微创入路经皮钢板治疗胫骨中段骨折的生物力学研究及三维有限元分析
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摘要
第一部分微创入路经皮钢板治疗胫骨中段骨折的生物力学研究
目的：
研究LC-DCP钢板长度、螺钉固定数目及位置对胫骨中段骨折的生物力学影响，为MIPO技术提供生物力学证据。
方法：
选取成人(20-40岁)尸体胫骨湿标本60根。随机分组，制成中段斜行无缺损骨折模型，研究以不同长度(6孔、10孔、14孔)LC-DCP6枚螺钉固定，不同数目(6枚、10枚、14枚)螺钉固定14孔LC-DCP，14孔LC-DCP用6枚螺钉不同位置固定的压缩、扣转、三点弯曲的力学特性。垂直压缩载荷为0～1 000 N，扭转角度为0～3°，三点弯曲载荷为0～400 N。测定扭转、三点弯曲、压缩等载荷-应变指标，进行统计学分析。
结果：
一、钢板长度对胫骨中段骨折的生物力学影响
6孔、10孔和14孔钢板垂直压缩时垂直方向应变值分别为0.449±0.241、0.093±0.003、0.139±0.005，10孔和14孔钢板与6孔钢板比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01)。6孔、10孔和14孔钢板侧方应变值分别为0.120±0.0004、0.1275±0.01、0.237±0.0006，6孔钢板和10孔钢板与14孔钢板比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01)，6孔钢板与10孔钢板间比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。6孔、10孔和14孔钢板扭矩分别为(5.066*10~(-3)±2.715*10~(-3))N·m、(5.671*10~(-3)±2.527*10~(-3))N·m、(4.570*10~(-3)±2.228*10~(-3))N·m，三点弯曲垂直方向应变值分别为0.049±0.009、0.124±0.017、0.062±0.009，各孔钢板间两两比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01)。
二、螺钉固定数目对胫骨中段骨折的生物力学影响
6枚、10枚和14枚螺钉固定垂直压缩时垂直方向应变值分别为0.120±0.006、0.111±0.012、0.116±0.008，两两比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。6枚、10枚和14枚螺钉固定侧方应变值分别为0.234±0.007、0.234±0.000、0.179±0.002，两两比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。6枚、10枚和14枚螺丝钉固定扭矩分别为(7.304*10~(-3)±3.072*10~(-3))N·m、(6.069*10~(-3)±3.086*10~(-3))N·m、(7.1295*10~(-3)±3.908*10~(-3))N·m，两两比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。三点弯曲垂直方向应变值分别为0.149±0.098、0.139±0.003、0.258±0.001，6枚螺钉和10枚螺钉相比，无显著性差异(P＞0.05)，14枚螺钉和其他两种情况对比，有显著性差异(P＜0.01)。
三、螺钉固定位置对胫骨中段骨折的生物力学影响
第一组固定自上而下1，2，7，8，13，14孔，第二组固定自上而下1，4，7，8，11，14孔，第三组固定自上而下1，3，6，9，12，14孔，第四组固定自上而下1，2，3，12，13，14孔。
四组垂直压缩时垂直方向应变值分别为0.120±0.006、0.0330±0.0027、0.139±0.005、0.116±0.008，第二组和其他组对比差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01)。四组侧方应变值分别为0.234±0.007、0.237±0.0006、0.187±0.002、0.217±0.002，第三组和其他组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01)。四组扭矩分别为(7.304*10~(-3)±3.072*10~(-3))N·m、(6.965*10~(-3)±3.096*10~(-3))N·m、(4.570*10-3±2.228*10~(-3))N·m、(2.086*10~(-3)±0.998*10~(-3))N·m，第三组和其他组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01)。三点弯曲垂直方向应变值分别为0.149±0.098、0.184±0.002、0.004±0.001、0.282±0.000，第一、第二组和其他组两两比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01)，第四组和其他组两两比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01)，第一、二组两两比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。
结论：
一、材质相同、厚度相同、宽度相同、使用相同数量螺钉、不同长度(6孔、10孔、14孔)的钢板，抗垂直压缩稳定性、抗扭转稳定性、抗弯曲稳定性14孔钢板相对较好，6孔钢板相对较差。
二、材质相同、厚度相同、宽度相同、长度相同的钢板，使用不同数量螺钉(6枚、10枚、14枚)，抗垂直压缩稳定性、抗扭转稳定性无明显差异，抗弯曲稳定性14枚螺钉反而较差。
