高速弹体对混凝土侵彻效应研究
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摘要
随着深层工事目标越埋越深,对侵彻战斗部侵彻性能的要求也越来越高。目前提高侵彻战斗部速度是提高侵彻战斗部作用性能的主要技术途径之一。本文围绕较高撞击速度(800～1200m/s)下小口径弹体垂直侵彻混凝土靶体响应,尤其对以质量侵蚀为特征的弹体质量演化过程及其对侵彻阻力的影响,采用实验研究、理论分析和数值模拟相结合的方法进行了研究,具体内容包括：
1、运用φ25mm弹道炮开展了小口径弹体高速侵彻混凝土靶体实验研究。将质量为67g、直径为12mm弹体加速至约1.4km/s；采用缩小弹体直径和减小弹体材料硬度值的弱化弹体方法,可在现有实验条件模拟了更高速度撞击下弹体破坏模式为：质量侵蚀、弯曲、屈曲、碎裂甚至熔融状态,而且某些现象是综合体现的,造成弹体破坏的原因不仅与弹体横截面上载荷有关,而且与弹体材料的破坏极限有关；35CrMnSiA、T10A两种不同硬度材料弹体侵彻实验结果表明,硬度更高的碳素工具钢T10A,确实可以更好抵抗质量侵蚀,但由于材料的低韧性,促使弹体发生拉伸破坏而碎裂,侵彻行程更小而综合性能较好的高强度合金钢35CrMnSiA,侵彻能力较好；35CrMnSiA弹体在8001200m/s区间里,弹体破坏模式主要是质量损失,而在大于1200m/s后,弹体质量损失除更加明显外,还会发生弯曲,甚至断裂,其中弹体质量损失主要发生在弹头部分,但弹身部分也会发生质量侵蚀；弹头曲率比在高速段中对弹体侵蚀影响不明显,也可能由于侵彻实验数据样本数太少,无法得出曲率比影响规律。
2、理论分析了考虑弹体质量损失侵彻过程。针对刚性弹侵彻模型在高速侵彻时侵深计算值较实验值偏大,且随撞击速度的提高不会出现极限穿深的缺陷,建立了考虑弹体质量损失三阶段,即开坑阶段、质量损失侵彻阶段和残余弹体刚性侵彻阶段侵彻模型,计算结果在较高速和较低速段均能吻合实验结果；当忽略质量损失,此模型就转化为刚性侵彻模型；计算结果表明,单纯的质量损失对侵彻结果影响较小,但由于弹头质量损失导致弹形系数的改变对侵彻结果影响较大；严重的质量损失会导致弹头由卵形变为钝头,由于卵形弹头和钝形弹头对侵彻阻力影响不同,导致侵彻阻力曲线出现双峰结构。
3、数值模拟了存在弹体质量损失侵彻过程。针对HJC模型输入参数较多的问题,采用参数敏感性分析方法,研究了模型参数值对结果的影响,结果表明模型中七个参数即密度ρ、抗压强度fc、抗拉强度T、过渡区介质体应变μlock、归一化压力硬化系数B、压力硬化指数N、密实介质压力Pcrush对结果影响较大,其余可参考经典文献取值；计算与实验结果的一致性,证明参数输入较少的塑性随动模型和HJC模型可以满足弹体高速侵彻混凝土预测侵彻结果的要求；计算结果表明侵彻过程可以分为开坑阶段、弹体形状因子改变阶段和残余弹体刚性侵彻阶段,弹体参量在较高速和较低速侵彻时有明显不同,较高速时弹体速度时程曲线变化不再均匀,侵彻阻力和加速度曲线也出现了双峰曲线,进一步分析表明这源于弹体在高速侵彻过程中弹头形状的严重改变。
4、研究了钢纤维对混凝土靶体抗侵彻性能的影响。通过刚性侵彻模型计算与实验验证证明,证实了钢纤维的掺入可以提高靶体抗侵彻性能,钢纤维含量增加对高强度的RPC靶抗侵彻性能的改善比低强度的纤维砼更明显；而准静态力学性能测试及侵彻实验表明钢纤维的掺入对混凝土具有明显的阻裂效果,钢纤维能明显增强混凝土的抗侵彻性能,随钢纤维体积含量的增加,开坑直径显著减小,侵深随弹体着速增加也较缓慢。
With the underground targets lying deeper and deeper, the demand on the performance of projectile penetrating into concrete become more and more important. One of the most important method to increasing depth of penetration (DOP) is increase the projectiles impact velocity. This thesis is mainly focus on the response of projectiles within the impact velocity between 800 and 1200m/s, an evolutional process of projectiles mass loss and its effect on the penetration resistance were studied by experimental, theoretical and numerical method. Main contents in the paper were as follows:
1. A series of penetrating experiments into concrete target is carried out withφ25mm ballistic gun. With the method of sub caliber technology, the 67g,12mm projectile could be speed up to the velocity of 1.4km/s. The failure modes of projectiles at higher velocity phase were studied by reducing projectiles diameters and decreasing projectiles materials hardness values. The modes including mass loss, bending, flexuosity, fragmentation, molten state or plural. Further analyses showed projectiles failure was correlated with the load on cross section and the strength of projectiles material. Two kinds of projectiles 35CrMnSiA and T10A penetrating concrete targets were studied. The result