汉语主从句间回指研究
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摘要
汉语主从句间回指现象最早由赵元任提出(1968),认为是“非常显著的特点”，将主语放在从属连词之前是语言的个案。对此有不同的解释，形式句法的解释如黄正德(1982),语用上的解释如黄衍(1991),结合形式和功能的解释如曹逢甫(1990/2005)和许余龙(1995)。目前为止，许的描述与解释和赵元任及朱德熙的最为一致，并可得到实证支持。他认为主题性（话题性）决定同指。
根据许余龙（1995）研究，要统一解释汉语主从句间回指问题，就必须探索条件句。本研究试图提供更多的描述和更好的解释。研究首先继承许提出的话题控制则同指的理论，提出修正方案，更好地解释该现象。第一，语义和音系上有三处例子违背该原则：a.张三i虽然没有来,他j来了。; b.张三i如果来,他j也会来。; c.张三i虽然没有来,[他F]j来了。第二，在“与其…不如”句子当中，另有一种语义可能：与其他i去北京,不如他i去上海。第三，由于条件句的话题性，汉语条件句和英语中条件句的结构相似，多把连接词放在句首。
为求描述精准，本文利用北京大学现代汉语语料库文学和报刊语料进行定量研究，据研究范围内25个条件句连接词随机抽样，并采用许的二阶理论语言标注符合条件的句子。由条件句研究所得的数据分布，本文得出真正的汉语主从句回指模式。新的描述认为，指称倾向分类应在结构分类之下，存在一些可用体裁因素解释的反例。
本文同时是对“一题多解”的尝试，追寻更多逻辑可能的解决路径：形式语义学，优选句法学和括号分析。形式语义部分和许的理论形成互补；优选句法部分接受语言处理的思想，提供可以选出合法句子的制约条件排列。括号分析例示语言学研究中数学建模的可能性，穷尽描述指称和位置的互动关系。
Chinese inter-clausal anaphora has been first observed by Chao (1968) as ‘a ratherstriking characteristic’ because the fronting of subject before the subordinate conjunctionis language-specific. Competing explanations exist, namely formal approach by C.-T.J.Huang (1982), pragmatic approach by Y. Huang (1991), combined approach by Tsao(1990/2005) and Xu (1995). So far, Xu’s description and explanation conforms to thedescription by Chao and Zhu which could be supported by empirical evidence. Headopted a topic-control approach which explains the co-reference pattern with topicality.
According to Xu (1995) study, conditionals pose a problem for unifying the accountof Chinese inter-clausal anaphora. The present research provides better descriptions andmultiple explanations. Following the line of Xu, topic-control theory has been refined forexplanatory adequacy. First of all, there are semantic violation and phonological violationof topic-control corefernce principle: a. Zhangsanisuiran (Although) does not come, hejcomes.; b. Zhangsaniruguo (If) comes, hejwill also come.; c. Zhangsanisuiran (Although)does not come,[heF]jcomes. Secondly, a further semantic possibility is observed inyuqi…buru sentences: Yuqi heigo to Beijing, buru heigoes to Shanghai.; Thirdly,conditional Sentences prefer conjunction-initial structure all the time as the only groupparallel to English because of topicality of the conditional clause.
As for desctiptive adequacy, quantitative corpus study is conducted with qualifiedsentences of25conditional coordinators randomly generated from the literature genreand the newspaper genre of CCL corpus. These samples are annotated with higher orderprogramming language designed by Xu. With the statistical findings in conditionals, realcorrelation pattern of Chinese inter-clausal anaphora manifest itself. A new tendencyaccount is provided which groups anaphoric patterns within each structure and stylisticfactor is identified in some exceptional cases.
This dissertation is also an attempt of multiple solutions for the linguistic data ofinter-clausal anaphora in Chinese conditional sentences. More logical possibilities areexplored as tentative solutions: formal semantics, optimality syntax and bracketinganalysis. Formal semantics is relied on to generate logical descriptions of thecounterexamples. Optimality syntax illustrates the possibility of selecting the grammatical sentence with certain rankings of constraints from a processing perspective.Exhaustive interactions of the bracketing place and reference behaviour are described inthe final approach as a demonstration of applying mathematical models in linguisticanalysis.
