我国动物疫病区域化管理模式的应用与分析
摘要
动物疫病区域化管理是各国控制动物疫病、保护动物卫生水平、促进动物产品国际贸易的重要动物卫生措施。世界上约有70%的国家采用区域化管理措施防控动物疫病,我国的动物疫病区域化工作从1998年开始实施,已取得了一定成效,建成了海南、吉林永吉两片免疫无口蹄疫区以及广州从化无马属动物疫病区,但总体看,尚处于起步阶段。由于我国针对动物疫病区域化管理的系统研究较少,适合我国国情的区域化管理理论体系尚未形成,加之我国动物疫情形势复杂,动物疫病区域化管理措施推进缓慢。本研究以《国家中长期动物疫病防治规划(2012-2020年)》(简称《规划》)提出的重大动物疫病防控目标为核心,以世界动物卫生组织(OIE)有关动物疫病区域化标准为主线,剖析部分国家及我国实施动物疫病区域化管理的案例,结合我国动物疫病防控现状及影响因素,分析两种动物疫病区域化管理模式在我国实施的可行性,为加快推进我国应用动物疫病区域化管理措施,实现《规划》目标奠定了重要的理论基础。
本研究深入分析了OIE关于动物疫病区域化管理的原则、要求和发展演变过程,总结了地区区划和生物安全隔离区划两种模式的优缺点、适用范围和技术要求等。分析部分国家和我国采取地区区划、生物安全隔离区化模式控制或消灭动物疫病的案例,进一步研究两种区化模式在实践中的优缺点。结合我国畜牧业发展现状、疫病防控形势等情况,综合考虑我国动物疫病防控存在的问题及影响因素,分析我国实施动物疫病区域化措施存在的问题,研究提出实施区域化管理是我国防控动物疫病的有效途径；目前我国已具备全面实施区域化管理的条件,提出当前在我国推进地区区划和生物安全隔离区两种模式是切实可行的。
本研究在认真分析我国实施两种区域化管理模式可行性的基础上,分别提出两种模式的实施原则、类型划分、病种选择以及采取的措施等。提出实施区域化管理既要统筹兼顾,又要因地制宜,即在动物疫病防控基础较好、自然屏障优势明显以及能通过行政手段有效干预的区域,实行地区区划模式；在部分养殖条件较好、生物安全水平较高的企业,开展生物安全隔离区建设。提出生物安全隔离区应按照“国家主管、地方自建、企业实施、评估认可”的原则建设。提出应加快推进单一的种畜禽场类型的生物安全隔离区。提出在我国应加快推进生物安全隔离区化模式。提出将生物安全隔离区划的内涵延伸到兽药等投入品控制领域,丰富了我国生物安全隔离区建设的内容,将生物安全隔离区优势从防控动物疫病扩大到保障畜禽产品质量安全。
Zoning and compartmentalisation are two kinds of important animal health measures for countries to control animal disease, protect animal health status and facilitate the international trades in animals and animal products. So far, it is estimated that around70%countries worldwide have already adopted and implemented the two concepts to prevent and control animal diseases. The concept of zoning has been applied in China since1998, and certain progress has been made, including the establishment of two foot and mouth disease free zones where vaccination is practised in Hainan province and Yongji county, Jilin province respectively, as well as the specific equine disease free zone in Conghua city, Guangdong municipality. However, the implementation of zoning and compartmentalisation in China is still at initial stage in general. For the systematic research in the concept still remains limited, the theoretical systems suitable to China's actual conditions on zoning and compartmentalisation have not been established up to now. In addition, it is relatively slowpaced to push forward the implementation of the two concepts on the whole for the complicated animal disease situation in China. With the objectives of prevention and control of some major animal diseases specified in the National Medium and Long-Term Planning for Animal Disease Control (2012-2020) as its top priorities, along with OIE's standards on the concepts as its key guidelines, this study intensively analyzed some practices of application of zoning and compartmentalisation both in some foreign countries and in China, and made an analysis of the feasibility for the implementation of the two concepts in our country in combination with China's current situation of animal disease control and relevant influencing factors, which laid an important theoretical foundation for speeding up the application of zoning and compartmentalisation in China.
Based on the in-depth analysis of OIE's principles, requirements and their evolvements with respect to zoning and compartmentalisation, we summarized the advantages and disadvantages, scopes of application, technical requirements of the two different modes of zoning and compartmentalisation. Meanwhile, the cases of some countries including China using zoning or compartmentalisation to control or eradicate animal diseases were analyzed the merits and demerits of the two modes in practical application were further studied.Considering the current development status of animal production sector, as well as the situation, existing problems and influencing factors of disease prevention and control in China, the study analyzed the existing problems in the implementation of the two modes, and elaborated that the application of zoning and compartmentalisation is an effective approach for prevention and control of animal diseases. Moreover, it was also clarified that the conditions for the full implementation of zoning and compartmentalisation has existed in China, and it is feasible foe China to promote the application of the two modes simultaneously.
