夹层玻璃等效厚度研究
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摘要
玻璃以其优秀的透明性和装饰性而广泛用于建筑物中,特别是支撑整个建筑物荷重的钢、钢筋混凝土的广泛应用,使得不再要求建筑物的外墙承担建筑物的负荷,推动玻璃幕墙、玻璃屋顶、玻璃拱肩等组成材料的迅速发展和广泛应用。虽然玻璃不承担建筑物的重量,但是却必须经受风、雪、气温变化、结构元件(如玻璃幕墙的铝合金框、支架等的重量)及其它因素所引起的冲击负荷,作为建筑物组成部分的玻璃的使用安全性或可靠性必须考虑。夹层玻璃正在日益广泛地应用于建筑工程,如玻璃幕墙、高层窗、玻璃门、浴室及运动场所,对夹层玻璃的研究是建筑玻璃应用技术研究的一个热点。
典型的层合结构的玻璃是由两片玻璃和一个中间层组成,中间层可以是气体材料(如空气、氩气)即中空玻璃,也可以是固体材料(如胶片)即夹层玻璃。夹层玻璃的强度和破碎特性与玻璃的种类、厚度、中间层的类型、厚度等有密切关系,这种关系对于夹层玻璃的设计及其使用安全性的预测是很有用的,然而,这种关系的计算却很复杂。本文则研究了夹层玻璃的力学特性。
为了简化夹层玻璃强度的计算,通常采用W?lfel E提出的等效厚度法。等效厚度法认为,在力学行为方面,夹层玻璃等效于一个单片玻璃,即在同样负荷的条件下,夹层玻璃和该单片玻璃所产生的应变是相同的。该单片玻璃的材质和夹层玻璃的玻璃片一样,而厚度则由计算得到,称为等效厚度,这个单片玻璃称为等效玻璃片。
由参考文献计算得到的等效厚度所计算出的弯曲强度总是低于测量值,即设计结果偏于保守。本文提出一种计算等效厚度的方法。在中间层PVB胶片厚度为0.76mm和1.52mm时,由本文方法计算得到的等效厚度所计算出的弯曲变形量与测量值比较符合,而在PVB胶片厚度为0.38mm时,计算结果与实测结果相差6%左右。
此外,研究结果表明,随着PVB中间层材料厚度的增加,其传递剪应力的能力降低,使PVB夹层玻璃的抗弯性能下降;而SGP中间层材料厚度的增加却提高了夹层玻璃的抗弯性能。
夹层玻璃的应力分布显示,常温下PVB夹层玻璃存在两个中性层(或零应力层),并且中性层的位置都靠近中间层胶片;而SGP夹层玻璃只拥有一个中性层,中性层的位置在夹层玻璃厚度方向的几何中心。这就是PVB夹层玻璃抗弯性能比SGP夹层玻璃低的原因。
利用应力的有限元方法分析了不同温度下夹层玻璃的应力分布,研究表明,在20℃时,PVB夹层玻璃最大主应力区域为板中心附近的一个圆形区域,随着温度的升高,该圆形区域逐步向板的边部扩展,并变为花瓣形。在20℃时,SGP夹层玻璃的最大主应力集中在对角线附近的矩形区域,随着温度的升高,矩形区域长大,变为方形区域。这说明,随着使用环境温度的不同,夹层玻璃产生应力集中的区域会发生变化,此时玻璃可能产生的破碎状态也会发生变化。
Glass is used as structural materials in building construction widely, such as glass curtain wall, glass roof, glass spandrel, and so on, due to best transparency and decoration, in particular the widespread use of structural steel and reinforced concrete, which supports whole loads of building, and hence the exterior walls of buildings are no longer required for structural support. But the glass is imposed by the loads caused by the wind, snow, changes in temperature, weight of structural elements (that is the weight of the mullions, anchors, and other structural components in case of the curtain wall), and other factors. Safety or reliability must be considered while using glass as structural materials. Nowadays, laminated glasses are wildely used in building construction, such as glass curtain walls, high building windows, glass doors, bathrooms and stadiums. More reasearcher are focus on the applied technology of architecture glass.
