填海区淤泥重金属释放迁移规律及其环境效应研究
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摘要
历史悠久的填海造地活动给陆地资源紧缺的区域缓解了土地供求的矛盾，提供了新的经济发展机遇，但是这种人类大型工程活动不可避免带来了诸多环境问题，比如海岸生态系统破坏、海水自净能力下降，海湾重金属污染加剧等。粗放型的、以牺牲自然环境为代价的发展已经成为历史，环境与经济发展并重的可持续发展需要人们更为全面地认识填海与环境的关系，尤其是在淤泥层深厚、重金属富集的海湾地带，重金属有什么样的迁移释放规律?将会产生什么样的环境效应?如何选择合适措施进行处理?本文以深港西部通道填海区为例，对该领域进行了有益探讨，取得了以下主要成果：
(1)针对大规模填海工程这一类特殊环境工程地质问题，通过对填筑体、淤泥、地下水相互作用与过程的分析与研究，对与填海工程相关的环境工程地质问题进行了较为系统的研究，建立了与填海工程有关的重金属释放迁移及相关环境地质问题的测试技术、分析理论及评价方法。
(2)通过分析填海工程的施工步骤对填海区地下水、淤泥环境的扰动，结合野外观测数据，总结了填海区地下水主要理化参数的变化趋势，并分析了地下水淡化的原因；详细分析了施工过程中淤泥氧化还原环境变化的过程，及淤泥的矿物结构和重金属含量。在考虑以上变化因素基础上，结合重金属在水体与沉积物之间迁移的一般特点，做出填海活动使淤泥重金属发生释放迁移进入地下水的推论。
(3)实验室采用国内外常用的Tessier顺序提取法，分析了填海区淤泥重金属元素结合形态，揭示了填海区重金属迁移的内部控制因素。假设残留态重金属在自然条件下不会释放，用有效相态含量之和来表征填海区淤泥中重金属的潜在迁移能力，其顺序为：Pb＞Cu＞Zn＞Cd＞Ni。
(4)实验室模拟填海区条件，使用解吸实验方法，揭示影响填海区地下水重金属含量的关键环境因素。实验中发现填海区地下水淡化和淤泥氧化还原条件的变化是影响某些重金属迁移进入水体的重要因素，另外填料风化也会对地下水中重金属含量有所贡献。地下水逐步淡化会使淤泥中的Zn、V、W和Cr进入地下水的量增大；淤泥的氧化过程会使淤泥中的Zn、V、w、Cu释放量增大多；淤泥的还原状态会使Mn的释放量增大。
(5)野外监测填海区地下水重金属含量变化，使用指数法和模糊数学评价法对填海区地下水重金属变化做出评价，发现重金属含量确实增高，环境质量向恶化方向发展，排出其他污染源的情况下，证明预测的成立。
(6)根据实验和野外监测结果，总结填海区地下水重金属迁移的规律。填海区地下水中，锰、钒、铜、镍、钴含量的增加受淤泥氧化还原条件变化的影响；地下水淡化过程还控制钒、铜、镍、铬的释放。花岗岩填料也会释放一定量的锌、钴、锰、铜进入地下水。填海区淤泥中铅、镉、锌基本趋于稳定，不随填海活动的影响增加释放量。
(7)对于重金属污染严重的填海区，可选择工程—化学—植物三联用的方法进行修复，对于污染轻微的填海区建议采用化学—植物联用方法。目前已建成的深港西部通道填海区发生重金属污染，则适合采用植物修复法。建议在填海区的景观设计中，考虑种植重金属超累积植物。除通常采用的芦苇、香蒲外，还可以根据填海区重金属污染源的特点和地下水以锰等为主的污染特征，选择针对性的植物，比如：商陆、美州商陆、东南景天、圆锥南芥、海州香薷和鸭趾草等。
Over the last 20 years, land reclamation has gained much popularity along coastal areas of China due to rapid development of industry and urbanization. While reclamation provides valuable land, it also creates various engineering, environmental and ecological problems in coastal areas. For continuable development, it need to understand more about the relationship between reclamation activities and environments, especially when the reclamation areas locate at estuary where had a thick layer marine mud at the sea bed. Mud is a kind of sediments. As kown, estuarine sediments are recognized as an important sink for a wide range of contaminants and nutrients. They can provide a record of the natural and anthropogenic inputs of contaminants into the aquatic environment. Heavy metals have a high affinity for fine-grained marine mud and are the key contaminants in estuarine sediments. The accumulation of heavy metals in mud can cause significant environmental risks in the surrounding areas. When the reclamation actives begin, usually the area to be reclaimed is drained first and some of the mud is air-dried for a few weeks before it is buried by fill. After reclamation, the terrestrial groundwater, which is relatively acidic and with high dissolved oxygen, will gradually displace the seawater, which is alkaline with high salinity. How dose the reclamation actives impact on the coastal environment. How dose the mobility of the heavy metals present? What are the right methods to prevention and cure the contaminated groundwater? Using land reclamation areas in Shenzhen as a case study, this paper aims to investigate how the reclamation actives impact on mobility of heavy metals between the mud and groundwater. Sequential extraction and desorption experiments were used in this study. Concentrations and speciation of heavy metals in the coastal areas were determined to examine the potential mobility of metals within mud-groundwater system inside the reclamation areas. Major creative outcome has been obtained as follows in this paper:
(1) Aim at understanding the special environmental geology engineering problems such as that of large-scale reclamation, the interactional processes of fill material, mud and groundwater were studied in this dissertation. The environmental geology problems of reclamation were system analyzed, and test techniques, analysis theories and estimate methods were built up which were related to reclamation.
