人工关节材料摩擦学性能评价技术研究
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摘要
进入21世纪,人类已进入了高龄化社会,患有关节疾病的人数增多,对人工关节的需求相应的日趋高涨,因此人工关节得到了广泛使用,为许多患者减轻了痛苦,提高了他们的生活质量。但在实际应用中,人工关节的摩擦和磨损腐蚀问题一直影响其植入关节的使用寿命。这些问题的研究可以通过在模拟试验机上进行实验来完成,因此发展适合的模拟试验机就将成为本文研究的关键。模拟实验机不仅要能够模拟真实天然关节的运动形态和运动性能,还应能用于人工关节的生物力学及相关材料的摩擦磨损性能的研究。
本文自行研制了温度可控的球盘式摩擦试验机和人工关节模拟试验机,这两种试验机可以分别评价关节材料的摩擦和磨损腐蚀特性。球盘式摩擦试验机可用于研究关节材料的摩擦性能,该试验机性能稳定,可同时实时采集并显示摩擦系数的变化,通过比较,可以筛选出摩擦系数小的摩擦材料配副。结合仿真分析设计开发了人工关节模拟试验机,该试验机不仅可以近似模拟关节之间的相对运动,而且可在线采集材料配副之间的电极电位,籍此研究材料的腐蚀磨损性能。
在球盘式摩擦试验机上针对生理盐水介质的实验表明,陶瓷与金属配副的摩擦系数比金属与金属配副的摩擦系数小,表现出良好的抗摩擦性能,并通过比较筛选出了摩擦系数小的氮化硅/镍钛合金材料,可以用来作为以后研究人员挑选关节材料配副之一。在人工关节模拟试验机的仿真与实验结果均表明,球与球窝接触点轨迹是封闭的球面曲线,可近似模拟关节之间的相对运动;应用生物机能测量仪测量数据表明,不锈钢球窝在盐水中的电位波动比不锈钢球在盐水中的电位波动大。筛选摩擦副时,可以选择不锈钢球和非金属材料球窝进行配副,减少腐蚀磨损。
In 21st century, mankind has entered the senile society. The number of people with arthropathy grows increasingly. Correspondingly, the demand of artificial joint becomes high day by day. Therefore artificial joints have been used extensively. A lot of patients have alleviated their pain, and raised their life quality. In actual application, however, corrosion wear problem and the friction of artificial joint always influence the service life of embeded joint. The study of these problems must be performed through simulated tests, therefore developing the imitating test machine becomes crucial. The purpose of simulated test machine is not only to reveal the motion in form and the kinetic performance of true natural joint, but also to enable the study of the biological mechanics of artificial joint as well as the tribological characteristics of related materials.
In this paper, two kinds of machines of imitating test have been developed: the ball/disc friction testing machines and the artificial joint machines of imitating test. The corrosion wear property and the friction of joint material have been studied on these testing machines. The friction performance of material is studied on the ball friction testing machine, and the testing machine performance is stable. It can gather and show the change of friction coefficient at the same time. On this testing machine, the friction performance of joint materials has been studied under various conditions of operating conditions, and the candidate joint material pairs with lowest friction can be sorted out. Through simulation analysis, the artificial joint imitating tester was developed, on which the relative motion behavior between the ball and socket as well as the the degree of the corrosion-wear can be studied by the electrode potential of the rubbing pairs relative to a Pt reference electrode.
The experiment in the medium of physiological saline was done on the ball/disc friction testing machine. The result shows that the friction coefficient of cermic/metal pair is smaller than that of metal/metal pair, i.e., cermic/metal pair shows good anti-friction performance. By comparison, silicon nitride/nickel-titanium alloy pair with minimum friction coefficient was selected as candidate artificial joint/socket pair. The results of experiment and simulation analysis of the artificial joint imitating machine show that the locus of ball - socket contact is a close spherical curve, imitating the relative motion between joint and socket. The result on the biological function measuring instrument shows that the potential of the socket of stainless steel in salt solution has bigger fluctuation than the potential of the ball of stainless steel in salt solution for metal/cetamic pair. So we may select the ball of stainless steel to couple with non-metal material socket in order to reduce corrosion-wear.
