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番荔枝内酯抗肝癌增殖及其机制研究
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摘要
研究目的
     原发性肝癌(primary liver carcinoma,PLC)是临床常见的恶性肿瘤,对人类健康危害极大。中医药作为综合治疗的重要组成部分,有一定的疗效和独特的优势,成为肝癌治疗的重要手段之一。运用分子生物学方法研究中医药防治肝癌,提高肝癌的临床疗效,一直是我国肝癌研究的重要课题。本课题从传统中医药理论出发,探讨解毒法在肝癌治疗中的运用和国内外在番荔枝抗肿瘤的研究方面取得的进展;实验研究进行番荔枝种子中内酯类化合物的提取和抗癌活性的筛选,并从体外评价其抗肝癌作用,在分子生物学水平初步阐明其抗肿瘤机制,为研制一种新型抗肿瘤药物提供客观依据和理论支持。
     研究方法
     采用文献调研和现代实验研究相结合的方法。
     1文献研究主要通过调研古今中外中医药文献,对毒邪的概念和解毒法在肝癌治疗中的应用进行阐释,对番荔枝植物及番荔枝内酯抗肿瘤的研究进展和应用前景进行综合分析。
     2实验研究
     2.1番荔枝内酯的提取
     对番荔枝种子的化学成分进行系统研究,通过乙醇冷浸、二氯甲烷萃取、反复硅胶柱层析、凝胶柱色谱、高效制备液相色谱及重结晶等方法得到番荔枝总内酯部位和番荔枝内酯类单体化合物。
     2.2番荔枝总内酯含药血清对人肝癌细胞株HepG2的体外抑制作用
     采用血清药理学方法模拟体内代谢过程,制备番荔枝总内酯提取物含药血清,采用MTT法研究番荔枝总内酯含药血清对人肝癌细胞株HepG2的体外抑制作用,并考察其量效和时效关系。
     2.3番荔枝内酯类单体化合物的筛选
     采用MTT法,观察3个番荔枝内酯类单体化合物对体外培养人肝癌细胞株HepG2的抑制作用,并考察其量效和时效关系,筛选出对HepG2抑制作用强的单体化合物。
     2.4番荔枝内酯类单体化合物体外抑制人肝癌细胞株HepG2增殖和诱导凋亡的研究
     ①倒置相差显微镜观察细胞形态的变化。
     ②透射电子显微镜(TEM)观察细胞超微结构的变化,观察是否出现凋亡小体、核染色质固缩、边集等现象。
     ③流式细胞仪观察有无凋亡峰出现,检测细胞凋亡率,并进行细胞周期分析。
     从以上三种方法来确定番荔枝内酯类单体化合物是否能通过诱导细胞凋亡的方式来抗肝癌增殖。
     2.5番荔枝内酯诱导人肝癌细胞株HepG2分化的研究
     荧光倒置生物显微镜观察细胞形态的变化,Image-Pro Plus图像分析软件进行图像分析,所得细胞的核质比例数据用SPSS统计软件进行处理,通过对药物处理后细胞核质比的分析探讨番荔枝内酯是否具有诱导细胞分化的作用。
     2.6番荔枝内酯类单体化合物体外抗肝癌增殖的机制研究
     Western blot法检测番荔枝内酯类化合物对人肝癌细胞株HepG2 Ras-MAPK信号传导通路中与细胞增殖相关的信号蛋白p-ERK和ERK的影响,并对免疫条带进行灰度扫描,凝胶成像分析软件分析条带的显色面积和积分光密度值(IOD)。
     研究结果
     1郁热、瘀血、痰浊等均可郁结化毒导致肝癌的发生,清热解毒法、祛湿解毒法、化痰解毒法、祛瘀解毒法、增效解毒法是肝癌的重要治疗方法。
     2从番荔枝种子乙醇提取物的二氯甲烷部分分离得到番荔枝总内酯部位,从番荔枝种子乙醇提取物的乙酸乙酯部分分得7个化合物,并根据理化常数和波谱学数据鉴定了结构,其中番荔枝内酯3个,分别为cherimolin-1(AS-3),desacetyluvaricin(AS-4),cherimolin-2(AS-5)。
     2不同剂量组的番荔枝总内酯含药血清对HepG2细胞的生长均具有一定的抑制作用,总内酯低、高剂量组含药血清的抑制率与药物浓度和作用时间成正比例关系,高剂量组作用72h时抑制率最高,达到54.16%。
     3从3个番荔枝内酯类单体化合物中筛选出对体外培养的人肝癌细胞株HepG2生长抑制作用最强的单体为AS-4,其48小时IC50为23.79μg/ml。在倒置相差显微镜、透射电子显微镜观察到细胞凋亡的特征性形态改变,如细胞体积缩小,胞浆中颗粒增多,细胞周围碎片增多,细胞发生皱缩、起泡,核质浓缩,发生碎裂,形成凋亡小体等。流式细胞仪分析提示,AS-4能诱导肝癌细胞凋亡,在DNA直方图上可见到亚二倍体峰的出现,50μg/ml AS-4处理36h后,凋亡率为24.22%,并使S期的细胞减少约15.22%。
     4番荔枝总内酯高剂量组含药血清与番荔枝内酯类单体化合物AS-4对HepG2细胞的核质比均有显著影响,并呈一定的时间依赖性。随着作用时间的延长,细胞的核质比例逐渐降低。
