金沟岭林场三种森林类型生物量研究
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摘要
本文运用经典生态学理论对金沟岭林区主要森林类型—天然云冷杉林、杨桦次生林和人工落叶松林的森林生物量进行定量分析,探索基于林分尺度生物量的研究方法。本研究首次全面系统地研究了不同森林类型林分生物量动态模型,对于评价中国东北部森林生物量及碳汇功能研究具有重要的学术意义和实用价值,同时也为其他地区森林资源保护提供科学依据。本研究主要取得了以下成果：
(1)运用皆伐样地数据拟合了金沟岭林区主要树种各器官和地上总生物量模型,并通过精度检验获得了最优模型。10个主要树种的地上生物量最优模型分别是冷杉(M5,R2=0.987)；色木(M21,R2=0.952)；枫桦(M5,R2=0.986)；白桦(M20,R2=0.995)；水曲柳(M6,R2=0.984)；落叶松(M20,R2=0.956)：云杉(M20,R2=0.990)；红松(M5,R2=0.995)；山杨(M20,R2=0.983)和椴树(M20,R2=0.979)。
(2)运用最优模型,估算出皆伐样地地上总生物量为387,553kg,各样地地上生物量值范围为86.692-160.592kg ha-1,平均每公顷110,729kg。冷杉地上生物量最大,占28.96%(32,062kg ha-1),其次是云杉25.76%(28,527kg ha-1),红松次之15.12%(16,744kgha-1),最少是落叶松,仅为0.19%(209kg ha-1)。在各树种器官所占地上总生物量比例中，落叶松树干生物量占其地上总生物量比例最大为83.24%；椴树树皮和枝条生物量占其地上总生物量的比例最大,分别为14.47%和17.27%；而云杉叶生物量占其地上总生物量的比例最大,为11.79%。
(3)将皆伐样地总生物量情况与其他区域相比较得出：a)本研究样地的生物量值小于天然原始林分,但大于人工林分；b)本研究样地生物量高于同区域内阔叶树种森林类型、针阔混交林分和其他针叶林分类型的平均水平：c)本研究样地生物量结果高于落叶阔叶林、云冷杉林和红松林平均水平；d)与不同国家平均水平比较发现,本研究结果高于韩国、日本和全球森林总生物量的平均水平。
(4)通过拟合的主要树种的树高和树冠方程,结合林区材积方程,q值理论和各树种单木生物量方程,联立方程组建立生物量动态模型。然后通过建立的动态模型计算出三种林分不同q值下的乔木生物量最大值,拟合q值和最大生物量曲线模型。云冷杉林最大生物量曲线模型为：Y=2289591.20-2171042.39X+314300.54X3,R2为0.994；杨桦次生林最大生物量曲线模型为：Y=1938026.88-2465222.23X+820532.23X2,R2为0.997；人工落叶松林最大生物量曲线模型为：Y=3552713.56-4556777.99X+1529854.91X2,R2为0.997。q值从1.50递减到1.10时,云冷杉林分地上生物量从92Mg ha-1增加到312Mg ha-1;杨桦次生林地上生物量从83Mg ha-1增加到：221Mg ha-1;人工落叶松地上生物量从153Mg ha-1:增加到402Mg ha-1。
(5)通过分析118块样地数据,云冷杉林25块,杨桦次生林36块,落叶松57块,得到云冷杉林根茎比为0.2464±0.06,杨桦次生林为0.2164±0.05,人工落叶松林为0.2442±0.08。结合地上生物量值计算了林分不同q值地下生物量数值。
(6)利用金沟岭林区的生物量数据,构建了三种林型主要灌木植物和乔木幼树最优生物量模型,估算了云冷杉林与杨桦次生林在不同郁闭度下和人工落叶松林在不同林龄下灌木层的总生物量。运用样方收获法推算不同林型草本层生物量情况。乔木幼树的各器官以及地上、地下生物量最优模型为模型12(Y=a×Hb×CAc×CVd×De)和模型13(Y=a×(D2H)hb),模型精度比灌木物种高。三个林型灌木层生物量情况是：云冷杉林0.6郁闭度(2410kg ha-1)>1.0郁闭度(1921kg ha-1)>0.8郁闭度(1735kg ha-1);杨桦次生林0.8郁闭度(2523kg ha-1)>0.6郁闭度(1845kg ha-1)>1.0郁闭度(1203kg ha-1);人工落叶松林53年(1952kg ha-1)>39年(320kg ha-1)>19年(0.85kg ha-1)。不同林型草本层生物量情况：云冷杉林0.6郁闭度(911kg ha-1)>0.8郁闭度(813kg ha-1)>1.0郁闭度(751kg ha-1):杨桦次生林0.6郁闭度(970kg ha-1)>0.8郁闭度(458kg ha-1)>1.0郁闭度(428.24kg ha-1);人工落叶松林53年(1972kg ha-1)>39年(1366kg ha-1)>19年(65kg ha-1)。
In this study, forest biomass of the major forests types in Jingouling forest, i.e., natural spruce-fir forest, polar-birch secondary forests and artificial larch forest were analyzed quantitatively by classical ecology theory. The study also explored a new research method based on the forest database at stand scale. Dynamic simulation for tree biomass at different forest stand types were studied comprehensively and systematically for the first time. It has the vital academic interest and the practical value to evaluate the forest biomass and carbon sequestration function of northeastern China. Meanwhile, this study supplies scientific evidence for forest resources protection in other areas. Main results were as follows:
