固定化生物催化剂用于城市污水厂污泥减量的研究
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摘要
活性污泥法是现阶段城市污水处理厂应用最为广泛的污水处理方法，但其最大的缺点是会产生大量的剩余活性污泥。剩余活性污泥含有病原体、有毒有害有机物、重金属等对人和环境有害的物质，若处理处置不当会引起二次污染，给环境带来巨大的危害。污泥处理处置费用极高，已成为困扰城市污水厂和城市发展的难题之一。因此，开发一种经济高效能够实现污泥减量的新技术具有非常重要的现实意义和实用价值。
本论文采用生物强化技术，在污水处理系统中加入固定化生物催化剂（IBC）来实现污泥源头减量。该催化剂是采用固定化技术，将能分泌出乳糖酶、蔗糖酶、麦芽糖酶、淀粉酶、脂肪酶、蛋白酶、纤维素酶的微生物活性细胞（乳酸菌、酵母菌、芽孢杆菌等）及上述活性酶等物质固定在麦麸上而得到的一种多功能微生物制剂。将固定化生物催化剂（IBC）投加到污水处理系统中，能够优化原系统微生物菌落构成，促进污水处理系统中有机物的快速降解，使其转化为CO2、N2、H2O等无害物质，由于有机物浓度低，系统中的污泥大部分处于内源呼吸状态，自身氧化率高，剩余污泥产生量少，由此达到从源头实现减少污泥产生量的目的。
本论文采用固定化生物催化剂（IBC）作为研究材料，开展了小试和中试试验研究，具体内容及结论如下：
（1）固定化生物催化剂（IBC）用于SBR处理模拟污水污泥减量的实验研究，结果表明，投药后，加药组比对照组污泥减产55.28%。同时，加药组出水COD、NH3-N、TP稍优于对照组，TP平均去除率比对照组提高了7.21%。第31~80天，加药组MLVSS/MLSS比对照组降低了8.50%。
（2）将固定化生物催化剂（IBC）用于中山某城市污水处理厂进行为期142天的污泥减量中试研究，结果表明，加药池比对照池减产污泥76.79%，少排放剩余污泥63.58%。投加IBC约1个月后污泥浓度逐渐降低，约第75天后污泥浓度稳定在1600mg/L左右，与对照池稳定运行的3000mg/L比大约降低了50%。从投药第2个月开始，排泥量逐渐减少，第3、4个月未排泥。第31~142天，加药池MLVSS/MLSS平均值比对照池低6.74%。加药池出水水质优于对照池，TP平均去除率提高了11.73%。加药池污泥中磷含量比对照池提高了0.76%，电耗节省了11.44%。
（3）将固定化生物催化剂应用于广州某城市污水厂连续进行106天的中试研究，试验结果表明，加药池比对照池减产污泥21.04%，且加药池污泥沉降性能得到了明显改善。试验期间加药池MLVSS/MLSS比对照池低6.24%，第40~106天，加药池MLVSS/MLSS比对照池低8.33%。加药池出水水质pH、SS、COD、NH3-N均与对照池相差不大，TP平均去除率比对照池提高了6.30%。加药池污泥中磷含量比对照池提高了0.31%，电耗节省了13.24%，污泥比阻比对照池低了47.14%。
（4）通过对污泥进行镜检实验，结果表明加药池污泥形态明显发生了变化，加药池污泥比对照池紧密，污泥絮凝体较大。分析结果说明IBC影响了原生化系统中优势菌群种类和数量，强化了原活性污泥的功能，促使有机物快速分解成CO2和H2O，从而降低了污泥产生量。
（5）通过进行效益分析，表明投加固定化生物催化剂（IBC）是一种经济、有效的从源头实现污泥减量的新工艺技术，有良好的经济、环境、社会效益。
The activated sludge process is the most popular method in wastewater treatment plant,which will be resulted with a large number of by-products_excess sludge. Excess sludgecontains pathogens, heavy metals and residual organisms, being harmful to people and theenvironment. What’s more, it could cause secondary pollution if not being treated properly.The extremely high disposal expense of sludge also becomes one difficult problem for themunicipal wastewater treatment plant and the city development. Thus, developing aneconomic and efficient technology for sludge reduction is of very important practicalsignificance.
In this thesis, bioaugmentation is used in the sewage treatment system with immobilizedbiocatalysts to achieve sludge reduction from the sources. The catalyst through theimmobilization technology will be able to make a multi-functional microbial agents by fixingon wheat bran by the amylase, lipase, protease, cellulose enzyme, lactose enzyme and lacticacid bacteria and yeast, bacillus, etc. Adding IBC to the sewage treatment system couldoptimize the microbial colonies structure, promote the rapid mineralization and degradation oforganic matter in the sewage treatment as well as make it into harmless substance as CO2,H2O, and N2. Because of the low concentration of organic matter, most of the sludge in thesystem is in the endogenous respiration state with high oxidation rate, producing less excesssludge, achieving the sludge reduction of sludge from the sources.
