湿热地区通信基站建筑节能设计策略与技术
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摘要
湿热地区建筑能耗水平高,能源形势紧张。通信基站类建筑分步广泛,数量众多,耗电量大,其电能耗费已经成为运营商的重要成本支出。目前对通信基站类建筑的节能研究集中在设备、空调系统、气流组织及管理等方面,很少涉及建筑节能研究。本文针对以广州为代表的湿热地区通信基站类建筑的建筑节能设计策略与技术问题,重点进行了以下理论和实验研究工作:
1.通信基站的调研测试。
对基站的分类、室内设备发热量、围护结构构造、空调类型和空调的运行等进行了调研。选择广州地区典型基站进行了实地测试,测试内容包括:基站各部分的电耗、机柜设备的散热量、空调系统的制冷量和围护结构的传热量等。对基站的热平衡和传热过程中的各个传热环节进行了分析,结果表明测试期间基站围护结构是整个传热过程中热阻最高的环节,阻碍了室内设备的散热,应采用有效措施予以降低。最后总结了通信基站的基本热工特征。
2.通信基站建筑围护结构节能设计策略及其节能效果评价。
根据现场调研和实地测试所获取的信息建立典型基站的DeST模型,对围护结构设计因素对不同室内设备发热量的不同类型基站空调耗电量的影响进行了模拟分析。提出了优化外墙和屋面的传热性能、外遮阳设计以及两者综合运用的节能设计方案,并分析了节能效果。总结了通信基站的围护结构节能设计策略。分析了机房的围护结构构造设计,提出了兼顾通风的遮阳构造。
3.通信基站通风冷却技术的系统研究。
通风冷却技术直接引进室外新风能有效的排除室内设备发热量,节能效果显著。首先对通风冷却技术在广州地区运用的气候适应性及节能潜力进行分析。针对现有的通风冷却技术的风机、空调联动控制策略的不足,对控制策略进行优化。对通风冷却的室内气流组织进行CFD模拟,结果表明气流组织的优化对设备的散热效率有较大的影响,并总结了室内气流的组织原则。根据室内气流组织原则,对通风冷却基站的建筑平、剖面进行设计,并对室内设备和进、排风单元进行合理的布局设计,以保证基站室内设备的散热效果。对通风系统过滤器的特性进行了分析,总结了加大过滤器面积的优点,并设计了通风系统的进、排风单元构造。
4.通信基站通风冷却技术的节能效果评价和运用策略。
针对现有通风冷却技术的节能评价方法的不足,提出了适用于不同的空调设定温度、室内发热量、空调性能、通风换气次数和风机功率下运用通风冷却技术的不同类型基站的节能效果评价方法。建立实验房,模拟通风冷却基站,按照新控制策略开发了控制系统,测试结果表明优化后的控制策略可行,系统运行稳定可靠,并验证了节电量计算公式。计算总结了不同影响因素与通风冷却技术全年节电量的关系。总结了通风冷却技术在不同类型基站中的运用策略及其节能效果。
The building energy consumption in hot and humid zone is large and energy situation is severe. Telecommunication base stations (TBSs) are used in large numbers, and have high heat density, a long cooling season and high energy consumption. Electricity bill for TBSs is an importance cost of mobile communications corporation. The previous studies on energy conservation of TBS mainly focused on equipments, air-conditioning system, airflow optimization and energy management. There are very limited studies on building design of TBS for energy saving. The objective of this thesis is to systematically study the building energy efficiency strategies and technologies of TBSs in hot and humid zone. The main research works are as follows:
1. Field investigation.
The basic information of TBS was achieved such as the base of classification, indoor heat sources, building envelopes structures, air-conditioning performance and the temperature set point of air-conditioning. A typical TBS in Guangzhou was chose to be investigated and tested in the present study. The test included the various parts of the electricity consumption, the heat release of the equipments, and the refrigerating capacity of the air-conditioning and the heat transmission of the building envelopes. The thermal equilibrium and the heat transfer sections were discussed. Results showed that the building envelopes were the most high resistance section of the heat transfer. And the thermal characteristics of TBS were concluded