(1) The models for total aboveground biomass and each organ biomass of the main trees in Jingouling forest were fitted by using the data of clear cutting plots. The optimal equations were obtained by the accuracy test. The aboveground optimal biomass models of10main tree species were Abies nephrolepis (M5,R2=0.987), Acer mono (M21,R2=0.952), Betula costata (M5,R2=0.986), Betula platyphylla (M20,R2=0.995), Fraxinus mandshurica (M6,R2=0.984), Larix olgensis (M20, R2=0.956), Picea koraiensis (M20, R2=0.990), Pinus koraiensis (M5, R2=0.995), Populus davidiana (M20, R2=0.983) and Tilia amurensis (M20,R2=0.979), resepectively.
(2) The total aboveground biomass was387.553kg that was estimated by using the optimal model. The aboveground biomass range of each clear cutting plot was from86.92to160.592kg ha-1and average per hectare was110,729kg. Abies nephrolepis had the most aboveground biomass, accounted for up to28.96%(32,062kg ha-1) of the total aboveground biomass. The following was Picea koraiensis25.76%(28,527kg ha-1), followed by Pinus koraiensis15.12%(16,744kg ha-1). The last one was Larix olgensis, only0.19%(209kg ha-1). Among all the species, Larix olgensis trunk accounted for the largest proportion of its own total aboveground biomass, about83.24%. Tilia amurensis bark and branches accounted for the largest proportion of its total aboveground biomass, about14.47%and17.27%. However, the leave of Picea koraiensis accounted for the largest proportion of its total aboveground biomass, which was about11.79%.
(3) Compared the aboveground biomass of clear cutting plot with that of neighboring region, the results suggested, a) the biomass of this cutting plot was less than natural primitive forest stand, but higher than that of artificial forest stand, b) the biomass of this cutting plot was higher than that of in average broad-leaved tree stand, coniferous and broadleaf mixed forest stand and other needle stand in the same area, c) the biomass of this cutting plot was higher than that of average deciduous broadleaf forest, spruce-fir forest and korean pine forest, d) compared with different countries in average, the biomass of this cutting plot was higher than in Korea and Japan, even higher than the average of the global total forest biomass.
(4) A system of simultaneous analysis, namely'dynamical model'was obtained by fitting the height and crown features of the main tree species and combining tree volume equation in it, in addition to q value theory and equation for each tree species biomass. Then the maximum biomass value of three tree species in different q value by the dynamical model and the maximum biomass curve model were calculated out. The maximum biomass curve model of spruce-fir forest, polar-birch secondary forests and artificial larch forest were Y=3552713.56-4556777.99X+1529854.91X2(R2=0.997),Y=1938026.88-2465222.23X+820532.23X2(R2=0.997) and Y=3552713.56-4556777.99X+1529854.91X2(R2=0.997), respectively. When q value decreasing from1.50to1.10, the aboveground biomass of spruce-fir forest, polar-birch secondary forests and artificial larch forest increased from92Mg ha-1to312Mg ha-1,83Mg ha-1to221Mg ha-1and153Mg ha-1to402Mg ha-1, respectively.
