氮磷对旱地冬小麦产量、养分利用及籽粒矿质营养品质的影响
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摘要
小麦是北方居民的主要粮食作物，也是人体所必需的氮、钙、铁等矿质元素的主要来源。本文通过6年的长期定位试验研究了不同降水条件下氮磷投入对小麦产量、养分利用和矿质营养品质的影响，探讨水分、施肥量与小麦产量、养分利用和矿质营养品质的相互关系，旨在为优化旱地小麦水肥管理，实现旱地农业高产、优质、高效和可持续发展提供理论依据。取得的主要结论如下：
1．随施氮量增加，小麦产量显著提高，施氮240kg N ha~(-1)时达最高值6244kg ha~(-1)，比对照提高124%。继续增加氮肥用量，产量不再增加。随施氮量增加，小麦植株氮磷钾吸收量提高，施氮320kg N ha~(-1)时达最高值，分别为200kg ha~(-1)、20kg ha~(-1)和121kgha~(-1)，比对照提高275%、65%和183%。随施氮量增加，百公斤籽粒需氮量显著增加，需磷量显著降低，需钾量呈先降低后增加趋势。随施氮量增加，氮肥偏生产力及利用效率降低，磷偏生产力及磷素利用效率提高；播前降水在269～422mm范围时，植株氮磷钾吸收量及氮磷偏生产力随降水增加显著提高，降水超过422mm时，氮磷钾吸收量及偏生产力降低。
2．随施氮量增加，小麦籽粒氮、铁、锌、铜、铬、镍、铅、硒和钴含量显著增加。施氮量为160kg ha~(-1)时，籽粒铬、镍、铅、硒和钴含量达最高值，比对照分别提高30.4%、7.0%、45.0%、57.1%、32.5%。施氮量为240kg N ha~(-1)时，籽粒氮、铁、锌和铜含量达最高值，比对照分别增加44.4%、37.1%、12.0%、37.5%；随播前降水增加，籽粒磷、镁、铁、锰、锌、铜、镍和镉含量显著提高，降水为422mm时，籽粒磷、锌和镉含量达最高值，分别为3.2g kg~(-1)、27mg kg~(-1)和40.1μg kg~(-1)。降水为484mm时，籽粒镁、铁、锰、铜和镍达最高值，分别为1117mg kg~(-1)、54mg kg~(-1)、35mg kg~(-1)、4.3mg kg~(-1)和0.70mg kg~(-1)。
3．随施磷量增加，小麦产量和植株氮磷钾吸收量显著提高，施磷100kg P2O5ha~(-1)时均达最高值5703kg ha~(-1)、145.9kg ha~(-1)、18.5kg ha~(-1)和93.5kg ha~(-1)，比对照分别提高32%、18.0%、47.6%和27.4%。继续增加磷肥用量，以上参数无显著变化。随施磷量增加，百公斤籽粒需磷量增加，需氮量和需钾量显著降低。随施磷量增加，氮肥偏生产力及利用效率显著增加，磷肥偏生产力降低；播前降水在269～386mm范围时，植株吸氮量、百公斤籽粒需氮量及磷钾利用效率随降水增加显著提高，降水超过386mm时，以上参数则降低。氮素利用效率在降水为478mm时达最高值45.9kg kg~(-1)。
4．随施磷量增加，小麦籽粒磷、钾、钙、镁、铬、铅、硒和钴含量均显著提高，施磷100kg ha~(-1)时达最高值，比对照分别提高18.1%、8.8%、3.5%、7.2%、32.8%、61.1%、22.2%和35.6%。继续增加磷肥水平，以上参数均显著下降。小麦籽粒氮、锰、锌、铜和镍含量随施磷量增加显著降低；随降水增加，籽粒磷、铁、锰、锌、铜、镉和镍含量显著提高，降水为422mm时，籽粒磷和锌达最高值，分别为2.9g kg~(-1)和33mg kg~(-1)。降水为484mm时，籽粒铁、锰、铜、镍和镉达最高值，分别为59mg kg~(-1)、30mg kg~(-1)、4.5mg kg~(-1)、0.78mg kg~(-1)和14μg kg~(-1)。
5.养分投入水平提高，小麦产量和生物量均显著增加。低养分投入时，小麦单位面积穗数及穗粒数对产量起决定作用。高养分投入时，决定于单位面积穗数。不同小麦品种养分吸收利用效率差异显著。低养分投入时，高产品种氮肥回收率、农学效率和偏生产力比低产品种高6.3～61.6%、52.1～122%、9.8～25%。磷肥回收率、农学效率和偏生产力较低产品种高31.2～33.3%、58.9～126.3%、7.0～24.9%。高养分投入时，小麦偏生产力明显下降，且低产品种较高产品种更敏感。
6.养分投入水平提高，小麦籽粒氮、镁、铁、锌、铜、铬、镍和铅含量增加，籽粒磷、钾和锰含量降低。不施肥时，小麦籽粒氮、磷、镁、铁、锌、铜和镍含量比施肥更能体现各品种间差异。施肥时，籽粒钾、钙、锰、铬和铅含量比不施肥更能体现品种间差异。小麦籽粒磷含量与籽粒氮、镁、铁、锰和锌呈显著正相关关系，籽粒锌含量与籽粒氮、铁、锰含量呈显著正相关关系。
Wheat is the major food crop for residents living in northern China, and is the main sourceof essential mineral elements, such as zinc, calcium, iron and so on. A6-year continuedexperiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different ratess of N, P applied onwheat yield, nutrient use efficiency and grain mineral nutrient quality, and to explore therelationships among rainfall, fertilizer rates and wheat yield, nutrient use and mineral nutrientquality. The objectives were to optimize the management of water and fertilizer, and providea theoretical basis for high yield, high quality, high efficiency and sustainable development ofagricultural production in dryland of China. The main results were as follows:
