生物固定化双层PRB技术去除地下水中MTBE的研究
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摘要
可渗透反应格栅(Permeable Reactive Barrier,PRB)是一种新兴的地下水原位修复(in situ remediation)技术,能够有效去除地下水中各类污染物质。本文首先建立污染物在土壤—地下水环境中迁移转化基本控制方程,并针对所提出的生物固定化双层PRB结构设计,从过程参数、相间传质、生物降解和流体力学等方面对地下水中甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE)的复杂修复过程进行了系统研究。
由吸附平衡实验确定了MTBE在不同粘性土壤中的吸附行为为线性关系;通过土柱弥散实验计算得到MTBE在夹砂粉质粘土中的弥散系数和阻滞系数,由阻滞系数仅为1.004可知土壤对MTBE几乎没有任何截留和净化能力。
用渗透仪获得微生物固定化载体—膨胀珍珠岩的渗透特性;通过静态间歇实验确定了MTBE在膨胀珍珠岩中的吸附规律符合Freundlich模型,且为一吸热过程,能够自发进行;采用摇瓶振荡法,确定了MTBE好氧降解条件:温度20～25℃、pH8.0、接种量1∶10(V/V)。
对过氧化钙(CaO2)释氧过程中的pH调节表明,一定配比的KH2PO4和(NH4)2SO4可将pH值控制在6.5～8.5范围;电气石和饱和区土壤作为辅助调节手段可减少缓冲剂用量,避免地下水二次污染;通过测定混合菌的生长曲线,确定CaO2及其相应配比的培养基能够满足好氧微生物的新陈代谢需要。
采用土柱实验研究了MTBE在双层PRB系统中的去除过程。通过对pH、溶解氧(DO)、MTBE和叔丁醇(TBA)的浓度监测发现,释氧材料层能够为系统中微生物提供足够的DO含量和适宜的pH环境;固定有微生物的降解层不仅可以去除模拟地下水中的MTBE,其降解产物TBA经历一段积累期后也进一步发生了降解。根据污染物在地下水环境中迁移转化基本控制方程,建立了包含对流、水动力弥散、相间传质及生物降解作用的一维PRB传质模型。通过比较模型计算结果和土柱实验数据,表明本文模型能够描述实验室的PRB修复过程。
基于连续性方程和多孔介质流体动量方程及MTBE迁移转化模型,采用有限元方法求解,对PRB系统捕获区宽度的各种影响因素、MTBE在PRB系统及其附近区域的浓度分布场进行了二维模拟。模拟结果可用于指导现场PRB及其附属设施的设计、安装以及地下水修复效果的正确评价。
Permeable reactive barrier (PRB) is fast emerging as an alternative to traditional pump-and-treat and dig-and-treat methods for in situ remediation of inorganic and organic groundwater contaminants. A basic model has been firstly presented for describing migration and transformation of contaminants in groundwater, and then using immobilized biological two-layer PRB developed by author, the removal of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) from groundwater considering process parameters, mass transfer between solid and liquid phases, biodegradation and hydromechanics has been investigated.
The results of batch experiment indicated that linear equilibrium adsorption equation can well describe the adsorption behavior of MTBE in different clayey soils. A soil column experiment was performed to calculate the dispersive coefficient and retardation factor of the test medium. The retardation factor is only 1.004, which means the soil used in this study has hardly the retarding and purification capabilities for MTBE.
Permeability of expanded perlite used as carrier for immobilizing the microbes was measured by TST-70 soil penetrate apparatus. The static adsorption experiment was conducted to investigate the performance of granular expanded perlite for the removal of MTBE in solution and thermodynamic characteristic of adsorption. The results showed that the adsorption of MTBE in expanded perlite follow Freundlich equation, and the adsorption amount of equilibrium increases as the operational temperature increases. Furthermore, the thermodynamic analyze on the experimental data meant that the adsorption of MTBE is an endothermic process, and can occur automatically. The degradation performance of MTBE using mixed aerobic microbe enriched and acclimated in laboratory was studied. The optimum conditions for MTBE degradation is as follows: 20～25℃, pH8.0 and 1:10 (V/V) of inoculation amount of microbes.
Calcium peroxide (CaO2) was used as source of supplying oxygen for microbes immobilized in two-layer PRB system, and its oxygen-releasing characteristic and the regulation of high pH were explored. As useful nutrient components in medium, KH2PO4 and (NH4)2SO4 at a certain ratio can regulate pH caused by CaO2 from 12.1 to the range of 6.5-8.5, which is suitable for microbial growth. Although the effect of tourmaline and saturated soil on the pH is weaker than the former, it can help to decrease excessive use of nitrogen and phosphorus and preserve groundwater from new pollution. In addition, microbial growth curve suggested that the metabolism of mixed aerobic microbes could be meet by CaO2 and relevant medium.
The removal process of MTBE in two-layer PRB system was investigated in laboratory by using two stainless columns. Based on the results obtained from the column experiment, we concluded that the oxygen-releasing material layer could supply sufficient oxygen and suitable pH environment for the microbes immobilized in the second layer. In the passive system, occurrence of aerobic degradation can be verified by the consumption of MTBE, the decrease in DO levels in the biodegradation column effluent compared to the influent. As the MTBE byproduct, tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) can also be biodegraded after the transient accumulative period. According to the basic control equation, a one-dimension mass transfer model under the condition of this study was presented, and the result of simulation was in good agreement with the experimental data.