(5) After analysis of the data of118plots (25plots of spruce-fir forest,36plots of polar-birch secondary forests and57plots of artificial larch forest), the root/shoot ratio were obtained. The root/shoot ratio of spruce-fir forest, polar-birch secondary forests and artificial larch forest were0.2464±0.06,0.2164±0.05and0.2442±0.08respectively. The underground biomass was calculated out by combining their aboveground biomass.
(6) The optimal biomass equation of the major shrub and young tree of different types of forests were established by using the biomass data of Jingouling forest. Meanwhile total shrub biomass of different types of forest in different canopy density was estimated. Then herbaceous layer biomass situation of different types of forest was calculated out by quadrat method. The optimal young tree biomass model of each organ and aboveground and underground biomass were model12(Y=a×H b×CAc×CVd×De) and model13(Y=a×(D2H)b). The accuracy of model of young tree was higher than shrub. The shrub biomass situation of three tree species was spruce-fir forest in0.6canopy density (2410kg ha-1)>1.0canopy density (1921kg ha-1)>0.8canopy density (1735kg ha-1), polar-birch secondary forests in0.8canopy density (2523kg ha-1)>0.6canopy density (1845kg ha-1)>1.0canopy density (1203kg ha-1) and artificial larch forest of53year (1952kg ha-1)>39year (320kg ha-1)>19year (0.85kg ha-1). The herbaceous layer biomass situation of three tree species was spruce-fir forest in0.6canopy density (911kg ha-1)>0.8canopy density (813kg ha-1)>1.0canopy density (751kg ha-1), polar-birch secondary forests in0.6canopy density (970kg ha-1)>0.8canopy density (458kg ha-1)>1.0canopy density (428.24kg ha-1) and artificial larch forest of53year (1972kg ha-1)>39year (1366kg ha-1)>19year (64kg ha-1).
(1)运用皆伐样地数据拟合了金沟岭林区主要树种各器官和地上总生物量模型,并通过精度检验获得了最优模型。10个主要树种的地上生物量最优模型分别是冷杉(M5,R2=0.987)；色木(M21,R2=0.952)；枫桦(M5,R2=0.986)；白桦(M20,R2=0.995)；水曲柳(M6,R2=0.984)；落叶松(M20,R2=0.956)：云杉(M20,R2=0.990)；红松(M5,R2=0.995)；山杨(M20,R2=0.983)和椴树(M20,R2=0.979)。
(2)运用最优模型,估算出皆伐样地地上总生物量为387,553kg,各样地地上生物量值范围为86.692-160.592kg ha-1,平均每公顷110,729kg。冷杉地上生物量最大,占28.96%(32,062kg ha-1),其次是云杉25.76%(28,527kg ha-1),红松次之15.12%(16,744kgha-1),最少是落叶松,仅为0.19%(209kg ha-1)。在各树种器官所占地上总生物量比例中，落叶松树干生物量占其地上总生物量比例最大为83.24%；椴树树皮和枝条生物量占其地上总生物量的比例最大,分别为14.47%和17.27%；而云杉叶生物量占其地上总生物量的比例最大,为11.79%。
(3)将皆伐样地总生物量情况与其他区域相比较得出：a)本研究样地的生物量值小于天然原始林分,但大于人工林分；b)本研究样地生物量高于同区域内阔叶树种森林类型、针阔混交林分和其他针叶林分类型的平均水平：c)本研究样地生物量结果高于落叶阔叶林、云冷杉林和红松林平均水平；d)与不同国家平均水平比较发现,本研究结果高于韩国、日本和全球森林总生物量的平均水平。