本文自行研制了温度可控的球盘式摩擦试验机和人工关节模拟试验机,这两种试验机可以分别评价关节材料的摩擦和磨损腐蚀特性。球盘式摩擦试验机可用于研究关节材料的摩擦性能,该试验机性能稳定,可同时实时采集并显示摩擦系数的变化,通过比较,可以筛选出摩擦系数小的摩擦材料配副。结合仿真分析设计开发了人工关节模拟试验机,该试验机不仅可以近似模拟关节之间的相对运动,而且可在线采集材料配副之间的电极电位,籍此研究材料的腐蚀磨损性能。
在球盘式摩擦试验机上针对生理盐水介质的实验表明,陶瓷与金属配副的摩擦系数比金属与金属配副的摩擦系数小,表现出良好的抗摩擦性能,并通过比较筛选出了摩擦系数小的氮化硅/镍钛合金材料,可以用来作为以后研究人员挑选关节材料配副之一。在人工关节模拟试验机的仿真与实验结果均表明,球与球窝接触点轨迹是封闭的球面曲线,可近似模拟关节之间的相对运动;应用生物机能测量仪测量数据表明,不锈钢球窝在盐水中的电位波动比不锈钢球在盐水中的电位波动大。筛选摩擦副时,可以选择不锈钢球和非金属材料球窝进行配副,减少腐蚀磨损。
In 21st century, mankind has entered the senile society. The number of people with arthropathy grows increasingly. Correspondingly, the demand of artificial joint becomes high day by day. Therefore artificial joints have been used extensively. A lot of patients have alleviated their pain, and raised their life quality. In actual application, however, corrosion wear problem and the friction of artificial joint always influence the service life of embeded joint. The study of these problems must be performed through simulated tests, therefore developing the imitating test machine becomes crucial. The purpose of simulated test machine is not only to reveal the motion in form and the kinetic performance of true natural joint, but also to enable the study of the biological mechanics of artificial joint as well as the tribological characteristics of related materials.
In this paper, two kinds of machines of imitating test have been developed: the ball/disc friction testing machines and the artificial joint machines of imitating test. The corrosion wear property and the friction of joint material have been studied on these testing machines. The friction performance of material is studied on the ball friction testing machine, and the testing machine performance is stable. It can gather and show the change of friction coefficient at the same time. On this testing machine, the friction performance of joint materials has been studied under various conditions of operating conditions, and the candidate joint material pairs with lowest friction can be sorted out. Through simulation analysis, the artificial joint imitating tester was developed, on which the relative motion behavior between the ball and socket as well as the the degree of the corrosion-wear can be studied by the electrode potential of the rubbing pairs relative to a Pt reference electrode.
The experiment in the medium of physiological saline was done on the ball/disc friction testing machine. The result shows that the friction coefficient of cermic/metal pair is smaller than that of metal/metal pair, i.e., cermic/metal pair shows good anti-friction performance. By comparison, silicon nitride/nickel-titanium alloy pair with minimum friction coefficient was selected as candidate artificial joint/socket pair. The results of experiment and simulation analysis of the artificial joint imitating machine show that the locus of ball - socket contact is a close spherical curve, imitating the relative motion between joint and socket. The result on the biological function measuring instrument shows that the potential of the socket of stainless steel in salt solution has bigger fluctuation than the potential of the ball of stainless steel in salt solution for metal/cetamic pair. So we may select the ball of stainless steel to couple with non-metal material socket in order to reduce corrosion-wear.
