不同灌溉方式下温室甜瓜生长效应及植株液流研究
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摘要
干旱缺水是世界面临的重要难题之一,农业是用水大户,发展节水农业、探索新型灌溉技术在农业中的应用对于缓解农业用水紧张局面、实现农业可持续发展意义重大。随着人们生活水平的提高,设施农业中蔬菜、瓜果的品质越来越受到人们的普遍关注。农业科研工作者的研究焦点也由从果蔬“量”的提高上转移到“质”的提升上,在保持或发展果蔬产量的基础之上进一步提高果蔬的品质。甜瓜是我国西部广泛种植的一种经济作物,甜瓜生产已成为提高当地人们经济收入,拉动当地经济发展的一项重要产业。但传统的灌溉方式依然采取沟灌,产量的提高是以大量的淡水消耗为代价,且灌水时间和灌水频次完全依据经验确立,缺少科学的管理基础,灌水不当还会引起植株徒长、诱发疾病等一系列的问题。本文研究间接地下滴灌和膜下滴灌不同灌水下限(55%θ_(fc)、65%θ_(fc)、75%θ_(fc)和85%θ_(fc),θ_(fc)为田间持水量)、加氧灌溉不同加氧频率(不加氧、2次·d~(-1)、1次·d~(-1)、1次·2d~(-1)、1次·3d~(-1))对温室甜瓜生长发育、产量及水分利用效率的影响,并对温室甜瓜综合效益进行评价,确定每种灌溉方式下的最优灌溉模式;研究了茎热平衡法在温室甜瓜液流观测中的应用,验证液流法在温室甜瓜蒸腾测量中的应用。试验的主要结论为:
(1)温室甜瓜植株生长发育特性、品质、产量和水分利用效率特性研究均表明,对于间接地下滴灌和膜下滴灌,75%θ_(fc)灌水下限条件下植株长势良好,产量和水分利用效率最高,品质最好,因此75%θ_(fc)灌水下限为间接地下滴灌和膜下滴灌的最佳灌水模式;1次·2d~(-1)为加氧灌溉最佳的加氧频率。
(2)以生长度日法表示的温室甜瓜生长速率显示,成熟期温室甜瓜发育速率最大,开花坐果期和苗期次之,膨大期和伸蔓期最小。不同生育期、不同节位的温室甜瓜叶片形状比变异系数变化范围为0.079-0.135,利用直尺法来计算叶面积是切实可行的,且确定直尺法的修正系数为0.677。
(3)利用主成分分析法构造了综合植株性状,综合植株性状与有效积温的Logistic增长方程可以很好地表示温室甜瓜植株的生长状况。以光合有效辐射利用率表示的光能利用率显示,加氧处理不同程度地提高了温室甜瓜光合有效辐射利用率,与不加氧相比,2次·d~(-1)、1次·d~(-1)、1次·2d~(-1)和1次·3d~(-1)处理的光合有效辐射利用率分别提高了8.929%、21.296%、28.649%和25.466%。1次·2d~(-1)的加氧频率最有利于光合有效辐射利用率的提高。
(4)选取间接地下滴灌、膜下滴灌和加氧灌溉三种灌溉方式下的最优灌水模式进行比较,结果表明,加氧灌溉处理最有利于产量、品质和水分利用效率的提高,因此加氧灌溉是三种新灌溉方式下最值得推广的灌溉技术。
(5)利用通径系数法研究了膜下滴灌条件下温室甜瓜单果重与植株性状的定量关系,确定鲜物质重对单果重产生显著的直接作用。熵权系数法和主成分分析法在加氧灌溉温室甜瓜综合品质评价研究中的应用表明,两种方法的得到的结果是一致的,即加氧灌溉处理的甜瓜品质优于不加氧灌溉处理,1次·2d~(-1)加氧频率处理的甜瓜综合品质最优。利用主、客观相结合的多层次多目标系统模糊优选法分别对间接地下滴灌、膜下滴灌和加氧灌溉条件下的温室甜瓜综合效益进行了评价,确定间接地下滴灌和膜下滴灌不同灌水下限处理的优劣排序均为75%θ_f>85%θ_f>65%θ_f>CK>55%θ_f,加氧灌溉不同加氧频率处理的优劣排序为1次·2d~(-1)>1次·3d~(-1)>2次·d~(-1)>1次·d~(-1)>CK。
(6)利用基于热平衡技术的液流法对温室甜瓜的液流特征进行了观测。相关分析和灰色关联度分析表明,不同天气条件下的太阳总辐射和光合有效辐射与液流速率密切相关。分别利用多元线性回归和BP人工神经网络模型对液流速率和环境因子进行了拟合研究,结果显示,BP人工神经网络模型具有很高的拟合精度。利用盆栽称重法对液流法测量的蒸腾量进行了验证,结果表明,液流法在温室甜瓜蒸腾量的观测中具有很高的精度,利用该方法测量温室甜瓜的蒸腾是可行的。
Water lack is one of the world’s serious problems; the development of water-saving agriculture is an important way to solve the problem. As the development of social economic, the quality of vegetable and fruit is more and more important in protected cultivation, in order to meet the demand of modern society, the focus of agricultural research should change from the improvement of quantity to quality. Muskmelon is a kind of wide planted economical crop in China; it is popular for its short development period, high yield and good quality. But furrow irrigation is the main irrigation method in this area, and the time and frequency of irriagion is decided according to the experience, in this condition disease appears frequently. In this paper the effect of irrigation method on the development, yields and water use efficiency was discussed, and the comprehensive benefit was explored, respectively. The feasibility of sap flow technology based on heat balance method was verified, too. The main conclusion was as follows:
(1) The plant characteristics such as plant development, quality, yield and water use efficiency showed that 75%θ_(fc) was the best irrigation lower limit in both indirect subsurface irrigation and mulching irrigation, and the best aeration frequency was once per two days.
