推拉理论视角下农民参加新型农村社会养老保险的动力机制研究
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摘要
新中国建立后,农村养老保障的发展经历了家庭保障、集体保障、老农村社会养老保险(简称“老农保”)与新型农村社会养老保险(简称“新农保”)四个时期。其中,老农保探索开创了农村建立社会养老保险的新局面,新农保则是近几年继取消农业税,实行农业直补,建立新型农村合作医疗等之后的又一项重大惠农政策,将使得农民真正地实现“种地不交税、上学不付费、看病不太贵、养老不犯愁”。2009年9月1日国务院颁布《国务院关于开展新型农村社会养老保险试点的指导意见》,之后新农保在各地的试点快速推开,27个省、自治区的320个县(市、区、旗)于当年12月14日首批试点,试点面为11.8%,覆盖农村居民约1.3亿人,新农保首批试点仅几个月,基金积累也已达216.25亿元。然而,调查发现,农民参加新农保还面临着一系列障碍,积极性还不是很高,新农保的参保率还较低。
为了调动农民参保积极性、推动新农保的可持续发展,本文试图借鉴运用人口迁移中的推拉理论来详细地分析农民参保过程中的受力情况,特别是农民参保过程中的中间障碍因素,最终尝试构建农民参保的动力机制。人口迁移是迁出地推力、迁入地拉力以及中间障碍因素等诸多综合因素相互作用的结果。本文由此认为,农民参加新农保应该是原有养老方式的推力、新农保的拉力以及不断克服中间障碍的支持力相互作用的结果。这也是本文的基本研究框架与视角。
本文首先回顾了推拉理论的基本内涵及运用、农村养老保险的理论及文献,综述了当前新农保相关的文献,并且对新中国的农村养老保障制度在实践中的发展历程进行了梳理。接下来,本文运用推拉理论分析了农民参加新农保所受的原有养老方式的推力、新农保的拉力及面临的中间障碍因素,在此基础上构建出了农民参加新农保的动力机制。
After founding of new China, there are four stages for the development of old-age security in rural areas: family security, collective security, the old rural social pension insurance and the new rural social pension insurance. Among them, the old rural social pension insurance opened up building social pension insurance in countryside, and the new rural social pension insurance is another important policy for the benefit of farmers after abolition of agricultural tax, carrying out direct subsidies to agriculture and the new rural cooperative medical care policy, which will make farmers truly achieve“farming without paying tax ,attending school without paying fee, seeing a doctor without affording expensive expense and going old with pension”. In September 1, 2009, the State Council issued the " Guidance on State Council to carry out the new rural social pension insurance pilot ".Later, the new rural social pension insurance pilot all over the country have developed rapidly, and 320 counties (cities, districts, flags ) in 27 provinces, autonomous regions were pilot in December 14 last year, and pilot areas accounted for 11.8%,rural residents covered 0.13 billion, funds accumulated 21.625 billion yuan during only several months. However, the survey found that there are series obstacles for farmers joining in new rural social pension insurance and farmers’motivation is not very high, making the participation rate still relatively low.
In order to mobilize the enthusiasm of farmers participating and promote the sustainable development of the new rural social pension insurance, this article attempts to analyze detailedly the force exerting farmers in process of participating through using the push-pull theory about migration, especially some barriers while farmers participating and eventually try to build dynamic mechanism for farmers participating. Migration is the result of interaction of push from former residence, pull from the area (s) of destination and intervening obstacles. Therefore, this article thinks that farmers participating in the new rural social pension insurance should be the result of interaction of push from existing pension system, the pull of the new rural social pension insurance and continuing to overcome barriers. This is also a basic research framework and perspective of this article.
This article firstly reviewed the basic connotation and application of push-pull theory, the theories and literature about the rural pension insurance, and summarized the literature about the new rural social pension insurance, and hackling the development of the rural old-age security in practice after founding of the new China. After that, this article analyzed the pull from existing pension system, the pull of the new rural social pension insurance and the barriers which farmers are faced of when they participate, and on this basis build the dynamic mechanism of farmers participating.
