长江水系翘嘴鲌遗传多样性研究
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摘要
翘嘴鲌(Culter alburnus)广泛分布于我国东部各大水系，是鲤科鳊鲌亚科中体型最大的一种鱼，不仅具有很高的营养价值、经济价值，还具有极高的生态价值，能够维持水域生态系统的稳定。近年来由于环境污染、栖息地被破坏、水利修建，酷鱼捕捞等人为影响，翘嘴鲌野生资源迅速枯竭，种群小型化及低龄化现象尤为严重，亟待开展翘嘴鲌种群保护工作，目前尚无全面系统的翘嘴鲌遗传背景研究，难以为翘嘴鲌的保护工作提供可靠的理论依据。本文测定了长江水系14个群体162尾翘嘴鲌的线粒体控制区全序列，分析了遗传多样性和种群结构与种群历史动态，旨在为保护长江水系翘嘴鲌种质资源的恢复和人工增殖放流提供了理论指导依据，具体结果如下：
1、得到翘嘴鲌线粒体控制区936bp的序列，识别了终止序列区、中央保守区和保守序列区，确定了保守功能单元(ETAS、 CSB-F、 CSB-E、 CSB-D、CSB1、CSB2和CSB3等)的一般形式，发现了ETAS序列中包含了核心序列TGCAT及其反向互补序列ATGTA，并且在终止序列区中还发现了4个TACAT的核心序列。中部存在poly(T)结构，大部分变异位点都在这个poly(T)结构的前面，而poly(T)结构后的序列就相对保守了很多。
2、长江水系中的14群体整体的单倍型多样性为0.866，核苷酸多样性为0.00330，呈现高单倍型多样性与低核苷酸多样性共存的现象，说明翘嘴鲌的遗传多样性较低。其中以合江最高(Hd=0.879，Pi=0.00534)，云阳最低(Hd=0.377，Pi=0.00132)。
3、长江水系的14个翘嘴鲌群体没有形成明显的谱系结构和地理结构。南充群体与其他群体间存在着高度遗传分化(Fst：0.50761~0.74012，Nm：0.17557~0.48501)，云阳群体与支流的3个群体(南充、十堰、剑河)间也存在较高的遗传分化(Fst=0.74012、0.31517、0.19235，Nm=0.175572、1.08645、2.09943)，而其他群体间仅存在低度分化或无明显分化。对长江干流的上中下游、干流与支流、干流与湖泊、支流与湖泊进行AMOVA分子方差分析得知，大部分的分化存在于群体内部。
4、通过Tajima’s D和Fu’Fs中性检测和核苷酸不配对分析，结合翘嘴鲌高单倍型多样性与低核苷酸多样性共存的特征，表明翘嘴鲌种群可能经历了近期的种群扩张，扩张时间距今3万~4万年间，为更新世晚期。
5、长江下游群体的遗传多样性普遍较高，且遗传距离及遗传分化值均较小，可以视为一个大的保护管理单位。合江群体的遗传多样性最高，其次是池州，需要优先保护。另外南充与其他群体间的遗传分化最大，而云阳群体的遗传多样性最低，且由于其地理位置特殊，可通过特殊方式进行单独保护。
Culter alburnus widely distributed in the eastern part of our country all river, isthe largest fish in eyprinida,Culterinae,it not only has a high nutritional value,economic value, also has a very high ecological value,it can maintain the stability ofthe ecological system waters. In recent years due to environmental pollution, habitatdestruction, water conservancy built, overfishing artificial influence, Culter alburnuswild resources dried up quickly, the population miniaturization and Low annualisedphenomenon particularly serious, to carry out Culter alburnus population protectionwork, at present there is no comprehensive system Culter alburnus geneticbackground research, hard for the work of protecting Culter alburnus provides thereliable theory basis. In this paper the determination of the Yangtze river system and agroup of Culter alburnus162tail control all the sequence of mitochondria, analyzesthe genetic diversity and population structure and population historical dynamic, forthe purpose of safeguarding the Yangtze river system Culter alburnus germplasmresources recovery and artificial proliferation discharge provides the theoretical guidebasis, specific results are as follows:
1.Sequences of MtDNA D-loop gene of Culter alburnus were936bp long. Thetermination associated sequence domain, the central conserved domain and theconserved block domains were identified in the mtDNA control region of Culteralburnus, and the general characters of the functional units including ETAS, CSB-F,CSB-E, CSB-D, CSB1, CSB2and CSB3and so on were provided.In ETAS sequencecontains the core TGCAT and reverse complementary sequence ATGTA sequence,and in the termination associated sequence domain were found four core sequences ofTACAT. Poly(T) was found in the middle of control region, most of the sites are inthis variation poly (T) in front of the structure, and poly (T) structure of the seriesafter is relatively conservative a lot.