This paper using immobilized biocatalysts(IBC) as research materials to carry out smallscale and pilot test. The contents and conclusions are below:
(1) Immobilized biocatalysts used in Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) to study thesludge reduction. The results showed that sludge reduction of dosing group is55.28%lessthan contrast group. At the same time, the treatment effects of COD, NH3-N, TP of dosinggroup were better than the contrast group. The average removal rate of TP is7.21%higherthan the contrast group. From The31th to the80th days, MLVSS/MLSS of dosing group was8.50%lower than the control group.
(2)Immobilized biocatalysts was applied in a municipal wastewater treatment plant ofzhongshan tested for142days. The outcomes showed that sludge production of the dosing pool was76.79%less than the contrast pool and discharged63.58%less sludge. After dosingIBC for a month，sludge concentration reduced gradually. About75days later, sludgeconcentration was about1600mg/L and50%lower than the contrast pool. From the secondmonth, the sludge emission reduced gradually. There is no discharge sludge in the3rd and4thmonths. From the31th to142th days, the average value of MLVSS/MLSS of dosing pool was6.74%lower than the contrast pool. Moreover, the effluent quanlity of dosing pool was betterthan the control pool. The mean removal ratio of TP increase by11.73%.The amount of TP insludge of dosing pool is0.76%higer than contrast pool, saving11.44%electricityconsumption.
(3)Pilot study of adding immobilized biological catalyst (IBC) in a municipal wastewatertreatment plant of Guangzhou. The results showed that the sludge production of the dosingpool is21.04%less than the contrast pool. And the sludge sedimentation of dosing pool wasimproved. After40days of the experiment, the sludge concentration reduced gradually. Thevalue of MLVSS/MLSS of dosing pool was6.24%less than contrast pool. From the40th daysto the106th days, dosing tank was8.33%lower than the control pool. What’s more, waterqualitys, such as pH, SS, COD, NH3-N, TP of dosing pool were superior than control pool.Average removal rate of TP was6.30%higer than the contrast. Dosing pool consume13.24%less electricity and the sludge resistance was47.14%lower than the contrast pool.
(4)By the sludge microscopic experiment, the results showed that the morphology ofactivated sludge in dosing pool was significantly changed. The sludge flocculation was tighterand bigger than contrast pool. Results also showed that the immobilized biological catalysthas an effect on the type and quantity of dominant species of the biochemical system. Itstrengthened the function of the activated sludge, promoting the organic decomposing intoCO2and H2O, which reduced the excess sludge.
(5) The benefit analysis indicated that adding immobilized biological catalyst was a kindof economic and efficient technology that realized the sludge reduction from the source.What’s more, it also produces economic, social and environmental values.
本论文采用生物强化技术，在污水处理系统中加入固定化生物催化剂（IBC）来实现污泥源头减量。该催化剂是采用固定化技术，将能分泌出乳糖酶、蔗糖酶、麦芽糖酶、淀粉酶、脂肪酶、蛋白酶、纤维素酶的微生物活性细胞（乳酸菌、酵母菌、芽孢杆菌等）及上述活性酶等物质固定在麦麸上而得到的一种多功能微生物制剂。将固定化生物催化剂（IBC）投加到污水处理系统中，能够优化原系统微生物菌落构成，促进污水处理系统中有机物的快速降解，使其转化为CO2、N2、H2O等无害物质，由于有机物浓度低，系统中的污泥大部分处于内源呼吸状态，自身氧化率高，剩余污泥产生量少，由此达到从源头实现减少污泥产生量的目的。
本论文采用固定化生物催化剂（IBC）作为研究材料，开展了小试和中试试验研究，具体内容及结论如下：
（1）固定化生物催化剂（IBC）用于SBR处理模拟污水污泥减量的实验研究，结果表明，投药后，加药组比对照组污泥减产55.28%。同时，加药组出水COD、NH3-N、TP稍优于对照组，TP平均去除率比对照组提高了7.21%。第31~80天，加药组MLVSS/MLSS比对照组降低了8.50%。
（2）将固定化生物催化剂（IBC）用于中山某城市污水处理厂进行为期142天的污泥减量中试研究，结果表明，加药池比对照池减产污泥76.79%，少排放剩余污泥63.58%。投加IBC约1个月后污泥浓度逐渐降低，约第75天后污泥浓度稳定在1600mg/L左右，与对照池稳定运行的3000mg/L比大约降低了50%。从投药第2个月开始，排泥量逐渐减少，第3、4个月未排泥。第31~142天，加药池MLVSS/MLSS平均值比对照池低6.74%。加药池出水水质优于对照池，TP平均去除率提高了11.73%。加药池污泥中磷含量比对照池提高了0.76%，电耗节省了11.44%。
（3）将固定化生物催化剂应用于广州某城市污水厂连续进行106天的中试研究，试验结果表明，加药池比对照池减产污泥21.04%，且加药池污泥沉降性能得到了明显改善。试验期间加药池MLVSS/MLSS比对照池低6.24%，第40~106天，加药池MLVSS/MLSS比对照池低8.33%。加药池出水水质pH、SS、COD、NH3-N均与对照池相差不大，TP平均去除率比对照池提高了6.30%。加药池污泥中磷含量比对照池提高了0.31%，电耗节省了13.24%，污泥比阻比对照池低了47.14%。
（4）通过对污泥进行镜检实验，结果表明加药池污泥形态明显发生了变化，加药池污泥比对照池紧密，污泥絮凝体较大。分析结果说明IBC影响了原生化系统中优势菌群种类和数量，强化了原活性污泥的功能，促使有机物快速分解成CO2和H2O，从而降低了污泥产生量。
（5）通过进行效益分析，表明投加固定化生物催化剂（IBC）是一种经济、有效的从源头实现污泥减量的新工艺技术，有良好的经济、环境、社会效益。