三、使用相同材质、相同长度、相同宽度、相同数量螺钉，靠近骨折线处上螺钉，抗压缩稳定性和抗扭转稳定性较好，而螺钉分布于钢板两端，抗扭转稳定性较差。螺钉平均分布，抗弯曲稳定性和抗扭转稳定较好，而螺钉分布于钢板两端，抗弯曲、抗压缩、抗扭转稳定性较差。
第二部分微创入路经皮钢板治疗胫骨中段骨折的三维有限元分析
目的：
研究LC-DCP不同螺钉固定数目及位置对胫骨中段骨折的生物力学影响的三维有限元模型，为MIPO技术提供更翔实的证据。
方法：
选取5具青壮年男性尸体的胫骨湿标本，制成胫骨中段斜形无缺损骨折模型，以14孔LC-DCP固定，第一具固定在1，2，3，12，13，14孔，第二具固定在1，4，7，8，11，14孔，第三具固定第1，3，6，9，12，14孔，第四具固定第1，2，7，8，13，14孔，第五具用14枚螺钉固定。利用有限元软件Ansys 6.5构造以上五种胫骨中段骨折内固定三维有限元模型。数字模拟压缩、扭转加载，垂直压缩0—1000N，扭转速率为2°／s，扭转角度为3°。测定各个螺钉应力指标，进行统计学分析。
结果：
一、第1，2，3，12，13，14孔螺钉固定模型加载时各个螺钉在X、Y轴上的压缩、扭转受力以第3、12孔为大，呈向骨折处集中的趋势。各个螺钉在z轴上受力变化不人。总体来看，螺钉受力不大，应力主要集中在未行固定的钢板处。
二、第1，4，7，8，11，14孔螺钉固定模型加载时各钉轴向压缩时X、Y、Z轴上的受力均以第1孔为最大，第4孔次之，受力有自上而下逐步减少的趋势。扭转时以X、Y、Z轴上的受力以第7孔和第8孔为最大，有自骨折中央处向两边逐步减弱的趋势，但受力集中在钢板中央位置。三、第1，3，6，9，12，14孔螺钉固定模型加载时各钉轴向压缩时X、Y、Z轴上的受力均以第1孔为最大，第3孔次之，受力有自上而下逐步减少的趋势。扭转时以X、Y、Z轴上的受力以第6孔和第9孔为最大，未采用螺钉固定的钢板中央部位分担的应力较大。
四、第1，2，7，8，13，14孔螺钉固定模型加载时各钉轴向压缩时X、Y、Z轴上的受力均以第1孔为最大，第2孔次之，受力有自上而下逐步减少的趋势。扭转时X、Y、Z轴上的受力以第7孔和第8孔为最大，但较前固定方法应力小，整个钢板应力分布比较均衡。
五、全部14枚螺钉固定螺钉孔模型加载时各钉轴向压缩时X、Y、Z轴上的受力均以第1孔为最大，第2孔次之，受力有自上而下逐步减少的趋势。扭转时以X、Y、Z轴上的受力以第7孔和第8孔为最大，应力较为集中在钢板中央的2枚螺钉。
结论：
一、本研究建立的胫骨中段骨折内固定模型能逼真地反映胫骨的真实几何结构。
二、本模型为其进行骨折内固定三维有限元模型力学分析和仿真试验提供了新的研究手段，具有良好的应用前景。
三、应用6枚螺钉固定14孔钢板时其螺钉所受压缩应力与14枚螺钉固定时相当，所受扭转应力反而较小。
四、运用MIPO技术治疗胫骨中段骨折时，以6枚螺钉固定14孔长钢板为妥，又以固定第1，2，7，8，13，14孔为最佳。
Preface
The fracture of tibia may account 10 percent in long bone fractures, so itis significance to study on it. According to traffic accident, the high energyand speed injures were increased, the incidence rate of tibia fracture wereupgraded too. In the 60s of 20 centuries, AO/ASIF system overemphasized themechanical fixation in treating fractures, so in most clinical observations,them found the problem of osteoporosis, bone atrophy, bone healing delay,fracture again, et al.
BO (Biological Osteosynthesis) technique emphasize the blood supplyingprotection in fractures, the bone can heal in the second stage, so it calledbiological and reasonable fixation. Minimally invaslve plate osteosynthesis(MIPO) is the current progress of BO techniques, it needs no exprosure of theextrem of fractures, and can reduce and fix indirect, so it diminish the destroyof soft tissue and the blood supplying of pericosteum, noninterference theblood circulation of medullary cavity, shorten the operating time, depressedthe bone disunion and infecting, profited the functional rehabilitation, so theclinical therapeutic effection were satisfact.
However, in the application of MIPO to treat middle tibia fractures, thelongth of plate, the number and location of fixed screw were no shaped inacademic circles, there were dispute constantly, and those were the key pointwere been solved in our studys.