(2) The develop ratio (DR) of greenhouse muskmelon expressed as growing degree days (GDD) showed that DR was high in ripeing stage, middle in flowering and seedling stage, low in swelling and strawing stage. The variance range was between 0.079 and 0.135 in different development stage and nodes of greenhouse muskmelon leaves, so the leaves area measurement in ruler method was feasible, and the revise coefficient is 0.677.
(3) Comprehensive plant characteristics were established according to principle component analysis, and the plant development trend condition could be expressed perfectly using the logistic development equation between comprehensive plant characteristics and available cumulate air temperature. Photosynthesis active radiation using ratio showed that compared with control, twice per day, once per day, once per two days and once per three days treatment can rise 8.929%, 21.296%, 28.649% and 25.466%, respectively. Aeration frequency with once per two days was propitious to improve photosynthesis active radiation using ratio.
(4) Comparison between the best irrigation sheme of indirect subsurface irrigation, mulching irrigation and aeration irrigation was conducted, and results showed that aeration irrigation was the best irrigation method to spread because of the improvement of yield, quality and water use efficiency.
(5) The mathematical relation research was conducted in path analysis which was established by fruit weight and plant characteristics under plastic mulching drip irrigation and fresh matter weight directly influenced fruit weight significantly. The application of entropy model and principal component analysis model in comprehensive quality evaluation under aeration treatment subsurface drip irrigation showed that those two models had the same conclusion, and the greenhouse muskmelon quality was better under aeration irrigation than normal subsurface irrigation and the quality was the best in once per two days aeration frequency treantment. The comprehensive benefit evaluation of greenhouse muskmelon in multi-layer, multi-objective system fuzzy mathematical method showed that the order was 75%θ_f>85%θ_f>65%θ_f>CK>55%θ_f under indirect subsurface drip irrigation and mulching irrigation, and once per two days>once per three days>twice per day>once per day>control under aeration irrigation, respectively.
(6) The sap flow characteristics of greenhouse muskmelon in sap flow method based on heat balance principle is explored, and the sap flow laws in different weather condition was discussed. Correlation analysis and gray correlative degree analysis showed that solar radiation and photosynthesis available radiation affected sap flow density significantly. Multi-linear regression model and BP artificial neural network model were applied to fit sap flow density and environmental factors; results showed that BP artificial neural network model had very high fitting precision. The transpiration in sap flow method was validated in plot weighing mehod; results showed that sap flow mehod was feasible in greenhouse muskmelon transpiration measurement.
(1)温室甜瓜植株生长发育特性、品质、产量和水分利用效率特性研究均表明,对于间接地下滴灌和膜下滴灌,75%θ_(fc)灌水下限条件下植株长势良好,产量和水分利用效率最高,品质最好,因此75%θ_(fc)灌水下限为间接地下滴灌和膜下滴灌的最佳灌水模式;1次·2d~(-1)为加氧灌溉最佳的加氧频率。
(2)以生长度日法表示的温室甜瓜生长速率显示,成熟期温室甜瓜发育速率最大,开花坐果期和苗期次之,膨大期和伸蔓期最小。不同生育期、不同节位的温室甜瓜叶片形状比变异系数变化范围为0.079-0.135,利用直尺法来计算叶面积是切实可行的,且确定直尺法的修正系数为0.677。
(3)利用主成分分析法构造了综合植株性状,综合植株性状与有效积温的Logistic增长方程可以很好地表示温室甜瓜植株的生长状况。以光合有效辐射利用率表示的光能利用率显示,加氧处理不同程度地提高了温室甜瓜光合有效辐射利用率,与不加氧相比,2次·d~(-1)、1次·d~(-1)、1次·2d~(-1)和1次·3d~(-1)处理的光合有效辐射利用率分别提高了8.929%、21.296%、28.649%和25.466%。1次·2d~(-1)的加氧频率最有利于光合有效辐射利用率的提高。
(4)选取间接地下滴灌、膜下滴灌和加氧灌溉三种灌溉方式下的最优灌水模式进行比较,结果表明,加氧灌溉处理最有利于产量、品质和水分利用效率的提高,因此加氧灌溉是三种新灌溉方式下最值得推广的灌溉技术。
(5)利用通径系数法研究了膜下滴灌条件下温室甜瓜单果重与植株性状的定量关系,确定鲜物质重对单果重产生显著的直接作用。熵权系数法和主成分分析法在加氧灌溉温室甜瓜综合品质评价研究中的应用表明,两种方法的得到的结果是一致的,即加氧灌溉处理的甜瓜品质优于不加氧灌溉处理,1次·2d~(-1)加氧频率处理的甜瓜综合品质最优。利用主、客观相结合的多层次多目标系统模糊优选法分别对间接地下滴灌、膜下滴灌和加氧灌溉条件下的温室甜瓜综合效益进行了评价,确定间接地下滴灌和膜下滴灌不同灌水下限处理的优劣排序均为75%θ_f>85%θ_f>65%θ_f>CK>55%θ_f,加氧灌溉不同加氧频率处理的优劣排序为1次·2d~(-1)>1次·3d~(-1)>2次·d~(-1)>1次·d~(-1)>CK。
(6)利用基于热平衡技术的液流法对温室甜瓜的液流特征进行了观测。相关分析和灰色关联度分析表明,不同天气条件下的太阳总辐射和光合有效辐射与液流速率密切相关。分别利用多元线性回归和BP人工神经网络模型对液流速率和环境因子进行了拟合研究,结果显示,BP人工神经网络模型具有很高的拟合精度。利用盆栽称重法对液流法测量的蒸腾量进行了验证,结果表明,液流法在温室甜瓜蒸腾量的观测中具有很高的精度,利用该方法测量温室甜瓜的蒸腾是可行的。
