早期强生长势小麦根系特征及其对氮素和水分利用的影响
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摘要
在地中海气候影响下的澳大利亚西部地区,提高作物的早期生长势对农业生产起着至关重要的作用。试验以4个早期强生长势小麦品系Vigor18、37-6、38-19和92-11为材料,并以在澳大利亚西部广泛种植的普通商业品种Janz为对照,通过田间小区试验和温室试验,综合研究了早期强生长势小麦根系特征及其与氮素和水分利用的关系,以及开花后干旱胁迫对其氮素积累分配、籽粒产量和品质的影响。主要研究结果如下：
1.早期强生长势小麦的生长势优势出现在播种17天(二叶期)后。各小麦基因型生物量、叶面积和氮素吸收在播后17-21天增长最快,根从播后21天开始快速增长。播后21-24天早期强生长势小麦生物量、叶面积、根长和氮吸收量均显著高于普通商业品种Janz,且各性状的相对生长率也显著高于普通商业品种Janz。早期强生长势小麦在二叶期至分蘖期生物量、叶面积、根长和氮吸收量及其增长速率均显著高于普通商业品种Janz,有利于植株的后期发育。
2.从一叶期到拔节期,早期强生长势小麦Vigor18、37-6、38-19和92-11的根长增长速度显著高于普通商业品种Janz。在抽穗期,4个早期强生长势小麦Vigor18、37-6、38-19和92-11的总根长分别比Janz高32.86%、38.57%、44.29%和64.29%,但在4个基因型之间无显著差异。同时,4个基因型的氮吸收量分别比Janz高39.27%、34.07%、29.06%和36.27%,但4个基因型间的氮吸收量无显著差异。表明早期强生长势小麦较普通商业品种能够在早期吸收更多的氮素与其更大的根长密度密切相关。
3. Janz、Vigor18和38-19在中层土壤(20-70cm)的氮肥吸收均显著高于上层土壤(0-20cm)和下层土壤(70-100cm)。在上层土壤中,早期强生长势小麦Vigor18和38-19的吸氮量比Janz高57-68%,在中层土壤比Janz高两倍。Vigor18和38-19在上层土壤的氮吸收率约为15%,而Janz仅为8.7%。在土壤中层,Vigor18和38-19的氮吸收效率为48-52%,而Janz仅25%。3个基因型在土壤下层的氮吸收量和吸收效率无显著差异。相对普通品种Janz,早期强生长势小麦材料Vigor18和38-19在中层土壤(20-70cm)的根系有更多的分支,从而增加了其根长密度和根数密度,这可能是早期生长势强的小麦能够在其生长早期吸收更多氮肥的主要原因。
4.在田间条件下,早期强生长势小麦38-19和92-11的根长密度显著高于普通商业品种Janz;在成熟期花后干旱处理中,早期强生长势小麦38-19和92-11的根系较Janz深,在60-80cm土层中均有分布。在两种花后水分处理中,早期强生长势小麦38-19和92-11的水分利用量均显著高于普通商业品种Janz,其原因一方面是由于在干旱胁迫下早期强生长势小麦有更深的根系,能够在其生长后期从深层土壤中获得更多的水分；另一方面与早期强生长势小麦更大的根长密度密切相关。
5.早期强生长势小麦38-19和92-11开花后的吸氮能力显著高于Janz,但其花前氮向籽粒中的运转能力较Janz低,最终导致了早期强生长势小麦的籽粒氮产量与普通商业品种Janz差异不显著。在花后干旱胁迫下,籽粒氮产量更多地依靠花前积累氮向籽粒中的运转。在不同早期生长势小麦之间,早期强生长势小麦花后氮积累受干旱胁迫的影响较普通商业品种Janz小,能够在花后干旱条件下持续从土壤中吸收氮素。同时,早期强生长势小麦38-19和92-11的籽粒蛋白质含量受花后干旱胁迫影响不显著。此外,花后干旱胁迫使Janz的籽粒产量显著减少,降低了38.01%,而对早期强生长势小麦影响不显著。花后干早对早期强生长势小麦籽粒蛋白质含量和产量的影响较普通商业品种小,在地中海气候地区有很大的增产和提高小麦品质的潜能。
Improving early vigour is very important for the crops grown in the Mediterranean-type climate of Western Australia. Field and glasshouse experiments were conducted using wheat cv. Janz, a current wheat commercial cultivar widely adapted in Western Australia, along with 4 vigorous wheat lines, including Vigor18,37-6,38-19 and 92-11. The aim of the experiment was to examine the root characteristics of vigorous wheat, and determine the effects of nutrition and water uptake. In addition, the nitrogen accumulation and transference, yield and quality of seeds affected by drought after anthesis were also conducted.
