东中国海热通量及热收支变化研究
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摘要
东中国海位于北太平洋西侧,拥有世界上最宽广的陆架海域之一。黑潮作为北太平洋重要的西边界流,沿东中国海陆架外缘和陆坡之间向北流动,对中国近海的温盐和环流结构产生重要的影响。在东中国海环流系统中,黑潮、台湾暖流、对马暖流及黄海暖流等共同组成东中国海的外海流系,构成海水进出东中国海的主要通道。深入研究这样一个复杂的海洋系统中海气之间相互作用的特征和机制以及大洋对陆架边缘海的影响,将更好的理解黑潮在东中国海物理环境场变化中的作用,有助于我们认识大尺度海洋环流及海气相互作用,具有重要的科学意义。本文在回顾前人研究的基础上,从热通量和热收支的角度对黑潮及中国东部陆架边缘海进行研究。利用已有的客观分析海气热通量数据和海洋同化资料,揭示东中国海海表面热通量的季节变化规律,通过分析季节时间尺度上海表面温度变化与海表面热通量的关系,研究黑潮平流项在海表面温度和海表面热通量变化中的控制机制,揭示黑潮在西北太平洋陆架边缘海海气耦合系统中的关键作用。基于长时间序列的海表面热通量资料以及海洋再分析资料,分析东中国海海域潜热通量的长期变化特征,并探讨与局地和太平洋海域影响因素的关系。从黑潮对东中国海热通量和热收支的角度探讨东海陆架边缘海与黑潮的相互作用,进一步认识中国东部陆架海环流,温度和盐度结构以及热量收支情况,确定黑潮向陆架热量通量输运及变化的成因及动力过程,探讨东中国海热含量在年际时间尺度上变化特征及影响因素。
为了理解东中国海海表面热通量和海表面温度的季节变化特征及变化机制,利用来自客观分析海气热通量产品(OAFlux)和国际卫星云气候计划(ISCCP)的海表面净热通量资料,分析了西北太平洋陆架边缘海海气热通量的季节变化,及其在海表面温度季节变化中的作用。海表面净热通量的季节变化由潜热通量的季节变化决定。考虑净热通量和海表面温度的关系,东中国海可以被分为两个区域：在黑潮以外近岸海区,海表面温度的变化由海表面净热通量所强迫；而在黑潮及其延伸体海区,热通量是对由平流引起的海表面温度变化的响应。海气比湿差是联系海表面热通量和海表面温度的关键变量,并解释了沿黑潮海域的最大失热。黑潮的热量输运使得沿黑潮及其延伸体失热时间更长。海洋热含量的正异常值与在黑潮流域的最大失热相对应。研究认为海洋热平流项决定了热含量的基本变化,进而决定了海表面净热通量的基本变化。
在年际以上时间尺度上,利用1958-2008年OAFlux潜热通量资料,分析了东中国海海域潜热通量的长期变化特征,并探讨了与局地和太平洋海域影响因素的关系。结果表明：近50年东中国海潜热通量显著增加,沿黑潮主轴增幅最大。通过分析阿留申低压区(30°N-60°N,160°E-140°W)风场的变化,发现其风应力旋度与东中国海潜热通量变化的主要影响因素海气比湿差存在显著的正相关,表明可能是北太平洋风应力旋度的变化而不是东中国海域风场的变化导致了潜热的长期增加。超前和滞后相关分析表明,东中国潜热通量的变化比北太平洋风应力旋度的变化存在4年左右的延迟,可能是副热带环流对风场变化调整所需的时间。
在海表面热通量研究的基础上,利用在东中国海局部加密的全球海洋模式,我们研究了东中国海的热量收支情况。模式结果表明穿过台湾海峡,对马海峡以及台湾和日本之间200米等深线的时间平均的温度通量分别为0.20PW,0.21PW和0.05PW。进入东中国海的剩余热通量为0.04PW,这与时间平均的海表面失热相平衡。穿过200米等深线的涡动温度通量为0.005PW,占总温度通量的11.2%。黑潮向岸的温度通量主要有两个来源,黑潮在台湾以东的入侵和九州岛西南的入侵。由风应力引起的东中国海中的Ekman温度通量与黑潮向岸的温度通量表现出相同的季节循环和振幅,在秋季最大,夏季最小。我们认为Ekman温度通量决定了黑潮向岸温度通量的季节变化。此外,上层海洋热含量的年际变化主要由热平流项决定,局地大气强迫作用较小。
The East China Sea (ECS) is a marginal sea adjacent to a vast continental shelf towards the western Pacific. The Kuroshio which is the strong western boundary current of the Pacific Ocean flows along the continental slope and brings huge amount of heat from South to North. It is known has important influence on the thermal structure and circulation. Cold, fresh shelf water is distributed on the continental shelf, while warm saline Kuroshio water occupies the area around the shelf break and further offshore.The shelf break is a key region influencing the water properties on the shelf as there, important onshore cross-frontal transports of heat and freshwater from the Kuroshio take place.
