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金融虚拟性演进过程中的金融脆弱性研究
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摘要
2008年以来,美国次贷危机所引发的金融危机在全球范围内持续蔓延。此次全球金融危机充分暴露了现代金融体系的脆弱性和金融危机的巨大破坏力。近期欧洲债务危机所引起的巨大震荡使人们意识到,危机尚未真正结束,危机的负面效应将远超预期。在过去的二十年中,金融利益集团推动金融体系在实体经济与虚拟经济之间的失衡、金融杠杆泛化、金融机构相互依存度增加、市场日趋集中、同质化经营加剧、风险跨境传递等方面积累了大量系统脆弱性。本次国际金融危机的产生和持续蔓延给西方主流经济学体系带来了巨大的挑战。由于他们不可能克服西方经济学的方向性错误,只能从一个错误滑向另一个错误。
     本文试图从资本主义制度本身制度的层次去解释这次金融危机的成因,即金融脆弱性内生性的根源恰恰是资本主义制度本身所造成的,金融危机的周期性发生是资本主义体制本身所不能解决。本文研究是从全新视角来解读金融脆弱性内生性机理,不仅关注金融虚拟性演进带来的金融脆弱性,也强调了整个虚拟经济系统,虚拟经济的过度发展引发资产价格泡沫的逐渐膨胀,累积了金融脆弱性进而爆发金融危机。更从金融脆弱性源于资本主义体制内生性的角度出发,通过梳理信用制度的过度扩张及金融脆弱性的生成路径来探究金融脆弱性的根源所在。
     本文分析了金融脆弱化形成的一般规律,即金融脆弱化形成的根源或条件。金融脆弱性是资本主义经济的内生现象,是资本主义经济运行过程的必然规律。金融脆弱化是在货币和资本的虚拟化过程中形成的。在当代资本主义发达虚拟经济的条件下,由于虚拟经济与实体经济发展的背离,金融脆弱性和金融危机倾向表现的更加明显。2008年发生的全球金融危机就是世界主要经济体在虚拟经济和实体经济的规模上出现不平衡而爆发的。所以虚拟资本市场的稳定发展,必须以经济的稳定增长为基础,特别是以相关公司业绩的稳定提高为基础,否则资本市场的价格上涨将成为空中楼阁。因此,在虚拟经济不断蓬勃发展的同时,需要保证虚拟经济的规模与实体经济规模保持协调,制定合理的金融政策,进一步有效发挥虚拟资本的财富效应。从而防范金融风险,保持国家经济稳定发展。
     货币的发展变迁过程是一个逐渐脱离自身价值基础而依托信用作为基础的过程,货币相当大的一部分必然是虚拟的,是一种价值符号,从这一历史角度来看,金融虚拟性萌芽于货币的产生过程。信用货币的产生使得商品交易在时间和空间上被分离出来,出现了非对称关系从而使得货币具有一种虚拟性特征。随着货币信用化、资本化演进过程,在当代商品经济社会中,货币及其功能已经很大程度上发生了异化,货币逐渐与实体商品发生分离,信用货币制度的出现使得货币和实物商品出现不对称性,货币成为一种虚拟性的符号远离了实体经济,为金融脆弱性的产生提供了基础。而随着现代银行制度使得货币数量的扩张成为现实,尤其是完全脱离黄金的美元本位制登上历史舞台后,非黄金纸币信用货币的创造使得以资产价格大幅膨胀的信用泡沫成为一种常态。各国政府大量储备的美元背后没有任何实物资产的支持,美元可以凭空创造出来用于平衡国际收支逆产,这在金本位制度和布雷顿森林体系时期是无法想象的。在全球一体化和金融自由化的背景下,信用制度不断膨胀,更高虚拟性的金融衍生产品层出不穷,其高杠杆,高风险的投机特点使得全球金融异化和金融泡沫的不断膨胀,金融危机出现的频率越来越密集成为一种长期趋势。
     通过金融危机历史经验和国别比较,我们看到新兴经济体发展中国家与西方发达国家在金融脆弱性方面存在很大差异,由于在本国货币贷款能力、外债偿还历史和资本市场进入的难易程度都有较大不同,所以在应对金融脆弱性积累的风险方面,新兴国家更加容易产生金融危机。这对我国进行金融发展政策选择过程具有很大的借鉴作用。从这个角度来看,所以作为发展中国家,在通过信贷扩张,大力发展金融业来拉动经济增长时必须保持谨慎和清醒的认识:金融发展与短期经济增长在一定程度上存在因果关系,但数量上的提高并不意味着金融发展程度的好,也不能仅仅用金融相关比率来衡量。如果效率低下,只追求数量而不重视质量,当金融发展的速度大大超越的实体经济的发展,金融脆弱性将不断积累,金融危机将逐渐临近,这显然是不明智和高成本的,所以对于中国这样的发展中国家试图迅速扩大金融体系规模和实现金融深化可能会导致欲速则不达。应该借鉴国际上其他国家尤其是新兴国家进行金融深化改革的经验教训,以渐进方式逐步稳健的完成金融深化改革。选择宏观经济体系发展较为平稳时期,选择金融机构内部治理完善的最佳时机,稳健的推进金融深化改革的历史进程。
     本文创新点如下:首先,本文运用马克思经济学分析方法,系统分析和阐述了金融脆弱性形成的一般规律。当下国内外学者研究金融脆弱性往往简单套用西方经济学的金融理论,不能全面解释金融脆弱性和经济越来越不稳定的现象,其实金融脆弱性的根源恰恰是资本主义制度本身所造成的。本文从信用制度的演进与发展过程中找出了虚拟经济的形成与发展是金融虚拟性演进的必然结果,金融脆弱性是资本主义经济运行的内生现象,是资本主义经济运行过程的必然结果。
     其次,本文以货币虚拟化作为逻辑起点,分析金融脆弱化在货币和资本的虚拟化过程中的形成过程。这在以往的研究中并不多见。货币虚拟化的出现是资本主义金融体系造成脆弱性的逻辑前提。随着货币虚拟化的不断演进,当代资本主义国家的虚拟经济日趋发达,伴随着虚拟经济与实体经济发展的背离,金融脆弱性和金融危机倾向表现的更加明显。
     最后,本文运用统计学和计量经济学的研究方法,有别于现有的金融脆弱性理论研究单纯从银行体系视角出发的特点,从金融体系全局入手,以中国金融脆弱性为例,对金融脆弱性的历史发展和现状进行了实证分析,得出了经验性结论,提供了有助于中国金融政策选择的理论依据,与理论分析相互呼应,做到了定性分析和定量分析的有机结合。
Since2008, the US Subprime Mortgage Crisis caused by the Financial Crisis hascontinued to spread in the whole world. The Financial Crisis has fully revealed itsdevastation and the fragility of the financial system. The huge tremor caused by therecent Europe debt crisis has made us realized that the crisis is not really over, and thecost of the crisis has far surpassed our expectation. In the past2decades, the financialinterest groups have caused various problems, including the imbalance of thefinancial system between the entity economy and the virtual economy, financialleverage generalization, the increased centralized market and cross-border transferrisks. So how to prevent the financial fragility so as to restrict it to the tolerableextension to keep up with the speed of the economy development is a profoundproblem.
     In fact, the fundamental reason of the financial crisis lies in the inherentfrangibility of capitalism. And the financial fragility tends to intensify against thebackground of the imbalance of the entity economy and the virtual economy. Thoughthe virtual capital has temporarily eased the conflict between the overproduction andthe inadequate consumption, it causes much more serious overproduction in the futureand aggravates the economy fragility and instability, thus leads to the imbalance ofthe global economic structure.
     At the background of financial globalization, the virtual economy has exceededthe scope of entity economy, which shows a kind of obvious pour pyramid. Financialcrisis interacts with economic crisis, which forms a reciprocating cycle of financialcrisis and economic crisis. That can not be solved by the capitalism and reflects theunconquerable institutional inner defects of the capitalism.