1. With increasing N supply wheat yield significantly increased, and reached the highestvalue of6244kg ha~(-1)at the N rate of240kg N ha~(-1), increasing by124%compared to thecontrol (without nitrogen fertilizer application). But there was not significant differencebetween the rate of240and360kg N ha~(-1). Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium accumulationalso increased and reached the greatest value of200kg ha~(-1),20kg ha~(-1)and121kg ha~(-1)at therate of320kg N ha~(-1), respectively, increasing by274.7%,64.5%and183.4%. Nitrogenrequirement for100kg grain significantly increased, but phosphorus requirement remarkablyreduced, potassium requirement first decreased and then increased. The partial factorproductivity (PFP) and use efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer decreased, while those forphosphorus fertilizer increased; Rainfall affected the PFP and the accumulations of total N, Pand K, i.e. they increased by the elevated rainfall that ranged from269to422mm, anddecreased by the rainfall with more than422mm.
2. With N-input incraese, N, Fe, Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Se and Co contents in wheat grainsignificantly increased. Compared to the control, the contents of Cr, Ni, Pb, Se and Co inwheat grain at the N rate of160kg ha~(-1)reached the highest value and increased by30.4%,7.0%,45.0%,57.1%and32.5%, respectively, while the contents of N, Fe, Zn and Cu at the Nrate of240kg ha~(-1)reached the highest value, and increased by44.4%,37.1%,12.0%and 37.5%, respectively; With the increasing rainfall before the wheat sowing, the contents of P,Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Ni and Cd in wheat grain significantly increased. The contents of P, Znand Cd reached the highest value of3.2g kg~(-1),27mg kg~(-1)and40.1μg kg~(-1)with the rainfall of422mm, while those of Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu and Ni reached the highest value of1117,4,35,4.3and0.70mg kg~(-1)with the rainfall of484mm, respectively.
3. With increasing phosphate fertilizer supply, wheat yield, N, P and K accumulations inthe plant significantly increased, and reached the highest value of5703,145.9,18.5and93.5kg ha~(-1)at the rate of100kg P2O5ha~(-1)with increase by32%,18.0%,47.6%and27.4%,respectively, and there was not significant difference between the rate of100and150kg P2O5ha~(-1). Phosphorus requirement for100kg grain increased, but nitrogen and potassiumrequirement significantly decreased. PFP of N fertilizer increased significantly, while that ofP fertilizer reduced. Nitrogen accumulation and nitrogen requirement for100kg grain, useefficiency of P and K fertilizer significantly increased by the increase of rainfall with rangingfrom269to386mm, and decreased with the rainfall being above386mm. Nitrogen useefficiency reached the highest of45.9kg kg~(-1)with the rainfall of478mm.