We used cadaver tibia of adults in the test, measure the contructed,retated and 3 pionts curved biomechanical character in middle tibia fractures,compared the different longth of plate (6 holes, 10 holes and 14holes) fixedwith 6 screws, 14 holes of Limited Comtact-Dynamic CompressionPlate(LC-DCP) were fixed with different number of screws ( 6 screws, 10screws and 14 screws), and 14 holes of LC-DCP fixed with 6 screws indifferent locations.
In the calculating biomechanical researchs, we advocate using longerplate and less screw fixtion in treating middle tibia fracture, because longerplate can correct revolving and angulating deform, retaine the axle and longthof tibia well. The extend of LC-DCP force arm can increace the number ofstress centralized pionts, less the demands to skeleton, the most important ofall, it add the span between the screws, so it can neutralization the momentstress to the screws, which can pull the screws out accidently.
In order to confirm our conclusions, we also designed three dimensionfinite element model of 14 holes LC-DCP were fixed with 14 screws and 6screws fixed in different locations in treating middle tibia fractures, test theircharacters of contructed, retated and 3 pionts curved too, so can provid moredetailed biomechanical witness in treating middle tibia fracture with MIPOtechnique.
PART ONEBiomechanical study of MIPO to treat of tibial shaft fractures
Objectives:
To research the biomechnical effect of different length bone plates,number and location of stews to treat with the fracture of tibial shaft, providbiomechanical witness to MIPO.
Methods:
We used 60 humid cadaver tibias of adult ( 20-40 years old ) in theresearch, randomizated them to different groups, measure the contructed,retated and 3 pionts curved biomechanical character in middle tibia fractures,compared the different longth of plate (6 holes, 10 holes and 14holes) fixedwith 6 screws, 14 holes of LC-DCP were fixed with different number ofscrews ( 6 screws, 10 screws and 14 screws), and 14 holes of LC-DCP fixedwith 6 screws in different locations. The contruct power were 0～1 000 N,retate angle were 0～3(?), 3 pionts curved force were 0～400 N. Used SPSS12.0 statistics software to analyze.
Results:
1、The biomechanical test to the longth of plate to treat with tibial shaftfracture
6, 10 and 14 holes plate when vertical compressions, the verticaldirection strain value respectively be 0.449±0.241, 0.093±0.003, 0.139±0.005,10 holes and 14 holes steel plates has statistics significance with 6 steel platecomparison difference (P＜0.01). 10 holes and 14 holes steel plates comparison difference non-statistics significance (P＞0.05). 6, 10 and 14 holes plate are(5.066*10-3±2.715*10-3 ) N·m, (5.671*10-3±2.527*10-3) N·m,(4.570*10-3±2.228*10-3) N·m, three pionts curving vertical direction strainvalue respectively be 0.049±0.009, 0.124±0.017, 0.062±0.009 respectively,between various plate 2-2 comparison differences has statistics significance (P＜0.01).
2、The biomechanical test of the number of screws to to treat with tibialshaft fracture
6, 10 and 14 screw screws when fixed vertical compressions verticaldirection strain value respectively be 0.120±0.006, 0.111±0.012, 0.116±0.008,2-2 comparison difference non-statistics significance (P＞0.05). 6, 10 and 14screw bolt fixed flank strain value respectively be 0.234±0.007, 0.234±0.000,0.179±0.002, 2-2 comparison difference non-statistics significance (P＞0.05).Three pionts curving vertical direction strain value respectively be0.149±0.098, 0.139±0.003, 0.258±0.001,6 a screw and 10 screws compares,the non-significance difference (P＞0.05), 14 screws and other two kind ofsituation contrasts, have the significance difference (P＜0.01).
3、The biomechanical test of the location of screws to to treat with tibialshaft fracture
All of those four groups of vertical compressions the vertical directionstrain value respectively be 0.120±0.006, 0.0330±0.0027, 0.139±0.005,0.116±0.008, the second group has statistics significance with other group ofcontrast difference (P＜0.01). Four group of flank strain value respectively be0.234±0.007, 0.237±0.0006, 0.187±0.002, 0.217±0.002, the third group hasstatistics significance with other group of comparison difference (P＜0.01).Four groups of torques respectively be (7.304*10-3±3.072*10-3) Nm, (6.965*10-3±3.096*10-3)Nm,(4.570*10-3±2.228*10-3)Nm,(2.086*10-3±0.998*10-3) Nm, the third group have statistics significance with other group ofcomparison difference (P＜0.01). Three pionts curving vertical direction strainvalue respectively be 0.149±0.098, 0.184±0.002, 0.004±0.001, 0.282±0.000,the first, second group has statistics significance with other group of 2-2comparison difference (P＜0.01), The fourth group has statistics significancewith other group of 2-2 comparison difference (P＞0.05). First, second groupof 2-2 comparison difference non-statistics significance (P＞0.05).