A sandwich glass is typically made up of two glass pieces with an interlayer. The interlayer can be gas materials, such as atmospheric air, inert gases (i.e. argon) (so-called insulating glass). It can be also solid materials, such as films (so-called laminated glass). Therefore, strength and crashing performance of sandwich glass is dependent on performance and thickness of the glass pieces and interlayer. The relationship between them is very useful in design of the sandwich glass, and the prediction of its service safety. However, calculation of the relationship is very complex. The mechanical performance of laminated glass was investigated in this paper.
Effective thickness (ET) method brought forward by W?lfel E was developed for simplifying calculation on strength of laminated glass. It is assumed in ET method that a laminated glass can be represented by a monolithic glass in mechanical behavior. The strains in the monolithic glass and the laminated glass cased by a load are same. This monolithic glass is same as glass pieces in the laminated glass but thickness is calculated, and is called as effective thickness of the laminated glass. The monolithic glass is called as laminated glass piece.
Bending strength calculated by ET calculated by reference is lower than measured values. That is to say, the ET result calculated by reference is conservative. A model calculating ET is proposed here. Bending strength calculated by ET calculated by this model is in good agreement with measured value for interlayer PVB film with thickness of 0.76 mm to 1.52 mm. It deviates from measured value by ~6% while thickness of interlayer PVB film is less than 0.38mm.
In addition, research results demonstrate that bending strength increases with as PVB interlayer thickness decreased, and, however, it decreases SGP interlayer thickness increased.
It was shown in stress distribution in laminated glass that two zero-stress planes exist for PVB laminated glass, and only one zero-stress plane exists for SGP laminated glass at room temperature. All the zero-stress planes are near the interlayer in PVB laminated glass, and the zero-stress planes are in the interlayer in SGP laminated glass. It is reason the bending strength for PVB glass is lower than for SGP glass.
Stress distribution in laminated glass at several temperatures was investigated by finite element method of stress. Investigating results indicate that maximum main stress concentrates in a small circular area in middle part of PVB laminated glass plate for temperature of ~20℃. The circular stress central area increases toward the edge of the plate and becomes a petal shape with temperature raised. Stress in SGP laminated glass in temperature of ~20℃is a rectangular area on diagonal of the plate. As temperature rises, the rectangular stress area increases, and becomes a square area. This shows that, under different environmental temperature, the stress concentration area in laminated glass is difference and the glass broken state may be various.
典型的层合结构的玻璃是由两片玻璃和一个中间层组成,中间层可以是气体材料(如空气、氩气)即中空玻璃,也可以是固体材料(如胶片)即夹层玻璃。夹层玻璃的强度和破碎特性与玻璃的种类、厚度、中间层的类型、厚度等有密切关系,这种关系对于夹层玻璃的设计及其使用安全性的预测是很有用的,然而,这种关系的计算却很复杂。本文则研究了夹层玻璃的力学特性。
为了简化夹层玻璃强度的计算,通常采用W?lfel E提出的等效厚度法。等效厚度法认为,在力学行为方面,夹层玻璃等效于一个单片玻璃,即在同样负荷的条件下,夹层玻璃和该单片玻璃所产生的应变是相同的。该单片玻璃的材质和夹层玻璃的玻璃片一样,而厚度则由计算得到,称为等效厚度,这个单片玻璃称为等效玻璃片。
由参考文献计算得到的等效厚度所计算出的弯曲强度总是低于测量值,即设计结果偏于保守。本文提出一种计算等效厚度的方法。在中间层PVB胶片厚度为0.76mm和1.52mm时,由本文方法计算得到的等效厚度所计算出的弯曲变形量与测量值比较符合,而在PVB胶片厚度为0.38mm时,计算结果与实测结果相差6%左右。
此外,研究结果表明,随着PVB中间层材料厚度的增加,其传递剪应力的能力降低,使PVB夹层玻璃的抗弯性能下降;而SGP中间层材料厚度的增加却提高了夹层玻璃的抗弯性能。
夹层玻璃的应力分布显示,常温下PVB夹层玻璃存在两个中性层(或零应力层),并且中性层的位置都靠近中间层胶片;而SGP夹层玻璃只拥有一个中性层,中性层的位置在夹层玻璃厚度方向的几何中心。这就是PVB夹层玻璃抗弯性能比SGP夹层玻璃低的原因。
利用应力的有限元方法分析了不同温度下夹层玻璃的应力分布,研究表明,在20℃时,PVB夹层玻璃最大主应力区域为板中心附近的一个圆形区域,随着温度的升高,该圆形区域逐步向板的边部扩展,并变为花瓣形。在20℃时,SGP夹层玻璃的最大主应力集中在对角线附近的矩形区域,随着温度的升高,矩形区域长大,变为方形区域。这说明,随着使用环境温度的不同,夹层玻璃产生应力集中的区域会发生变化,此时玻璃可能产生的破碎状态也会发生变化。