为了调动农民参保积极性、推动新农保的可持续发展,本文试图借鉴运用人口迁移中的推拉理论来详细地分析农民参保过程中的受力情况,特别是农民参保过程中的中间障碍因素,最终尝试构建农民参保的动力机制。人口迁移是迁出地推力、迁入地拉力以及中间障碍因素等诸多综合因素相互作用的结果。本文由此认为,农民参加新农保应该是原有养老方式的推力、新农保的拉力以及不断克服中间障碍的支持力相互作用的结果。这也是本文的基本研究框架与视角。
本文首先回顾了推拉理论的基本内涵及运用、农村养老保险的理论及文献,综述了当前新农保相关的文献,并且对新中国的农村养老保障制度在实践中的发展历程进行了梳理。接下来,本文运用推拉理论分析了农民参加新农保所受的原有养老方式的推力、新农保的拉力及面临的中间障碍因素,在此基础上构建出了农民参加新农保的动力机制。
After founding of new China, there are four stages for the development of old-age security in rural areas: family security, collective security, the old rural social pension insurance and the new rural social pension insurance. Among them, the old rural social pension insurance opened up building social pension insurance in countryside, and the new rural social pension insurance is another important policy for the benefit of farmers after abolition of agricultural tax, carrying out direct subsidies to agriculture and the new rural cooperative medical care policy, which will make farmers truly achieve“farming without paying tax ,attending school without paying fee, seeing a doctor without affording expensive expense and going old with pension”. In September 1, 2009, the State Council issued the " Guidance on State Council to carry out the new rural social pension insurance pilot ".Later, the new rural social pension insurance pilot all over the country have developed rapidly, and 320 counties (cities, districts, flags ) in 27 provinces, autonomous regions were pilot in December 14 last year, and pilot areas accounted for 11.8%,rural residents covered 0.13 billion, funds accumulated 21.625 billion yuan during only several months. However, the survey found that there are series obstacles for farmers joining in new rural social pension insurance and farmers’motivation is not very high, making the participation rate still relatively low.
In order to mobilize the enthusiasm of farmers participating and promote the sustainable development of the new rural social pension insurance, this article attempts to analyze detailedly the force exerting farmers in process of participating through using the push-pull theory about migration, especially some barriers while farmers participating and eventually try to build dynamic mechanism for farmers participating. Migration is the result of interaction of push from former residence, pull from the area (s) of destination and intervening obstacles. Therefore, this article thinks that farmers participating in the new rural social pension insurance should be the result of interaction of push from existing pension system, the pull of the new rural social pension insurance and continuing to overcome barriers. This is also a basic research framework and perspective of this article.
This article firstly reviewed the basic connotation and application of push-pull theory, the theories and literature about the rural pension insurance, and summarized the literature about the new rural social pension insurance, and hackling the development of the rural old-age security in practice after founding of the new China. After that, this article analyzed the pull from existing pension system, the pull of the new rural social pension insurance and the barriers which farmers are faced of when they participate, and on this basis build the dynamic mechanism of farmers participating.
引文
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[5]邹新树.农民工向城市流动的动因:“推一拉”理论的现实解读[J].农村经济,2005,(10):104-105.
[6]盛来运.国外劳动力迁移理论的发展[J].统计研究,2005(8):73.
[7]王茂福等.环境在中国水库移民返迁中的推拉作用──以五大水库移民返迁为例[J].中国人口科学,2000(3):52-57.
[8]邹新树.农民工向城市流动的动因:“推拉理论”的现实解读[J].农村经济,2005(10):104-109.
[9]邱长生等.中国农村劳动力转移与土地规模经营——“推—拉”与反“推—拉”模型分析[J].安徽农业科学,2008(21):9325-9327.
[10]肖云等.影响中低层灵活就业群体实现就业的推拉因素分析——以3120名中底层灵活就业人员的调查为例[J].南方人口,2007(2):32-38.
[11]陈伟,戴坤.基于推拉理论的高校毕业生就业驱动机制研究[J].高等农业教育,2008(12):79-81.
[12]杜鹃等.基于“推拉理论”的西安农家乐旅游者动机实证分析[J].北京第二外国语学院学报,2008(5):69-74.
[13]张吉东.从推拉理论看“婚外情”[J].安徽文学(评论研究),2008(2):365-366.
[14]黄卫湘.推拉理论在学校社会工作中的运用[J].湖南农机,2006(11):60-62.
[15]杨雄.青少年性行为“滞后释放”现象的实证解释[J].社会科学,2006(5);92-105.
[16]萨伊.政治经济学概论(中文版)[M].北京:商务印书馆,1963:492.
[17]西斯蒙弟.政治经济学新原理(中文版)[M].北京:商务印书馆,1964.
[18]庇古.福利经济学的几个方面[J].美国经济评论,1951(6):293.
[19]佚名.国外农村养老保险模式[J].新农村,2010(3):36.
[20]王琼等.中日农村社会保障制度的比较研究[J].农村经济,2010(3):122.
[21]胡豹,卫新.国外农村社会养老保险的实践比较与启示[J].商业研究,2006(7):52-55.
[22]郑功成.中国农村社会养老保障政策研究——将农村居民社会保障与计划生育有机结合的政策选择[J].人口与计划生育,2008(3):17-19.
[23]俞仁龙.浙江农村建立社会养老保险制度的经济可行性分析[J].嘉兴学院学报,2005(4):38-41.
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