微生物及其衍生物对油气渗流的影响规律研究
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摘要
目前，油田的开发普遍进入了高含水期，面临的开采难度进一步加大。开发新的，更加廉价的提高原油采收率技术越来越受到重视。微生物技术引入到石油开发，已经成为三次采油技术中一个引人瞩目的方向。
本文的研究内容分五部分。引言部分介绍了目前国内外微生物采油技术的发展现状，并提出了存在的问题。接下来针对提出的问题，从微生物及采油微生物的特点出发，阐述了微生物采油的主要机理。通过新疆石油局与美国NPC公司合作的微生物矿场实验，进行了微生物采油的适应性分析。在以上分析的基础上，本文通过不同的微生物菌液与原油、地层水的相关室内实验，证实了微生物对油气渗流的影响。主要表现在：微生物具有降低油水界面张力、降低原油粘度以及改变地层水物性的作用。本文的核心问题是，在实验现象的基础上，从理论上分析了微生物的作用对改变残余油饱和度、含水率及油水流度比的影响，这与传统的实验只是集中观察微生物与原油作用会出现的现象，或者观察提高采收率的能力是有区别的。
通过细致深入的分析，得出以下结论：
(1) 微生物与原油作用可以降低油水界面张力，其降低幅度随着微生物的生长规律发生相应的变化。界面张力的降低可提高毛管数，从而使残余油饱和度下降，提高原油采收能力。
(2) 微生物与原油作用，可降低原油粘度，原油粘度的下降幅度与微生物的生长特征一致。原油粘度的下降可改善油水流度比，体现在含水率的下降上。
(3) 微生物的新陈代谢产物，使地层水的物性发生了变化。表现在：随着生物酸的浓度加大，地层水的酸性增强，pH值下降，地层渗透率加大，有利于提高注入水的波及体积，驱动更多的残余油，提高采油速度。
Presently, exploitation of oil field is faced with difficult problem technically. It is more and more attrahent with low-cost enhance oil recovery technique. Microorganism technic inducted to oil development which has become a aspect that can catch someone's eye in tertiary recovery.
The main content of this paper consists of five segments. The introduction narrates state of the art with microbial enhanced oil recovery, and puts forward existent question. This article expatiates some characteristics of microorganism and oil recovery microbe to point to existent question. And then , describes the fundamental principle by which the bacteria can improve the oil recovery .And analyses adaptability conditions of microbial enhanced oil recovery on basis of microbe field experiment made by Sinkiang Petroleum Bureau and NPC company in America.
Based on above analyse, we made a series of correlative laboratory test with microbe solution and crude oil & formation water .All of this proves that microbe have an effect on oil gas transfusion . This influence involves that microorganism reduce interfacial tension between oil and water, microorganism reduces viscosity of crude oil, microorganism changes physical property of formation water. But this paper's key point is that reveals rules that microorganism how to affect saturation of irreducible oil , water percentage and oil water mobility ratio.
Some conclusions are made as follows:
(1) Reaction that microorganism and crude oil may reduce interfacial tension between oil and water, it's reduced magnitude will change with microorganism's growth rhythm. Reduction of interfacial tension can increase capillary number, accordingly, reduce saturation of irreducible oil, enhance ability of oil recovery.
(2) Reaction with microorganism and crude oil may reduce viscosity of crude oil. Extent of reduction is in consonance with growth rhythm of microorganism. It will lead to improvement of mobility ratio. As a result, water percentage will rise slowly.
(3) Metastatic products of microorganism may tend to change of physical property with formation water. Mostly, it's characteristics is that acidity of formation water will enhance,pH value will reduce, permeability of stratum will enhance, along with increase in concentration of metabolic product. This will be beneficial to increase swept volume of induced water, accordingly, drive out added irreducible oil, enhance oil recovery rate.
Feasibility study of Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery demonstrate that technology of Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery is promising to Enhance Oil Recovery factor in these days.