     According to Karl Marx, financial crisis always appears in the form of currencycrisis. Currency has a history of thousands of years in the human society and it hascome through3stages: commodity currency, representative currency and creditcurrency. The development of currency is a process of gradually breaking away fromits own value to rely on credit. Currency is a sign of value and quite parts of it are inevitable virtual. From this point of view, the financial virtualization starts from theemergence of currency. The emergence of credit currency separates the time andspace of commodity business, which shows a unsymmetrical relationship of, thusmakes currency the virtual character.
     Credit is a special form of value and plays a crucial role on the steadydevelopment of finance. Financial fragility lies on credit to some extent. And theprocess of credit is the process of virtualization. Financial crisis or economic crisis, inthe final analysis, is a kind of credit crisis. In financial sectors, the creation of creditmoney is of significant influence, for credit money is the joint to connectmicrofinance with macro-finance.
     When the supply and demand for currency lose balance, the acceleration of theevolution of virtual currency makes money away from the real economy and stay inthe virtual economy. The credit money creation system of modern banks makescurrency to grow at a geometric multiplier rate, which provides the foundation for theproduction and expansion of the financial bubbles. And the development of virtualcapital market makes the monetary policy transmission mechanism more complicatedand the goals of monetary policy unexpected. The evolution of financial virtualizationhas weakened the effect of monetary policy.
     In the economy which took the indirect financing as main body, total fragility offinancing structure depends on the banking system, while the stability of economystructure depends on the stability of financing structure. Therefore, the key factshould be paid attention to that the banking is the key factor which causes andexpands the financial fragility.
     From this point of view, the endogenous financial fragility becomes moreobvious. The development of finance is accompanied by the financial fragility.So asa developing country,we must keep a clear understanding that when we promote theeconomy by credit expansion and develop finance sectors. Though the developmentof finance has some relationship with the increase of economy, the increase ofnumber does not mean the improvement of the quality of the development of finance.With low efficiency, the pursuit of quantity instead of quality would lead to theaccumulation of financial fragility. And the financial crisis thus will approach. So it is unwise and costly. Therefore it is very important for our country to pay attention tothe sequence and overall speed of the financial liberalization process.
     Financial fragility shows the conditions of a country’s macro-economy and thewhole financial situation. The research in this thesis shows that the extent of financialfragility in our country is affected by the conditions of macro-economy, the state debtand the financial market. The cycle fluctuation of macro-economy,especially theincrease rate of M2, plays a crucial role on the changes of financial fragility. It showsthat the monetary policy in China has a continuously intervention with the financialfragility and it also reminds us of careful using monetary policy means with certainforesight.
     The recent financial environment has undergone fundamental changes with thatin the past. With the deepening financial development and virtual, the modern financehas taken great changes from the traditional one. The authority should focus on thehigh virtual financial market and all its financial instruments, which are the sectors ofhigh risk and fully shows the financial fragility. To keep the stable development ofmacro-economy, the long-term financial supervise system to prevent and solve thefinancial crisis and risks caused by the financial fragility should be established.
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