根据许余龙（1995）研究，要统一解释汉语主从句间回指问题，就必须探索条件句。本研究试图提供更多的描述和更好的解释。研究首先继承许提出的话题控制则同指的理论，提出修正方案，更好地解释该现象。第一，语义和音系上有三处例子违背该原则：a.张三i虽然没有来,他j来了。; b.张三i如果来,他j也会来。; c.张三i虽然没有来,[他F]j来了。第二，在“与其…不如”句子当中，另有一种语义可能：与其他i去北京,不如他i去上海。第三，由于条件句的话题性，汉语条件句和英语中条件句的结构相似，多把连接词放在句首。
为求描述精准，本文利用北京大学现代汉语语料库文学和报刊语料进行定量研究，据研究范围内25个条件句连接词随机抽样，并采用许的二阶理论语言标注符合条件的句子。由条件句研究所得的数据分布，本文得出真正的汉语主从句回指模式。新的描述认为，指称倾向分类应在结构分类之下，存在一些可用体裁因素解释的反例。
本文同时是对“一题多解”的尝试，追寻更多逻辑可能的解决路径：形式语义学，优选句法学和括号分析。形式语义部分和许的理论形成互补；优选句法部分接受语言处理的思想，提供可以选出合法句子的制约条件排列。括号分析例示语言学研究中数学建模的可能性，穷尽描述指称和位置的互动关系。
Chinese inter-clausal anaphora has been first observed by Chao (1968) as ‘a ratherstriking characteristic’ because the fronting of subject before the subordinate conjunctionis language-specific. Competing explanations exist, namely formal approach by C.-T.J.Huang (1982), pragmatic approach by Y. Huang (1991), combined approach by Tsao(1990/2005) and Xu (1995). So far, Xu’s description and explanation conforms to thedescription by Chao and Zhu which could be supported by empirical evidence. Headopted a topic-control approach which explains the co-reference pattern with topicality.
According to Xu (1995) study, conditionals pose a problem for unifying the accountof Chinese inter-clausal anaphora. The present research provides better descriptions andmultiple explanations. Following the line of Xu, topic-control theory has been refined forexplanatory adequacy. First of all, there are semantic violation and phonological violationof topic-control corefernce principle: a. Zhangsanisuiran (Although) does not come, hejcomes.; b. Zhangsaniruguo (If) comes, hejwill also come.; c. Zhangsanisuiran (Although)does not come,[heF]jcomes. Secondly, a further semantic possibility is observed inyuqi…buru sentences: Yuqi heigo to Beijing, buru heigoes to Shanghai.; Thirdly,conditional Sentences prefer conjunction-initial structure all the time as the only groupparallel to English because of topicality of the conditional clause.
As for desctiptive adequacy, quantitative corpus study is conducted with qualifiedsentences of25conditional coordinators randomly generated from the literature genreand the newspaper genre of CCL corpus. These samples are annotated with higher orderprogramming language designed by Xu. With the statistical findings in conditionals, realcorrelation pattern of Chinese inter-clausal anaphora manifest itself. A new tendencyaccount is provided which groups anaphoric patterns within each structure and stylisticfactor is identified in some exceptional cases.
This dissertation is also an attempt of multiple solutions for the linguistic data ofinter-clausal anaphora in Chinese conditional sentences. More logical possibilities areexplored as tentative solutions: formal semantics, optimality syntax and bracketinganalysis. Formal semantics is relied on to generate logical descriptions of thecounterexamples. Optimality syntax illustrates the possibility of selecting the grammatical sentence with certain rankings of constraints from a processing perspective.Exhaustive interactions of the bracketing place and reference behaviour are described inthe final approach as a demonstration of applying mathematical models in linguisticanalysis.
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