本文的研究内容分五部分。引言部分介绍了目前国内外微生物采油技术的发展现状，并提出了存在的问题。接下来针对提出的问题，从微生物及采油微生物的特点出发，阐述了微生物采油的主要机理。通过新疆石油局与美国NPC公司合作的微生物矿场实验，进行了微生物采油的适应性分析。在以上分析的基础上，本文通过不同的微生物菌液与原油、地层水的相关室内实验，证实了微生物对油气渗流的影响。主要表现在：微生物具有降低油水界面张力、降低原油粘度以及改变地层水物性的作用。本文的核心问题是，在实验现象的基础上，从理论上分析了微生物的作用对改变残余油饱和度、含水率及油水流度比的影响，这与传统的实验只是集中观察微生物与原油作用会出现的现象，或者观察提高采收率的能力是有区别的。
通过细致深入的分析，得出以下结论：
(1) 微生物与原油作用可以降低油水界面张力，其降低幅度随着微生物的生长规律发生相应的变化。界面张力的降低可提高毛管数，从而使残余油饱和度下降，提高原油采收能力。
(2) 微生物与原油作用，可降低原油粘度，原油粘度的下降幅度与微生物的生长特征一致。原油粘度的下降可改善油水流度比，体现在含水率的下降上。
(3) 微生物的新陈代谢产物，使地层水的物性发生了变化。表现在：随着生物酸的浓度加大，地层水的酸性增强，pH值下降，地层渗透率加大，有利于提高注入水的波及体积，驱动更多的残余油，提高采油速度。
Presently, exploitation of oil field is faced with difficult problem technically. It is more and more attrahent with low-cost enhance oil recovery technique. Microorganism technic inducted to oil development which has become a aspect that can catch someone's eye in tertiary recovery.
The main content of this paper consists of five segments. The introduction narrates state of the art with microbial enhanced oil recovery, and puts forward existent question. This article expatiates some characteristics of microorganism and oil recovery microbe to point to existent question. And then , describes the fundamental principle by which the bacteria can improve the oil recovery .And analyses adaptability conditions of microbial enhanced oil recovery on basis of microbe field experiment made by Sinkiang Petroleum Bureau and NPC company in America.
Based on above analyse, we made a series of correlative laboratory test with microbe solution and crude oil & formation water .All of this proves that microbe have an effect on oil gas transfusion . This influence involves that microorganism reduce interfacial tension between oil and water, microorganism reduces viscosity of crude oil, microorganism changes physical property of formation water. But this paper's key point is that reveals rules that microorganism how to affect saturation of irreducible oil , water percentage and oil water mobility ratio.
Some conclusions are made as follows:
(1) Reaction that microorganism and crude oil may reduce interfacial tension between oil and water, it's reduced magnitude will change with microorganism's growth rhythm. Reduction of interfacial tension can increase capillary number, accordingly, reduce saturation of irreducible oil, enhance ability of oil recovery.
(2) Reaction with microorganism and crude oil may reduce viscosity of crude oil. Extent of reduction is in consonance with growth rhythm of microorganism. It will lead to improvement of mobility ratio. As a result, water percentage will rise slowly.
(3) Metastatic products of microorganism may tend to change of physical property with formation water. Mostly, it's characteristics is that acidity of formation water will enhance,pH value will reduce, permeability of stratum will enhance, along with increase in concentration of metabolic product. This will be beneficial to increase swept volume of induced water, accordingly, drive out added irreducible oil, enhance oil recovery rate.
Feasibility study of Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery demonstrate that technology of Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery is promising to Enhance Oil Recovery factor in these days.
引文
[1] http://finance.sina.com.cn/gnfinfo/20040421/1612730889.shtml.
[2] http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2004-O4-27/04473168706.shtml.
[3] http://stwto.shantou.gov.cn/zhuanti/hangye/shihua/5.htm
[4] 黄立新．微生物驱在罗马什金油田的应用[J]．世界石油工业，2000，7(7)：48—50．
[5] 周德庆著．微生物学教程[M]．北京：高等教育出版社，1993．
[6] 李希明，冯时林，曾庆坤等．微生物采油技术研究[J]．油气采收率技术，1997，4(1)：1-10．
[7] http://www.shenliu.com/weishengwu/gongxing.htm.
[8] 雷光伦．微生物采油技术的研究与应用[J]．石油学报，2001，22(2)：56-61．
[9] 向廷生，何正国，佘跃惠等．微生物提高原油采收率的机理研究[J]．石油勘探与开发，1998，25(4)：53-55．
[10] 何正国，向廷生，梅博文．微生物采油机理研究[J]．钻采工艺，1999，22(1)：19-21．
[11] 王岚．微生物采油及其作用机理[J]．世界地质，2002，21(2)：138-140．
[12] [美]R.M.阿特拉斯主编．石油微生物学[M]．北京：石油工业出版社，1991．
[13] R.S. Bryant, and R.P. Uindsey. World-wide applications of microbial technology for improving oil recovery [J].SPE35356, 1996.
