高安全雷管机理与应用的研究
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摘要
雷管是炸药起爆的基本元件。传统雷管使用起爆药起爆,虽然可靠,但安全性低,起爆药生产产生的废水也会造成严重的环境污染。电子雷管作为起爆药雷管的替代产品,虽然起爆可靠、延期准确、安全性好,但价格昂贵,暂不具备民用推广的条件。无起爆药雷管不使用起爆药,是雷管发展的主要方向。高安全雷管作为无起爆药雷管的一类,采用激发装置起爆,具有安全性高、延期准确、起爆可靠的优点。本文以高安全雷管为研究对象,对激发装置的起爆机理、激发药选择、激发装置飞片速度、高安全雷管技术路线和延期方式改进进行了研究。
本文的主要研究内容和成果包括:
(1)基于热点理论,设计高安全雷管的激发装置,包括激发装置结构和激发药种类确定。激发装置由内帽、激发药和延期元件组成,内帽尺寸满足一定要求。激发药由常用炸药组成,根据实验对比了PETN和RDX作为激发药产生的爆率和延期时间的差异,结果表明:造粒RDX和PETN均可作为激发药,PETN适合用于高安全瞬发雷管,造粒RDX在延期雷管中性能优异。
(2)实验测定激发药爆速,爆速随着测点到激发药起爆面距离的增大迅速提高,说明由于激发装置内激发药长度短,内部发生的不是稳定爆轰,而是是不稳定爆轰,也有可能是爆燃。在应用飞片模型计算时,爆速参数不能使用稳定爆轰速度。
(3)应用爆轰驱动飞片模型计算激发装置飞片速度,结合实验和数值模拟进行分析。实验表明约束条件对飞片速度有很大影响。实验测得飞片的速度范围是300～1500m/s,最终确定的实际速度是534m/s,在强约束条件下的极限速度是1528m/s。根据Stanyukovich理论、Azis模型、Yadav方程、谢兴华公式和耿俊峰方程得到的计算结果与实验结果较为吻合。对Gurney模型进行反推,确定Gurney能占激发药爆热10%～30%。
(4)给出高安全瞬发电雷管、高安全延期电雷管、高安全瞬发非电雷管、高安全延期非电雷管的技术参数,结合生产实际,设计高安全雷管的生产流程,对工业生产具有一定的指导意义。
(5)对高安全雷管的延期时间、起爆能力、抗冲击性能和GB规定性能进行测试,实验检测表明:高安全雷管符合GB标准,能够在多种复杂条件下保证延期准确性和起爆可靠性。
(6)提出线延期体概念,对传统延期体技术进行改进,在保障提高延期时间准确性、起爆可靠性的前提下有效减少铅的使用量,大大降低成本,减小环境污染。
The detonator is the basic element of explosive detonation. The primary explosive is used in tradition detonator to make it exploded. Though it is reliable, the security is weak and much more accident happened because of the high sensibility of the primary explosive. Also there is serious environment pollution during the production of the primary explosive. Electronic detonator is seen as the substitute of the primary detonator with the advantage such as reliable ignition、precise delay time、good security, but it's too expensive to be used broad. The non-primary detonator doesn't use primary and costs less, it represents the direction of the detonator technology. The high-safe detonator is one kind of the detonators. It is ignited by the flyer of the excitation device. The high-safe detonator is reliale、sefe and precise. This article researching on the high-safe detonator concludes these contents: the exploding principle、selection of the excitation explosive、the velocity of the flyer made by the excitation device、the technology path and the improvement of the delay method.
The main content of this thesis is:
(1) To design the excitation device basing on the hot spot theory, including the configuration and selection of the excitation explosive. The excitation device consists of the hat、excitation explosive and the delay element. The explosive and the element are placed in the hat and the dimension of hat is designed to be assembled in the detonator shell. The excitation explosive is composed of ordinary explosive. PETN and RDX are compared on the successful explosion percentage and the precision of the delay time. The result shows that,granulated RDX and PETN could also be used as the excitation, but PETN is better to be used in instantaneous detonator and granulated RDX performed better in delay detonator.
(2) To mensurate the detonation velocity. It is observed that the velocity became larger rapidly as well the distance is farer. It means that because the length of the excitation is shorter, the unsteady detonation happened in the explosive, or maybe deflagration. While calculating by the flyer model, the parameter of the detonation velocity should not be the steady detonation velocity.
(3) Calculating the flyer velocity by the model, analyzing the experiment result and the numerical simulation course. It showed that the restricted condition effects the flyer velocity obviously. The velocity of the flyer is measured as 300m/s to 1500m/s. The final velocity is ensured as 534m/s and the extreme velocity under strong restrict is 1528m/s. The result gained by Stanyukovich theory、Azis modle、Yadav equation、Xie Xinghua formula and Geng Junfeng equation agreed with the experiment result. The Gurney energy is deduced by the results above that actually it is 10 to 30 percent for the Gurney energy to detonation heat.