4. With increasing phosphate fertilizer supply, the contents of P, K, Ca, Mg, Cr, Pb, Seand Co in wheat grain significantly increased, and reached the highest value at the rate of100kg ha~(-1)with the increase by18.1%,8.8%,3.5%,7.2%,32.8%,61.1%,22.2%and35.6%,respectively, compared to the control, while the contents of N, Mn, Zn, Cu and Nisignificantly decreased, and the contents of P, Fe, Mn, Cu, Cd and Ni in wheat grain increasedwith the increase of rainfall before wheat sowing, the contents of P, Zn and Cd reached thehighest value with the rainfall of422mm, and those of Fe, Mn, Cu, Ni and Cd were highestwith the value of59,30,4.5,0.78kg kg~(-1)and14μg kg~(-1), respectively, when the rainfall was484mm.
5. The yield and biomass of wheat increased significantly with the increase of nutrientinputs, and the high-yielding varieties were more sensitive to nutrient inputs than thelow-yielding varieties. Under the condition of low nutrient inputs, the yield depended onpanicles per unit area and grain number per spike, but panicles per unit area dominated theyield under the condition of high nutrient inputs. Under the condition of low nutrient inputs,nitrogen and phosphorus recovery efficiency, agronomic use efficiency and partial factorproductivity of the high-yielding varieties were higher (i.e.6.3%-61.6%,52.1%~(-1)22%,9.8～5%and31.2%～33.3%,58.9%～126.3%,7.0%～4.9%, respectively) than those of thelow-yielding varieties. Nitrogen and phosphorous partial factor productivity significantlydecreased by the high nutrient inputs, and the low-yielding varieties were more sensitive tofertilizer inputs than the high-yielding varieties.
6. With the nutrient inputs increase, the contents of N, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni and Pb ingrain of different varieties wheat increased, but those of P, K and Mn decreased. The contentsof N, P, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu and Ni in grain of different varieties wheat in unfertilized treatmentsreflected more genotype difference than those in the fertilized treatments, while the contentsof K, Ca, Mn, Cr, and Pb in fertilized treatments reflected more genotype difference thanthose in the control Treattments. There was a positive correlation between the contents of Pand N, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, and a positive correlation between the content of Zn and N, Fe, Mn.
1．随施氮量增加，小麦产量显著提高，施氮240kg N ha~(-1)时达最高值6244kg ha~(-1)，比对照提高124%。继续增加氮肥用量，产量不再增加。随施氮量增加，小麦植株氮磷钾吸收量提高，施氮320kg N ha~(-1)时达最高值，分别为200kg ha~(-1)、20kg ha~(-1)和121kgha~(-1)，比对照提高275%、65%和183%。随施氮量增加，百公斤籽粒需氮量显著增加，需磷量显著降低，需钾量呈先降低后增加趋势。随施氮量增加，氮肥偏生产力及利用效率降低，磷偏生产力及磷素利用效率提高；播前降水在269～422mm范围时，植株氮磷钾吸收量及氮磷偏生产力随降水增加显著提高，降水超过422mm时，氮磷钾吸收量及偏生产力降低。
2．随施氮量增加，小麦籽粒氮、铁、锌、铜、铬、镍、铅、硒和钴含量显著增加。施氮量为160kg ha~(-1)时，籽粒铬、镍、铅、硒和钴含量达最高值，比对照分别提高30.4%、7.0%、45.0%、57.1%、32.5%。施氮量为240kg N ha~(-1)时，籽粒氮、铁、锌和铜含量达最高值，比对照分别增加44.4%、37.1%、12.0%、37.5%；随播前降水增加，籽粒磷、镁、铁、锰、锌、铜、镍和镉含量显著提高，降水为422mm时，籽粒磷、锌和镉含量达最高值，分别为3.2g kg~(-1)、27mg kg~(-1)和40.1μg kg~(-1)。降水为484mm时，籽粒镁、铁、锰、铜和镍达最高值，分别为1117mg kg~(-1)、54mg kg~(-1)、35mg kg~(-1)、4.3mg kg~(-1)和0.70mg kg~(-1)。
