现代便携式电子设备中低压高能效关键电路的设计与研究
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摘要
随着现代集成电路技术的发展,以手机、数字播放器、随身医疗设备等为代表的便携式消费电子产品发展迅速,也使低压、高能效集成电路的设计技术受到高度关注。这不仅来自于工艺向纳米尺度发展的需要,也是为了适应电源低压化趋势,延长便携式产品等主要依赖电池供电设备的有效工作时间,且有利于节能环保。由于模拟电路在现代电子系统包括便携式设备的电源系统和一些关键模块中有广泛应用,而其工作模式又不同于数字电路,使得模拟电路的低压设计面临更多挑战。
有鉴于此,本文对便携式设备的电源系统及若干常用模块的低压和高能效设计展开研究,并对相关新技术领域的发展给予极大关注,论文的主要内容和创新包括：
1、新能源领域研究的突破使得微型燃料电池成为未来便携式设备最有希望的能量来源,可望解决锂电池能量密度有限的技术瓶颈。然而,微型燃料电池输出电压低的特点给其电路应用带来很大障碍。对此,论文提出低压启动模块的设计,利用动态衬底偏置技术实现boost变换器的亚阈值启动,且可以不依赖于特殊工艺,在满足超低电压启动的同时降低了制造成本。为更好配合boost变换器工作,还设计了独特的三阶段供电策略以及相应的供电切换模块,依据不同阶段采用不同的控制器供电策略。此外,由于燃料电池具有能量密度高但功率密度低的特点,当需要给锂离子电池充电时难以同时支持对负载供电和充电两项任务,论文为此提出一种基于单电感多输出的动态功率分配方法。该方法在抑制交叉调制的同时实现了输入功率限制,并具有对电池进行恒流/恒压充电的功能。
2、电压基准几乎为所有电子系统所必备,而低电压基准是模拟设计中的一个技术难点。对此论文提出了一种新颖的亚阈值工作设计方案。为进一步提高其集成度和兼容性,还提出了一种全CMOS结构,使之与逻辑工艺有极好的兼容性。且具有低功耗的特点。所实现的低电压基准可广泛适用于植入式探头等微功耗应用场合。
3、针对便携式设备中主要的耗能部件—背光源,论文在降压开关变换器和线性电流调整器相结合的方案基础上,提出采用自适应输出电压调整技术以进一步提高系统效率。该技术能够适应LED参数和工作温度变化,自动确定开关变换器的工作点,省去了器件筛选,降低了成本。
论文提出的低压低功耗设计技术和验证模块均已通过流片试制和测试,验证了所提出设计方案的可行性。
As the development of modern integrated circuit technology, the portable consumer electronics like mobile phones, digital players, portable medical equipment are developing rapidly, which brings great attention to the design of low-voltage high efficiency integrated circuits (IC). It is not only due to the technology development to nanometer scale, but also because of the lowering trend of power supply voltage. It will be favorable to prolong the effective working time of battery-powered equipments as well as for energy saving and environmental protecting. Since the analog circuits are still widely applied to power supply system and other key modules in modern electronic systems including the portable devices, the low-voltage design of analog circuits faces more challenges than that of the digital ones due to their different working modes.
In view of these, this dissertation focused on the research on low voltage high efficiency design of the power supply system for portable devices and other common modules. Meanwhile, the dissertation gives attention to the prospect of developing trend in related fields. The main contents and innovation include:
1. The breakthrough in new energy research makes micro fuel cell become most promising energy source for future portable devices to solve the limited-energy-density bottleneck of the lithium battery. However, the issue is that its output voltage is too low to adapt to applications in these circuitries. To solve this problem, a novel low-voltage startup module is put forward, which employs a dynamic substrate biasing technique to implement sub-threshold operation of boost converters. Moreover, its process independence reduces the fabrication cost. In order to improve its coordination with boost converter, a three-stage control method together with a power supply switching module is put forward, which features the different control strategies for power supplying in different stages of the controller. In addition, to solve the issue that the fuel cell may fail to support supplying load and charging battery simultaneously due to its low power density while the lithium-ion battery charging is necessary during the operation of device. Thus, a dynamic power allocation method based on single-inductor dual-output topology is put forward. This method can limit the input power as well as suppress cross modulation. And a constant-current/constant voltage charging algorithm is also embedded.
2. The voltage reference is almost necessary for all electronic system. To come up with a design of voltage reference with low supply voltage is one of technical difficulties in analog circuit design. This dissertation puts forward a novel circuit design of low voltage reference based on sub-threshold operation. To improve its integration and compatibility further, a full-CMOS structure is proposed, which has excellent process compatibility with logic process as well as very low power consumption. The reference can be widely applied to micro-power electronic applications such as implantable probe.