引文
1葛世荣,熊党生,王纪湘.人工关节的摩擦学问题及其研究现状[J].生物摩擦学与人工关节学术研讨会论文集.上海, 2000:27~30
2刘亚平等.科技前沿与学术评论. 2000, 22:47
3 Charnley, J. Arthtoplasty of the hip.A new operation.Lancet. 1961,1:1129~1132
4 Pariente.J.L, etal. The Biocompatibility of Cathelers and Stents used on Urology[J]. Prog Urol .Apr. 1994, 8(2):181
5郭治天,熊党生,葛世荣.表面粗糙度对超高分子量聚乙烯的生物摩擦学特性的影响[J].生物摩擦学与人工关节学术研讨会论文集.上海, 2000:31~34
6张亚平,高家成,王勇.人工关节材料的研究与进展[J].世界科技研究与发展, 22(1):47~50
7 Torregrosa.F, Barralier.L, Roux.L. Phase analysis,microhardness and tribological behaviour of Ti-6Al-4V after ion implantation of nitrogen in connection with its application for hip~joint prosthesis[J]. Thin Solid Films,v 266, n 2, Oct 1, 2002:245~253
8 Jacobs, Joshua.J, Skipor, etal. 3-year prospective study of serum titanium levels in patients with primary total hip replacements[J]. ASTM Special Technical Publication, n 1272, May, 1996:400~408
9蒋书文,尹光福,郑昌琼等.类金刚石碳膜/Ti6Al4V钛合金梯度材料的生物摩擦学性能研究[J].航天医学与医学工程, 2001, 14(4):282~285
10李肇建等.硅胶人工指关节的远期疗效分析.中华骨科杂志, 1989, 9(I):39
11熊党生.离子注入超高分子量聚乙烯的摩擦磨损性能研究.摩擦学学报,2004,3(24):244~247
12杨敏,郑昌琼,冉均国等. UHMWPE与基态-TiN-TiC系梯度薄膜材料对磨的生物摩擦磨损特性[J].生物医学工程学杂志, 2002, 17(1):1~4
13王昌祥,郑昌琼,周馨等. UHMWPE~SiAION陶瓷摩擦副的生物摩擦学特性及机理的研究[J].功能材料, 1999, 30(3):332-333
14熊党生,张彦华,徐嘉东.氮离子注人超高分子量聚乙烯的生物摩擦学性能.中国生物医学工程学报, 2003, 20 (4):380-383
15王步康,董光能,张金换.超高分子量聚乙烯材料的边界润滑特性研究.润滑与密封, 2005, 4(170):4~5
16 D.Dowson, N.C.Wallbridge. Laboratory wear tests and clinical observations of the penetration of femoral heads into acetabular cups in total replacement hip joints I:Charnley prostheses with polytetrafluoroethylene acetabular cups[J]. Wear, 1985, 104:203~215
17 J.R.Atkinson, D.Dowson, J.H.Isaac, etal. Laboratory wear tests and clinical observationsof the penetration of femoral heads into acetabular cups in total replacement hip joints III:The measurement of internal volume changes in explanted charnley sockets after 2~16 years in VIVO and the determination of wear factors[J]. Wear, 1985, 104:225~244
18 J.R.Atkinson, D.Dowson, G.H.Isaac, etal. Laboratory wear tests and clinical observations of the penetration of femoral heads into acetabular cups in total replacement hip joints II:Amicroscopical study of the surfaces of charnley polyethylene acetabular sockets [J]. Wear, 1985, 104:217~224
19 Nonaka Kataunobu, Maruyama Osamu, Yamanc Takasi, et al.Improvement of anti-wear function of pivot bearing for centrifugal blood pump ( part 1)-wear mechanisms in spinning motion.Toraibarojisuto/Journal of Japanese Society of Tribologists, 2003, 48(5):394~401
20 Boutin.P. Arthroplastic de la Hanche par Prothese en Alumine Fritee. Etude Experiment et Premieres Applications Cliniques[J]. Rev Chir Orthop, 2002, 58:229~246
21 Oonishi Hironobu, Takayaka Yu, Clarke Ian C,etal. Comparative Wear Studies of