The most important results are as follow:
1. The advance of vigorous wheat lines appeared from 2-leaves stage at 17 DAS (day after sowing). Shoot biomass, leaf area and N (nitrogen) uptake improved mostly at 17-21 DAS. Root growth faster from 21 DAS. Shoot biomass, leaf area and N uptake in vigorous lines were significantly higher than that in Janz. The relative growth rates of shoot biomass, leaf area and N uptake were also higher in vigorous lines. The seedling characteristics from 2-leaves stage to tillering (17-24 DAS) indicated the difference in vigour of wheat lines.
2. Vigorous lines had higher root growth rate than Janz from 1-leaf stage to stem elongation. Root length in vigorous lines was similar but 32.86%,38.57%,44.29% and 64.29% higher than that in Janz separately. N uptake in vigorous lines was also higher than that in Janz. N uptake in vigorous lines was similar but 39.27%,34.07%,29.06% and 36.27% higher than that in Janz separately. This indicates that the early and more extensive horizontal growth of the roots was responsible for the superior uptake of N by the vigorous lines.
3. The N uptake rate in the middle layer (20-70cm) of Janz, Vigor18 and 38-19 was higher than that in upper (0-20cm) and bottom layer (70-100cm). Vigorous wheat lines Vigor18 and 38-19 had more branches in the middle layer so that had bigger root length density and root number density than Janz, which resulted in higher N uptake by the vigorous lines.
4. Root length density in vigorous lines 38-19 and 92-11 was higher than that in Janz, especially in 0-20cm layer. Root deeps of vigorous lines 38-19 and 92-11 were as much as 60-80cm, up to 20cm deeper than that in Janz under the drought stress after anthesis. Vigorous lines also had higher water use in both water conditions than Janz. The deeper roots under the drought stress after anthesis and bigger root length density of vigorous lines were responsible for the higher water use by vigorous lines.
5. The nitrogen uptake ability after anthesis in vigorous lines was significantly higher than that in Janz, while the nitrogen translation ability was much lower. It resulted in similar grain N yield in vigorous lines and Janz. The grain N yield mostly depended on the translation from nitrogen accumuled before anthesis under drought stress. The influence of drought after anthesis was much lower in vigorous lines than that in Janz, so that vigorous lines could uptake nitrogen from soil under the drought condition. Drought after anthesis improved grain protein in Janz while had no significantly effect on that in vigorous lines. Drought after anthesis decreased yield in Janz by 38.01%, while did not have significantly effect to vigorous lines. The influence of drough after anthesis was lower in vigorous lines than that in Janz. It indicated that vigorous lines have higer potential for improving wheat yield and quality in the Mediterranean-type climate region.
1.早期强生长势小麦的生长势优势出现在播种17天(二叶期)后。各小麦基因型生物量、叶面积和氮素吸收在播后17-21天增长最快,根从播后21天开始快速增长。播后21-24天早期强生长势小麦生物量、叶面积、根长和氮吸收量均显著高于普通商业品种Janz,且各性状的相对生长率也显著高于普通商业品种Janz。早期强生长势小麦在二叶期至分蘖期生物量、叶面积、根长和氮吸收量及其增长速率均显著高于普通商业品种Janz,有利于植株的后期发育。
2.从一叶期到拔节期,早期强生长势小麦Vigor18、37-6、38-19和92-11的根长增长速度显著高于普通商业品种Janz。在抽穗期,4个早期强生长势小麦Vigor18、37-6、38-19和92-11的总根长分别比Janz高32.86%、38.57%、44.29%和64.29%,但在4个基因型之间无显著差异。同时,4个基因型的氮吸收量分别比Janz高39.27%、34.07%、29.06%和36.27%,但4个基因型间的氮吸收量无显著差异。表明早期强生长势小麦较普通商业品种能够在早期吸收更多的氮素与其更大的根长密度密切相关。
3. Janz、Vigor18和38-19在中层土壤(20-70cm)的氮肥吸收均显著高于上层土壤(0-20cm)和下层土壤(70-100cm)。在上层土壤中,早期强生长势小麦Vigor18和38-19的吸氮量比Janz高57-68%,在中层土壤比Janz高两倍。Vigor18和38-19在上层土壤的氮吸收率约为15%,而Janz仅为8.7%。在土壤中层,Vigor18和38-19的氮吸收效率为48-52%,而Janz仅25%。3个基因型在土壤下层的氮吸收量和吸收效率无显著差异。相对普通品种Janz,早期强生长势小麦材料Vigor18和38-19在中层土壤(20-70cm)的根系有更多的分支,从而增加了其根长密度和根数密度,这可能是早期生长势强的小麦能够在其生长早期吸收更多氮肥的主要原因。
4.在田间条件下,早期强生长势小麦38-19和92-11的根长密度显著高于普通商业品种Janz;在成熟期花后干旱处理中,早期强生长势小麦38-19和92-11的根系较Janz深,在60-80cm土层中均有分布。在两种花后水分处理中,早期强生长势小麦38-19和92-11的水分利用量均显著高于普通商业品种Janz,其原因一方面是由于在干旱胁迫下早期强生长势小麦有更深的根系,能够在其生长后期从深层土壤中获得更多的水分；另一方面与早期强生长势小麦更大的根长密度密切相关。