Conclusions:
1、Stability of different length of plate with same quality ,samethickness,same width,using same quantity of screw, 14 hole plate is the best,6hole plate is not sogood.
2、The material quality is the same, thickness is the same, the width is thesame, the length same steel plate, the use different quantity screws (6, 10, 14),the anti-vertical compression stability, the anti-reverse stability not obviousdifference, the anti-curving stable 14 screws are instead bad.
3、Uses the same material quality, the same length, the same width, thesame quantity screws, approaches in the fracture line place screw, theanti-compression stability and the anti-reverse stability are well, but thescrews distributes in the plate both sides, the anti-reverse stability is bad. Boltaverage distribution, anti-curving stability and anti-reverse stable good, but thescrews distributes in the plate both sides, anti-curving, the anti-compression,the anti-reverse stability are bad.
PART TWOThree diamensional finite element analysis of MIPO to treat with tibialshaft fractures
Objectives:
To determine the biomechnical effect and three diamensional finiteelement model of different number and location of srews to treat with thefracture of tibial shaft, provid more detailed proofs to MIPO.
Methods:
Select 5 humid cadaver tibias of male adult, made them to middle tibiafratures randomly, oblique shape and with no defece, all models were fixedwith 14 holes of LC-DCP. The first model was fixed in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 12th,13th, 14th hole, the second model was fixed in the 1st, 4th, 7th, 8th, 11th,14th hole, the third model was fixed in the 1st, 3rd, 6th, 9th, 12th, 14th hole,the fourth model was fixed in the 1st, 2nd, 7th, 8th, 13th, 14th hole, the fifthmodel was fixed in all holes with 14 screws. Using finite element software ofAnsys 6.5, established the three diamensional finite element model of tibialshaft fratures of those five models above. Computer digital analog loading, thecontruct power were 0～1 000 N, retate angle were 0～3(?), 3 pionts curvedforce were 0～400 N. Measured the stress of all screws and used SPSS 13.0statistics software to analyze.
Results:
1、In the firsr model fixed in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 12th, 13th, 14th hole, the stress of all screws in the X and Y axile, the contruct and retate strains arehighest in the 3rd and 12th hole, and has the tendency of centralized to themiddle of plate. Generally, the stress of all screws are not high, the strain islocated in the middle of the plate.
2、In the second model fixed in the 1st, 4th, 7th, 8th, 11th, 14th hole,the stress of all screws in the X, Y and Z axile, the contruct strain is highest inthe 1st hole, and the contruct strain in the 4th hole is secondary, the tendencyof stress distribution reduct from up to bottom. The retate strains in the X, Yand Z axile is the highest in the 7th and 8th holes, it is centralized in themiddle of plate and decrease to both extrem.
3、In the third model fixed in the 1st, 3rd, 6th, 9th, 12th, 14th hole, thestress of all screws in the X, Y and Z axile, the contruct strain is highest in the1st hole, and the contruct strain in the 3th hole is secondary, the tendency ofstress distribution reduct from up to bottom. The retate strains in the X, Y andZ axile is the highest in the 6th and 9th holes, it is centralized in the middle ofplate.
4、In the fourth model fixed in the 1st, 2nd, 7th, 8th, 13th, 14th hole,the stress of all screws in the X, Y and Z axile, the contruct strain is highest inthe 1st hole, and the contruct strain in the 2th hole is secondary, the tendencyof stress distribution reduct from up to bottom. The retate strains in the X, Yand Z axile is the highest in the 7th and 8th holes, the stress is the lest thanother means of all, the strain distribution is equilibrately.
5、In the fifth model fixed in all 14 holes, the stress of all screws in the X,Y and Z axile, the contruct strain is highest in the 1st hole, and the contructstrain in the 2th hole is secondary, the tendency of stress distribution reductfrom up to bottom. The retate strains in the X, Y and Z axile is the highest in the 7th and 8th holes, the stress is centralized in the middle two screws.
Conclusions:
1、We established the finite element mole of tibial shaft fracture withinternal fixation, it can reflects the ture geometry construction of tibiarealistically.
2、This finite element model of tibia fracture with internal fixationprovids a new research means to biomechanical analysis and simulate tests, soit has a favourable applicating prospection.
3、When internal fixed with 14 holes plate, fixed with 6 holes and 14holes, the anti-vertical compression stability and the anti-reverse stability arenot obvious difference, but the anti-curving stablility in 14 screws fixed areworse.
4、In the treatment of tibia shaft fractures with MIPO technique, fixedwith 6 screws is better than 14 holes, the location of screws is best when fixedin the 1st, 2nd, 7th, 8th, 13th, 14th hole.