2. Strategies of the energy efficiency design of building envelopes of TBS and evaluation of their energy efficient.
A dynamic thermal simulation program named DeST was applied to estimate the annual cooling load of the typical TBS. The parameters for the simulations were set according to the basic information achieved by the field investigation and testing. The energy consumption of different design of the building envelopes of TBS under different temperature set point and indoor heat sources were calculated. Several energy efficient envelope designs were proposed. The effect on annual energy consumption was analyzed for each energy efficient design and the combined effects were achieved for several combinations of the designs by thermal simulation. The energy efficient design strategy of building envelope for TBS in Guangzhou was proposed. And the building structure giving consideration to both ventilation and shading was proposed.
3. Systems study of ventilation cooling technology for TBS.
As the heat from the telecommunication equipments can be dissipated directly to outdoor cold air and the runtime of the air conditioners can be shortened by ventilation cooling technology (VCT), resulting in notable energy savings. The adaptability to the climate of Guangzhou and the energy saving potentials of ventilation cooling technology was analized. Accoding to the inadequate of the integrated operation strategy of fans and air-conditioning for VCT, an energy saving maximized integrated operation strategy was proposed. Computational fluid dynamics simulation results indicate that optimization of airflow organization has a strong influence on heat dissipation efficiency for VCT. And the principles of airflow organization was generated. Based on the principles, the plan and section of TBS applied VCT and the layout of the equipments and ventilation system was designed. The characteristics of filter was analized and the advantage of increaing filter sieve area was concluded. Also, the construction of ventilation system was designed.
4. The evaluation of energy saving and the applying strategies of VCT.
For the defect of the existing evaluate method for VCT such as it only specific type TBS can be evaluated for one test, and the test must be last for a long time, and the oversize error rate, a new evaluate method for VCT was proposed. The evaluate method can be used for different TBS under different meteorological condition, temperature set point, indoor heat sources, performance of air condition and ventilation rate. The relation ship between all influencing factors and annual saved electric energy was analized. The applying strategies and the effect of energy saving of VCT for different TBS were concluded.
1.通信基站的调研测试。
对基站的分类、室内设备发热量、围护结构构造、空调类型和空调的运行等进行了调研。选择广州地区典型基站进行了实地测试,测试内容包括:基站各部分的电耗、机柜设备的散热量、空调系统的制冷量和围护结构的传热量等。对基站的热平衡和传热过程中的各个传热环节进行了分析,结果表明测试期间基站围护结构是整个传热过程中热阻最高的环节,阻碍了室内设备的散热,应采用有效措施予以降低。最后总结了通信基站的基本热工特征。
2.通信基站建筑围护结构节能设计策略及其节能效果评价。
根据现场调研和实地测试所获取的信息建立典型基站的DeST模型,对围护结构设计因素对不同室内设备发热量的不同类型基站空调耗电量的影响进行了模拟分析。提出了优化外墙和屋面的传热性能、外遮阳设计以及两者综合运用的节能设计方案,并分析了节能效果。总结了通信基站的围护结构节能设计策略。分析了机房的围护结构构造设计,提出了兼顾通风的遮阳构造。
3.通信基站通风冷却技术的系统研究。
通风冷却技术直接引进室外新风能有效的排除室内设备发热量,节能效果显著。首先对通风冷却技术在广州地区运用的气候适应性及节能潜力进行分析。针对现有的通风冷却技术的风机、空调联动控制策略的不足,对控制策略进行优化。对通风冷却的室内气流组织进行CFD模拟,结果表明气流组织的优化对设备的散热效率有较大的影响,并总结了室内气流的组织原则。根据室内气流组织原则,对通风冷却基站的建筑平、剖面进行设计,并对室内设备和进、排风单元进行合理的布局设计,以保证基站室内设备的散热效果。对通风系统过滤器的特性进行了分析,总结了加大过滤器面积的优点,并设计了通风系统的进、排风单元构造。
4.通信基站通风冷却技术的节能效果评价和运用策略。
针对现有通风冷却技术的节能评价方法的不足,提出了适用于不同的空调设定温度、室内发热量、空调性能、通风换气次数和风机功率下运用通风冷却技术的不同类型基站的节能效果评价方法。建立实验房,模拟通风冷却基站,按照新控制策略开发了控制系统,测试结果表明优化后的控制策略可行,系统运行稳定可靠,并验证了节电量计算公式。计算总结了不同影响因素与通风冷却技术全年节电量的关系。总结了通风冷却技术在不同类型基站中的运用策略及其节能效果。