In order to study the heat flux at air-sea interface on seasonal and inter-annual time scales, we use a net surface heat flux (Qnet) product obtained from the Objectively Analyzed air-sea Fluxes (OAFlux) project and the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP), to study the seasonal variations of air-sea heat fluxes in the Northwestern Pacific Marginal Seas (NPMS) and their role in sea surface temperature (SST) seasonality. The seasonal variations of Qnet which is generally determined by the seasonal cycle of LH are in response to the advection-induced changes of SST over Kuroshio and its Extension. The oceanic thermal advection which have a significant effect on the SST and hence the sea-air humidity plays a primary role and explains the maximum heat losing along the Kuroshio. The heat transported by the Kuroshio makes it have a longer period of heat losing over Kuroshio and its Extension. The positive anomaly of heat content corresponds with the maximum heat loss along the Kuroshio. The oceanic advection is inferred to control the variations of heat content and hence the surface heat flux. This study will help us to understand the mechanism controlling variations of the coupled ocean-atmosphere system in the NPMS.
The latent heat flux(LH) from OAFlux dataset through 1958 to 2006 were used to investigate the long-term variations of LH in the East China Sea (ECS). The relationships between LH and the related physical variables in both ECS and the Pacific are examined. The study showed that there is a steady increase in the ESC averaged LH in the last 50 years, with the maximum increasing rate along the axis of the Kuroshio. By examining the wind stress curl variations in the Aleutian low area, it's indicated that the wind stress curl there is highly correlated with the sea-air humidity difference which dominants LH in the ECS. It might be the wind stress curl in the North Pacific not the local wind in the ECS dominants the variations of LH. The lead and lag correlation, related the sea-air humidity difference in the ECS and the wind stress curl in the Aleutian low area (30°N-60°N,160°E-140°W) indicates a 4-yr lag of LH in the ECS to the wind stress curl. This delay might because the adjustment of the gyre circulation to a change in the wind field.
In order to understand the role of the Kuroshio in the East China Sea, we use a global ocean model with regionally focused high resolution (1/10°) in the East China Sea (ECS), to study the oceanic heat budget in the ECS. The time-averaged temperature flux across the Taiwan Strait (TWS), Tsushima Strait (TSS) and the 200m isobath between Taiwan and Japan are 0.20PW,0.21PW and 0.05PW, respectively. The residual heat flux of 0.04PW into the ECS is balanced by the surface heat loss. The eddy temperature flux across the 200m isobath is 0.005PW, which accounts for 11.2% of the total temperature flux. The Kuroshio onshore temperature flux has two major sources, the Kuroshio intrusion northeast of Taiwan and southwest of Kyushu. The Ekman temperature flux induced by the wind stress in the ECS shows the same seasonal cycle and amplitude with the onshore temperature flux with a maximum in autumn and a minimum in summer. We conclude that the Ekman temperature flux dominants the seasonal cycle of Kuroshio onshore flux. The inter-annual variability is dominated by the variations of sea surface height caused by the advection rather than the local atmospheric forcing.
为了理解东中国海海表面热通量和海表面温度的季节变化特征及变化机制,利用来自客观分析海气热通量产品(OAFlux)和国际卫星云气候计划(ISCCP)的海表面净热通量资料,分析了西北太平洋陆架边缘海海气热通量的季节变化,及其在海表面温度季节变化中的作用。海表面净热通量的季节变化由潜热通量的季节变化决定。考虑净热通量和海表面温度的关系,东中国海可以被分为两个区域：在黑潮以外近岸海区,海表面温度的变化由海表面净热通量所强迫；而在黑潮及其延伸体海区,热通量是对由平流引起的海表面温度变化的响应。海气比湿差是联系海表面热通量和海表面温度的关键变量,并解释了沿黑潮海域的最大失热。黑潮的热量输运使得沿黑潮及其延伸体失热时间更长。海洋热含量的正异常值与在黑潮流域的最大失热相对应。研究认为海洋热平流项决定了热含量的基本变化,进而决定了海表面净热通量的基本变化。
在年际以上时间尺度上,利用1958-2008年OAFlux潜热通量资料,分析了东中国海海域潜热通量的长期变化特征,并探讨了与局地和太平洋海域影响因素的关系。结果表明：近50年东中国海潜热通量显著增加,沿黑潮主轴增幅最大。通过分析阿留申低压区(30°N-60°N,160°E-140°W)风场的变化,发现其风应力旋度与东中国海潜热通量变化的主要影响因素海气比湿差存在显著的正相关,表明可能是北太平洋风应力旋度的变化而不是东中国海域风场的变化导致了潜热的长期增加。超前和滞后相关分析表明,东中国潜热通量的变化比北太平洋风应力旋度的变化存在4年左右的延迟,可能是副热带环流对风场变化调整所需的时间。
在海表面热通量研究的基础上,利用在东中国海局部加密的全球海洋模式,我们研究了东中国海的热量收支情况。模式结果表明穿过台湾海峡,对马海峡以及台湾和日本之间200米等深线的时间平均的温度通量分别为0.20PW,0.21PW和0.05PW。进入东中国海的剩余热通量为0.04PW,这与时间平均的海表面失热相平衡。穿过200米等深线的涡动温度通量为0.005PW,占总温度通量的11.2%。黑潮向岸的温度通量主要有两个来源,黑潮在台湾以东的入侵和九州岛西南的入侵。由风应力引起的东中国海中的Ekman温度通量与黑潮向岸的温度通量表现出相同的季节循环和振幅,在秋季最大,夏季最小。我们认为Ekman温度通量决定了黑潮向岸温度通量的季节变化。此外,上层海洋热含量的年际变化主要由热平流项决定,局地大气强迫作用较小。