2.The Yangtze river system, The haploid variety is0.866, nucleotide diversity is0.00330, present high single times type diversity and low nucleotide diversitycoexisting phenomenon that Culter alburnus of genetic diversity is low. Among them HeJiang is the highest mountain(Hd=0.879，Pi=0.00534), and YunYang isminimum(Hd=0.377，Pi=0.00132).
3.The Yangtze river system, the14Culter alburnus groups are not form apparentlineage structure, no obvious geographic differentiation. Other groups in nanchonggroup and the existence of a highly genetic differentiation (Fst:0.50761~0.74012,Nm:0.17557~0.48501), YunYang group and tributaries of the three groups (innanchong, shiyan, jian river) also exist between high genetic differentiation (Fst=0.74012,0.31517and0.19235, Nm=0.175572,1.08645,2.09943), and other groupsexist only low differentiation between each other or have no obvious differentiation.Through the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze river, the river and tributaries,mainstream and lakes, lake for AMOVA molecules and tributaries of varianceanalysis that, most of the differentiation exists in group internal, between each otheralmost no genetic differentiation.
4.Through the Tajima 's D and Fu' Fs neutral testing and nucleotide not matchinganalysis, combining Culter alburnus high single times type diversity and lownucleotide diversity of coexistence characteristics, show that Culter alburnuspopulation may have undergone recent population expansion, expansion-time from10000to20000, as the late pleistocene.
5. The lower reaches of Yangtze river group generally high genetic diversity, and thegenetic distance and genetic differentiation value are small, can be seen as a bigprotection management unit. The genetic diversity of the highest mountain group,second chizhou, need to be protected. Also with other groups in nanchong geneticdifferentiation between the largest, and YunYang groups of genetic diversityminimum, and because of its special geographical position, but through the specialway to the separate protection.
1、得到翘嘴鲌线粒体控制区936bp的序列，识别了终止序列区、中央保守区和保守序列区，确定了保守功能单元(ETAS、 CSB-F、 CSB-E、 CSB-D、CSB1、CSB2和CSB3等)的一般形式，发现了ETAS序列中包含了核心序列TGCAT及其反向互补序列ATGTA，并且在终止序列区中还发现了4个TACAT的核心序列。中部存在poly(T)结构，大部分变异位点都在这个poly(T)结构的前面，而poly(T)结构后的序列就相对保守了很多。
2、长江水系中的14群体整体的单倍型多样性为0.866，核苷酸多样性为0.00330，呈现高单倍型多样性与低核苷酸多样性共存的现象，说明翘嘴鲌的遗传多样性较低。其中以合江最高(Hd=0.879，Pi=0.00534)，云阳最低(Hd=0.377，Pi=0.00132)。
3、长江水系的14个翘嘴鲌群体没有形成明显的谱系结构和地理结构。南充群体与其他群体间存在着高度遗传分化(Fst：0.50761~0.74012，Nm：0.17557~0.48501)，云阳群体与支流的3个群体(南充、十堰、剑河)间也存在较高的遗传分化(Fst=0.74012、0.31517、0.19235，Nm=0.175572、1.08645、2.09943)，而其他群体间仅存在低度分化或无明显分化。对长江干流的上中下游、干流与支流、干流与湖泊、支流与湖泊进行AMOVA分子方差分析得知，大部分的分化存在于群体内部。
4、通过Tajima’s D和Fu’Fs中性检测和核苷酸不配对分析，结合翘嘴鲌高单倍型多样性与低核苷酸多样性共存的特征，表明翘嘴鲌种群可能经历了近期的种群扩张，扩张时间距今3万~4万年间，为更新世晚期。
5、长江下游群体的遗传多样性普遍较高，且遗传距离及遗传分化值均较小，可以视为一个大的保护管理单位。合江群体的遗传多样性最高，其次是池州，需要优先保护。另外南充与其他群体间的遗传分化最大，而云阳群体的遗传多样性最低，且由于其地理位置特殊，可通过特殊方式进行单独保护。
Culter alburnus widely distributed in the eastern part of our country all river, isthe largest fish in eyprinida,Culterinae,it not only has a high nutritional value,economic value, also has a very high ecological value,it can maintain the stability ofthe ecological system waters. In recent years due to environmental pollution, habitatdestruction, water conservancy built, overfishing artificial influence, Culter alburnuswild resources dried up quickly, the population miniaturization and Low annualisedphenomenon particularly serious, to carry out Culter alburnus population