[14] 雷光伦，李希明，陈月明等．MEOR对岩石表面及地层流体性质的影响[J]．油田化学，2001，18(1)：71-75．
[15] http://www.shenliu.com/weishengwu/youcangtiaojian.htm.
[16] Bao Mural, Mu Bozhong, Wang Xiulin et al. A review of microbial enhanced oil recovery[J]. Petroleum Science.2000, 3 (3): 36-47.
[17] 包木太，牟伯中，王修林等．微生物提高石油采收率技术[J]．应用基础与工程科学学报，2000，8(3)：236-245．
[18] 包木太，牟伯中，王修林等．微生物提高石油采收率技术[J]．应用基础与工程科学学报．2000，8(3)：236-245．
[19] Finnerty W R, Singer M E. Microbial enhanced oil recovery[J]. Biotechnology. 1983, (1):47-47.
[20] R. S. Bryant. MEOR Screening Criteria Fit 27% of Us Oil Reservoirs[J]. Oil & Gas J ,Apr. 15,1991.
[21] 金静芷，王修垣，秦同洛泽．E.C.唐纳森，G.V.奇林加林，T.F.晏著．微生物提高石油采收率[M]．北京：石油工业出版社，1995．4．
[22] 吴志宏．微生物代谢对疏水砂岩润湿性的影响[A]．山东：青岛海洋大学，环境科学，2001．
[23] 史绍德编．油层物理[M]．北京：石油工业出版社，1989．6．
[24] 赵福麟编．采油化学[M]．山东：石油大学出版社．1989．5．
[25] 李明远，董朝霞，纪淑玲等．声波振动与岩子；表面润湿性[J]．石油学报，1999，20(6)：57-62．
[26] 伍晓林，石梅，候兆伟等．以烃为碳源的微生物驱油微观机理探索研究[J]．大庆石油地质与开发，2003，22(4)：56-57，60．
[27] 罗平亚，杜志敏编著．油气田开发工程[M]．北京：中国石化出版社，2003．
[28] 朱维耀，杨止明，迟砾等．微生物水驱传输组分模型模拟器[J]．石油勘探与开发，2000，27
(3)：44-46．
[29] 邸胜杰，吕振山，王利峰等．生物聚合物调剖技术[J]．新疆石油地质，2003，24(4)：332-334．
[30] 王春光，张宏伟，赵风敏等．孤岛渤3断块微生物消防蜡技术的应用[J]．钻采工艺，2003，26(2)：67-69．
[31] 张志远．油田注入水中细菌的类型及危害[J]．四川师范大学学报(自然科学版)，2003，26(2)：188-192．
[32] 李虞庚，冯世功编泽．石油微生物学[M]．上海：上海交通大学出版社，1991．
[33] 李阳．微生物与石油工业[J]．油气地质与采收率，2002，9(4)：1-4．
[34] F.G. Brown. Microbes:The Practical and Environmental Safe Solution to Production, and Enhanced Oil Recovery[J]. SPE 23955, 1992.
[35] 刘玉秀，刘贵吕，战广深．硫酸盐还原菌引起的微生物腐蚀的研究进展[J]．腐蚀与防护，2002，23(6)：245-248，253．
[36] 牟建海．微生物强化采油技术研究现状及应用前景[J]．发展论坛，2003，26(4)：6-9，15．
[37] L. R. Brown, A.A. Vadie, and J. O. Stephens. Slowing Production Decline and Extending the Economic Life of an Oil Field:New MEOR Technology[J]. SPE 59306, 2000.
[2] http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2004-O4-27/04473168706.shtml.
[3] http://stwto.shantou.gov.cn/zhuanti/hangye/shihua/5.htm
[4] 黄立新．微生物驱在罗马什金油田的应用[J]．世界石油工业，2000，7(7)：48—50．
[5] 周德庆著．微生物学教程[M]．北京：高等教育出版社，1993．
[6] 李希明，冯时林，曾庆坤等．微生物采油技术研究[J]．油气采收率技术，1997，4(1)：1-10．
[7] http://www.shenliu.com/weishengwu/gongxing.htm.