(4) the technique parameter of the high-safe instantaneous electric detonator、delay electric detonator、instantaneous non-electric detonator and delay non-electric detonator is given, figures of production flow is designed, and it can make some help to guide the industrial process.
(5) The concept of linear delay element is invented. Assuring the delay time precision and the explosion reliability, by improving the tradition delay technology, great amount of the lead used can be reduced effectively, the cost can be lowed and environment pollution can be relieved.
本文的主要研究内容和成果包括:
(1)基于热点理论,设计高安全雷管的激发装置,包括激发装置结构和激发药种类确定。激发装置由内帽、激发药和延期元件组成,内帽尺寸满足一定要求。激发药由常用炸药组成,根据实验对比了PETN和RDX作为激发药产生的爆率和延期时间的差异,结果表明:造粒RDX和PETN均可作为激发药,PETN适合用于高安全瞬发雷管,造粒RDX在延期雷管中性能优异。
(2)实验测定激发药爆速,爆速随着测点到激发药起爆面距离的增大迅速提高,说明由于激发装置内激发药长度短,内部发生的不是稳定爆轰,而是是不稳定爆轰,也有可能是爆燃。在应用飞片模型计算时,爆速参数不能使用稳定爆轰速度。
(3)应用爆轰驱动飞片模型计算激发装置飞片速度,结合实验和数值模拟进行分析。实验表明约束条件对飞片速度有很大影响。实验测得飞片的速度范围是300～1500m/s,最终确定的实际速度是534m/s,在强约束条件下的极限速度是1528m/s。根据Stanyukovich理论、Azis模型、Yadav方程、谢兴华公式和耿俊峰方程得到的计算结果与实验结果较为吻合。对Gurney模型进行反推,确定Gurney能占激发药爆热10%～30%。
(4)给出高安全瞬发电雷管、高安全延期电雷管、高安全瞬发非电雷管、高安全延期非电雷管的技术参数,结合生产实际,设计高安全雷管的生产流程,对工业生产具有一定的指导意义。
(5)对高安全雷管的延期时间、起爆能力、抗冲击性能和GB规定性能进行测试,实验检测表明:高安全雷管符合GB标准,能够在多种复杂条件下保证延期准确性和起爆可靠性。
(6)提出线延期体概念,对传统延期体技术进行改进,在保障提高延期时间准确性、起爆可靠性的前提下有效减少铅的使用量,大大降低成本,减小环境污染。
The detonator is the basic element of explosive detonation. The primary explosive is used in tradition detonator to make it exploded. Though it is reliable, the security is weak and much more accident happened because of the high sensibility of the primary explosive. Also there is serious environment pollution during the production of the primary explosive. Electronic detonator is seen as the substitute of the primary detonator with the advantage such as reliable ignition、precise delay time、good security, but it's too expensive to be used broad. The non-primary detonator doesn't use primary and costs less, it represents the direction of the detonator technology. The high-safe detonator is one kind of the detonators. It is ignited by the flyer of the excitation device. The high-safe detonator is reliale、sefe and precise. This article researching on the high-safe detonator concludes these contents: the exploding principle、selection of the excitation explosive、the velocity of the flyer made by the excitation device、the technology path and the improvement of the delay method.
The main content of this thesis is:
(1) To design the excitation device basing on the hot spot theory, including the configuration and selection of the excitation explosive. The excitation device consists of the hat、excitation explosive and the delay element. The explosive and the element are placed in the hat and the dimension of hat is designed to be assembled in the detonator shell. The excitation explosive is composed of ordinary explosive. PETN and RDX are compared on the successful explosion percentage and the precision of the delay time. The result shows that,granulated RDX and PETN could also be used as the excitation, but PETN is better to be used in instantaneous detonator and granulated RDX performed better in delay detonator.
(2) To mensurate the detonation velocity. It is observed that the velocity became larger rapidly as well the distance is farer. It means that because the length of the excitation is shorter, the unsteady detonation happened in the explosive, or maybe deflagration. While calculating by the flyer model, the parameter of the detonation velocity should not be the steady detonation velocity.
(3) Calculating the flyer velocity by the model, analyzing the experiment result and the numerical simulation course. It showed that the restricted condition effects the flyer velocity obviously. The velocity of the flyer is measured as 300m/s to 1500m/s. The final velocity is ensured as 534m/s and the extreme velocity under strong restrict is 1528m/s. The result gained by Stanyukovich theory、Azis modle、Yadav equation、Xie Xinghua formula and Geng Junfeng equation agreed with the experiment result. The Gurney energy is deduced by the results above that actually it is 10 to 30 percent for the Gurney energy to detonation heat.
(4) the technique parameter of the high-safe instantaneous electric detonator、delay electric detonator、instantaneous non-electric detonator and delay non-electric detonator is given, figures of production flow is designed, and it can make some help to guide the industrial process.
(5) The concept of linear delay element is invented. Assuring the delay time precision and the explosion reliability, by improving the tradition delay technology, great amount of the lead used can be reduced effectively, the cost can be lowed and environment pollution can be relieved.
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