showed that T10A projectiles which hardness was higher could resist abrasin but took tension failure and fragmentation due to its low toughness, and the 35CrMnSiA projectiles penetrate ability was more preferable than T10A projectiles'. The failure mode of 35CrMnSiA projectiles was mass loss within the velocity between 800 and 1200m/s, but the modes were bend and fracture except mass loss as the striking velocity increasd. Mass loss mostly occurred in the head but the phenomenon also occurred in the shell body. In the high velocity region the CRH (caliber-radius-head) had little effect on mass loss based on available penetration experimental data.
2. The penetration process with mass loss was analyzed.By using rigid projectile penetrating model, DOP computed values were bigger than experimental values and the computed values always increased with impact velocity. To deal with the shortage, abrasion model was built incluing three stages of cratering phase, mass loss penetration phase and remainder rigid projectile penetrate phase.The computed values show a good agreement with experimental values at both high and low velocities. When the mass loss is ignore the model came close to rigid projectile model. The computed results showed that projectiles mass loss was incidental head shape varied with mass loss was the staple. Furthermore, the influence was more obvious in high velocity phase than that in low. The shape of projectiles nose became blunt from ogive. In high velocity phase penetrate resistance curves appeared double-humped waves due to different nose shape effect on projectiles nose shape coefficient.
3. The numerical simulation of high velocity projectile penetrating into concrete target has been presented. Method of parameter sensitivity analyses was adopted to study the influence of Holmquist-Johnson-Cook (HJC) model parameters on results. The results showed that seven parameters ofρ, fc', T,μock, B, N and Pcrush had important effect on penetration results and the rest had little effect with given values by referring to classic literature. The plastic kinematic model 30CrMnSiA projcetiles penetrating C35 concrete targets with HJC model was also studied. The agreement between computed data and experimental data shows the two models could be applied to high velocity penetration analyses and the penetration process could be divided into cartering stage, projectiles nose shape factor transformation stage and rigid remainder projectiles stage. Furthermore, the velocity versus time travel curves of high velocity no longer had variation uniformity opposite low velocity, and penetrate resistance and decelerating curves became bimodal curves as a result of serious variation of projectiles head shapes in the high velocity penetration process.