3. As to the back light source, the main energy dissipation component in portable devices, this dissertation proposes an adaptive-output-voltage-adjusting scheme to improve the efficiency of the system. This scheme is based on the combination of step-down switch converter and linear current regulator, which can adapt to the LED parameters and working temperature variations, and set the operating point of the switch converter automatically. By eliminating the device screening, it saves the cost and time.
All the proposed low-voltage low-power design schemes and prototypes have been tapped-out and tested. Results verified the feasibility of the designs.
有鉴于此,本文对便携式设备的电源系统及若干常用模块的低压和高能效设计展开研究,并对相关新技术领域的发展给予极大关注,论文的主要内容和创新包括：
1、新能源领域研究的突破使得微型燃料电池成为未来便携式设备最有希望的能量来源,可望解决锂电池能量密度有限的技术瓶颈。然而,微型燃料电池输出电压低的特点给其电路应用带来很大障碍。对此,论文提出低压启动模块的设计,利用动态衬底偏置技术实现boost变换器的亚阈值启动,且可以不依赖于特殊工艺,在满足超低电压启动的同时降低了制造成本。为更好配合boost变换器工作,还设计了独特的三阶段供电策略以及相应的供电切换模块,依据不同阶段采用不同的控制器供电策略。此外,由于燃料电池具有能量密度高但功率密度低的特点,当需要给锂离子电池充电时难以同时支持对负载供电和充电两项任务,论文为此提出一种基于单电感多输出的动态功率分配方法。该方法在抑制交叉调制的同时实现了输入功率限制,并具有对电池进行恒流/恒压充电的功能。
2、电压基准几乎为所有电子系统所必备,而低电压基准是模拟设计中的一个技术难点。对此论文提出了一种新颖的亚阈值工作设计方案。为进一步提高其集成度和兼容性,还提出了一种全CMOS结构,使之与逻辑工艺有极好的兼容性。且具有低功耗的特点。所实现的低电压基准可广泛适用于植入式探头等微功耗应用场合。
3、针对便携式设备中主要的耗能部件—背光源,论文在降压开关变换器和线性电流调整器相结合的方案基础上,提出采用自适应输出电压调整技术以进一步提高系统效率。该技术能够适应LED参数和工作温度变化,自动确定开关变换器的工作点,省去了器件筛选,降低了成本。
论文提出的低压低功耗设计技术和验证模块均已通过流片试制和测试,验证了所提出设计方案的可行性。
As the development of modern integrated circuit technology, the portable consumer electronics like mobile phones, digital players, portable medical equipment are developing rapidly, which brings great attention to the design of low-voltage high efficiency integrated circuits (IC). It is not only due to the technology development to nanometer scale, but also because of the lowering trend of power supply voltage. It will be favorable to prolong the effective working time of battery-powered equipments as well as for energy saving and environmental protecting. Since the analog circuits are still widely applied to power supply system and other key modules in modern electronic systems including the portable devices, the low-voltage design of analog circuits faces more challenges than that of the digital ones due to their different working modes.
In view of these, this dissertation focused on the research on low voltage high efficiency design of the power supply system for portable devices and other common modules. Meanwhile, the dissertation gives attention to the prospect of developing trend in related fields. The main contents and innovation include:
1. The breakthrough in new energy research makes micro fuel cell become most promising energy source for future portable devices to solve the limited-energy-density bottleneck of the lithium battery. However, the issue is that its output voltage is too low to adapt to applications in these circuitries. To solve this problem, a novel low-voltage startup module is put forward, which employs a dynamic substrate biasing technique to implement sub-threshold operation of boost converters. Moreover, its process independence reduces the fabrication cost. In order to improve its coordination with boost converter, a three-stage control method together with a power supply switching module is put forward, which features the different control strategies for power supplying in different stages of the controller. In addition, to solve the issue that the fuel cell may fail to support supplying load and charging battery simultaneously due to its low power density while the lithium-ion battery charging is necessary during the operation of device. Thus, a dynamic power allocation method based on single-inductor dual-output topology is put forward. This method can limit the input power as well as suppress cross modulation. And a constant-current/constant voltage charging algorithm is also embedded.
2. The voltage reference is almost necessary for all electronic system. To come up with a design of voltage reference with low supply voltage is one of technical difficulties in analog circuit design. This dissertation puts forward a novel circuit design of low voltage reference based on sub-threshold operation. To improve its integration and compatibility further, a full-CMOS structure is proposed, which has excellent process compatibility with logic process as well as very low power consumption. The reference can be widely applied to micro-power electronic applications such as implantable probe.
3. As to the back light source, the main energy dissipation component in portable devices, this dissertation proposes an adaptive-output-voltage-adjusting scheme to improve the efficiency of the system. This scheme is based on the combination of step-down switch converter and linear current regulator, which can adapt to the LED parameters and working temperature variations, and set the operating point of the switch converter automatically. By eliminating the device screening, it saves the cost and time.
All the proposed low-voltage low-power design schemes and prototypes have been tapped-out and tested. Results verified the feasibility of the designs.
引文
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