目的：
研究LC-DCP钢板长度、螺钉固定数目及位置对胫骨中段骨折的生物力学影响，为MIPO技术提供生物力学证据。
方法：
选取成人(20-40岁)尸体胫骨湿标本60根。随机分组，制成中段斜行无缺损骨折模型，研究以不同长度(6孔、10孔、14孔)LC-DCP6枚螺钉固定，不同数目(6枚、10枚、14枚)螺钉固定14孔LC-DCP，14孔LC-DCP用6枚螺钉不同位置固定的压缩、扣转、三点弯曲的力学特性。垂直压缩载荷为0～1 000 N，扭转角度为0～3°，三点弯曲载荷为0～400 N。测定扭转、三点弯曲、压缩等载荷-应变指标，进行统计学分析。
结果：
一、钢板长度对胫骨中段骨折的生物力学影响
6孔、10孔和14孔钢板垂直压缩时垂直方向应变值分别为0.449±0.241、0.093±0.003、0.139±0.005，10孔和14孔钢板与6孔钢板比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01)。6孔、10孔和14孔钢板侧方应变值分别为0.120±0.0004、0.1275±0.01、0.237±0.0006，6孔钢板和10孔钢板与14孔钢板比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01)，6孔钢板与10孔钢板间比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。6孔、10孔和14孔钢板扭矩分别为(5.066*10~(-3)±2.715*10~(-3))N·m、(5.671*10~(-3)±2.527*10~(-3))N·m、(4.570*10~(-3)±2.228*10~(-3))N·m，三点弯曲垂直方向应变值分别为0.049±0.009、0.124±0.017、0.062±0.009，各孔钢板间两两比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01)。
二、螺钉固定数目对胫骨中段骨折的生物力学影响
6枚、10枚和14枚螺钉固定垂直压缩时垂直方向应变值分别为0.120±0.006、0.111±0.012、0.116±0.008，两两比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。6枚、10枚和14枚螺钉固定侧方应变值分别为0.234±0.007、0.234±0.000、0.179±0.002，两两比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。6枚、10枚和14枚螺丝钉固定扭矩分别为(7.304*10~(-3)±3.072*10~(-3))N·m、(6.069*10~(-3)±3.086*10~(-3))N·m、(7.1295*10~(-3)±3.908*10~(-3))N·m，两两比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。三点弯曲垂直方向应变值分别为0.149±0.098、0.139±0.003、0.258±0.001，6枚螺钉和10枚螺钉相比，无显著性差异(P＞0.05)，14枚螺钉和其他两种情况对比，有显著性差异(P＜0.01)。
三、螺钉固定位置对胫骨中段骨折的生物力学影响
第一组固定自上而下1，2，7，8，13，14孔，第二组固定自上而下1，4，7，8，11，14孔，第三组固定自上而下1，3，6，9，12，14孔，第四组固定自上而下1，2，3，12，13，14孔。
四组垂直压缩时垂直方向应变值分别为0.120±0.006、0.0330±0.0027、0.139±0.005、0.116±0.008，第二组和其他组对比差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01)。四组侧方应变值分别为0.234±0.007、0.237±0.0006、0.187±0.002、0.217±0.002，第三组和其他组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01)。四组扭矩分别为(7.304*10~(-3)±3.072*10~(-3))N·m、(6.965*10~(-3)±3.096*10~(-3))N·m、(4.570*10-3±2.228*10~(-3))N·m、(2.086*10~(-3)±0.998*10~(-3))N·m，第三组和其他组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01)。三点弯曲垂直方向应变值分别为0.149±0.098、0.184±0.002、0.004±0.001、0.282±0.000，第一、第二组和其他组两两比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01)，第四组和其他组两两比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01)，第一、二组两两比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。
结论：
一、材质相同、厚度相同、宽度相同、使用相同数量螺钉、不同长度(6孔、10孔、14孔)的钢板，抗垂直压缩稳定性、抗扭转稳定性、抗弯曲稳定性14孔钢板相对较好，6孔钢板相对较差。
二、材质相同、厚度相同、宽度相同、长度相同的钢板，使用不同数量螺钉(6枚、10枚、14枚)，抗垂直压缩稳定性、抗扭转稳定性无明显差异，抗弯曲稳定性14枚螺钉反而较差。
三、使用相同材质、相同长度、相同宽度、相同数量螺钉，靠近骨折线处上螺钉，抗压缩稳定性和抗扭转稳定性较好，而螺钉分布于钢板两端，抗扭转稳定性较差。螺钉平均分布，抗弯曲稳定性和抗扭转稳定较好，而螺钉分布于钢板两端，抗弯曲、抗压缩、抗扭转稳定性较差。
