西藏高海拔地区台站生态化建设研究
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摘要
结合成都某部“雪域兵心工程”的科研目标和目前西藏高海拔地区台站生态化建设所面临的紧迫性课题,拟着重研究解决我国西藏高海拔地区台站生态化建设需求与现有的生态化理论和技术之间的对接问题。以西藏高海拔地区的导航台、雷达站、通信站等营区的生态化建设为研究对象,采用资料搜集、实地调研、现场测试、计算机模拟、理论体系构建、实例检验等方法,对西藏高海拔地区台站的建筑环境、太阳能利用、生态化建设技术策略以及生态化建设评价等问题进行了深入系统的研究。完成的主要工作和取得的主要成果如下：
首先,在相同的舒适室内热环境条件下,通过对移居人群在西藏高海拔地区(5300m)和中海拔地区(3550m)的单因素工效对比实验研究表明,打字正确率有显著性差异,样本工效受海拔高度因素的影响显著。
对海拔5000米的西藏高海拔、低气压地区的建筑室内热环境和人体热舒适性特征的现场研究发现,该地区自然通风条件下被动式太阳房内人体热感觉(TS)中性温度为：19.42℃(ta；IcI=1.0clo),并得出了高海拔台站室内热舒适温度的范围：14.25～24.60℃(ta；Icl=1.0clo),完全不同于以往的相似研究的结果,且符合TSV=0.0966tα-1.6452线性变化规律。对高海拔地区既有建筑室内热环境和热工性能进行了现场测试,发现高海拔地区室内热环境的首要特征是空气湿度相对于公认标准(ISO7730)明显偏低。现场测试了外围护结构传热系数等基本热工特征参数,发现高海拔地区墙体传热系数与室外空气相对湿度存在相关关系：K=5×10-6φ4-O.0009φ3+0.0593φ8-1.6327φ+16.795。通过对现有建筑的热工性能测试结果、太阳辐射强度的实地观测结果以及人体热舒适温度处于更宽范围的现场研究成果的分析,认为西藏高海拔地区利用太阳能供暖是可行的。
通过对西藏高海拔地区台站建筑的环境调查和监测,获得了台站环境影响评价的第一手基础数据,包括台站生活垃圾的人均日产生量(1.257kg/人.d)和组分以及台站人均日用水量(26.0L/人.d)、人均污水排放量和环境噪声等数据,并据此定量分析了台站对周围生态环境的影响程度。在对高海拔地区自然环境现场调研,台站建筑环境现状测试以及当地可再生能源——太阳能被动利用研究经验进行分析的基础上,指出了高海拔地区台站建筑的发展方向——生态建筑。构建了以太阳能被动利用为基础的高海拔地区台站生态化建设的技术策略体系。
通过对现有的绿色建筑/生态建筑评价系统的分析,指出现有的绿色建筑/生态建筑评价系统不能简单化地用于高海拔地区台站生态化建设的评价。建立了高海拔地区台站生态化建设指标体系和评价数学模型。通过对实例评价的分析,结果显示这种评价方法对高海拔地区台站生态化建设的评价更为准确,解决了通常评价方法中存在的“主观赋权”问题对评价结果的影响。
以上研究表明,在西藏高海拔地区,采取以太阳能被动利用技术为基础的生态化技术进行生态化台站建设是必要而可行的。同时,利用生态化技术解决西藏高海拔地区台站面临的诸多生态环境问题,对保障驻站人员身心健康,提高工作效率,保护西藏高海拔地区特有的生态系统都具有重要的理论意义和实用价值。
本研究为西藏高海拔地区台站生态化建设的规划、设计、施工以及评价提供了理论依据和实用技术。同时,也为该地区的其他建筑的生态化建设提供了有益借鉴,有助于推动生态建筑和环境保护理论的深入研究与进一步发展。
To both achieve the goal of Projects in Soldiers'Interest in Snowy Fields and solve the urgent issues which high-altitude stations in Tibet are facing in ecological construction, we focused mainly on coupling the demands in the ecological construction of high-altitude stations of Tibet with the current ecological theory and technology. We studied the ecological construction of navigation, radar, and communications stations in high-altitude areas of Tibet by means of documentary materials collection, field research, field testing, computer simulation, theoretical system construction, and case study, covering multiple aspects including building environment, solar energy utilization, ecological construction technology strategies, and evaluation method of the ecological construction. Main work completed and the results achieved are as follows.
First of all, the experimental study on ergonomics of staff under the conditions of comfortable indoor thermal environment was conducted at a high altitude of5300m and a medium altitude of3550m, by comparing the effect of altitude on typing correct rate. The results show a significant difference.
