建筑和绿化相互关系的研究
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摘要
随着城市化进程的不断推进,城市生态系统越来越受到人们的重视。建筑和绿化是城市生态系统的两个重要组成部分,它们的相互作用主要有:相互点缀,美化环境;相互改变小气候,改善环境。本研究主要从小气候的角度探讨建筑和绿化的相互关系。为此选取昆明市内8个住宅区实地测量温度、相对湿度、风速等小气候,综合比较建筑、绿化等因素对住宅区小气候的影响,分析昆明住宅区小气候的特点,并对昆明住宅区小气候的营造进行了初步的探索。
本研究的主要内容有:
1. 8个住宅区实测温度与中央气象台相应时段温度有一定差别,晴天平均高1.28℃,说明昆明城市热岛效应明显,因此得采取措施改善城市小气候以降低热岛效应的影响。
2.昆明热岛强度分布不均匀,可将城市按不同的热岛强度分区,不同的分区采用不同的小气候营造方法。建筑和绿化综合影响着住宅区小气候,因此,在住宅区设计时要充分考虑各种因素,综合设计建筑、绿化和各种设施。
3.建筑和绿化的遮阳作用对住宅区小气候形成了明显影响,向阳处比背阴处温度平均高0.76℃,向阳处比树荫下相对湿度平均低0.43%。可以绘制住宅区建筑日照图,并结合绿化植物的生态学特性进行绿化建设,在向阳处布置喜光植物,在背阴处布置喜阴植物。休闲设施的布置要考虑向阳与背阴的区别且最好安排在绿化群中。在建筑背阴处和乔木下栽种灌木和草时也要考虑二者对小气候的不同影响。
4.城市建筑对风有很强的阻挡作用,在测量数据中有风次数仅占总测量次数的33.23%,且风速≤2m/s的次数居多,所以住宅区首先要考虑通风。昆明常年盛行西南风,建筑朝向、建筑间距、住宅区道路方向等都要有利于通风,也可以借助绿化植物通风。在建筑内部可开设窗户、门等以利于室内通风。乔灌草结合的立体绿化带对风口处风速的影响较明显,在风口处增加休闲设施并适当增加绿化可为人们提供夏天避暑的好去处。
5.虽然昆明夏天小气候变化无常,但降雨前后温湿度变化有一定规律:温度先降后升,相对湿度先升后降。在掌握一定的气象学知识并拥有一个温湿度计的基础上,人们就可以自己预测天气。
明确建筑和绿化的相互关系,掌握住宅区小气候的特点,重视建筑和绿化对小气候的影响,并合理的利用小气候,可以指导小气候营造、建筑规划和绿化建设,为人类营造安全、舒适、环保的居住环境服务。
In recent years, with the development of Chinese urbanization, there were an increasing number of people to pay attention to urban ecosystem. Building and greening were two important components of urban ecosystem. Building and greening are interacting with each other and both improving environment. The relationship between building and greening from microclimate was studied in this paper. Eight different residential quarters were selected in Kunming to measure microclimate wchich including temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, etc. The influences of building, greening and other facters to residential quarter’s microclimate were comprehensively compared, and characteristic of residential quarter’s microclimate in Kunming was analyzed. Furthermore, the appropriate construction of residential quarter’s microclimate in Kunming was initially investigated.
Main content was as follows:
1. It has an apparent urban heat island effect in Kunming, because there was a temperature difference of 1.28℃in sunny day between the eight residential quarters and the corresponding data from National Meteorological Center of CMA in our study. Therefore we must improve microclimate to reduce the impact from urban heat island effect.
2. The Kunming city was divided into different areas by heat island index, and different areas used differentiated methods to build microclimate, because distribution of heat island index in Kunming was not uneven. Because the residential quarter’s microclimate was influenced by building and greening, it should take full account of every factor while constructing residential quarter, greening and various facilities.
3. Shading effect of Building and greening generated an apparent influence to quarter’s microclimate in Kunming. Sunny side compared to shady side temperature is 0.26℃higher, and Sunny side compared to tree shade relative humidity is 0.43% lower. Sunlight chart drew with residential quarter’s buildings, together with the ecological characteristics of plants, should be taken into consideration while greening, namely arranging heliophiles in the sunny side and sciophiles in shady side. While arranging recreation facilities, microclimate difference between sunny side and shady side should be taken into account. Different influences of bush and grass to the microclimate also should be taken into consideration while arranging them under the trees or in the shade of buildings.
4. It should firstly consider that how to ventilate in residential quarter, because building had obstruction on wind speed and direction. The southwest wind prevailed in Kunming. It must make everything to ventilate, for example building orientation, road direction of residential quarter, etc. It also can arrange plant in both sides of the road to ventilate. Opening windows and doors inside the building also facilitate ventilation. Greening bands with trees, bushes and grass arranged in a sterical dimensional style also can decrease the wind speed in windy gap which would be a good place for people’s relaxation in summer if we arrange recreation facility and greening in wind gap.
5. Microclimate of Kunming was very changeable in summer, but the changes of temperature and relative humidity around rainfall followed a law: Temperature decreased first and then increased, humidity increased first and then decreased. Therefore people can predict the weather with a hygrothermograph and basic knowledge of climatology.