4. Steel fiber enhancing concrete targets performance was studied. The enhancement was proved by rigid penetration model calculation and experimental verification. Especially anti-penetrate ability of high strength reactive powder concrete (RPC) targets was enhanced by steel fiber more evidently than that of low strength SFRC. The quasi-static mechanical property test and penetration experiment results showed that steel fibers could arrest crack propagation and strengthen concrete targets anti-penetration ability. In addition, with the icreasing of the steel fiber volume fraction, the carter diameter become smaller and the DOP increasd slowly with increasing impact velocity.
1、运用φ25mm弹道炮开展了小口径弹体高速侵彻混凝土靶体实验研究。将质量为67g、直径为12mm弹体加速至约1.4km/s；采用缩小弹体直径和减小弹体材料硬度值的弱化弹体方法,可在现有实验条件模拟了更高速度撞击下弹体破坏模式为：质量侵蚀、弯曲、屈曲、碎裂甚至熔融状态,而且某些现象是综合体现的,造成弹体破坏的原因不仅与弹体横截面上载荷有关,而且与弹体材料的破坏极限有关；35CrMnSiA、T10A两种不同硬度材料弹体侵彻实验结果表明,硬度更高的碳素工具钢T10A,确实可以更好抵抗质量侵蚀,但由于材料的低韧性,促使弹体发生拉伸破坏而碎裂,侵彻行程更小而综合性能较好的高强度合金钢35CrMnSiA,侵彻能力较好；35CrMnSiA弹体在8001200m/s区间里,弹体破坏模式主要是质量损失,而在大于1200m/s后,弹体质量损失除更加明显外,还会发生弯曲,甚至断裂,其中弹体质量损失主要发生在弹头部分,但弹身部分也会发生质量侵蚀；弹头曲率比在高速段中对弹体侵蚀影响不明显,也可能由于侵彻实验数据样本数太少,无法得出曲率比影响规律。
2、理论分析了考虑弹体质量损失侵彻过程。针对刚性弹侵彻模型在高速侵彻时侵深计算值较实验值偏大,且随撞击速度的提高不会出现极限穿深的缺陷,建立了考虑弹体质量损失三阶段,即开坑阶段、质量损失侵彻阶段和残余弹体刚性侵彻阶段侵彻模型,计算结果在较高速和较低速段均能吻合实验结果；当忽略质量损失,此模型就转化为刚性侵彻模型；计算结果表明,单纯的质量损失对侵彻结果影响较小,但由于弹头质量损失导致弹形系数的改变对侵彻结果影响较大；严重的质量损失会导致弹头由卵形变为钝头,由于卵形弹头和钝形弹头对侵彻阻力影响不同,导致侵彻阻力曲线出现双峰结构。
3、数值模拟了存在弹体质量损失侵彻过程。针对HJC模型输入参数较多的问题,采用参数敏感性分析方法,研究了模型参数值对结果的影响,结果表明模型中七个参数即密度ρ、抗压强度fc、抗拉强度T、过渡区介质体应变μlock、归一化压力硬化系数B、压力硬化指数N、密实介质压力Pcrush对结果影响较大,其余可参考经典文献取值；计算与实验结果的一致性,证明参数输入较少的塑性随动模型和HJC模型可以满足弹体高速侵彻混凝土预测侵彻结果的要求；计算结果表明侵彻过程可以分为开坑阶段、弹体形状因子改变阶段和残余弹体刚性侵彻阶段,弹体参量在较高速和较低速侵彻时有明显不同,较高速时弹体速度时程曲线变化不再均匀,侵彻阻力和加速度曲线也出现了双峰曲线,进一步分析表明这源于弹体在高速侵彻过程中弹头形状的严重改变。
4、研究了钢纤维对混凝土靶体抗侵彻性能的影响。通过刚性侵彻模型计算与实验验证证明,证实了钢纤维的掺入可以提高靶体抗侵彻性能,钢纤维含量增加对高强度的RPC靶抗侵彻性能的改善比低强度的纤维砼更明显；而准静态力学性能测试及侵彻实验表明钢纤维的掺入对混凝土具有明显的阻裂效果,钢纤维能明显增强混凝土的抗侵彻性能,随钢纤维体积含量的增加,开坑直径显著减小,侵深随弹体着速增加也较缓慢。
With the underground targets lying deeper and deeper, the demand on the performance of projectile penetrating into concrete become more and more important. One of the most important method to increasing depth of penetration (DOP) is increase the projectiles impact velocity. This thesis is mainly focus on the response of projectiles within the impact velocity between 800 and 1200m/s, an evolutional process of projectiles mass loss and its effect on the penetration resistance were studied by experimental, theoretical and numerical method. Main contents in the paper were as follows:
1. A series of penetrating experiments into concrete target is carried out withφ25mm ballistic gun. With the method of sub caliber technology, the 67g,12mm projectile could be speed up to the velocity of 1.4km/s. The failure modes of projectiles at higher velocity phase were studied by reducing projectiles diameters and decreasing projectiles materials hardness values. The modes including mass loss, bending, flexuosity, fragmentation, molten state or plural. Further analyses showed projectiles failure was correlated with the load on cross section and the strength of projectiles material. Two kinds of projectiles 35CrMnSiA and T10A penetrating concrete targets were studied. The result showed that T10A projectiles which hardness was higher could resist abrasin but took tension failure and fragmentation due to its low toughness, and the 35CrMnSiA projectiles penetrate ability was more preferable than T10A projectiles'. The failure mode of 35CrMnSiA projectiles was mass loss within the velocity between 800 and 1200m/s, but the modes were bend and fracture except mass loss as the striking velocity increasd. Mass loss mostly occurred in the head but the phenomenon also occurred in the shell body. In the high velocity region the CRH (caliber-radius-head) had little effect on mass loss based on available penetration experimental data.