(4)通过拟合的主要树种的树高和树冠方程,结合林区材积方程,q值理论和各树种单木生物量方程,联立方程组建立生物量动态模型。然后通过建立的动态模型计算出三种林分不同q值下的乔木生物量最大值,拟合q值和最大生物量曲线模型。云冷杉林最大生物量曲线模型为：Y=2289591.20-2171042.39X+314300.54X3,R2为0.994；杨桦次生林最大生物量曲线模型为：Y=1938026.88-2465222.23X+820532.23X2,R2为0.997；人工落叶松林最大生物量曲线模型为：Y=3552713.56-4556777.99X+1529854.91X2,R2为0.997。q值从1.50递减到1.10时,云冷杉林分地上生物量从92Mg ha-1增加到312Mg ha-1;杨桦次生林地上生物量从83Mg ha-1增加到：221Mg ha-1;人工落叶松地上生物量从153Mg ha-1:增加到402Mg ha-1。
(5)通过分析118块样地数据,云冷杉林25块,杨桦次生林36块,落叶松57块,得到云冷杉林根茎比为0.2464±0.06,杨桦次生林为0.2164±0.05,人工落叶松林为0.2442±0.08。结合地上生物量值计算了林分不同q值地下生物量数值。
(6)利用金沟岭林区的生物量数据,构建了三种林型主要灌木植物和乔木幼树最优生物量模型,估算了云冷杉林与杨桦次生林在不同郁闭度下和人工落叶松林在不同林龄下灌木层的总生物量。运用样方收获法推算不同林型草本层生物量情况。乔木幼树的各器官以及地上、地下生物量最优模型为模型12(Y=a×Hb×CAc×CVd×De)和模型13(Y=a×(D2H)hb),模型精度比灌木物种高。三个林型灌木层生物量情况是：云冷杉林0.6郁闭度(2410kg ha-1)>1.0郁闭度(1921kg ha-1)>0.8郁闭度(1735kg ha-1);杨桦次生林0.8郁闭度(2523kg ha-1)>0.6郁闭度(1845kg ha-1)>1.0郁闭度(1203kg ha-1);人工落叶松林53年(1952kg ha-1)>39年(320kg ha-1)>19年(0.85kg ha-1)。不同林型草本层生物量情况：云冷杉林0.6郁闭度(911kg ha-1)>0.8郁闭度(813kg ha-1)>1.0郁闭度(751kg ha-1):杨桦次生林0.6郁闭度(970kg ha-1)>0.8郁闭度(458kg ha-1)>1.0郁闭度(428.24kg ha-1);人工落叶松林53年(1972kg ha-1)>39年(1366kg ha-1)>19年(65kg ha-1)。
In this study, forest biomass of the major forests types in Jingouling forest, i.e., natural spruce-fir forest, polar-birch secondary forests and artificial larch forest were analyzed quantitatively by classical ecology theory. The study also explored a new research method based on the forest database at stand scale. Dynamic simulation for tree biomass at different forest stand types were studied comprehensively and systematically for the first time. It has the vital academic interest and the practical value to evaluate the forest biomass and carbon sequestration function of northeastern China. Meanwhile, this study supplies scientific evidence for forest resources protection in other areas. Main results were as follows:
(1) The models for total aboveground biomass and each organ biomass of the main trees in Jingouling forest were fitted by using the data of clear cutting plots. The optimal equations were obtained by the accuracy test. The aboveground optimal biomass models of10main tree species were Abies nephrolepis (M5,R2=0.987), Acer mono (M21,R2=0.952), Betula costata (M5,R2=0.986), Betula platyphylla (M20,R2=0.995), Fraxinus mandshurica (M6,R2=0.984), Larix olgensis (M20, R2=0.956), Picea koraiensis (M20, R2=0.990), Pinus koraiensis (M5, R2=0.995), Populus davidiana (M20, R2=0.983) and Tilia amurensis (M20,R2=0.979), resepectively.