Finally, there were many important things which need to do. We need to know the clear relationship between buildings and greening. The characteristic of microclimate of residential quarter also need to master. Moveover, we must pay attention to the effect of microclimate by building and greening. And then take advantage of microclimate in a reasonable way. These study results would help us to carry out rational microclimate construction, building planning and greening construction, and creat a more comfortable, ecological and safer residential environment to service people.
本研究的主要内容有:
1. 8个住宅区实测温度与中央气象台相应时段温度有一定差别,晴天平均高1.28℃,说明昆明城市热岛效应明显,因此得采取措施改善城市小气候以降低热岛效应的影响。
2.昆明热岛强度分布不均匀,可将城市按不同的热岛强度分区,不同的分区采用不同的小气候营造方法。建筑和绿化综合影响着住宅区小气候,因此,在住宅区设计时要充分考虑各种因素,综合设计建筑、绿化和各种设施。
3.建筑和绿化的遮阳作用对住宅区小气候形成了明显影响,向阳处比背阴处温度平均高0.76℃,向阳处比树荫下相对湿度平均低0.43%。可以绘制住宅区建筑日照图,并结合绿化植物的生态学特性进行绿化建设,在向阳处布置喜光植物,在背阴处布置喜阴植物。休闲设施的布置要考虑向阳与背阴的区别且最好安排在绿化群中。在建筑背阴处和乔木下栽种灌木和草时也要考虑二者对小气候的不同影响。
4.城市建筑对风有很强的阻挡作用,在测量数据中有风次数仅占总测量次数的33.23%,且风速≤2m/s的次数居多,所以住宅区首先要考虑通风。昆明常年盛行西南风,建筑朝向、建筑间距、住宅区道路方向等都要有利于通风,也可以借助绿化植物通风。在建筑内部可开设窗户、门等以利于室内通风。乔灌草结合的立体绿化带对风口处风速的影响较明显,在风口处增加休闲设施并适当增加绿化可为人们提供夏天避暑的好去处。
5.虽然昆明夏天小气候变化无常,但降雨前后温湿度变化有一定规律:温度先降后升,相对湿度先升后降。在掌握一定的气象学知识并拥有一个温湿度计的基础上,人们就可以自己预测天气。
明确建筑和绿化的相互关系,掌握住宅区小气候的特点,重视建筑和绿化对小气候的影响,并合理的利用小气候,可以指导小气候营造、建筑规划和绿化建设,为人类营造安全、舒适、环保的居住环境服务。
In recent years, with the development of Chinese urbanization, there were an increasing number of people to pay attention to urban ecosystem. Building and greening were two important components of urban ecosystem. Building and greening are interacting with each other and both improving environment. The relationship between building and greening from microclimate was studied in this paper. Eight different residential quarters were selected in Kunming to measure microclimate wchich including temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, etc. The influences of building, greening and other facters to residential quarter’s microclimate were comprehensively compared, and characteristic of residential quarter’s microclimate in Kunming was analyzed. Furthermore, the appropriate construction of residential quarter’s microclimate in Kunming was initially investigated.
Main content was as follows:
1. It has an apparent urban heat island effect in Kunming, because there was a temperature difference of 1.28℃in sunny day between the eight residential quarters and the corresponding data from National Meteorological Center of CMA in our study. Therefore we must improve microclimate to reduce the impact from urban heat island effect.
2. The Kunming city was divided into different areas by heat island index, and different areas used differentiated methods to build microclimate, because distribution of heat island index in Kunming was not uneven. Because the residential quarter’s microclimate was influenced by building and greening, it should take full account of every factor while constructing residential quarter, greening and various facilities.
3. Shading effect of Building and greening generated an apparent influence to quarter’s microclimate in Kunming. Sunny side compared to shady side temperature is 0.26℃higher, and Sunny side compared to tree shade relative humidity is 0.43% lower. Sunlight chart drew with residential quarter’s buildings, together with the ecological characteristics of plants, should be taken into consideration while greening, namely arranging heliophiles in the sunny side and sciophiles in shady side. While arranging recreation facilities, microclimate difference between sunny side and shady side should be taken into account. Different influences of bush and grass to the microclimate also should be taken into consideration while arranging them under the trees or in the shade of buildings.
4. It should firstly consider that how to ventilate in residential quarter, because building had obstruction on wind speed and direction. The southwest wind prevailed in Kunming. It must make everything to ventilate, for example building orientation, road direction of residential quarter, etc. It also can arrange plant in both sides of the road to ventilate. Opening windows and doors inside the building also facilitate ventilation. Greening bands with trees, bushes and grass arranged in a sterical dimensional style also can decrease the wind speed in windy gap which would be a good place for people’s relaxation in summer if we arrange recreation facility and greening in wind gap.
5. Microclimate of Kunming was very changeable in summer, but the changes of temperature and relative humidity around rainfall followed a law: Temperature decreased first and then increased, humidity increased first and then decreased. Therefore people can predict the weather with a hygrothermograph and basic knowledge of climatology.
Finally, there were many important things which need to do. We need to know the clear relationship between buildings and greening. The characteristic of microclimate of residential quarter also need to master. Moveover, we must pay attention to the effect of microclimate by building and greening. And then take advantage of microclimate in a reasonable way. These study results would help us to carry out rational microclimate construction, building planning and greening construction, and creat a more comfortable, ecological and safer residential environment to service people.
引文
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