第二部分微创入路经皮钢板治疗胫骨中段骨折的三维有限元分析
目的：
研究LC-DCP不同螺钉固定数目及位置对胫骨中段骨折的生物力学影响的三维有限元模型，为MIPO技术提供更翔实的证据。
方法：
选取5具青壮年男性尸体的胫骨湿标本，制成胫骨中段斜形无缺损骨折模型，以14孔LC-DCP固定，第一具固定在1，2，3，12，13，14孔，第二具固定在1，4，7，8，11，14孔，第三具固定第1，3，6，9，12，14孔，第四具固定第1，2，7，8，13，14孔，第五具用14枚螺钉固定。利用有限元软件Ansys 6.5构造以上五种胫骨中段骨折内固定三维有限元模型。数字模拟压缩、扭转加载，垂直压缩0—1000N，扭转速率为2°／s，扭转角度为3°。测定各个螺钉应力指标，进行统计学分析。
结果：
一、第1，2，3，12，13，14孔螺钉固定模型加载时各个螺钉在X、Y轴上的压缩、扭转受力以第3、12孔为大，呈向骨折处集中的趋势。各个螺钉在z轴上受力变化不人。总体来看，螺钉受力不大，应力主要集中在未行固定的钢板处。
二、第1，4，7，8，11，14孔螺钉固定模型加载时各钉轴向压缩时X、Y、Z轴上的受力均以第1孔为最大，第4孔次之，受力有自上而下逐步减少的趋势。扭转时以X、Y、Z轴上的受力以第7孔和第8孔为最大，有自骨折中央处向两边逐步减弱的趋势，但受力集中在钢板中央位置。三、第1，3，6，9，12，14孔螺钉固定模型加载时各钉轴向压缩时X、Y、Z轴上的受力均以第1孔为最大，第3孔次之，受力有自上而下逐步减少的趋势。扭转时以X、Y、Z轴上的受力以第6孔和第9孔为最大，未采用螺钉固定的钢板中央部位分担的应力较大。
四、第1，2，7，8，13，14孔螺钉固定模型加载时各钉轴向压缩时X、Y、Z轴上的受力均以第1孔为最大，第2孔次之，受力有自上而下逐步减少的趋势。扭转时X、Y、Z轴上的受力以第7孔和第8孔为最大，但较前固定方法应力小，整个钢板应力分布比较均衡。
五、全部14枚螺钉固定螺钉孔模型加载时各钉轴向压缩时X、Y、Z轴上的受力均以第1孔为最大，第2孔次之，受力有自上而下逐步减少的趋势。扭转时以X、Y、Z轴上的受力以第7孔和第8孔为最大，应力较为集中在钢板中央的2枚螺钉。
结论：
一、本研究建立的胫骨中段骨折内固定模型能逼真地反映胫骨的真实几何结构。
二、本模型为其进行骨折内固定三维有限元模型力学分析和仿真试验提供了新的研究手段，具有良好的应用前景。
三、应用6枚螺钉固定14孔钢板时其螺钉所受压缩应力与14枚螺钉固定时相当，所受扭转应力反而较小。
四、运用MIPO技术治疗胫骨中段骨折时，以6枚螺钉固定14孔长钢板为妥，又以固定第1，2，7，8，13，14孔为最佳。
Preface
The fracture of tibia may account 10 percent in long bone fractures, so itis significance to study on it. According to traffic accident, the high energyand speed injures were increased, the incidence rate of tibia fracture wereupgraded too. In the 60s of 20 centuries, AO/ASIF system overemphasized themechanical fixation in treating fractures, so in most clinical observations,them found the problem of osteoporosis, bone atrophy, bone healing delay,fracture again, et al.
BO (Biological Osteosynthesis) technique emphasize the blood supplyingprotection in fractures, the bone can heal in the second stage, so it calledbiological and reasonable fixation. Minimally invaslve plate osteosynthesis(MIPO) is the current progress of BO techniques, it needs no exprosure of theextrem of fractures, and can reduce and fix indirect, so it diminish the destroyof soft tissue and the blood supplying of pericosteum, noninterference theblood circulation of medullary cavity, shorten the operating time, depressedthe bone disunion and infecting, profited the functional rehabilitation, so theclinical therapeutic effection were satisfact.
However, in the application of MIPO to treat middle tibia fractures, thelongth of plate, the number and location of fixed screw were no shaped inacademic circles, there were dispute constantly, and those were the key pointwere been solved in our studys.