Water lack is one of the world’s serious problems; the development of water-saving agriculture is an important way to solve the problem. As the development of social economic, the quality of vegetable and fruit is more and more important in protected cultivation, in order to meet the demand of modern society, the focus of agricultural research should change from the improvement of quantity to quality. Muskmelon is a kind of wide planted economical crop in China; it is popular for its short development period, high yield and good quality. But furrow irrigation is the main irrigation method in this area, and the time and frequency of irriagion is decided according to the experience, in this condition disease appears frequently. In this paper the effect of irrigation method on the development, yields and water use efficiency was discussed, and the comprehensive benefit was explored, respectively. The feasibility of sap flow technology based on heat balance method was verified, too. The main conclusion was as follows:
(1) The plant characteristics such as plant development, quality, yield and water use efficiency showed that 75%θ_(fc) was the best irrigation lower limit in both indirect subsurface irrigation and mulching irrigation, and the best aeration frequency was once per two days.
(2) The develop ratio (DR) of greenhouse muskmelon expressed as growing degree days (GDD) showed that DR was high in ripeing stage, middle in flowering and seedling stage, low in swelling and strawing stage. The variance range was between 0.079 and 0.135 in different development stage and nodes of greenhouse muskmelon leaves, so the leaves area measurement in ruler method was feasible, and the revise coefficient is 0.677.
(3) Comprehensive plant characteristics were established according to principle component analysis, and the plant development trend condition could be expressed perfectly using the logistic development equation between comprehensive plant characteristics and available cumulate air temperature. Photosynthesis active radiation using ratio showed that compared with control, twice per day, once per day, once per two days and once per three days treatment can rise 8.929%, 21.296%, 28.649% and 25.466%, respectively. Aeration frequency with once per two days was propitious to improve photosynthesis active radiation using ratio.
(4) Comparison between the best irrigation sheme of indirect subsurface irrigation, mulching irrigation and aeration irrigation was conducted, and results showed that aeration irrigation was the best irrigation method to spread because of the improvement of yield, quality and water use efficiency.
(5) The mathematical relation research was conducted in path analysis which was established by fruit weight and plant characteristics under plastic mulching drip irrigation and fresh matter weight directly influenced fruit weight significantly. The application of entropy model and principal component analysis model in comprehensive quality evaluation under aeration treatment subsurface drip irrigation showed that those two models had the same conclusion, and the greenhouse muskmelon quality was better under aeration irrigation than normal subsurface irrigation and the quality was the best in once per two days aeration frequency treantment. The comprehensive benefit evaluation of greenhouse muskmelon in multi-layer, multi-objective system fuzzy mathematical method showed that the order was 75%θ_f>85%θ_f>65%θ_f>CK>55%θ_f under indirect subsurface drip irrigation and mulching irrigation, and once per two days>once per three days>twice per day>once per day>control under aeration irrigation, respectively.
(6) The sap flow characteristics of greenhouse muskmelon in sap flow method based on heat balance principle is explored, and the sap flow laws in different weather condition was discussed. Correlation analysis and gray correlative degree analysis showed that solar radiation and photosynthesis available radiation affected sap flow density significantly. Multi-linear regression model and BP artificial neural network model were applied to fit sap flow density and environmental factors; results showed that BP artificial neural network model had very high fitting precision. The transpiration in sap flow method was validated in plot weighing mehod; results showed that sap flow mehod was feasible in greenhouse muskmelon transpiration measurement.
引文
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