On the basis of analyzing the feasibility of application of zoning and compartmentalisation in China, the study presented the implementing principles, type classification, disease selection and measures taken of the two modes respectively. It was proposed that it is necessary to make overall plans and take all factors into consideration, and to adjust measures to local conditions when implementing the measures of zoning and compartmentalisation. It was summarized that the mode of zoning is suitable for the regions with preferable foundations of animal disease prevention and control, better natural geographical barriers and higher administrative efficiency, and the mode of compartmentalisation is appropriate for the enterprises with good animal raising conditions and higher biosecurity levels. For the application of compartmentalisation, the principles of national administration, local self-building, enterprise implementation, evaluation and recognition were put forward. It was suggested to promote the implementation of compartmentalisation in our country. In addition to accelerating the construction of individual breeding animal compartments, the study also proposed to extend the concept of compartmentalisation to the field of control of veterinary drugs and other inputs, which enriches the contents of compartment construction, and expands the advantages of compartments from prevention and control of animal diseases to quality safety assurance of animal products.
本研究深入分析了OIE关于动物疫病区域化管理的原则、要求和发展演变过程,总结了地区区划和生物安全隔离区划两种模式的优缺点、适用范围和技术要求等。分析部分国家和我国采取地区区划、生物安全隔离区化模式控制或消灭动物疫病的案例,进一步研究两种区化模式在实践中的优缺点。结合我国畜牧业发展现状、疫病防控形势等情况,综合考虑我国动物疫病防控存在的问题及影响因素,分析我国实施动物疫病区域化措施存在的问题,研究提出实施区域化管理是我国防控动物疫病的有效途径；目前我国已具备全面实施区域化管理的条件,提出当前在我国推进地区区划和生物安全隔离区两种模式是切实可行的。
本研究在认真分析我国实施两种区域化管理模式可行性的基础上,分别提出两种模式的实施原则、类型划分、病种选择以及采取的措施等。提出实施区域化管理既要统筹兼顾,又要因地制宜,即在动物疫病防控基础较好、自然屏障优势明显以及能通过行政手段有效干预的区域,实行地区区划模式；在部分养殖条件较好、生物安全水平较高的企业,开展生物安全隔离区建设。提出生物安全隔离区应按照“国家主管、地方自建、企业实施、评估认可”的原则建设。提出应加快推进单一的种畜禽场类型的生物安全隔离区。提出在我国应加快推进生物安全隔离区化模式。提出将生物安全隔离区划的内涵延伸到兽药等投入品控制领域,丰富了我国生物安全隔离区建设的内容,将生物安全隔离区优势从防控动物疫病扩大到保障畜禽产品质量安全。
Zoning and compartmentalisation are two kinds of important animal health measures for countries to control animal disease, protect animal health status and facilitate the international trades in animals and animal products. So far, it is estimated that around70%countries worldwide have already adopted and implemented the two concepts to prevent and control animal diseases. The concept of zoning has been applied in China since1998, and certain progress has been made, including the establishment of two foot and mouth disease free zones where vaccination is practised in Hainan province and Yongji county, Jilin province respectively, as well as the specific equine disease free zone in Conghua city, Guangdong municipality. However, the implementation of zoning and compartmentalisation in China is still at initial stage in general. For the systematic research in the concept still remains limited, the theoretical systems suitable to China's actual conditions on zoning and compartmentalisation have not been established up to now. In addition, it is relatively slowpaced to push forward the implementation of the two concepts on the whole for the complicated animal disease situation in China. With the objectives of prevention and control of some major animal diseases specified in the National Medium and Long-Term Planning for Animal Disease Control (2012-2020) as its top priorities, along with OIE's standards on the concepts as its key guidelines, this study intensively analyzed some practices of application of zoning and compartmentalisation both in some foreign countries and in China, and made an analysis of the feasibility for the implementation of the two concepts in our country in combination with China's current situation of animal disease control and relevant influencing factors, which laid an important theoretical foundation for speeding up the application of zoning and compartmentalisation in China.
Based on the in-depth analysis of OIE's principles, requirements and their evolvements with respect to zoning and compartmentalisation, we summarized the advantages and disadvantages, scopes of application, technical requirements of the two different modes of zoning and compartmentalisation. Meanwhile, the cases of some countries including China using zoning or compartmentalisation to control or eradicate animal diseases were analyzed the merits and demerits of the two modes in practical application were further studied.Considering the current development status of animal production sector, as well as the situation, existing problems and influencing factors of disease prevention and control in China, the study analyzed the existing problems in the implementation of the two modes, and elaborated that the application of zoning and compartmentalisation is an effective approach for prevention and control of animal diseases. Moreover, it was also clarified that the conditions for the full implementation of zoning and compartmentalisation has existed in China, and it is feasible foe China to promote the application of the two modes simultaneously.
On the basis of analyzing the feasibility of application of zoning and compartmentalisation in China, the study presented the implementing principles, type classification, disease selection and measures taken of the two modes respectively. It was proposed that it is necessary to make overall plans and take all factors into consideration, and to adjust measures to local conditions when implementing the measures of zoning and compartmentalisation. It was summarized that the mode of zoning is suitable for the regions with preferable foundations of animal disease prevention and control, better natural geographical barriers and higher administrative efficiency, and the mode of compartmentalisation is appropriate for the enterprises with good animal raising conditions and higher biosecurity levels. For the application of compartmentalisation, the principles of national administration, local self-building, enterprise implementation, evaluation and recognition were put forward. It was suggested to promote the implementation of compartmentalisation in our country. In addition to accelerating the construction of individual breeding animal compartments, the study also proposed to extend the concept of compartmentalisation to the field of control of veterinary drugs and other inputs, which enriches the contents of compartment construction, and expands the advantages of compartments from prevention and control of animal diseases to quality safety assurance of animal products.
引文
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