We used cadaver tibia of adults in the test, measure the contructed,retated and 3 pionts curved biomechanical character in middle tibia fractures,compared the different longth of plate (6 holes, 10 holes and 14holes) fixedwith 6 screws, 14 holes of Limited Comtact-Dynamic CompressionPlate(LC-DCP) were fixed with different number of screws ( 6 screws, 10screws and 14 screws), and 14 holes of LC-DCP fixed with 6 screws indifferent locations.
In the calculating biomechanical researchs, we advocate using longerplate and less screw fixtion in treating middle tibia fracture, because longerplate can correct revolving and angulating deform, retaine the axle and longthof tibia well. The extend of LC-DCP force arm can increace the number ofstress centralized pionts, less the demands to skeleton, the most important ofall, it add the span between the screws, so it can neutralization the momentstress to the screws, which can pull the screws out accidently.
In order to confirm our conclusions, we also designed three dimensionfinite element model of 14 holes LC-DCP were fixed with 14 screws and 6screws fixed in different locations in treating middle tibia fractures, test theircharacters of contructed, retated and 3 pionts curved too, so can provid moredetailed biomechanical witness in treating middle tibia fracture with MIPOtechnique.
PART ONEBiomechanical study of MIPO to treat of tibial shaft fractures
Objectives:
To research the biomechnical effect of different length bone plates,number and location of stews to treat with the fracture of tibial shaft, providbiomechanical witness to MIPO.
Methods:
We used 60 humid cadaver tibias of adult ( 20-40 years old ) in theresearch, randomizated them to different groups, measure the contructed,retated and 3 pionts curved biomechanical character in middle tibia fractures,compared the different longth of plate (6 holes, 10 holes and 14holes) fixedwith 6 screws, 14 holes of LC-DCP were fixed with different number ofscrews ( 6 screws, 10 screws and 14 screws), and 14 holes of LC-DCP fixedwith 6 screws in different locations. The contruct power were 0～1 000 N,retate angle were 0～3(?), 3 pionts curved force were 0～400 N. Used SPSS12.0 statistics software to analyze.
Results:
1、The biomechanical test to the longth of plate to treat with tibial shaftfracture
6, 10 and 14 holes plate when vertical compressions, the verticaldirection strain value respectively be 0.449±0.241, 0.093±0.003, 0.139±0.005,10 holes and 14 holes steel plates has statistics significance with 6 steel platecomparison difference (P＜0.01). 10 holes and 14 holes steel plates comparison difference non-statistics significance (P＞0.05). 6, 10 and 14 holes plate are(5.066*10-3±2.715*10-3 ) N·m, (5.671*10-3±2.527*10-3) N·m,(4.570*10-3±2.228*10-3) N·m, three pionts curving vertical direction strainvalue respectively be 0.049±0.009, 0.124±0.017, 0.062±0.009 respectively,between various plate 2-2 comparison differences has statistics significance (P＜0.01).
2、The biomechanical test of the number of screws to to treat with tibialshaft fracture
6, 10 and 14 screw screws when fixed vertical compressions verticaldirection strain value respectively be 0.120±0.006, 0.111±0.012, 0.116±0.008,2-2 comparison difference non-statistics significance (P＞0.05). 6, 10 and 14screw bolt fixed flank strain value respectively be 0.234±0.007, 0.234±0.000,0.179±0.002, 2-2 comparison difference non-statistics significance (P＞0.05).Three pionts curving vertical direction strain value respectively be0.149±0.098, 0.139±0.003, 0.258±0.001,6 a screw and 10 screws compares,the non-significance difference (P＞0.05), 14 screws and other two kind ofsituation contrasts, have the significance difference (P＜0.01).
3、The biomechanical test of the location of screws to to treat with tibialshaft fracture
All of those four groups of vertical compressions the vertical directionstrain value respectively be 0.120±0.006, 0.0330±0.0027, 0.139±0.005,0.116±0.008, the second group has statistics significance with other group ofcontrast difference (P＜0.01). Four group of flank strain value respectively be0.234±0.007, 0.237±0.0006, 0.187±0.002, 0.217±0.002, the third group hasstatistics significance with other group of comparison difference (P＜0.01).Four groups of torques respectively be (7.304*10-3±3.072*10-3) Nm, (6.965*10-3±3.096*10-3)Nm,(4.570*10-3±2.228*10-3)Nm,(2.086*10-3±0.998*10-3) Nm, the third group have statistics significance with other group ofcomparison difference (P＜0.01). Three pionts curving vertical direction strainvalue respectively be 0.149±0.098, 0.184±0.002, 0.004±0.001, 0.282±0.000,the first, second group has statistics significance with other group of 2-2comparison difference (P＜0.01), The fourth group has statistics significancewith other group of 2-2 comparison difference (P＞0.05). First, second groupof 2-2 comparison difference non-statistics significance (P＞0.05).