Glass is used as structural materials in building construction widely, such as glass curtain wall, glass roof, glass spandrel, and so on, due to best transparency and decoration, in particular the widespread use of structural steel and reinforced concrete, which supports whole loads of building, and hence the exterior walls of buildings are no longer required for structural support. But the glass is imposed by the loads caused by the wind, snow, changes in temperature, weight of structural elements (that is the weight of the mullions, anchors, and other structural components in case of the curtain wall), and other factors. Safety or reliability must be considered while using glass as structural materials. Nowadays, laminated glasses are wildely used in building construction, such as glass curtain walls, high building windows, glass doors, bathrooms and stadiums. More reasearcher are focus on the applied technology of architecture glass.
A sandwich glass is typically made up of two glass pieces with an interlayer. The interlayer can be gas materials, such as atmospheric air, inert gases (i.e. argon) (so-called insulating glass). It can be also solid materials, such as films (so-called laminated glass). Therefore, strength and crashing performance of sandwich glass is dependent on performance and thickness of the glass pieces and interlayer. The relationship between them is very useful in design of the sandwich glass, and the prediction of its service safety. However, calculation of the relationship is very complex. The mechanical performance of laminated glass was investigated in this paper.
Effective thickness (ET) method brought forward by W?lfel E was developed for simplifying calculation on strength of laminated glass. It is assumed in ET method that a laminated glass can be represented by a monolithic glass in mechanical behavior. The strains in the monolithic glass and the laminated glass cased by a load are same. This monolithic glass is same as glass pieces in the laminated glass but thickness is calculated, and is called as effective thickness of the laminated glass. The monolithic glass is called as laminated glass piece.
Bending strength calculated by ET calculated by reference is lower than measured values. That is to say, the ET result calculated by reference is conservative. A model calculating ET is proposed here. Bending strength calculated by ET calculated by this model is in good agreement with measured value for interlayer PVB film with thickness of 0.76 mm to 1.52 mm. It deviates from measured value by ~6% while thickness of interlayer PVB film is less than 0.38mm.
In addition, research results demonstrate that bending strength increases with as PVB interlayer thickness decreased, and, however, it decreases SGP interlayer thickness increased.
It was shown in stress distribution in laminated glass that two zero-stress planes exist for PVB laminated glass, and only one zero-stress plane exists for SGP laminated glass at room temperature. All the zero-stress planes are near the interlayer in PVB laminated glass, and the zero-stress planes are in the interlayer in SGP laminated glass. It is reason the bending strength for PVB glass is lower than for SGP glass.
Stress distribution in laminated glass at several temperatures was investigated by finite element method of stress. Investigating results indicate that maximum main stress concentrates in a small circular area in middle part of PVB laminated glass plate for temperature of ~20℃. The circular stress central area increases toward the edge of the plate and becomes a petal shape with temperature raised. Stress in SGP laminated glass in temperature of ~20℃is a rectangular area on diagonal of the plate. As temperature rises, the rectangular stress area increases, and becomes a square area. This shows that, under different environmental temperature, the stress concentration area in laminated glass is difference and the glass broken state may be various.
引文
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