2. The penetration process with mass loss was analyzed.By using rigid projectile penetrating model, DOP computed values were bigger than experimental values and the computed values always increased with impact velocity. To deal with the shortage, abrasion model was built incluing three stages of cratering phase, mass loss penetration phase and remainder rigid projectile penetrate phase.The computed values show a good agreement with experimental values at both high and low velocities. When the mass loss is ignore the model came close to rigid projectile model. The computed results showed that projectiles mass loss was incidental head shape varied with mass loss was the staple. Furthermore, the influence was more obvious in high velocity phase than that in low. The shape of projectiles nose became blunt from ogive. In high velocity phase penetrate resistance curves appeared double-humped waves due to different nose shape effect on projectiles nose shape coefficient.
3. The numerical simulation of high velocity projectile penetrating into concrete target has been presented. Method of parameter sensitivity analyses was adopted to study the influence of Holmquist-Johnson-Cook (HJC) model parameters on results. The results showed that seven parameters ofρ, fc', T,μock, B, N and Pcrush had important effect on penetration results and the rest had little effect with given values by referring to classic literature. The plastic kinematic model 30CrMnSiA projcetiles penetrating C35 concrete targets with HJC model was also studied. The agreement between computed data and experimental data shows the two models could be applied to high velocity penetration analyses and the penetration process could be divided into cartering stage, projectiles nose shape factor transformation stage and rigid remainder projectiles stage. Furthermore, the velocity versus time travel curves of high velocity no longer had variation uniformity opposite low velocity, and penetrate resistance and decelerating curves became bimodal curves as a result of serious variation of projectiles head shapes in the high velocity penetration process.
4. Steel fiber enhancing concrete targets performance was studied. The enhancement was proved by rigid penetration model calculation and experimental verification. Especially anti-penetrate ability of high strength reactive powder concrete (RPC) targets was enhanced by steel fiber more evidently than that of low strength SFRC. The quasi-static mechanical property test and penetration experiment results showed that steel fibers could arrest crack propagation and strengthen concrete targets anti-penetration ability. In addition, with the icreasing of the steel fiber volume fraction, the carter diameter become smaller and the DOP increasd slowly with increasing impact velocity.
引文
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