大部分转化为NO3-N,亚硝酸盐累积率降到40%以下,NH4+-N的去除主要是硝化作用；
(5)研究了陶粒表面生物膜生物量生长规律,阐明了该陶粒高吸附性能的原因。试验结果表明,陶粒表面生物量与DO浓度有很好的相关关系,生物膜与页岩陶粒之间具有很强的吸附作用,根据能谱分析,陶粒表面具有丰富的金属离子,生物膜中的蛋白和腐殖酸等物质易于和Ca、Mg等二价离子结合,而多糖易于和K、Na等低价离子结合形成聚体,因此具有很强的吸附性能,这种强吸附特性对于减缓由于生物膜脱落而造成湿地堵塞有很大作用；
(6)考察了人工湿地种植三种植物芦苇、芦竹和香蒲对氮磷的吸收能力以及植物不同部位氮磷含量,试验结果显示,芦竹对氮磷的吸收能力最强,但三种植物吸收能力无显著差别；通过对植物不同部位氮磷含量分析,发现N含量遵循着叶>根>茎的规律；而P在不同组织中含量依次为根>叶>茎；植物中氮的含量(7.17-37.14mg/g)要明显高于磷的含量(2.28-5.28mg/g),试验结果还显示芦苇根系的输氧能力最强；
(7)考察了人工湿地中试现场长期运行过程中物质的积累情况,通过测定池体内水力渗透系数及总固体和挥发性固体,长期运行后,水力渗透系数下降14.7%,池体前部总固体累积为4.72kg/m2,后部为4.19kg/m2。证明所构建的人工湿地在长期运行后没有发生明显堵塞现象,前部的物质积累要高于中后部,多数的悬浮物质在湿地池体的前部去除。进一步验证了轮休是延缓湿地堵塞的有效方式。结合人工湿地运行出水主要污染物指标情况,得出结论：采用人工湿地作为污水处理厂的深度处理单元,在运行三年后,仍然具有很好的处理效率,从2010年初运行至2012年底,在每年4月至10月的运行中,出水COD、NH4+-N、TP等指标均优于《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918----2002)一级A的要求。并且没有发生明显的堵塞现象。证明采用人工湿地作为污水处理厂深度处理单元是可行的。
With the development of society and economy, the demand of environment becomes higher and higher, especially to water environment. In current, the water pollution is the most important issue to our country. To solve these environmental issues, a lot of wastewater treatment plants has been built in recent twenty years, the running of these plants have important role in improving water environment of our country. But, the effluent of these plants is not accorded with the demand of nitrogen and phosphorus because of using second treatment. The nitrogen and phosphorus can cause the eutrophication of water body. For guaranteeing the demand of nitrogen and phosphorus, the third treatment unit must be built after the second treatment unit. The easy management, low cost of running and powerful practicability are the characteristics of constructed wetland, It is very meaningful to research the constructed wetland as the third treatment unit.
The article studies the treatment of effluent of constructed wetland on COD, NH4+-N, NO-2N, NO-3-N, TP by the experiment research of substrate, plant, and running style. The constructed wetland was built in wastewater treatment station of Shandong Jianzhu University as advanced treatement unit. The COD, NH4+-N, TP of raw second outlet was88.5-103.5mg/L,14.8-20.2mg/L,1.7-3.06mg/L respectively. The constructed wetland has run from2009to2012, the better effect of treatment has been gained by three years'running. The COD, NH4+-N, TP of raw advanced outlet was better than
1. To select the substrates. By the experiments of absorption and desorption, the shale ceramsite has been selected as substrate. The physical and chemical characteristics of ceramsite have been gained by SEM and energy spectrum analysis. The strong ability of adsorption to phosphorus about shale ceramsite is relation to its structure of micropore and the metal elements in itself.
2. To select the plants. The Phragmites australis, Arundo donax L., Typhal atifolia L. convexutricle sedge herb and sedge have been selected from Nansi lake. The rhizospheric microorganisms and their relationship between the envi-ronment have been analysed by DGGE. The results show:the number of rhiz-ospheric microorganisms is Arundo donax L more than Phragmites australis m-ore than yphalatifolia L. more than convexutricle sedge herb more than sedge. By software of Quantity One and atlas of DGGE. The Affinity of Phragmites australis, Arundo donax L. and Typhalatifolia L.is closer, the rhizospheric micr-oorganisms has function of nitrogen and phosphorus removal, so, the three plan ts have been selected in constructed wetland.
3. By simulate the experiment of constructed wetland in laboratory. The affect to HRT and DO has been analysed. When the HRT is5days, the removal rate of COD is respective41.2%and20.1%more than the removal rate about HRT is1day and2days. When the HRT is7.5days, the removal rate of COD is only5.2%more than the removal rate of HRT is5days. So, the HRT of5days is selected.
4. The effect of DO to the removal rate of NH4+-N has been researched, when the DO lower than1.5mg/L, the NH4+-N transforms to NO_2-N, the partial nitrification is existed, when the DO higher than1.5mg/L, the NH4+-N transforms to NO-3-N, nitrification has important role in this condition.
5. By the research of biomass about surface of ceramsite, the biomass is very good correlativity between DO. These have strong adsorption between biofilm and ceramsite. By energy spectrum analysis, there are lot of metal ions on surface of ceramsite, the protein and humic acid are easily combined with high valence ion, polysaccharide is easily combined with low valence ion. In this condition, the biofilm do not fall off easily.
6. Three plants have been planted in sit, Phragmites australis, Arundo donax L. and Typhalatifolia L, the adsorption of nitrogen and phosphorus has been researched, the adsorption to nitrogen and phosphorus of Phragmites australis is best, but, there are not obvious difference between them. By analyzing the content of nitrogen and phosphorus in different parts of the plant, the rules are concluded that the content of nitrogen in leaf is more than in stem, and more than in root, the content of phosphorus in root is more than in leaf, and more than in stem.
7.By running in site for long time, the accumulation of material in wetland has been studied, the TS, VS and hydraulic conductivity has been tested the conclusions were confirmed that the accumulation of material in front part is higher than in middle and end part, most SS has been removed in front part of the wetland. Energy dispersive spectrum (EDS) about accumulated material on surface of ceramsite was analyzed, some conclusions were found that the component of accumulated material was similar to he component of ceramsite, this conclusion illustrated that the accumulated material was composed by broken body from ceramsite. By researching about accumulation of material on surface of ceramsite in long time running about constructed wetland, one conclusion was found that the constructed wetland has good efficiency after three years'running, the blocking has not been happened when it was used as third treatment in wastewater treatment plant, the pilot was built in Shandong Jianzhu University, the wetland has been run from2010to2012, from April to November ever year, the COD、NH4+-N、TP of effluent were accorded with the demand of
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