[8] 雷光伦．微生物采油技术的研究与应用[J]．石油学报，2001，22(2)：56-61．
[9] 向廷生，何正国，佘跃惠等．微生物提高原油采收率的机理研究[J]．石油勘探与开发，1998，25(4)：53-55．
[10] 何正国，向廷生，梅博文．微生物采油机理研究[J]．钻采工艺，1999，22(1)：19-21．
[11] 王岚．微生物采油及其作用机理[J]．世界地质，2002，21(2)：138-140．
[12] [美]R.M.阿特拉斯主编．石油微生物学[M]．北京：石油工业出版社，1991．
[13] R.S. Bryant, and R.P. Uindsey. World-wide applications of microbial technology for improving oil recovery [J].SPE35356, 1996.
[14] 雷光伦，李希明，陈月明等．MEOR对岩石表面及地层流体性质的影响[J]．油田化学，2001，18(1)：71-75．
[15] http://www.shenliu.com/weishengwu/youcangtiaojian.htm.
[16] Bao Mural, Mu Bozhong, Wang Xiulin et al. A review of microbial enhanced oil recovery[J]. Petroleum Science.2000, 3 (3): 36-47.
[17] 包木太，牟伯中，王修林等．微生物提高石油采收率技术[J]．应用基础与工程科学学报，2000，8(3)：236-245．
[18] 包木太，牟伯中，王修林等．微生物提高石油采收率技术[J]．应用基础与工程科学学报．2000，8(3)：236-245．
[19] Finnerty W R, Singer M E. Microbial enhanced oil recovery[J]. Biotechnology. 1983, (1):47-47.
[20] R. S. Bryant. MEOR Screening Criteria Fit 27% of Us Oil Reservoirs[J]. Oil & Gas J ,Apr. 15,1991.
[21] 金静芷，王修垣，秦同洛泽．E.C.唐纳森，G.V.奇林加林，T.F.晏著．微生物提高石油采收率[M]．北京：石油工业出版社，1995．4．
[22] 吴志宏．微生物代谢对疏水砂岩润湿性的影响[A]．山东：青岛海洋大学，环境科学，2001．
[23] 史绍德编．油层物理[M]．北京：石油工业出版社，1989．6．
[24] 赵福麟编．采油化学[M]．山东：石油大学出版社．1989．5．
[25] 李明远，董朝霞，纪淑玲等．声波振动与岩子；表面润湿性[J]．石油学报，1999，20(6)：57-62．
[26] 伍晓林，石梅，候兆伟等．以烃为碳源的微生物驱油微观机理探索研究[J]．大庆石油地质与开发，2003，22(4)：56-57，60．
[27] 罗平亚，杜志敏编著．油气田开发工程[M]．北京：中国石化出版社，2003．
[28] 朱维耀，杨止明，迟砾等．微生物水驱传输组分模型模拟器[J]．石油勘探与开发，2000，27
(3)：44-46．
[29] 邸胜杰，吕振山，王利峰等．生物聚合物调剖技术[J]．新疆石油地质，2003，24(4)：332-334．
[30] 王春光，张宏伟，赵风敏等．孤岛渤3断块微生物消防蜡技术的应用[J]．钻采工艺，2003，26(2)：67-69．
[31] 张志远．油田注入水中细菌的类型及危害[J]．四川师范大学学报(自然科学版)，2003，26(2)：188-192．
[32] 李虞庚，冯世功编泽．石油微生物学[M]．上海：上海交通大学出版社，1991．
[33] 李阳．微生物与石油工业[J]．油气地质与采收率，2002，9(4)：1-4．
[34] F.G. Brown. Microbes:The Practical and Environmental Safe Solution to Production, and Enhanced Oil Recovery[J]. SPE 23955, 1992.
[35] 刘玉秀，刘贵吕，战广深．硫酸盐还原菌引起的微生物腐蚀的研究进展[J]．腐蚀与防护，2002，23(6)：245-248，253．
[36] 牟建海．微生物强化采油技术研究现状及应用前景[J]．发展论坛，2003，26(4)：6-9，15．
[37] L. R. Brown, A.A. Vadie, and J. O. Stephens. Slowing Production Decline and Extending the Economic Life of an Oil Field:New MEOR Technology[J]. SPE 59306, 2000.