The East China Sea (ECS) is a marginal sea adjacent to a vast continental shelf towards the western Pacific. The Kuroshio which is the strong western boundary current of the Pacific Ocean flows along the continental slope and brings huge amount of heat from South to North. It is known has important influence on the thermal structure and circulation. Cold, fresh shelf water is distributed on the continental shelf, while warm saline Kuroshio water occupies the area around the shelf break and further offshore.The shelf break is a key region influencing the water properties on the shelf as there, important onshore cross-frontal transports of heat and freshwater from the Kuroshio take place.
In order to study the heat flux at air-sea interface on seasonal and inter-annual time scales, we use a net surface heat flux (Qnet) product obtained from the Objectively Analyzed air-sea Fluxes (OAFlux) project and the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP), to study the seasonal variations of air-sea heat fluxes in the Northwestern Pacific Marginal Seas (NPMS) and their role in sea surface temperature (SST) seasonality. The seasonal variations of Qnet which is generally determined by the seasonal cycle of LH are in response to the advection-induced changes of SST over Kuroshio and its Extension. The oceanic thermal advection which have a significant effect on the SST and hence the sea-air humidity plays a primary role and explains the maximum heat losing along the Kuroshio. The heat transported by the Kuroshio makes it have a longer period of heat losing over Kuroshio and its Extension. The positive anomaly of heat content corresponds with the maximum heat loss along the Kuroshio. The oceanic advection is inferred to control the variations of heat content and hence the surface heat flux. This study will help us to understand the mechanism controlling variations of the coupled ocean-atmosphere system in the NPMS.
The latent heat flux(LH) from OAFlux dataset through 1958 to 2006 were used to investigate the long-term variations of LH in the East China Sea (ECS). The relationships between LH and the related physical variables in both ECS and the Pacific are examined. The study showed that there is a steady increase in the ESC averaged LH in the last 50 years, with the maximum increasing rate along the axis of the Kuroshio. By examining the wind stress curl variations in the Aleutian low area, it's indicated that the wind stress curl there is highly correlated with the sea-air humidity difference which dominants LH in the ECS. It might be the wind stress curl in the North Pacific not the local wind in the ECS dominants the variations of LH. The lead and lag correlation, related the sea-air humidity difference in the ECS and the wind stress curl in the Aleutian low area (30°N-60°N,160°E-140°W) indicates a 4-yr lag of LH in the ECS to the wind stress curl. This delay might because the adjustment of the gyre circulation to a change in the wind field.
In order to understand the role of the Kuroshio in the East China Sea, we use a global ocean model with regionally focused high resolution (1/10°) in the East China Sea (ECS), to study the oceanic heat budget in the ECS. The time-averaged temperature flux across the Taiwan Strait (TWS), Tsushima Strait (TSS) and the 200m isobath between Taiwan and Japan are 0.20PW,0.21PW and 0.05PW, respectively. The residual heat flux of 0.04PW into the ECS is balanced by the surface heat loss. The eddy temperature flux across the 200m isobath is 0.005PW, which accounts for 11.2% of the total temperature flux. The Kuroshio onshore temperature flux has two major sources, the Kuroshio intrusion northeast of Taiwan and southwest of Kyushu. The Ekman temperature flux induced by the wind stress in the ECS shows the same seasonal cycle and amplitude with the onshore temperature flux with a maximum in autumn and a minimum in summer. We conclude that the Ekman temperature flux dominants the seasonal cycle of Kuroshio onshore flux. The inter-annual variability is dominated by the variations of sea surface height caused by the advection rather than the local atmospheric forcing.
引文
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