     5 Western blot检测结果发现:经AS-4作用36小时后,HepG2细胞中ERK和p-ERK蛋白的表达明显下降,并且免疫印迹条带的发光强度与药物浓度成反比例关系。
     研究结论
     1毒是肝癌发生发展的重要病理因素,解毒法是临床有效治疗肝癌的重要法则。
     2番荔枝总内酯和内酯类单体化合物在体外对人肝癌细胞株HepG2均具有较强的抗肿瘤活性,AS-4能显著抑制HepG2细胞的增殖并诱导其发生凋亡和分化。
     3 AS-4抑制肿瘤细胞增殖的机制与其降低细胞中ERK和p-ERK蛋白的表达、阻断Ras-MAPK信号转导通路有关。
Objective:
     Primary liver carcinoma (PLC) is a frequent malignant tumor doing great harm tohuman's health. TCM treatment with its particular effect is still an important part ofintegrate therapy of PLC. It is a hot research topic to find effective anticancer componentand extract from natural products by molecular biologic method. This topic should be basedon the theoty of TCM, to study the application of the therapy of eliminating pathogenicfactors on PLC and the the study evolution on the anticancer function of Annona squamosaL. To select the most active anticancer lactones compound from the seeds of Annonasquamosa L. and evaluate its anticancer action through experiments in vitro. The study is toestablish a fundamental base for putting annonaceous acetogenins into a new anticancerdrug by disclosing its anticancer mechanism in molecular biologic method.
     Methods:
     Both of the literature and experimental research were studied.
     1 The literature study included summarizing the understanding of ancient and modernliterature of TCM, to explain the concept of toxin and application of the therapy ofeliminating pathogenic factors on PLC, to analyze the study evolution and applicationoutlook on the anticancer function ofAnnona squamosa L. and annonaceous acetogenins.
     2 Experimental study
     2.1 Abstraction of annonaceous acetogenins
     To study and research the chemical composition of the Annona squamosa L. seeds to getoverall lactones extractive at the dichlormethane site and monomer by alcohol steeping,dichlormethane extracting, silica gel and column chromatography repeatedly, highperformance liquid chromatography, etc.
     2.2 Depressant effect of serum with medicine of overall lactones extractive at thedichlormethane site on the human hepatocarcinoma cell line HepG2 in vitro.