3．随施磷量增加，小麦产量和植株氮磷钾吸收量显著提高，施磷100kg P2O5ha~(-1)时均达最高值5703kg ha~(-1)、145.9kg ha~(-1)、18.5kg ha~(-1)和93.5kg ha~(-1)，比对照分别提高32%、18.0%、47.6%和27.4%。继续增加磷肥用量，以上参数无显著变化。随施磷量增加，百公斤籽粒需磷量增加，需氮量和需钾量显著降低。随施磷量增加，氮肥偏生产力及利用效率显著增加，磷肥偏生产力降低；播前降水在269～386mm范围时，植株吸氮量、百公斤籽粒需氮量及磷钾利用效率随降水增加显著提高，降水超过386mm时，以上参数则降低。氮素利用效率在降水为478mm时达最高值45.9kg kg~(-1)。
4．随施磷量增加，小麦籽粒磷、钾、钙、镁、铬、铅、硒和钴含量均显著提高，施磷100kg ha~(-1)时达最高值，比对照分别提高18.1%、8.8%、3.5%、7.2%、32.8%、61.1%、22.2%和35.6%。继续增加磷肥水平，以上参数均显著下降。小麦籽粒氮、锰、锌、铜和镍含量随施磷量增加显著降低；随降水增加，籽粒磷、铁、锰、锌、铜、镉和镍含量显著提高，降水为422mm时，籽粒磷和锌达最高值，分别为2.9g kg~(-1)和33mg kg~(-1)。降水为484mm时，籽粒铁、锰、铜、镍和镉达最高值，分别为59mg kg~(-1)、30mg kg~(-1)、4.5mg kg~(-1)、0.78mg kg~(-1)和14μg kg~(-1)。
5.养分投入水平提高，小麦产量和生物量均显著增加。低养分投入时，小麦单位面积穗数及穗粒数对产量起决定作用。高养分投入时，决定于单位面积穗数。不同小麦品种养分吸收利用效率差异显著。低养分投入时，高产品种氮肥回收率、农学效率和偏生产力比低产品种高6.3～61.6%、52.1～122%、9.8～25%。磷肥回收率、农学效率和偏生产力较低产品种高31.2～33.3%、58.9～126.3%、7.0～24.9%。高养分投入时，小麦偏生产力明显下降，且低产品种较高产品种更敏感。
6.养分投入水平提高，小麦籽粒氮、镁、铁、锌、铜、铬、镍和铅含量增加，籽粒磷、钾和锰含量降低。不施肥时，小麦籽粒氮、磷、镁、铁、锌、铜和镍含量比施肥更能体现各品种间差异。施肥时，籽粒钾、钙、锰、铬和铅含量比不施肥更能体现品种间差异。小麦籽粒磷含量与籽粒氮、镁、铁、锰和锌呈显著正相关关系，籽粒锌含量与籽粒氮、铁、锰含量呈显著正相关关系。
Wheat is the major food crop for residents living in northern China, and is the main sourceof essential mineral elements, such as zinc, calcium, iron and so on. A6-year continuedexperiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different ratess of N, P applied onwheat yield, nutrient use efficiency and grain mineral nutrient quality, and to explore therelationships among rainfall, fertilizer rates and wheat yield, nutrient use and mineral nutrientquality. The objectives were to optimize the management of water and fertilizer, and providea theoretical basis for high yield, high quality, high efficiency and sustainable development ofagricultural production in dryland of China. The main results were as follows:
1. With increasing N supply wheat yield significantly increased, and reached the highestvalue of6244kg ha~(-1)at the N rate of240kg N ha~(-1), increasing by124%compared to thecontrol (without nitrogen fertilizer application). But there was not significant differencebetween the rate of240and360kg N ha~(-1). Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium accumulationalso increased and reached the greatest value of200kg ha~(-1),20kg ha~(-1)and121kg ha~(-1)at therate of320kg N ha~(-1), respectively, increasing by274.7%,64.5%and183.4%. Nitrogenrequirement for100kg grain significantly increased, but phosphorus requirement remarkablyreduced, potassium requirement first decreased and then increased. The partial factorproductivity (PFP) and use efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer decreased, while those forphosphorus fertilizer increased; Rainfall affected the PFP and the accumulations of total N, Pand K, i.e. they increased by the elevated rainfall that ranged from269to422mm, anddecreased by the rainfall with more than422mm.