The activated sludge process is the most popular method in wastewater treatment plant,which will be resulted with a large number of by-products_excess sludge. Excess sludgecontains pathogens, heavy metals and residual organisms, being harmful to people and theenvironment. What’s more, it could cause secondary pollution if not being treated properly.The extremely high disposal expense of sludge also becomes one difficult problem for themunicipal wastewater treatment plant and the city development. Thus, developing aneconomic and efficient technology for sludge reduction is of very important practicalsignificance.
In this thesis, bioaugmentation is used in the sewage treatment system with immobilizedbiocatalysts to achieve sludge reduction from the sources. The catalyst through theimmobilization technology will be able to make a multi-functional microbial agents by fixingon wheat bran by the amylase, lipase, protease, cellulose enzyme, lactose enzyme and lacticacid bacteria and yeast, bacillus, etc. Adding IBC to the sewage treatment system couldoptimize the microbial colonies structure, promote the rapid mineralization and degradation oforganic matter in the sewage treatment as well as make it into harmless substance as CO2,H2O, and N2. Because of the low concentration of organic matter, most of the sludge in thesystem is in the endogenous respiration state with high oxidation rate, producing less excesssludge, achieving the sludge reduction of sludge from the sources.
This paper using immobilized biocatalysts(IBC) as research materials to carry out smallscale and pilot test. The contents and conclusions are below:
(1) Immobilized biocatalysts used in Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) to study thesludge reduction. The results showed that sludge reduction of dosing group is55.28%lessthan contrast group. At the same time, the treatment effects of COD, NH3-N, TP of dosinggroup were better than the contrast group. The average removal rate of TP is7.21%higherthan the contrast group. From The31th to the80th days, MLVSS/MLSS of dosing group was8.50%lower than the control group.
(2)Immobilized biocatalysts was applied in a municipal wastewater treatment plant ofzhongshan tested for142days. The outcomes showed that sludge production of the dosing pool was76.79%less than the contrast pool and discharged63.58%less sludge. After dosingIBC for a month，sludge concentration reduced gradually. About75days later, sludgeconcentration was about1600mg/L and50%lower than the contrast pool. From the secondmonth, the sludge emission reduced gradually. There is no discharge sludge in the3rd and4thmonths. From the31th to142th days, the average value of MLVSS/MLSS of dosing pool was6.74%lower than the contrast pool. Moreover, the effluent quanlity of dosing pool was betterthan the control pool. The mean removal ratio of TP increase by11.73%.The amount of TP insludge of dosing pool is0.76%higer than contrast pool, saving11.44%electricityconsumption.
(3)Pilot study of adding immobilized biological catalyst (IBC) in a municipal wastewatertreatment plant of Guangzhou. The results showed that the sludge production of the dosingpool is21.04%less than the contrast pool. And the sludge sedimentation of dosing pool wasimproved. After40days of the experiment, the sludge concentration reduced gradually. Thevalue of MLVSS/MLSS of dosing pool was6.24%less than contrast pool. From the40th daysto the106th days, dosing tank was8.33%lower than the control pool. What’s more, waterqualitys, such as pH, SS, COD, NH3-N, TP of dosing pool were superior than control pool.Average removal rate of TP was6.30%higer than the contrast. Dosing pool consume13.24%less electricity and the sludge resistance was47.14%lower than the contrast pool.
(4)By the sludge microscopic experiment, the results showed that the morphology ofactivated sludge in dosing pool was significantly changed. The sludge flocculation was tighterand bigger than contrast pool. Results also showed that the immobilized biological catalysthas an effect on the type and quantity of dominant species of the biochemical system. Itstrengthened the function of the activated sludge, promoting the organic decomposing intoCO2and H2O, which reduced the excess sludge.
(5) The benefit analysis indicated that adding immobilized biological catalyst was a kindof economic and efficient technology that realized the sludge reduction from the source.What’s more, it also produces economic, social and environmental values.
引文
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