Conclusions:
1、Stability of different length of plate with same quality ,samethickness,same width,using same quantity of screw, 14 hole plate is the best,6hole plate is not sogood.
2、The material quality is the same, thickness is the same, the width is thesame, the length same steel plate, the use different quantity screws (6, 10, 14),the anti-vertical compression stability, the anti-reverse stability not obviousdifference, the anti-curving stable 14 screws are instead bad.
3、Uses the same material quality, the same length, the same width, thesame quantity screws, approaches in the fracture line place screw, theanti-compression stability and the anti-reverse stability are well, but thescrews distributes in the plate both sides, the anti-reverse stability is bad. Boltaverage distribution, anti-curving stability and anti-reverse stable good, but thescrews distributes in the plate both sides, anti-curving, the anti-compression,the anti-reverse stability are bad.
PART TWOThree diamensional finite element analysis of MIPO to treat with tibialshaft fractures
Objectives:
To determine the biomechnical effect and three diamensional finiteelement model of different number and location of srews to treat with thefracture of tibial shaft, provid more detailed proofs to MIPO.
Methods:
Select 5 humid cadaver tibias of male adult, made them to middle tibiafratures randomly, oblique shape and with no defece, all models were fixedwith 14 holes of LC-DCP. The first model was fixed in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 12th,13th, 14th hole, the second model was fixed in the 1st, 4th, 7th, 8th, 11th,14th hole, the third model was fixed in the 1st, 3rd, 6th, 9th, 12th, 14th hole,the fourth model was fixed in the 1st, 2nd, 7th, 8th, 13th, 14th hole, the fifthmodel was fixed in all holes with 14 screws. Using finite element software ofAnsys 6.5, established the three diamensional finite element model of tibialshaft fratures of those five models above. Computer digital analog loading, thecontruct power were 0～1 000 N, retate angle were 0～3(?), 3 pionts curvedforce were 0～400 N. Measured the stress of all screws and used SPSS 13.0statistics software to analyze.
Results:
1、In the firsr model fixed in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 12th, 13th, 14th hole, the stress of all screws in the X and Y axile, the contruct and retate strains arehighest in the 3rd and 12th hole, and has the tendency of centralized to themiddle of plate. Generally, the stress of all screws are not high, the strain islocated in the middle of the plate.
2、In the second model fixed in the 1st, 4th, 7th, 8th, 11th, 14th hole,the stress of all screws in the X, Y and Z axile, the contruct strain is highest inthe 1st hole, and the contruct strain in the 4th hole is secondary, the tendencyof stress distribution reduct from up to bottom. The retate strains in the X, Yand Z axile is the highest in the 7th and 8th holes, it is centralized in themiddle of plate and decrease to both extrem.
3、In the third model fixed in the 1st, 3rd, 6th, 9th, 12th, 14th hole, thestress of all screws in the X, Y and Z axile, the contruct strain is highest in the1st hole, and the contruct strain in the 3th hole is secondary, the tendency ofstress distribution reduct from up to bottom. The retate strains in the X, Y andZ axile is the highest in the 6th and 9th holes, it is centralized in the middle ofplate.
4、In the fourth model fixed in the 1st, 2nd, 7th, 8th, 13th, 14th hole,the stress of all screws in the X, Y and Z axile, the contruct strain is highest inthe 1st hole, and the contruct strain in the 2th hole is secondary, the tendencyof stress distribution reduct from up to bottom. The retate strains in the X, Yand Z axile is the highest in the 7th and 8th holes, the stress is the lest thanother means of all, the strain distribution is equilibrately.
5、In the fifth model fixed in all 14 holes, the stress of all screws in the X,Y and Z axile, the contruct strain is highest in the 1st hole, and the contructstrain in the 2th hole is secondary, the tendency of stress distribution reductfrom up to bottom. The retate strains in the X, Y and Z axile is the highest in the 7th and 8th holes, the stress is centralized in the middle two screws.
Conclusions:
1、We established the finite element mole of tibial shaft fracture withinternal fixation, it can reflects the ture geometry construction of tibiarealistically.
2、This finite element model of tibia fracture with internal fixationprovids a new research means to biomechanical analysis and simulate tests, soit has a favourable applicating prospection.
3、When internal fixed with 14 holes plate, fixed with 6 holes and 14holes, the anti-vertical compression stability and the anti-reverse stability arenot obvious difference, but the anti-curving stablility in 14 screws fixed areworse.
4、In the treatment of tibia shaft fractures with MIPO technique, fixedwith 6 screws is better than 14 holes, the location of screws is best when fixedin the 1st, 2nd, 7th, 8th, 13th, 14th hole.
引文
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