2. With N-input incraese, N, Fe, Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Se and Co contents in wheat grainsignificantly increased. Compared to the control, the contents of Cr, Ni, Pb, Se and Co inwheat grain at the N rate of160kg ha~(-1)reached the highest value and increased by30.4%,7.0%,45.0%,57.1%and32.5%, respectively, while the contents of N, Fe, Zn and Cu at the Nrate of240kg ha~(-1)reached the highest value, and increased by44.4%,37.1%,12.0%and 37.5%, respectively; With the increasing rainfall before the wheat sowing, the contents of P,Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Ni and Cd in wheat grain significantly increased. The contents of P, Znand Cd reached the highest value of3.2g kg~(-1),27mg kg~(-1)and40.1μg kg~(-1)with the rainfall of422mm, while those of Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu and Ni reached the highest value of1117,4,35,4.3and0.70mg kg~(-1)with the rainfall of484mm, respectively.
3. With increasing phosphate fertilizer supply, wheat yield, N, P and K accumulations inthe plant significantly increased, and reached the highest value of5703,145.9,18.5and93.5kg ha~(-1)at the rate of100kg P2O5ha~(-1)with increase by32%,18.0%,47.6%and27.4%,respectively, and there was not significant difference between the rate of100and150kg P2O5ha~(-1). Phosphorus requirement for100kg grain increased, but nitrogen and potassiumrequirement significantly decreased. PFP of N fertilizer increased significantly, while that ofP fertilizer reduced. Nitrogen accumulation and nitrogen requirement for100kg grain, useefficiency of P and K fertilizer significantly increased by the increase of rainfall with rangingfrom269to386mm, and decreased with the rainfall being above386mm. Nitrogen useefficiency reached the highest of45.9kg kg~(-1)with the rainfall of478mm.
4. With increasing phosphate fertilizer supply, the contents of P, K, Ca, Mg, Cr, Pb, Seand Co in wheat grain significantly increased, and reached the highest value at the rate of100kg ha~(-1)with the increase by18.1%,8.8%,3.5%,7.2%,32.8%,61.1%,22.2%and35.6%,respectively, compared to the control, while the contents of N, Mn, Zn, Cu and Nisignificantly decreased, and the contents of P, Fe, Mn, Cu, Cd and Ni in wheat grain increasedwith the increase of rainfall before wheat sowing, the contents of P, Zn and Cd reached thehighest value with the rainfall of422mm, and those of Fe, Mn, Cu, Ni and Cd were highestwith the value of59,30,4.5,0.78kg kg~(-1)and14μg kg~(-1), respectively, when the rainfall was484mm.
5. The yield and biomass of wheat increased significantly with the increase of nutrientinputs, and the high-yielding varieties were more sensitive to nutrient inputs than thelow-yielding varieties. Under the condition of low nutrient inputs, the yield depended onpanicles per unit area and grain number per spike, but panicles per unit area dominated theyield under the condition of high nutrient inputs. Under the condition of low nutrient inputs,nitrogen and phosphorus recovery efficiency, agronomic use efficiency and partial factorproductivity of the high-yielding varieties were higher (i.e.6.3%-61.6%,52.1%~(-1)22%,9.8～5%and31.2%～33.3%,58.9%～126.3%,7.0%～4.9%, respectively) than those of thelow-yielding varieties. Nitrogen and phosphorous partial factor productivity significantlydecreased by the high nutrient inputs, and the low-yielding varieties were more sensitive tofertilizer inputs than the high-yielding varieties.
6. With the nutrient inputs increase, the contents of N, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni and Pb ingrain of different varieties wheat increased, but those of P, K and Mn decreased. The contentsof N, P, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu and Ni in grain of different varieties wheat in unfertilized treatmentsreflected more genotype difference than those in the fertilized treatments, while the contentsof K, Ca, Mn, Cr, and Pb in fertilized treatments reflected more genotype difference thanthose in the control Treattments. There was a positive correlation between the contents of Pand N, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, and a positive correlation between the content of Zn and N, Fe, Mn.
引文
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