protectionwork, at present there is no comprehensive system Culter alburnus geneticbackground research, hard for the work of protecting Culter alburnus provides thereliable theory basis. In this paper the determination of the Yangtze river system and agroup of Culter alburnus162tail control all the sequence of mitochondria, analyzesthe genetic diversity and population structure and population historical dynamic, forthe purpose of safeguarding the Yangtze river system Culter alburnus germplasmresources recovery and artificial proliferation discharge provides the theoretical guidebasis, specific results are as follows:
1.Sequences of MtDNA D-loop gene of Culter alburnus were936bp long. Thetermination associated sequence domain, the central conserved domain and theconserved block domains were identified in the mtDNA control region of Culteralburnus, and the general characters of the functional units including ETAS, CSB-F,CSB-E, CSB-D, CSB1, CSB2and CSB3and so on were provided.In ETAS sequencecontains the core TGCAT and reverse complementary sequence ATGTA sequence,and in the termination associated sequence domain were found four core sequences ofTACAT. Poly(T) was found in the middle of control region, most of the sites are inthis variation poly (T) in front of the structure, and poly (T) structure of the seriesafter is relatively conservative a lot.
2.The Yangtze river system, The haploid variety is0.866, nucleotide diversity is0.00330, present high single times type diversity and low nucleotide diversitycoexisting phenomenon that Culter alburnus of genetic diversity is low. Among them HeJiang is the highest mountain(Hd=0.879，Pi=0.00534), and YunYang isminimum(Hd=0.377，Pi=0.00132).
3.The Yangtze river system, the14Culter alburnus groups are not form apparentlineage structure, no obvious geographic differentiation. Other groups in nanchonggroup and the existence of a highly genetic differentiation (Fst:0.50761~0.74012,Nm:0.17557~0.48501), YunYang group and tributaries of the three groups (innanchong, shiyan, jian river) also exist between high genetic differentiation (Fst=0.74012,0.31517and0.19235, Nm=0.175572,1.08645,2.09943), and other groupsexist only low differentiation between each other or have no obvious differentiation.Through the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze river, the river and tributaries,mainstream and lakes, lake for AMOVA molecules and tributaries of varianceanalysis that, most of the differentiation exists in group internal, between each otheralmost no genetic differentiation.
4.Through the Tajima 's D and Fu' Fs neutral testing and nucleotide not matchinganalysis, combining Culter alburnus high single times type diversity and lownucleotide diversity of coexistence characteristics, show that Culter alburnuspopulation may have undergone recent population expansion, expansion-time from10000to20000, as the late pleistocene.
5. The lower reaches of Yangtze river group generally high genetic diversity, and thegenetic distance and genetic differentiation value are small, can be seen as a bigprotection management unit. The genetic diversity of the highest mountain group,second chizhou, need to be protected. Also with other groups in nanchong geneticdifferentiation between the largest, and YunYang groups of genetic diversityminimum, and because of its special geographical position, but through the specialway to the separate protection.
引文
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