(2)It were discussed that the disturbances to the groundwater and mud brought by reclamation engineering processes. The trend of the main physics and chemistry parameter of groundwater was concluded. Field survey confirms that the pH and EC of the groundwater in the reclamation site are much lower than the seawater. The reasons of the groundwater freshed were well illuminated. At the same time, the redox environments of marine mud were also changed during reclamation. Mineral structures of the marine mud were tested by scan electron microscope, and the concentrations of heavy metals in the mud were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrum. Considering all above factors including the general characteristics of heavy metals mobility, a forecast were deduced that the changes in the burial conditions of mud and the physical and chemical properties of the pore water in the mud may induce the release of some heavy metals in the mud.
(3)To find out the ingenerate factor controlling the mobility of heavy metals, sequential extraction method was used to study the operationally determined chemical forms of five heavy metals(Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn and Cd) in the mud s-amples. If the residual fraction can be considered as an inert phase of the metal that cannot be mobilized, it is the other four forms of heavy metal that cause the noticeable changes in the concentration of heavy metals in mud. On the basis of the speciation of heavy metals, the mobility of metals have the following order: Pb＞Cu＞Zn＞Ni＞Cd.
(4)In order to find out the key environmental factors that influence the mobility of heavy metal in the mud during reclamation, desorption experiments were carried out in the lab under the simulating conditions. It was found in the experiments that release of Cu, Mn, Ni, Co, Cr and V from the mud increased when changing the redox conditional of mud and levels of pH and EC in the overlying water.
(5)Chemical analyses of groundwater samples collected from the reclamation sites reclaimed indicate that most of the heavy metals in groundwater are increased gradually with time. Fuzzy mathematics method and index number methods were used to evaluate the quality of groundwater in the reclamation area, and the result indicated the groundwater quality was worse. These results confirmed the forecast that heavy metals released from mud to the groundwater in the reclamation area, after other pollution sources were foreclosed by field survey in the study area.
(6)The disciplinarians of heavy metal mobility were concluded according to the results of lab experiments and field survey. The relevant prevention and cure measures were selected to provide a reference. Botanical restoration was suggested to apply in the Shenzhen-Hongkong West Corridor reclamation area. Some kinds of plant were recommended, such as, PhytolaccaocinosaRoxb, Phytolacca americana L., Sedumalfredii Hance, Arabis Paniculata L. which have special capacity to absorb heavy metals.
(1)针对大规模填海工程这一类特殊环境工程地质问题，通过对填筑体、淤泥、地下水相互作用与过程的分析与研究，对与填海工程相关的环境工程地质问题进行了较为系统的研究，建立了与填海工程有关的重金属释放迁移及相关环境地质问题的测试技术、分析理论及评价方法。
(2)通过分析填海工程的施工步骤对填海区地下水、淤泥环境的扰动，结合野外观测数据，总结了填海区地下水主要理化参数的变化趋势，并分析了地下水淡化的原因；详细分析了施工过程中淤泥氧化还原环境变化的过程，及淤泥的矿物结构和重金属含量。在考虑以上变化因素基础上，结合重金属在水体与沉积物之间迁移的一般特点，做出填海活动使淤泥重金属发生释放迁移进入地下水的推论。
(3)实验室采用国内外常用的Tessier顺序提取法，分析了填海区淤泥重金属元素结合形态，揭示了填海区重金属迁移的内部控制因素。假设残留态重金属在自然条件下不会释放，用有效相态含量之和来表征填海区淤泥中重金属的潜在迁移能力，其顺序为：Pb＞Cu＞Zn＞Cd＞Ni。
(4)实验室模拟填海区条件，使用解吸实验方法，揭示影响填海区地下水重金属含量的关键环境因素。实验中发现填海区地下水淡化和淤泥氧化还原条件的变化是影响某些重金属迁移进入水体的重要因素，另外填料风化也会对地下水中重金属含量有所贡献。地下水逐步淡化会使淤泥中的Zn、V、W和Cr进入地下水的量增大；淤泥的氧化过程会使淤泥中的Zn、V、w、Cu释放量增大多；淤泥的还原状态会使Mn的释放量增大。
(5)野外监测填海区地下水重金属含量变化，使用指数法和模糊数学评价法对填海区地下水重金属变化做出评价，发现重金属含量确实增高，环境质量向恶化方向发展，排出其他污染源的情况下，证明预测的成立。
(6)根据实验和野外监测结果，总结填海区地下水重金属迁移的规律。填海区地下水中，锰、钒、铜、镍、钴含量的增加受淤泥氧化还原条件变化的影响；地下水淡化过程还控制钒、铜、镍、铬的释放。花岗岩填料也会释放一定量的锌、钴、锰、铜进入地下水。填海区淤泥中铅、镉、锌基本趋于稳定，不随填海活动的影响增加释放量。
(7)对于重金属污染严重的填海区，可选择工程—化学—植物三联用的方法进行修复，对于污染轻微的填海区建议采用化学—植物联用方法。目前已建成的深港西部通道填海区发生重金属污染，则适合采用植物修复法。建议在填海区的景观设计中，考虑种植重金属超累积植物。除通常采用的芦苇、香蒲外，还可以根据填海区重金属污染源的特点和地下水以锰等为主的污染特征，选择针对性的植物，比如：商陆、美州商陆、东南景天、圆锥南芥、海州香薷和鸭趾草等。