By using finite element approach, hydraulic capture zone width, which refers to the width of the zone of groundwater that passes through PRB, and the distribution of MTBE concentration in PRB and adjacent area were simulated based on the continuity equation, momentum transfer, migration and transformation model of MTBE. The simulated results are important for design, construction of PRB as well as appropriately evaluating effectiveness of groundwater remediation.
由吸附平衡实验确定了MTBE在不同粘性土壤中的吸附行为为线性关系;通过土柱弥散实验计算得到MTBE在夹砂粉质粘土中的弥散系数和阻滞系数,由阻滞系数仅为1.004可知土壤对MTBE几乎没有任何截留和净化能力。
用渗透仪获得微生物固定化载体—膨胀珍珠岩的渗透特性;通过静态间歇实验确定了MTBE在膨胀珍珠岩中的吸附规律符合Freundlich模型,且为一吸热过程,能够自发进行;采用摇瓶振荡法,确定了MTBE好氧降解条件:温度20～25℃、pH8.0、接种量1∶10(V/V)。
对过氧化钙(CaO2)释氧过程中的pH调节表明,一定配比的KH2PO4和(NH4)2SO4可将pH值控制在6.5～8.5范围;电气石和饱和区土壤作为辅助调节手段可减少缓冲剂用量,避免地下水二次污染;通过测定混合菌的生长曲线,确定CaO2及其相应配比的培养基能够满足好氧微生物的新陈代谢需要。
采用土柱实验研究了MTBE在双层PRB系统中的去除过程。通过对pH、溶解氧(DO)、MTBE和叔丁醇(TBA)的浓度监测发现,释氧材料层能够为系统中微生物提供足够的DO含量和适宜的pH环境;固定有微生物的降解层不仅可以去除模拟地下水中的MTBE,其降解产物TBA经历一段积累期后也进一步发生了降解。根据污染物在地下水环境中迁移转化基本控制方程,建立了包含对流、水动力弥散、相间传质及生物降解作用的一维PRB传质模型。通过比较模型计算结果和土柱实验数据,表明本文模型能够描述实验室的PRB修复过程。
基于连续性方程和多孔介质流体动量方程及MTBE迁移转化模型,采用有限元方法求解,对PRB系统捕获区宽度的各种影响因素、MTBE在PRB系统及其附近区域的浓度分布场进行了二维模拟。模拟结果可用于指导现场PRB及其附属设施的设计、安装以及地下水修复效果的正确评价。
Permeable reactive barrier (PRB) is fast emerging as an alternative to traditional pump-and-treat and dig-and-treat methods for in situ remediation of inorganic and organic groundwater contaminants. A basic model has been firstly presented for describing migration and transformation of contaminants in groundwater, and then using immobilized biological two-layer PRB developed by author, the removal of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) from groundwater considering process parameters, mass transfer between solid and liquid phases, biodegradation and hydromechanics has been investigated.
The results of batch experiment indicated that linear equilibrium adsorption equation can well describe the adsorption behavior of MTBE in different clayey soils. A soil column experiment was performed to calculate the dispersive coefficient and retardation factor of the test medium. The retardation factor is only 1.004, which means the soil used in this study has hardly the retarding and purification capabilities for MTBE.
Permeability of expanded perlite used as carrier for immobilizing the microbes was measured by TST-70 soil penetrate apparatus. The static adsorption experiment was conducted to investigate the performance of granular expanded perlite for the removal of MTBE in solution and thermodynamic characteristic of adsorption. The results showed that the adsorption of MTBE in expanded perlite follow Freundlich equation, and the adsorption amount of equilibrium increases as the operational temperature increases. Furthermore, the thermodynamic analyze on the experimental data meant that the adsorption of MTBE is an endothermic process, and can occur automatically. The degradation performance of MTBE using mixed aerobic microbe enriched and acclimated in laboratory was studied. The optimum conditions for MTBE degradation is as follows: 20～25℃, pH8.0 and 1:10 (V/V) of inoculation amount of microbes.
Calcium peroxide (CaO2) was used as source of supplying oxygen for microbes immobilized in two-layer PRB system, and its oxygen-releasing characteristic and the regulation of high pH were explored. As useful nutrient components in medium, KH2PO4 and (NH4)2SO4 at a certain ratio can regulate pH caused by CaO2 from 12.1 to the range of 6.5-8.5, which is suitable for microbial growth. Although the effect of tourmaline and saturated soil on the pH is weaker than the former, it can help to decrease excessive use of nitrogen and phosphorus and preserve groundwater from new pollution. In addition, microbial growth curve suggested that the metabolism of mixed aerobic microbes could be meet by CaO2 and relevant medium.
The removal process of MTBE in two-layer PRB system was investigated in laboratory by using two stainless columns. Based on the results obtained from the column experiment, we concluded that the oxygen-releasing material layer could supply sufficient oxygen and suitable pH environment for the microbes immobilized in the second layer. In the passive system, occurrence of aerobic degradation can be verified by the consumption of MTBE, the decrease in DO levels in the biodegradation column effluent compared to the influent. As the MTBE byproduct, tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) can also be biodegraded after the transient accumulative period. According to the basic control equation, a one-dimension mass transfer model under the condition of this study was presented, and the result of simulation was in good agreement with the experimental data.
By using finite element approach, hydraulic capture zone width, which refers to the width of the zone of groundwater that passes through PRB, and the distribution of MTBE concentration in PRB and adjacent area were simulated based on the continuity equation, momentum transfer, migration and transformation model of MTBE. The simulated results are important for design, construction of PRB as well as appropriately evaluating effectiveness of groundwater remediation.
引文
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