(2) The total aboveground biomass was387.553kg that was estimated by using the optimal model. The aboveground biomass range of each clear cutting plot was from86.92to160.592kg ha-1and average per hectare was110,729kg. Abies nephrolepis had the most aboveground biomass, accounted for up to28.96%(32,062kg ha-1) of the total aboveground biomass. The following was Picea koraiensis25.76%(28,527kg ha-1), followed by Pinus koraiensis15.12%(16,744kg ha-1). The last one was Larix olgensis, only0.19%(209kg ha-1). Among all the species, Larix olgensis trunk accounted for the largest proportion of its own total aboveground biomass, about83.24%. Tilia amurensis bark and branches accounted for the largest proportion of its total aboveground biomass, about14.47%and17.27%. However, the leave of Picea koraiensis accounted for the largest proportion of its total aboveground biomass, which was about11.79%.
(3) Compared the aboveground biomass of clear cutting plot with that of neighboring region, the results suggested, a) the biomass of this cutting plot was less than natural primitive forest stand, but higher than that of artificial forest stand, b) the biomass of this cutting plot was higher than that of in average broad-leaved tree stand, coniferous and broadleaf mixed forest stand and other needle stand in the same area, c) the biomass of this cutting plot was higher than that of average deciduous broadleaf forest, spruce-fir forest and korean pine forest, d) compared with different countries in average, the biomass of this cutting plot was higher than in Korea and Japan, even higher than the average of the global total forest biomass.
(4) A system of simultaneous analysis, namely'dynamical model'was obtained by fitting the height and crown features of the main tree species and combining tree volume equation in it, in addition to q value theory and equation for each tree species biomass. Then the maximum biomass value of three tree species in different q value by the dynamical model and the maximum biomass curve model were calculated out. The maximum biomass curve model of spruce-fir forest, polar-birch secondary forests and artificial larch forest were Y=3552713.56-4556777.99X+1529854.91X2(R2=0.997),Y=1938026.88-2465222.23X+820532.23X2(R2=0.997) and Y=3552713.56-4556777.99X+1529854.91X2(R2=0.997), respectively. When q value decreasing from1.50to1.10, the aboveground biomass of spruce-fir forest, polar-birch secondary forests and artificial larch forest increased from92Mg ha-1to312Mg ha-1,83Mg ha-1to221Mg ha-1and153Mg ha-1to402Mg ha-1, respectively.
(5) After analysis of the data of118plots (25plots of spruce-fir forest,36plots of polar-birch secondary forests and57plots of artificial larch forest), the root/shoot ratio were obtained. The root/shoot ratio of spruce-fir forest, polar-birch secondary forests and artificial larch forest were0.2464±0.06,0.2164±0.05and0.2442±0.08respectively. The underground biomass was calculated out by combining their aboveground biomass.
(6) The optimal biomass equation of the major shrub and young tree of different types of forests were established by using the biomass data of Jingouling forest. Meanwhile total shrub biomass of different types of forest in different canopy density was estimated. Then herbaceous layer biomass situation of different types of forest was calculated out by quadrat method. The optimal young tree biomass model of each organ and aboveground and underground biomass were model12(Y=a×H b×CAc×CVd×De) and model13(Y=a×(D2H)b). The accuracy of model of young tree was higher than shrub. The shrub biomass situation of three tree species was spruce-fir forest in0.6canopy density (2410kg ha-1)>1.0canopy density (1921kg ha-1)>0.8canopy density (1735kg ha-1), polar-birch secondary forests in0.8canopy density (2523kg ha-1)>0.6canopy density (1845kg ha-1)>1.0canopy density (1203kg ha-1) and artificial larch forest of53year (1952kg ha-1)>39year (320kg ha-1)>19year (0.85kg ha-1). The herbaceous layer biomass situation of three tree species was spruce-fir forest in0.6canopy density (911kg ha-1)>0.8canopy density (813kg ha-1)>1.0canopy density (751kg ha-1), polar-birch secondary forests in0.6canopy density (970kg ha-1)>0.8canopy density (458kg ha-1)>1.0canopy density (428.24kg ha-1) and artificial larch forest of53year (1972kg ha-1)>39year (1366kg ha-1)>19year (64kg ha-1).
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