5.早期强生长势小麦38-19和92-11开花后的吸氮能力显著高于Janz,但其花前氮向籽粒中的运转能力较Janz低,最终导致了早期强生长势小麦的籽粒氮产量与普通商业品种Janz差异不显著。在花后干旱胁迫下,籽粒氮产量更多地依靠花前积累氮向籽粒中的运转。在不同早期生长势小麦之间,早期强生长势小麦花后氮积累受干旱胁迫的影响较普通商业品种Janz小,能够在花后干旱条件下持续从土壤中吸收氮素。同时,早期强生长势小麦38-19和92-11的籽粒蛋白质含量受花后干旱胁迫影响不显著。此外,花后干旱胁迫使Janz的籽粒产量显著减少,降低了38.01%,而对早期强生长势小麦影响不显著。花后干早对早期强生长势小麦籽粒蛋白质含量和产量的影响较普通商业品种小,在地中海气候地区有很大的增产和提高小麦品质的潜能。
Improving early vigour is very important for the crops grown in the Mediterranean-type climate of Western Australia. Field and glasshouse experiments were conducted using wheat cv. Janz, a current wheat commercial cultivar widely adapted in Western Australia, along with 4 vigorous wheat lines, including Vigor18,37-6,38-19 and 92-11. The aim of the experiment was to examine the root characteristics of vigorous wheat, and determine the effects of nutrition and water uptake. In addition, the nitrogen accumulation and transference, yield and quality of seeds affected by drought after anthesis were also conducted.
The most important results are as follow:
1. The advance of vigorous wheat lines appeared from 2-leaves stage at 17 DAS (day after sowing). Shoot biomass, leaf area and N (nitrogen) uptake improved mostly at 17-21 DAS. Root growth faster from 21 DAS. Shoot biomass, leaf area and N uptake in vigorous lines were significantly higher than that in Janz. The relative growth rates of shoot biomass, leaf area and N uptake were also higher in vigorous lines. The seedling characteristics from 2-leaves stage to tillering (17-24 DAS) indicated the difference in vigour of wheat lines.
2. Vigorous lines had higher root growth rate than Janz from 1-leaf stage to stem elongation. Root length in vigorous lines was similar but 32.86%,38.57%,44.29% and 64.29% higher than that in Janz separately. N uptake in vigorous lines was also higher than that in Janz. N uptake in vigorous lines was similar but 39.27%,34.07%,29.06% and 36.27% higher than that in Janz separately. This indicates that the early and more extensive horizontal growth of the roots was responsible for the superior uptake of N by the vigorous lines.
3. The N uptake rate in the middle layer (20-70cm) of Janz, Vigor18 and 38-19 was higher than that in upper (0-20cm) and bottom layer (70-100cm). Vigorous wheat lines Vigor18 and 38-19 had more branches in the middle layer so that had bigger root length density and root number density than Janz, which resulted in higher N uptake by the vigorous lines.
4. Root length density in vigorous lines 38-19 and 92-11 was higher than that in Janz, especially in 0-20cm layer. Root deeps of vigorous lines 38-19 and 92-11 were as much as 60-80cm, up to 20cm deeper than that in Janz under the drought stress after anthesis. Vigorous lines also had higher water use in both water conditions than Janz. The deeper roots under the drought stress after anthesis and bigger root length density of vigorous lines were responsible for the higher water use by vigorous lines.
5. The nitrogen uptake ability after anthesis in vigorous lines was significantly higher than that in Janz, while the nitrogen translation ability was much lower. It resulted in similar grain N yield in vigorous lines and Janz. The grain N yield mostly depended on the translation from nitrogen accumuled before anthesis under drought stress. The influence of drought after anthesis was much lower in vigorous lines than that in Janz, so that vigorous lines could uptake nitrogen from soil under the drought condition. Drought after anthesis improved grain protein in Janz while had no significantly effect on that in vigorous lines. Drought after anthesis decreased yield in Janz by 38.01%, while did not have significantly effect to vigorous lines. The influence of drough after anthesis was lower in vigorous lines than that in Janz. It indicated that vigorous lines have higer potential for improving wheat yield and quality in the Mediterranean-type climate region.
引文
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