A field study on human thermal comfort of relocated was conducted in high-altitude low-pressure areas, in naturally ventilated passive solar houses located at nearly5000m. The thermal-neutral indoor-air temperature calculated by thermal sensation votes (TSV) was19.42℃(Icl=1.0clo); and the thermal-comfort indoor-air temperature ranged from14.25℃to24.60℃(Icl=1.0clo), which is quite different from that observed in other similar thermal comfort studies. The regression equation is:TSV-0.0966Tα-1.6452. A field testing study on indoor thermal environment and thermal engineering performance of existing buildings was carried out in high altitude areas. It was found that the most important characteristic of indoor thermal environment in high altitude areas was air humidity remarkably low relative to the recognized standard (ISO7730). Field test of exterior wall heat transfer coefficient and other basic parameters had been completed in high altitude areas. The relationship between the exterior wall heat transfer coefficient and outdoor humidity was as follows: K=5×10-6φ4-0.0009φ3+0.0593φ2-1.6327φ+16.795. Based on the test results of the thermal performance of existing buildings, the intensity of solar radiation, and the field study outcome of body thermal-comfort temperature in a wide range, we concluded that solar energy heating is applicable in the high altitude areas in Tibet.
Environmental monitoring of station buildings in high altitude areas of Tibet was carried out. The first-hand data of environmental impact assessment were obtained, which included the volume and the composition of domestic solid waste of station buildings and the per capita daily water consumption, waste water per capita, and environmental noise. The solid waste per capita output was1.257kg/d, and daily water consumption of a person was 26.0L/d. By the analysis of the data, the impact on the surrounding environment was quantitatively assessed. After a field survey of the natural environment in high-altitude areas, tests of the station building environmental factors, and research on the passive utilization of local renewable energy--solar energy, we proposed that ecological buildings should be the development trend of the station buildings in high altitude areas, and we also developed a technological strategic system for ecological buildings in high altitude areas based on the passive utilization of solar energy.
The existing green/ecological building evaluation systems can not be directly applied to the evaluation of ecological construction of stations in high altitude areas. We modified the evaluation index selection and established an evaluation mathematics model for the ecological construction of stations in high altitude areas of Tibet. The case study results indicated that this evaluation method can be more accurate applied to the ecological construction of stations in a high altitude area, with the subjective weighting that affects the accuracy of current evaluation methods effectively solved.
The above studies showed that adopting a passive utilization of solar energy technology as the basis of the eco-technology for construction of ecological stations is necessary and feasible in a high altitude area of Tibet. At the same time, the use of eco-technology solutions to many ecological and environmental problems which the stations construction is facing in a high altitude area of Tibet is of great theoretical and practical values in the protection of physical and mental health of personnel in the stations, improving work efficiency, protecting unique ecosystem in the high altitude areas of Tibet.
These studies provide the theoretical foundation and practical technology for the ecological stations design, implementation and evaluation in a high altitude area of Tibet. Meanwhile, they provide useful references for that the ecological construction of other buildings in this areas, promote the theory of ecological construction and environmental protection in depth research and further development.
首先,在相同的舒适室内热环境条件下,通过对移居人群在西藏高海拔地区(5300m)和中海拔地区(3550m)的单因素工效对比实验研究表明,打字正确率有显著性差异,样本工效受海拔高度因素的影响显著。
对海拔5000米的西藏高海拔、低气压地区的建筑室内热环境和人体热舒适性特征的现场研究发现,该地区自然通风条件下被动式太阳房内人体热感觉(TS)中性温度为：19.42℃(ta；IcI=1.0clo),并得出了高海拔台站室内热舒适温度的范围：14.25～24.60℃(ta；Icl=1.0clo),完全不同于以往的相似研究的结果,且符合TSV=0.0966tα-1.6452线性变化规律。对高海拔地区既有建筑室内热环境和热工性能进行了现场测试,发现高海拔地区室内热环境的首要特征是空气湿度相对于公认标准(ISO7730)明显偏低。现场测试了外围护结构传热系数等基本热工特征参数,发现高海拔地区墙体传热系数与室外空气相对湿度存在相关关系：K=5×10-6φ4-O.0009φ3+0.0593φ8-1.6327φ+16.795。通过对现有建筑的热工性能测试结果、太阳辐射强度的实地观测结果以及人体热舒适温度处于更宽范围的现场研究成果的分析,认为西藏高海拔地区利用太阳能供暖是可行的。
通过对西藏高海拔地区台站建筑的环境调查和监测,获得了台站环境影响评价的第一手基础数据,包括台站生活垃圾的人均日产生量(1.257kg/人.d)和组分以及台站人均日用水量(26.0L/人.d)、人均污水排放量和环境噪声等数据,并据此定量分析了台站对周围生态环境的影响程度。在对高海拔地区自然环境现场调研,台站建筑环境现状测试以及当地可再生能源——太阳能被动利用研究经验进行分析的基础上,指出了高海拔地区台站建筑的发展方向——生态建筑。构建了以太阳能被动利用为基础的高海拔地区台站生态化建设的技术策略体系。
通过对现有的绿色建筑/生态建筑评价系统的分析,指出现有的绿色建筑/生态建筑评价系统不能简单化地用于高海拔地区台站生态化建设的评价。建立了高海拔地区台站生态化建设指标体系和评价数学模型。通过对实例评价的分析,结果显示这种评价方法对高海拔地区台站生态化建设的评价更为准确,解决了通常评价方法中存在的“主观赋权”问题对评价结果的影响。
以上研究表明,在西藏高海拔地区,采取以太阳能被动利用技术为基础的生态化技术进行生态化台站建设是必要而可行的。同时,利用生态化技术解决西藏高海拔地区台站面临的诸多生态环境问题,对保障驻站人员身心健康,提高工作效率,保护西藏高海拔地区特有的生态系统都具有重要的理论意义和实用价值。
本研究为西藏高海拔地区台站生态化建设的规划、设计、施工以及评价提供了理论依据和实用技术。同时,也为该地区的其他建筑的生态化建设提供了有益借鉴,有助于推动生态建筑和环境保护理论的深入研究与进一步发展。