     By serum pharmacological method to PrePare the serum with medicine of overall lactones extractive on the dichlormethane site, to observe the inhibitory action of the serum withmedicine on the human hepatocarcinoma cell line HepG2 by MTT assay and find out thecorrelation of dosage-effect and time-effect.
     2.3 Selection of monomer
     To observe the inhibitory action of 3 lactone compounds on the human hepatocarcinomacell line HepG2 by MTT assay and find out the correlation of dosage-effect and time-effect.
     2.4 Anticancer mechanism
     ①Inverted phase-contrast microscope was used to observe the morphological changes ofcells.
     ②Transmission electron microscope was used to observe the change of theultramicrostructure of the cells, e.g., apoptotic bodies, nuclear condensation, collapse, etc.
     ③FCM(flow cytometer) was used to observe the apoptotic peak and analyze the cellularcycle and calculate the apoptotic rate.
     ④Inverted biological microscop was used to observe the change of theultramicrostructure of the cells, N/C ratio of cells was processed by Image-Pro Plus andSPSS software.
     ⑤Western blot was used to test the ERK and p-ERK, scanner was used to scan the straps,to analyze the coloration areas and integral optical density value (IOD) by software.
     Results:
     1 The stagnation of phlegm-turbid, blood-stasis and heat accumulation could change totoxin and lead to PLC. There are heat-clearing and toxin-resolving, phlegm-resolving andtoxin-resolving, blood-stasis-removing and toxin-resolving, synergia and toxin-resolving,which are important healing methods on PLC.
     2 From the alcohol extract of Annona squamosa L., overall lactones extractive at thedichlormethane site was separated, from the ethanolic extract of Annona squamosa L.,seven compounds were separated by column chromatography on silica gel, SephadexLH-20, recrystallization and PREP HPLC, which were identified by the means of IR,~1H-NMR, ~(13)C-NMR, MS. Among the total cherimolin-1 (AS-3), desacetyluvaricin (AS-4)and cherimolin-2 (AS-5) are annonaceous acetogenins monomers.
     3 Different treatment of serum with medicine of overall lactones extractive at thedichlormethane site had the depressant effect on the human hepatocarcinoma cell lineHepG2. Among 3 treatments, the depressant effect was concentration and time dependent essentially. The highest inhibitory rate of high dose was 54.16%.
     4 Among 3 lactone compounds, AS-4 had the best depressant effect, and IC_(50) was23.79μg/ml of 48h drug action on HepG2 cell line. After treated by AS-4, HepG2 cellswere found typical morphological changes through inverted phase-contrast andtransmission electron microscope: cellular volume decreases, membrane crinkles, nucleuscondenses, collapses, apoptotic bodies came, etc. Typical sub-diploid peaks were found byFCM analysis at different dosage groups. Apoptotic rate was 24.22%after treated by50μg/ml AS-4 for 36h, and it made cells of synthesis phase to decrease 15.22%.
     5 High dose serum with medicine of annonaceous acetogenins and AS-4 had thesignificant effect on N/C ratio of cells, and had the time dependence. To follow theextension of action time, the N/C ratio was gradually degraded.
     6 Western blot showed that ERK and p-ERK were inhibited after treated by AS-4 for 36h,and the luminous intensity of straps was concentration-dependent.
     Conclusion:
     1 Toxin is the key to induce the occurrence and development of PLC, the therapy ofeliminating pathogenic factors is an important healing theorem on PLC. The therapy ofremoving toxic substance can increase the clinical curative effect.
     2 The overall extractive at the dichlormethane site and lactone compound AS-4 from theseeds of Annona squamosa L. have anticancer activity on HepG2 cell line. AS-4 have thebest depressant effect on the human hepatocarcinoma cell line HepG2, and it can induce theapoptosis and differentiation on HepG2 cell line.
     3 The mechanism of AS-4's inhibiting proliferation on HepG2 is related todownregulating the proteinum expression of ERK and p-ERK, blocking the Ras-MAPKsignal transduction pathway.
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