The building energy consumption in hot and humid zone is large and energy situation is severe. Telecommunication base stations (TBSs) are used in large numbers, and have high heat density, a long cooling season and high energy consumption. Electricity bill for TBSs is an importance cost of mobile communications corporation. The previous studies on energy conservation of TBS mainly focused on equipments, air-conditioning system, airflow optimization and energy management. There are very limited studies on building design of TBS for energy saving. The objective of this thesis is to systematically study the building energy efficiency strategies and technologies of TBSs in hot and humid zone. The main research works are as follows:
1. Field investigation.
The basic information of TBS was achieved such as the base of classification, indoor heat sources, building envelopes structures, air-conditioning performance and the temperature set point of air-conditioning. A typical TBS in Guangzhou was chose to be investigated and tested in the present study. The test included the various parts of the electricity consumption, the heat release of the equipments, and the refrigerating capacity of the air-conditioning and the heat transmission of the building envelopes. The thermal equilibrium and the heat transfer sections were discussed. Results showed that the building envelopes were the most high resistance section of the heat transfer. And the thermal characteristics of TBS were concluded
2. Strategies of the energy efficiency design of building envelopes of TBS and evaluation of their energy efficient.
A dynamic thermal simulation program named DeST was applied to estimate the annual cooling load of the typical TBS. The parameters for the simulations were set according to the basic information achieved by the field investigation and testing. The energy consumption of different design of the building envelopes of TBS under different temperature set point and indoor heat sources were calculated. Several energy efficient envelope designs were proposed. The effect on annual energy consumption was analyzed for each energy efficient design and the combined effects were achieved for several combinations of the designs by thermal simulation. The energy efficient design strategy of building envelope for TBS in Guangzhou was proposed. And the building structure giving consideration to both ventilation and shading was proposed.
3. Systems study of ventilation cooling technology for TBS.
As the heat from the telecommunication equipments can be dissipated directly to outdoor cold air and the runtime of the air conditioners can be shortened by ventilation cooling technology (VCT), resulting in notable energy savings. The adaptability to the climate of Guangzhou and the energy saving potentials of ventilation cooling technology was analized. Accoding to the inadequate of the integrated operation strategy of fans and air-conditioning for VCT, an energy saving maximized integrated operation strategy was proposed. Computational fluid dynamics simulation results indicate that optimization of airflow organization has a strong influence on heat dissipation efficiency for VCT. And the principles of airflow organization was generated. Based on the principles, the plan and section of TBS applied VCT and the layout of the equipments and ventilation system was designed. The characteristics of filter was analized and the advantage of increaing filter sieve area was concluded. Also, the construction of ventilation system was designed.
4. The evaluation of energy saving and the applying strategies of VCT.
For the defect of the existing evaluate method for VCT such as it only specific type TBS can be evaluated for one test, and the test must be last for a long time, and the oversize error rate, a new evaluate method for VCT was proposed. The evaluate method can be used for different TBS under different meteorological condition, temperature set point, indoor heat sources, performance of air condition and ventilation rate. The relation ship between all influencing factors and annual saved electric energy was analized. The applying strategies and the effect of energy saving of VCT for different TBS were concluded.
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