28~mm Ceramic and Stainless Steel Total Hip Joints over 2 to 7 Year Period[J]. Journal of Long~Term Effects of Medical Implants, 2003, 2(1):37~47
22 Cales Bernard, Chevalier Jerome.Wear Behavior of Ceramic Pairs Compared on Different testing Configuration[J]. ASTM Special Technical Publication, 1997, 1346(11~12):186~196
23 Kusaka Jun, Takashima Kazuto, Yamane Daisuke, etal. Fundamental Study of All-Ceramic Artificial Hip Joint[J]. Wear, 2002, 225(II):734~742
24 Tipper.J.L, Firkins.P.J,Besong.A.A, etal. Characterisation of Wear Debris From UHMWPE on Zirconia Ceramic, Metal-on-metal And Alumina Ceramic~on~ceramic Hip Prostheses Generated in a Physiological Anatomical Hip Joint Simulator[J]. Wear, 2003, 250~251(part 1):120~128
25董利民,王晨,田杰谟.氧化锆陶瓷股骨头材料的耐磨性研究[J].生物摩擦学与人工关节学术研讨会论文集.上海, 2000:48~50
26王友,戴克绒.人工髋关节假体的磨损及其影响因素[J].中华外科杂志, 1998, 36(7):436~438
27尹庆水,钟世镇.珊瑚羟基磷灰石人工骨的研究进展.中华骨科杂志, 1997, 17(6):396~398
28曹永平,严尚诚,鞠卫东.羟基磷灰石涂层人工髋关节.中华骨科杂志, 1997, 17(3):194~197
29曹永平,严尚诚.羟基磷灰石涂层人工股骨柄的实验研究.中华骨科杂志, 1997, 17(3):155-159
30严尚诚,袁毓,徐本明.羟基磷灰石涂层人工股骨柄的临床应用.中华骨科杂志, 1997, 17(3):167~170
31李世普,陈晓明.生物陶瓷.武汉工业大学出版社, 1989
32陈兰田,江昆元,刘培桐.碳质关节材料的应用研究仍应受到重视.中华骨科杂志, 1995, 15(4):246~248
33夏春,闵坤山,刘春选.对碳质人工关节的刍议.中华骨科杂志, 1995, 1 5(4):248～249
34 Mckellop HA, Campell P, Amstutz HC, Sarmiento A. The origin of submicron polyethylene wear debris in total hip arthroplasty[J]. Clin Orthop 2002, 311:3~20
35 Saikko, V.A multidirectional motion pin~on~disk wear test method for prosthetic joint materials[J]. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 2003, 41:58~64
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2刘亚平等.科技前沿与学术评论. 2000, 22:47
3 Charnley, J. Arthtoplasty of the hip.A new operation.Lancet. 1961,1:1129~1132
4 Pariente.J.L, etal. The Biocompatibility of Cathelers and Stents used on Urology[J]. Prog Urol .Apr. 1994, 8(2):181
5郭治天,熊党生,葛世荣.表面粗糙度对超高分子量聚乙烯的生物摩擦学特性的影响[J].生物摩擦学与人工关节学术研讨会论文集.上海, 2000:31~34
6张亚平,高家成,王勇.人工关节材料的研究与进展[J].世界科技研究与发展, 22(1):47~50
7 Torregrosa.F, Barralier.L, Roux.L. Phase analysis,microhardness and tribological behaviour of Ti-6Al-4V after ion implantation of nitrogen in connection with its application for hip~joint prosthesis[J]. Thin Solid Films,v 266, n 2, Oct 1, 2002:245~253
8 Jacobs, Joshua.J, Skipor, etal. 3-year prospective study of serum titanium levels in patients with primary total hip replacements[J]. ASTM Special Technical Publication, n 1272, May, 1996:400~408
9蒋书文,尹光福,郑昌琼等.类金刚石碳膜/Ti6Al4V钛合金梯度材料的生物摩擦学性能研究[J].航天医学与医学工程, 2001, 14(4):282~285
10李肇建等.硅胶人工指关节的远期疗效分析.中华骨科杂志, 1989, 9(I):39
11熊党生.离子注入超高分子量聚乙烯的摩擦磨损性能研究.摩擦学学报,2004,3(24):244~247
12杨敏,郑昌琼,冉均国等. UHMWPE与基态-TiN-TiC系梯度薄膜材料对磨的生物摩擦磨损特性[J].生物医学工程学杂志, 2002, 17(1):1~4
13王昌祥,郑昌琼,周馨等. UHMWPE~SiAION陶瓷摩擦副的生物摩擦学特性及机理的研究[J].功能材料, 1999, 30(3):332-333
14熊党生,张彦华,徐嘉东.氮离子注人超高分子量聚乙烯的生物摩擦学性能.中国生物医学工程学报, 2003, 20 (4):380-383