Over the last 20 years, land reclamation has gained much popularity along coastal areas of China due to rapid development of industry and urbanization. While reclamation provides valuable land, it also creates various engineering, environmental and ecological problems in coastal areas. For continuable development, it need to understand more about the relationship between reclamation activities and environments, especially when the reclamation areas locate at estuary where had a thick layer marine mud at the sea bed. Mud is a kind of sediments. As kown, estuarine sediments are recognized as an important sink for a wide range of contaminants and nutrients. They can provide a record of the natural and anthropogenic inputs of contaminants into the aquatic environment. Heavy metals have a high affinity for fine-grained marine mud and are the key contaminants in estuarine sediments. The accumulation of heavy metals in mud can cause significant environmental risks in the surrounding areas. When the reclamation actives begin, usually the area to be reclaimed is drained first and some of the mud is air-dried for a few weeks before it is buried by fill. After reclamation, the terrestrial groundwater, which is relatively acidic and with high dissolved oxygen, will gradually displace the seawater, which is alkaline with high salinity. How dose the reclamation actives impact on the coastal environment. How dose the mobility of the heavy metals present? What are the right methods to prevention and cure the contaminated groundwater? Using land reclamation areas in Shenzhen as a case study, this paper aims to investigate how the reclamation actives impact on mobility of heavy metals between the mud and groundwater. Sequential extraction and desorption experiments were used in this study. Concentrations and speciation of heavy metals in the coastal areas were determined to examine the potential mobility of metals within mud-groundwater system inside the reclamation areas. Major creative outcome has been obtained as follows in this paper:
(1) Aim at understanding the special environmental geology engineering problems such as that of large-scale reclamation, the interactional processes of fill material, mud and groundwater were studied in this dissertation. The environmental geology problems of reclamation were system analyzed, and test techniques, analysis theories and estimate methods were built up which were related to reclamation.
(2)It were discussed that the disturbances to the groundwater and mud brought by reclamation engineering processes. The trend of the main physics and chemistry parameter of groundwater was concluded. Field survey confirms that the pH and EC of the groundwater in the reclamation site are much lower than the seawater. The reasons of the groundwater freshed were well illuminated. At the same time, the redox environments of marine mud were also changed during reclamation. Mineral structures of the marine mud were tested by scan electron microscope, and the concentrations of heavy metals in the mud were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrum. Considering all above factors including the general characteristics of heavy metals mobility, a forecast were deduced that the changes in the burial conditions of mud and the physical and chemical properties of the pore water in the mud may induce the release of some heavy metals in the mud.
(3)To find out the ingenerate factor controlling the mobility of heavy metals, sequential extraction method was used to study the operationally determined chemical forms of five heavy metals(Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn and Cd) in the mud s-amples. If the residual fraction can be considered as an inert phase of the metal that cannot be mobilized, it is the other four forms of heavy metal that cause the noticeable changes in the concentration of heavy metals in mud. On the basis of the speciation of heavy metals, the mobility of metals have the following order: Pb＞Cu＞Zn＞Ni＞Cd.
(4)In order to find out the key environmental factors that influence the mobility of heavy metal in the mud during reclamation, desorption experiments were carried out in the lab under the simulating conditions. It was found in the experiments that release of Cu, Mn, Ni, Co, Cr and V from the mud increased when changing the redox conditional of mud and levels of pH and EC in the overlying water.
(5)Chemical analyses of groundwater samples collected from the reclamation sites reclaimed indicate that most of the heavy metals in groundwater are increased gradually with time. Fuzzy mathematics method and index number methods were used to evaluate the quality of groundwater in the reclamation area, and the result indicated the groundwater quality was worse. These results confirmed the forecast that heavy metals released from mud to the groundwater in the reclamation area, after other pollution sources were foreclosed by field survey in the study area.
(6)The disciplinarians of heavy metal mobility were concluded according to the results of lab experiments and field survey. The relevant prevention and cure measures were selected to provide a reference. Botanical restoration was suggested to apply in the Shenzhen-Hongkong West Corridor reclamation area. Some kinds of plant were recommended, such as, PhytolaccaocinosaRoxb, Phytolacca americana L., Sedumalfredii Hance, Arabis Paniculata L. which have special capacity to absorb heavy metals.
引文
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