To both achieve the goal of Projects in Soldiers'Interest in Snowy Fields and solve the urgent issues which high-altitude stations in Tibet are facing in ecological construction, we focused mainly on coupling the demands in the ecological construction of high-altitude stations of Tibet with the current ecological theory and technology. We studied the ecological construction of navigation, radar, and communications stations in high-altitude areas of Tibet by means of documentary materials collection, field research, field testing, computer simulation, theoretical system construction, and case study, covering multiple aspects including building environment, solar energy utilization, ecological construction technology strategies, and evaluation method of the ecological construction. Main work completed and the results achieved are as follows.
First of all, the experimental study on ergonomics of staff under the conditions of comfortable indoor thermal environment was conducted at a high altitude of5300m and a medium altitude of3550m, by comparing the effect of altitude on typing correct rate. The results show a significant difference.
A field study on human thermal comfort of relocated was conducted in high-altitude low-pressure areas, in naturally ventilated passive solar houses located at nearly5000m. The thermal-neutral indoor-air temperature calculated by thermal sensation votes (TSV) was19.42℃(Icl=1.0clo); and the thermal-comfort indoor-air temperature ranged from14.25℃to24.60℃(Icl=1.0clo), which is quite different from that observed in other similar thermal comfort studies. The regression equation is:TSV-0.0966Tα-1.6452. A field testing study on indoor thermal environment and thermal engineering performance of existing buildings was carried out in high altitude areas. It was found that the most important characteristic of indoor thermal environment in high altitude areas was air humidity remarkably low relative to the recognized standard (ISO7730). Field test of exterior wall heat transfer coefficient and other basic parameters had been completed in high altitude areas. The relationship between the exterior wall heat transfer coefficient and outdoor humidity was as follows: K=5×10-6φ4-0.0009φ3+0.0593φ2-1.6327φ+16.795. Based on the test results of the thermal performance of existing buildings, the intensity of solar radiation, and the field study outcome of body thermal-comfort temperature in a wide range, we concluded that solar energy heating is applicable in the high altitude areas in Tibet.
Environmental monitoring of station buildings in high altitude areas of Tibet was carried out. The first-hand data of environmental impact assessment were obtained, which included the volume and the composition of domestic solid waste of station buildings and the per capita daily water consumption, waste water per capita, and environmental noise. The solid waste per capita output was1.257kg/d, and daily water consumption of a person was 26.0L/d. By the analysis of the data, the impact on the surrounding environment was quantitatively assessed. After a field survey of the natural environment in high-altitude areas, tests of the station building environmental factors, and research on the passive utilization of local renewable energy--solar energy, we proposed that ecological buildings should be the development trend of the station buildings in high altitude areas, and we also developed a technological strategic system for ecological buildings in high altitude areas based on the passive utilization of solar energy.
The existing green/ecological building evaluation systems can not be directly applied to the evaluation of ecological construction of stations in high altitude areas. We modified the evaluation index selection and established an evaluation mathematics model for the ecological construction of stations in high altitude areas of Tibet. The case study results indicated that this evaluation method can be more accurate applied to the ecological construction of stations in a high altitude area, with the subjective weighting that affects the accuracy of current evaluation methods effectively solved.
The above studies showed that adopting a passive utilization of solar energy technology as the basis of the eco-technology for construction of ecological stations is necessary and feasible in a high altitude area of Tibet. At the same time, the use of eco-technology solutions to many ecological and environmental problems which the stations construction is facing in a high altitude area of Tibet is of great theoretical and practical values in the protection of physical and mental health of personnel in the stations, improving work efficiency, protecting unique ecosystem in the high altitude areas of Tibet.
These studies provide the theoretical foundation and practical technology for the ecological stations design, implementation and evaluation in a high altitude area of Tibet. Meanwhile, they provide useful references for that the ecological construction of other buildings in this areas, promote the theory of ecological construction and environmental protection in depth research and further development.
引文
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