15王步康,董光能,张金换.超高分子量聚乙烯材料的边界润滑特性研究.润滑与密封, 2005, 4(170):4~5
16 D.Dowson, N.C.Wallbridge. Laboratory wear tests and clinical observations of the penetration of femoral heads into acetabular cups in total replacement hip joints I:Charnley prostheses with polytetrafluoroethylene acetabular cups[J]. Wear, 1985, 104:203~215
17 J.R.Atkinson, D.Dowson, J.H.Isaac, etal. Laboratory wear tests and clinical observationsof the penetration of femoral heads into acetabular cups in total replacement hip joints III:The measurement of internal volume changes in explanted charnley sockets after 2~16 years in VIVO and the determination of wear factors[J]. Wear, 1985, 104:225~244
18 J.R.Atkinson, D.Dowson, G.H.Isaac, etal. Laboratory wear tests and clinical observations of the penetration of femoral heads into acetabular cups in total replacement hip joints II:Amicroscopical study of the surfaces of charnley polyethylene acetabular sockets [J]. Wear, 1985, 104:217~224
19 Nonaka Kataunobu, Maruyama Osamu, Yamanc Takasi, et al.Improvement of anti-wear function of pivot bearing for centrifugal blood pump ( part 1)-wear mechanisms in spinning motion.Toraibarojisuto/Journal of Japanese Society of Tribologists, 2003, 48(5):394~401
20 Boutin.P. Arthroplastic de la Hanche par Prothese en Alumine Fritee. Etude Experiment et Premieres Applications Cliniques[J]. Rev Chir Orthop, 2002, 58:229~246
21 Oonishi Hironobu, Takayaka Yu, Clarke Ian C,etal. Comparative Wear Studies of
28~mm Ceramic and Stainless Steel Total Hip Joints over 2 to 7 Year Period[J]. Journal of Long~Term Effects of Medical Implants, 2003, 2(1):37~47
22 Cales Bernard, Chevalier Jerome.Wear Behavior of Ceramic Pairs Compared on Different testing Configuration[J]. ASTM Special Technical Publication, 1997, 1346(11~12):186~196
23 Kusaka Jun, Takashima Kazuto, Yamane Daisuke, etal. Fundamental Study of All-Ceramic Artificial Hip Joint[J]. Wear, 2002, 225(II):734~742
24 Tipper.J.L, Firkins.P.J,Besong.A.A, etal. Characterisation of Wear Debris From UHMWPE on Zirconia Ceramic, Metal-on-metal And Alumina Ceramic~on~ceramic Hip Prostheses Generated in a Physiological Anatomical Hip Joint Simulator[J]. Wear, 2003, 250~251(part 1):120~128
25董利民,王晨,田杰谟.氧化锆陶瓷股骨头材料的耐磨性研究[J].生物摩擦学与人工关节学术研讨会论文集.上海, 2000:48~50
26王友,戴克绒.人工髋关节假体的磨损及其影响因素[J].中华外科杂志, 1998, 36(7):436~438
27尹庆水,钟世镇.珊瑚羟基磷灰石人工骨的研究进展.中华骨科杂志, 1997, 17(6):396~398
28曹永平,严尚诚,鞠卫东.羟基磷灰石涂层人工髋关节.中华骨科杂志, 1997, 17(3):194~197
29曹永平,严尚诚.羟基磷灰石涂层人工股骨柄的实验研究.中华骨科杂志, 1997, 17(3):155-159
30严尚诚,袁毓,徐本明.羟基磷灰石涂层人工股骨柄的临床应用.中华骨科杂志, 1997, 17(3):167~170
31李世普,陈晓明.生物陶瓷.武汉工业大学出版社, 1989
32陈兰田,江昆元,刘培桐.碳质关节材料的应用研究仍应受到重视.中华骨科杂志, 1995, 15(4):246~248
33夏春,闵坤山,刘春选.对碳质人工关节的刍议.中华骨科杂志, 1995, 1 5(4):248～249
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