土壤环境中As、Cd、Hg、Pb地球化学背景及通量研究
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摘要
随着社会经济的发展,资源和环境问题日益突出。使得政府和公众对于描述自然环境数据的需求越来越迫切。为满足这种需求和配合国际地科联组织实施的IGCP259 和IGCP360 项目,中国地质调查局于1999 年启动并组织实施了全国范围的新一轮国土资源大调查项目:“覆盖区1:25 万多目标地球化学调查”。多目标地球化学调查提供了分析密度分别为1 点/16km2和1 点/4km2的标准网格化深、表层土壤样品测试数据,是以往任何单纯的土壤调查工作不可比拟的,为土壤元素地球化学背景研究开创了新的空间。本研究正是在这样的背景下,以“四川省成都经济区农业生态地球化学评价”、“山西省黄土高原盆地经济带区域生态地球化学评价”子课题为依托,借助“3S”技术和计算机数据处理技术,运用经典统计学方法和地质统计学方法对长江流域的成都盆地和黄河流域的太原盆地深、表层土壤中环境优先评价元素As、Hg、Cd、Pb 的地球化学背景作了系统研究。在研究过程中采用了以往土壤背景研究中较少运用的回归分析法,并针对该方法中的不足之处,对一些关键步骤作了增改。在此基础上运用地质统计学的空间分析技术,解析As、Hg、Cd、Pb 的空间结构特征,并将相关结果引入As、Hg、Cd、Pb 的背景插值成图。最后结合两盆地表层土壤As、Cd、Hg、Pb 各输入、输出途径通量的研究成果,从静态和动态两方面分析了成都盆地和太原盆地表层土壤中As、Hg、Cd、Pb 的地球化学背景特征及相关影响因素,综合得出以下结论:分属于长江流域的成都盆地和黄河流域的太原盆地,表层土壤中As、Hg、Cd、Pb含量有明显的差异,成都盆地土壤As 明显低于太原盆地土壤而Hg、Cd、Pb 总体上高于太原盆地。这种差异主要来自对不同类型土壤母质成份的的继承和受到不同的地带性气候影响所致。由于受到人类生产活动的强烈扰动,在两盆地主要城市的周边、矿区、部分河流沿岸、污灌区等局部地区显示有Hg、Cd、Pb 的富集。成都盆地主要的扰动因素有:采矿、施肥和城市生活生产过程中的废弃物排放;太原盆地的主要扰动形式为:污水灌溉、施肥和城市生活、工业生产过程中的废弃物排放。
With the fast development of social economy, the prominent resources and environmental problems causes the governmental and public demand of defining natural spatial materials. For the purpose of meeting such demands and cooperating with the IGCP259 and IGCP360 projects sponsored by International Union of Geological Sciences, China Geological Survey Bureau has initiated and organized a national-wide, land and resources survey, which is called “National Multi-purposes Regional Geochemical Survey”. This survey uses grid sampling methods and provides subsoil and topsoil testing data with densities of 1sample per 16km2 and 1sample per 4km2 respectively, which cannot be matched by any former soil survey and providing new extension to the soil elements geochemical backgrounds.
Under such background, the author carries out a systematical study on the geochemical background of As, Hg, Cd and Pb in subsoil and topsoil of Chengdu Basin and Taiyuan Basin. This study is based on the “Project of Agriculture Ecosystem Geochemical Assessment of Chengdu Economy Area, Sichuan Province”and “Project of Regional Ecosystem Geochemical Assessment for Loess Altiplano Economy Area, Shanxi Province.”By virtue of “3S”and computer data processing techniques, the author adopts the traditional mathematical and geological statistic methods and uses the Regression Analysis, which is rarely used in the former soil surveys. On the basis of spatial analysis, the spatial structure characteristics of As, Hg, Cd and Pb have been analyzed and the results are incorporated into an interpolation map of such above elements. At last, with the study results of the quality of As, Hg, Cd and Pb topsail input and output, the author makes a static and dynamic analysis on the geochemical background characteristics and other effect factors of As, Hg, Cd and Pb in the topsail of Chengdu Basin and Taiyuan Basin.
From the above study, the following conclusions have been drawn out: there have great differences in As, Hg, Cd and Pb contents of the topsail and subsoil between the Chengdu Basin and Taiyuan Basin. The soil in Chengdu Basin has less As contents than that in Taiyuan Basin, while the Hg, Cd and Pb contents are greater than that of Taiyuan Basin. These differences are the results of the diversity of parent materials from various soil types and the climates influences of different regions. As strongly affected by the Human production activities, Hg, Cd and Pb concentrate in the city surroundings, the properties, some part of river banks, irrigating areas, etc. The factors causing such differences are specifically as follows:
Chengdu Basin: mining activities, fertilizing and waste water emission and other waste discharge from city life;
Taiyuan Basin: irrigating with foul water, fertilizing and the waste discharge from industry production;
With the fast development of social economy, the prominent resources and environmental problems causes the governmental and public demand of defining natural spatial materials. For the purpose of meeting such demands and cooperating with the IGCP259 and IGCP360 projects sponsored by International Union of Geological Sciences, China Geological Survey Bureau has initiated and organized a national-wide, land and resources survey, which is called “National Multi-purposes Regional Geochemical Survey”. This survey uses grid sampling methods and provides subsoil and topsoil testing data with densities of 1sample per 16km2 and 1sample per 4km2 respectively, which cannot be matched by any former soil survey and providing new extension to the soil elements geochemical backgrounds.
Under such background, the author carries out a systematical study on the geochemical background of As, Hg, Cd and Pb in subsoil and topsoil of Chengdu Basin and Taiyuan Basin. This study is based on the “Project of Agriculture Ecosystem Geochemical Assessment of Chengdu Economy Area, Sichuan Province”and “Project of Regional Ecosystem Geochemical Assessment for Loess Altiplano Economy Area, Shanxi Province.”By virtue of “3S”and computer data processing techniques, the author adopts the traditional mathematical and geological statistic methods and uses the Regression Analysis, which is rarely used in the former soil surveys. On the basis of spatial analysis, the spatial structure characteristics of As, Hg, Cd and Pb have been analyzed and the results are incorporated into an interpolation map of such above elements. At last, with the study results of the quality of As, Hg, Cd and Pb topsail input and output, the author makes a static and dynamic analysis on the geochemical background characteristics and other effect factors of As, Hg, Cd and Pb in the topsail of Chengdu Basin and Taiyuan Basin.
From the above study, the following conclusions have been drawn out: there have great differences in As, Hg, Cd and Pb contents of the topsail and subsoil between the Chengdu Basin and Taiyuan Basin. The soil in Chengdu Basin has less As contents than that in Taiyuan Basin, while the Hg, Cd and Pb contents are greater than that of Taiyuan Basin. These differences are the results of the diversity of parent materials from various soil types and the climates influences of different regions. As strongly affected by the Human production activities, Hg, Cd and Pb concentrate in the city surroundings, the properties, some part of river banks, irrigating areas, etc. The factors causing such differences are specifically as follows:
Chengdu Basin: mining activities, fertilizing and waste water emission and other waste discharge from city life;
Taiyuan Basin: irrigating with foul water, fertilizing and the waste discharge from industry production;
引文
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